371:
the one route Parks was currently operating), with Mid-Continent getting the third. But on August 9, the appeals court said that while Parks was free to pursue a full appeal, the court would not, in the meantime, stop the CAB order from being implemented on schedule on
September 26. Some Illinois cities supported PAL keeping the flights; now that PAL was operating, they were afraid that switching to Ozark would mean further delays, given that Ozark had no airline operations experience. Finally, on September 20, Ozark announced it would buy PAL, including five DC-3s, all its operations and equipment, for a 37.5% stake in Ozark. The CAB waived a review of the merger, saying it didn't want to stop the benefit the sale offered to the public. On September 25, Parks flew its last flight, and on September 26, the same operation flew under Ozark control.
242:
of the routes awarded in these certifications was 50% larger than the next biggest feeder network and over eight times as large as the smallest. PAT was recognized as potentially the “richest feeder network in the U.S.”. The certifications were contingent on a sufficient number of airports on these routes upgrading (radios and other infrastructure) to federal standards required to accept commercial aircraft. In May 1948, the CAB issued Parks a certificate for part of its system, based on a sufficient number of airports being of required standard. In the same month, Parks Air
Transport became Parks Air Lines (PAL).
137:
238:. The CAB had created the category of local service (or “feeder”) airlines earlier in the year to bring air transport to previously unserved smaller cities and was seeking to certificate new carriers to fly such routes. PAT had authorized capital of $ 3.5mm, over $ 60mm in 2024 dollars. This sounded impressive, but actual available capital (as represented to the CAB) was $ 650,000 committed by PAC, PASS and the board members of PAT (including Parks).
333:, subject to CAB approval. With PAL still not in operation, on 28 June 1949, the CAB launched the Parks Investigation Case, consolidating all Parks issues before the CAB. The CAB took 13 months to come to a final decision, but since the case included taking applications for replacement service, the likely outcome was clear. A December 1949 news article noted there was "general disbelief that Parks itself will get another chance to operate."
1401:
1425:
1413:
246:
dispatch, maintenance, operating real flights, etc., learning how to handle real operational issues. The CAB saw public benefit in PAT being able to connect passengers on routes from one of the cases onto routes from the other cases PAT won; in modern terms that PAT would have a hub at St Louis. They liked that Parks was well capitalized.
166:, a substantial network of routes to mostly smaller cities mostly centered on St Louis. But after lengthy delays in initiating service, the CAB instituted proceedings to strip Parks of its network. Parks started service just in advance of the CAB's decision, but after a brief period of operation and some litigation, merged into
345:
previously promised). The CAB's attorneys, in their case brief of
January 1950, criticized Parks for not previously putting his own money at risk, failing to operate even a single route, questioned his desire to operate and management competence. It also dismissed single-engine aircraft operation as
313:
which in
January 1949 turned it down a loan (based on all of Parks's enterprises) for a $ 600,000 loan on the basis of insufficient collateral and weak prospective earnings. The delay in starting service hurt Parks's reputation. Editorials expressed anger for him retaining routes he'd been unable to
254:
PAL didn't have the money to start operations. The CAB later determined that of the $ 650,000 in capital that Parks represented to the CAB, the airline only drew on $ 81,000 (which, it noted, had been spent mainly on intangible items). In early 1948, Ozark, in appealing to the CAB to reverse the PAT
241:
PAT won routes in three CAB cases, most with a St Louis terminus, in Dec 1946 (North
Central Case), September 1947 (Great Lakes Area Case) and December 1947 (Mississippi Valley Case). In February 1948, it added another route to Parks's Great Lakes certificate. (see nearby map). The resulting mileage
370:
On August 1 the CAB announced PAL lost its certification, but PAL obtained a temporary stay of the ruling through
Federal appeals court pending a hearing. The full board changed the outcome from that recommended by the examiner: Ozark was to get two of the three Parks certifications (which included
350:
and Mid-Continent), and one new, Ozark Air Lines. Ozark had been an unsuccessful applicant in the cases where PAL had won its certifications. A month later, Parks announced he'd acquired DC-3s and intended to start service in June. The CAB chairman wrote to dissuade Parks, saying such service would
245:
In making these awards to PAT, the CAB cited Parks's extensive experience with PAC and aviation generally. They noted he had airline experience through PAC's long-standing student-run "airline" ("Parks Air
College Airlines"), that ran like a real airline (other than carrying passengers) including
336:
In
