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1319:—and confined to the House committee room, giving the House the necessary number of members present to establish a quorum. After the amendment passed by a 43-11 vote, Heiskell refused to sign it and resigned in protest. His successor signed it, however, and the amendment was ratified. In transmitting the news to Congress, Brownlow taunted Johnson, stating, "My compliments to the dead dog in the White House." Tennessee was readmitted to the Union shortly afterward, and was represented in Congress again by 1866; Tennessee was the only former Confederate state that bypassed
1104:, the elder who Brownlow earlier in that year referred to as "the vain old historian of Tennessee") arrested and jailed Brownlow on charges of treason. While jailed, Brownlow witnessed the trials and last moments of many of the condemned bridge-burners, which he recorded in a diary. He sent a letter to Benjamin protesting his incarceration, writing, "which is your highest authority, the Secretary of War, a Major General, or a dirty little drunken attorney such as J.C. Ramsey is!" After Benjamin threatened to pardon Brownlow, he was released in late December 1861.
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556:
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1132:
820:
979:
670:
406:
872:
267:
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leave the
Confederacy. The military governor, Andrew Johnson, had enacted a series of measures that essentially prevented ex-Confederates from voting, and on March 4, Brownlow was elected by a 23,352 to 35 vote, and the amendments passed by a similarly lopsided margin. The vote met President Lincoln's "1/10th test," which recognized elections in Southern states if the total vote was at least one-tenth the total vote in the 1860 presidential election.
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causes was to chastise and ridicule his opponents, and few men could do so with as much venomous wit as he. Baptists, Presbyterians, Catholics, Mormons, Democrats, Republicans, secessionists, drunks, immigrants, and abolitionists—all were at one time or another on the receiving end of
Brownlow's merciless broadsides. Not surprisingly, he made many enemies. A number of them replied in kind; some tried to kill him.
3475:
3498:
1507:"The leading men in the South still look upon the separation of the south from the Union as a hopeful probability. The devil is in them, and they will get up another rebellion if they see any chance of success. They exalt in private over the reduction of the regular army, which Congress foolishly cut down to 30,000 men, and they boast of having enough arms to organize an army at any time.
1389:] government will be swept out of existence not a Radical will be left alive." Forrest claimed the Klan had more than 40,000 members in Tennessee and 550,000 in the southern states. He said the Klan supported the Democratic Party. Forrest suggested that a proclamation of Brownlow called for shooting members of the Klan. Forrest denied being a member of the Klan himself.
919:, published that same year. He accused Graves of slandering an ex-Congressman, argued that Baptist ministers were mostly illiterate and opposed to learning, and charged that the Baptist religion was wrought with "selfishness, bigotry, intolerance, and shameful want of Christian liberality." Brownlow also mocked the Baptist sectarian method of baptism,
747:, which he had dubbed a "filthy lying sheet." Prior to the departure of Brownlow and his newspaper from Jonesboro, an unknown assailant clubbed Brownlow in the head, leaving him bedridden for two weeks. He blamed this act on Knoxville's newspaper interests, who feared his competition. Upon his arrival, he became embroiled in an editorial war with
479:." Unable to make headway in the district, Brownlow circulated his venomous 70-page pamphlet blasting the district's Baptists, and narrowly galloped safely back into the mountains as the district's enraged residents demanded he be hanged. Brownlow's run-in with the South Carolina nullifiers would influence his later views on secession.
959:, but Brownlow refused to debate him because of his race. The challenge was then taken up by Abram Pryne of McGrawville, New York, a clergyman with the Congregational Church, and editor of an abolitionist newspaper. At the debate, which took place in Philadelphia in September 1858, Brownlow stated in his opening argument:
954:
By the 1850s, Brownlow was radically pro-slavery, arguing that the institution was "ordained by God." He gave a
Scriptural defense of slavery in a speech delivered in Knoxville in 1857, and in the following year, he issued a challenge to Northern abolitionists to debate the issue. The challenge was
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former slaves with the right to vote and run for public office in
Tennessee and extend other civil rights to all former slaves. Conservative Republicans generally opposed these actions by Brownlow and his Radical Republican base, and soon after, ex-Confederate political leaders and military officers
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had 14,000 subscribers, and was considered by secessionists the root of the stubborn pro-Union sentiment in East
Tennessee (the region had resoundingly rejected a referendum on secession in February of that year). Knoxville's Democrats tried to counter Brownlow by installing radical secessionist J.