October 1949, Parks raised a $ 400,000 loan for PAL by pledging his other companies, providing a personal guarantee and securing a $ 130,000 investment from St Louis University. He said the total enabled him to start service across the network using single-engined four-passenger
255:
route awards, noted "severe financial losses suffered by Parks and his affiliated companies during the past two years." PASS lost over $ 148,000 in 1948. Oliver Parks had notable drains on the resources of his enterprises during the period 1944 to 1950:
267:) for $ 400,000. Parks named it Parks Metropolitan Airport. This was the war-time home of PAC. Parks then spent "a lot of money" rehabilitating it. By January 1950 Parks was trying to get St Louis buy it, saying if he couldn't sell it, he'd have to
297:
manufactured over 30 Ercoupes a day, but by
November, a glut forced the factory to suspend production and in 1947, ERCO exited the business. Some other light aircraft manufacturers went bankrupt. Parks pursued his Ercoupe activity through
154:, was a US scheduled airline that initially appeared likely to be one of the most significant carriers of its kind, but in the end, operated only a single route for three months in 1950. In 1946 and 1947 the airline was certificated as a
276:
Parks was a high-profile participant in an unsuccessful attempt to mass market light aircraft. In
November 1944, Parks predicted a market for 5 million “personal aircraft” through 1960. He was a prominent promoter and distributor of the
346:
unsuitable. In April, the case examiner published preliminary findings, recommending PAL be decertificated and its routes split between three other airlines, two of them existing (Turner Air Lines, which was soon to become
234:(FBOs) that ran and owned various airports under the umbrella of Parks Aircraft Sales and Service (PASS). In August 1944, Parks incorporated Parks Air Transport (PAT) in Nevada to apply to the CAB for certification as a
1457:
351:"not be in the public interest." Parks asserted the chairman's directive was a "suggestion" and the airline had every right to fly. PAL started service June 23 from St Louis to
2290:
2349:
2318:
2354:
222:. Parks started the school in 1927, the first such in the country, and Parks and his school played a key role in training military pilots for World War II.
1450:
162:(CAB), the now-defunct federal agency that, at the time, tightly regulated almost all US air transportation. The CAB awarded the airline, then known as
230:
During World War II, Parks's pilot training expanded to four other locations. After the war Parks converted these other four training companies into
2344:
2313:
439:
380:
305:. PAC had nominal assets of $ 3mm, including a 113-acre campus (with its own small airfield), 22 buildings including dormitories, labs and so on.
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173:
This was Oliver Parks's second use of the name "Parks Air Lines". He previously used it for his aviation activities prior to the
444:
2133:
1391:
2201:
1870:
960:
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Mid-Continent started flying over its portion of the former Parks routes on October 1, 1950. Mid-Continent merged with
2158:
1825:
1788:
434:
260:
170:, the carrier to which the CAB gave most of Park's route authorities. This marked the start of Ozark's operations.
92:
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2000:
1985:
1748:
136:
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2143:
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Ozark's maintenance base continued to be at Parks Metropolitan Airport until January 1952, when it moved to
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384:
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In March 1949, the CAB ordered PAL to start operations by July 1. In April PAL announced its sale to
302:
2254:
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35:
2178:
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1960:
1950:
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operate, and politicians said they'd pass legislation to fix things if the CAB did not act.
282:
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2010:
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281:, one such light aircraft. For instance, Parks had the idea to sell them through
2239:
2123:
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2020:
1925:
1855:
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1718:
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118:
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1081:
961:"For a few magical years, it looked like every family would own an airplane"
178:
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2188:
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219:
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1900:
1815:
1522:
352:
278:
2148:
2280:
916:"ERCO Sales Conference Points Way To New Plane Marketing Approach"
309:
PAL was unable to obtain funding, including from government-owned
135:
888:
Parks Airport Available to City At 'Fair Value' Price, Head Says
294:
1439:
874:
East Side C. of C. To Support Move For Airport Across The River
271:
it because it lost $ 70,000 per year the previous three years.
466:
City Rapidly Heading Toward Position as World's Air Capital
480:"Investigation Of Local, Feeder, and Pick-Up Air Service"
406:
At the time PAL sold itself to Ozark, it had five DC-3s.
158:(also known at that time as a "feeder airline") by the
1389:
2273:
2220:
2187:
2019:
1806:
1626:
1560:
1551:
1473:
1169:
Turner Air Lines Recommended For Air Line Operation
124:
114:
106:
98:
88:
73:
58:
45:
1157:, Decatur (IL) Herald and Review, 13 December 1949
1371:"Parks Air Lines Douglas DC-3 N12989 (c/n 4815)"
997:Oliver Parks Quits As Head Of Aircraft Sales Firm
1286:, Bloomington (IL) Pantograph, 26 September 1950
1272:, Bloomington (IL) Pantograph, 20 September 1950
1239:Court Decides Against Parks on Losing Air Routes
904:, Belleville (IL) News-Democrat, 27 January 1950
34:that operated from 1927 to 1937 and merged into
414:From August 1, 1950 Parks Air Lines timetable:
226:Winning routes from the Civil Aeronautics Board
1341:"40 Years of Deregulation—The Regulated Years"
1155:C.A.B. Changes Deadline Again On Filing Briefs
733:"Parks Air Lines Issued Temporary Certificate"
259:In 1945 PASS purchased what is today known as
2319:List of defunct airlines of the United States
1451:
830:"United Opposes Parks on Certificate Request"
206:was a prominent early aviator, known for his
8:
1300:, St Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 September 1950
1227:, Bloomington (IL) Pantograph, 2 August 1950
1171:, Decatur (IL) Daily Review, 14 January 1950
40:
1312:Airline to Take Over Part of Guard's Hangar
1213:, Bloomington (IL) Pantagraph, 25 June 1950
468:, St Louis Star and Times, October 31, 1928
140:Parks Air Lines routes certificated by the
1557:
1458:
1444:
1436:
1314:, St Louis Globe-Democrat, 13 January 1950
39:
1255:, St Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 August 1950
1183:Parks Air Line Denied Feeder Route Permit
1097:Parks Told To Start Air Service by July 1
876:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 December 1946
285:and Ercoupe did for a time, including at
2314:List of airline mergers and acquisitions
1099:, St Louis Star and Times, 23 March 1949
1085:, Decatur (IL) Review, 29 September 1949
1011:"St Louis University Gets Parks College"
810:: 779–851. December 1949 – August 1950.
1396:
1264:
1262:
1197:Parks Ready To Begin Flights to Chicago
979:"Aviation: Fulton's Folly, New Version"
457:
1328:, Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 August 1950
1326:Mid-Continent to Open New Feeder Route
1284:CAB Keeps Hands Off Sale Of Parks Line
1211:CAB Frowns, But Airline Starts Flights
1199:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 June 1950
1185:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 June 1950
1132:
1057:Waterloo (IA) Courier, 30 January 1949
1055:Parks Air To Renew Effort For RFC Loan
1032:
937:
890:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 July 1953
851:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
754:
710:
666:
2350:Defunct airlines of the United States
1270:Ozark Buys Parks, Ending Airline Fuss
1253:Cities Join to Help Parks Hold Routes
999:, St Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 May 1950
7:
1071:, Waterloo (IA) Courier, 21 May 1950
902:Parks Plans To Subdivide His Airport
579:
577:
575:
544:
542:
540:
509:
507:
505:
398:in 1952, Braniff collapsed in 1982.
2355:Defunct companies based in Illinois
2265:Petroleum Helicopters International
1225:Feeder Air Service For City Assured
779:, Decatur Daily Review, May 4, 1948
525:: 639–713. June 1946 – March 1947.
27:1950 predecessor to Ozark Air Lines
1347:. World Airline Historical Society
1339:Keller, David (29 November 2018).
1298:Ozark Airlines Opens Chicago Route
1111:"Mid-Continent and Parks to Merge"
311:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
25:
2309:List of airline holding companies
2094:L-3 Flight International Aviation
387:(TWA) in 1987, which merged into
1423:
1411:
1399:
1377:. Ed Coates Aircraft Photographs
959:Glenshaw, Paul (November 2013).