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What made the Parson stand out was, more than anything else, his vitriolic tongue and pen. Over the course of his long career, he took up many causes. These included not only
Methodism, Whiggery, and the Union, but also temperance, Know-Nothingism, and slavery. His favorite method of promoting those
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The competition in
Southern Appalachia for both converts and their tithes among the Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians was fierce, and diatribes in both speech and print against rival sectarian Christian beliefs and leaders were commonplace among missionaries. In defending his Methodist Church
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Brownlow remained a divisive figure for decades after his death. In 1999, historian
Stephen Ash wrote, "more than 120 years after his death, merely mentioning his name in the Volunteer State can evoke raucous laughter or bitter curses." Brownlow has been described as "Tennessee's worst governor,"
1400:
for president in 1868, and asked for federal troops to be stationed in 21 Tennessee counties to counter rising Klan activity. The state legislature granted him the power to throw out entire counties' voter registrations if he thought they included disfranchised voters. In
October 1868, prior to the
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in the 1820s, Brownlow was both censured and praised by his superiors for his vicious verbal debates responding to rival missionaries of other sectarian
Christian beliefs. Later, as a newspaper publisher and editor, he was notorious for his relentless replies in the form of personal attacks against
1229:
Brownlow was nominated for governor by a convention of Tennessee Unionists in January 1865. He was the only nominee. This convention also submitted state constitutional amendments outlawing slavery and repealing the Ordinance of Secession, thus making his state the first of the Southern states to
967:, but that slavery is an established and inevitable condition to human society. I will maintain the ground that God always intended the relation of master and slave to exist; that Christ and the early teachers of Christianity, found slavery differing in no material respect from American slavery,
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William Rule wrote that Brownlow was "a master of invective and burning sarcasm, and he flourished in an age when such things were expected of a public journalist." J. Austin Sperry, Brownlow's rival editor in pre-Civil War Knoxville, admitted that Brownlow was a remarkable judge of human
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Forrest and twelve other Klan members submitted a petition to Brownlow, stating they would cease their activities if Confederates were given the right to vote. Brownlow rejected this, however, and set about reorganizing the state guard and pressing the legislature for still greater enforcement
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Brownlow was escorted to Nashville (which the Union Army had captured), and crossed over into Union-controlled territory on March 3, 1862. His struggle against secession had made him a celebrity in northern states, and he embarked upon a speaking tour, starting with speeches in Cincinnati and
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of Alabama. When South Carolina seceded following Lincoln's election in November 1860, Brownlow derided the state and its "miserable cabbage-leaf of a Palmetto flag" as being descended from British loyalists, thus giving it an affinity for the aristocratic types that would govern the proposed
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Although Brownlow left the circuit shortly after his marriage during 1836, he would continue his staunch defense of Methodism and Methodist leaders against the published attacks by religious leaders and writers of other sectarian Christian beliefs within his later newspaper columns, books, and
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near Sulphur Springs, Virginia, where he experienced a dramatic spiritual rebirth. He later recalled that, suddenly, "all my anxieties were at an end, all my hopes were realized, my happiness was complete." He immediately abandoned the carpentry trade and began studying to become a Methodist
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express the sentiments of the masses of the Southern people... try to accomplish at the ballot-box and by legislation what they failed to do in the field...to get control of the National Government by the aid of the Democratic party, to destroy all the work of reconstruction, and during the
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believed in such things. He derided Ross as a "habitual adulterer" and the son of a slave, and accused his relatives of stealing and committing indecent acts (Ross's son responded to the latter charge with a death threat). This quarrel continued until Brownlow moved to Knoxville in 1849.
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in the state, supporting President Lincoln's Civil War and Reconstruction era policies and spent much of his term opposing the policies of Conservative Republicans. Brownlow's gubernatorial policies, which were both autocratic and progressive, helped Tennessee become the first former
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circuit in North Carolina. It was here that Brownlow first ran afoul of the Baptists—who were spreading quickly throughout the Southern Appalachian region—and developed an immediate dislike of them, considering them narrow-minded bigots who engaged in "dirty" rituals such as
1481:(also known under the popular titles as the Civil Rights Act of 1871 or the Third Ku Klux Klan Act) of the United States Congress which empowered the President to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in order to combat the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacy organizations.