625:: 73–84. January–December 1948.
595:: 726–804. April–December 1947.
560:: 360–456. April–December 1947.
2345:Airlines disestablished in 1950
804:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
619:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
589:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
554:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
519:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
484:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
177:, including pilot training and
490:: 1–57. July 1944 – May 1946.
210:-based pilot training school,
1:
1467:Airlines of the United States
1139:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1039:: CS1 maint: date and year (
944:: CS1 maint: date and year (
858:: CS1 maint: date and year (
761:: CS1 maint: date and year (
717:: CS1 maint: date and year (
673:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2340:Airlines established in 1944
2202:Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines
1021:(11): 14. 9 September 1946.
926:(17): 15. 20 November 1944.
263:in Cahokia (the airport for
1826:Air Transport International
77:25 September 1950
2376:
2360:Airlines based in Illinois
1375:www.edcoatescollection.com
840:(5): 41. 2 February 1948.
800:"Parks Investigation Case"
301:In 1946 he donated PAC to
261:St. Louis Downtown Airport
196:
29:
2304:
1121:(17): 17. 25 April 1949.
699:(7): 57. 14 August 1950.
585:"Mississippi Valley Case"
381:St. Louis Lambert Airport
150:, named for its founder,
1749:Southern Airways Express
965:Air & Space Magazine
655:(14): 36. 5 April 1948.
435:East St. Louis, Illinois
30:Not to be confused with
2207:Griffing Flying Service
2174:World Atlantic Airlines
2144:Sierra Pacific Airlines
2006:Western Global Airlines
1921:Freight Runners Express
1881:Baron Aviation Services
1789:Warbelow's Air Ventures
1069:Dog-in-the-Manger Parks
816:2027/osu.32437011657539
743:(19): 49. 10 May 1948.
631:2027/osu.32437011657638
615:"Great Lakes Area Case"
601:2027/osu.32437011657687
566:2027/osu.32437011657687
550:"Great Lakes Area Case"
531:2027/osu.32437011657737
496:2027/osu.32437011657786
160:Civil Aeronautics Board
142:Civil Aeronautics Board
2109:Omni Air International
1861:Amerijet International
1836:Alaska Central Express
341:aircraft (rather than
324:Mid-Continent Airlines
179:aircraft manufacturing
144:
62:23 June 1950
32:National Parks Airways
2250:Critical Air Medicine
1871:Asia Pacific Airlines
1866:Ameristar Jet Charter
1679:Grand Canyon Airlines
1669:Denver Air Connection
445:Springfield, Illinois
348:Lake Central Airlines
318:Conflict with the CAB
236:local service carrier
156:local service carrier
139:
2235:AirMed International
2154:Superior Air Charter
2134:Presidential Airways
2104:New Pacific Airlines
1774:Tropic Ocean Airways
1714:Penobscot Island Air
1709:New England Airlines
1538:Sun Country Airlines
985:. November 18, 1946.
515:"North Central Case"
385:Trans World Airlines
383:. Ozark merged into
303:St. Louis University
232:fixed base operators
59:Commenced operations
2255:Life Flight Network
2029:Air Charter Bahamas
1931:Kalitta Charters II
440:St. Louis, Missouri
420:Champaign, Illinois
164:Parks Air Transport
53:Parks Air Transport
42:
36:Western Air Express
18:Parks Air Transport
2189:Air taxi and tours
2164:Talkeetna Air Taxi
2119:Pentastar Aviation
1961:Northern Air Cargo
1951:Mountain Air Cargo
1846:Alpine Air Express
1821:Air Cargo Carriers
1794:Wright Air Service
1769:Tradewind Aviation
1528:Southwest Airlines
1083:Waited Long Enough
777:Parks Changes Name
214:(PAC), across the
145:
2327:
2326:
2230:Air Evac Lifeteam
2159:Superior Aviation
2114:Pacific Coast Jet
1976:Ryan Air Services
1971:Royal Air Freight
1956:National Airlines
1802:
1801:
1754:Star Marianas Air
1739:Seaborne Airlines
1734:San Juan Airlines
1704:Mokulele Airlines
1603:Piedmont Airlines
1518:Hawaiian Airlines
1513:Frontier Airlines
1493:American Airlines
430:Decatur, Illinois
425:Chicago, Illinois
389:American Airlines
293:. In Spring 1946
283:department stores
250:Failure to launch
216:Mississippi River
212:Parks Air College
134:
133:
74:Ceased operations
54:
16:(Redirected from
2367:
2245:Boston MedFlight
2079:Hillwood Airways
2074:Gryphon Airlines
2064:Eastern Airlines
2059:Contour Aviation
2039:Alerion Aviation
1996:USA Jet Airlines
1936:Lynden Air Cargo
1911:Everts Air Cargo
1886:Bemidji Airlines
1784:Vieques Air Link
1664:Contour Airlines
1644:Aleutian Airways
1618:SkyWest Airlines
1613:Republic Airways
1558:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1416:
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1243:
1241:, 10 August 1950
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1038:
1030:
1007:
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767:
766:
760:
752:
729:
723:
722:
716:
708:
685:
679:
678:
672:
664:
645:"Feeder Mileage"
641:
635:
634:
611:
605:
604:
581:
570:
569:
546:
535:
534:
511:
500:
499:
476:
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175:Great Depression
84:
82:
69:
67:
50:
43:
21:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2300:
2296:Patriot Express
2269:
2216:
2183:
2049:Bighorn Airways
2015:
2011:Wiggins Airways
1981:Sky Lease Cargo
1966:Polar Air Cargo
1906:Empire Airlines
1891:Castle Aviation
1841:Aloha Air Cargo
1798:
1622:
1547:
1543:United Airlines
1533:Spirit Airlines
1508:Delta Air Lines
1483:Alaska Airlines
1469:
1464:
1434:
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1422:
1412:
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709:
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583:
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548:
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513:
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503:
478:
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473:
463:
459:
454:
449:
412:
404:
396:Braniff Airways
377:
320:
252:
228:
204:Oliver L. Parks
201:
195:
190:
184:
168:Ozark Air Lines
148:Parks Air Lines
89:Operating bases
80:
78:
65:
63:
52:
41:Parks Air Lines
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2212:Utah Airways
2139:Regional Sky
1991:UPS Airlines
1779:Ultimate Jet
1654:Boutique Air
1639:Air Flamenco
1634:Advanced Air
1608:PSA Airlines
1578:Endeavor Air
1379:. Retrieved
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1349:. Retrieved
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199:Oliver Parks
193:Oliver Parks
183:
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152:Oliver Parks
147:
146:
129:Oliver Parks
115:Headquarters
107:Destinations
2240:Air Methods
2124:Phoenix Air
2084:IBC Airways
1926:Kalitta Air
1856:Ameriflight
1724:Reliant Air
1719:Ravn Alaska
1699:Kenmore Air
1627:Independent
1593:Horizon Air
361:Springfield
328:Kansas City
291:J.C. Penney
208:Cahokia, IL
119:Cahokia, IL
49:August 1944
2334:Categories
2274:Government
2129:PlaneSense
1941:Martinaire
1851:Amazon Air
1764:Taquan Air
1729:Salmon Air
1674:Everts Air
1649:Bering Air
1573:CommuteAir
1561:Affiliated
452:References
339:Cessna 190
125:Key people
99:Fleet size
81:1950-09-25
66:1950-06-23
2169:Wheels Up
2089:KaiserAir
2069:ExcelAire
1876:Atlas Air
1583:Envoy Air
1418:Companies
1127:0005-2175
1027:0005-2175
932:0005-2175
846:0005-2175
749:0005-2175
705:0005-2175
661:0005-2175
391:in 2001.
365:Champaign
269:subdivide
2260:Lifestar
2001:West Air
1986:Transair
1759:Surf Air
1659:Cape Air
1553:Regional
1475:Mainline
1430:Aviation
220:St Louis
2197:Gem Air
2099:NetJets
2021:Charter
1901:CSA Air
1816:ABX Air
1523:JetBlue
1392:Portals
1351:30 June
357:Decatur
353:Chicago
279:Ercoupe
188:History
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2149:Skymax
1381:2 July
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375:Legacy
355:, via
287:Macy’s
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2179:XOJET
1808:Cargo
402:Fleet
298:PASS.
218:from
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1353:2024
1141:link
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289:and
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