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While Brownlow left the preaching circuit in the 1830s, he continued responding to the critics attacking the Methodist faith until the Civil War. In 1843, his feud with Haynes led to Haynes being barred from the Methodist clergy. That same year, J.M. Smith, editor of the
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The Capitol Committee of the Tennessee General Assembly removed the official portrait of Governor Parson Brownlow that had only been briefly installed during April 1987 within the Legislative Library of state capitol building, upon the recommendation of Democratic
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Eliza O'Brien Brownlow lived at the family's home formerly on East Cumberland Avenue (at the present day James White Parkway) in Knoxville until her death in 1914 at the age of 94. In the 1890s and early 1900s, numerous visitors, including three presidents
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Brownlow was a member of the U.S. Senate when the final version of the bill S. 810 was introduced onto the Senate floor on April 19, 1870, enacted the next month by the U.S. Congress, and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on May 31, 1870 as the
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in 1845. Ross argued that the Methodist Church was despotic, comparing it to a "great iron wheel" that would crush American liberty. He stated that most Methodists were descended from Revolutionary War loyalists, and accused the Methodist Church founder,
791:(who spent time in Knoxville while in exile), and on at least one occasion, threatened Swan with a revolver. Following the failure of the Bank of East Tennessee in 1858, Brownlow ruthlessly assailed its directors. His attacks forced A.R. Crozier and
728:. Clay was consistently Brownlow's first choice for the party's presidential candidate throughout the 1840s. Brownlow's son John recalled that one of the few times he ever saw his father cry was after he had received the news of Clay's defeat in the
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Brownlow would later accost Haynes in a Jonesborough street and then proceeded to beat Haynes with a sword cane, prompting Haynes to draw out his pistol and shoot Brownlow in the thigh. Haynes was later hired as editor of the competing Democratic
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It was easy for friends to persuade Mr. Brownlow to do anything that did not violate his sense of right; to force him was impossible. A child could lead him; a giant could not drive him. When his mind was once made up, it was as immovable as the
1383:, Forrest stated, "I have never recognized the present government in Tennessee as having any legal existence." He objected to Governor Brownlow calling out the militia and warned if they "committed outrages" that "they and Mr. Brownloe's [
947:, stated that social pressure in the 1830s pushed most abolitionist Southerners to adopt pro-slavery views. Historian Robert McKenzie, however, suggests that Brownlow's pro-slavery shift might have been rooted in the rivalry between Northern and
618:(the Tennessee town has spelled municipal name two different ways through its history), publishing the first edition of the second volume on May 7, 1840. Brownlow had also brought along Valentine Garland along as a new business partner within his
811:), he was later jailed by Confederate States military authorities (the CSA district attorney in Knoxville, Tennessee being related to J. G. M. Ramsey) in December 1861, pardoned, and subsequently forced into exile in the northern United States.
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candidates in the upcoming elections. Brownlow partnered with the Elizabethton newspaper publisher, Mason R. Lyon, and as the editor within their partnership, with the agreement that Brownlow would receive one-third of the new profits from the
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1284:, turned against Brownlow, alleging his actions were too despotic, and aligned themselves with Johnson. By 1866, Brownlow had come to believe that some Southerners were plotting another rebellion, and that Andrew Johnson would be its leader.
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to support his campaign, he accused Johnson of being illegitimate, suggested Johnson's relatives were murderers and thieves and stated that Johnson was an atheist. Johnson won the election by 1,300 votes, out of just over 10,000 votes cast.
895:, which was dedicated to refuting Ross's attacks, and embarked on a speaking tour that summer. Brownlow argued that while it was common in Wesley's time for people to believe in ghosts, he provided evidence that many Presbyterian ministers
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minister. In Fall 1826, he attended the annual meeting of the Holston Conference of the Methodist Church in Abingdon. He applied to join the travelling ministry (commonly called "circuit riders"), and was admitted that year by Bishop
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state to be readmitted to the Union in 1866, "exempting it from the lengthy federal military reconstruction inflicted on most of the South". After the Civil War, Brownlow again resumed his opposition to longtime political foe and then
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in 1709 and emigrated to Virginia in 1731. Brownlow and his four siblings were split up among relatives, with Brownlow spending the remainder of his childhood on his uncle John Gannaway's farm. At age 18, Brownlow went to
1272:, a group which dominated Congress and vehemently opposed Johnson. In the elections for the state's congressional seats held in August 1865, Brownlow rejected nearly one-third of the total vote to allow Radical candidate
1100:. On December 6, as he was in Knoxville preparing to leave, however, Knox County Commissioner Robert B. Reynolds and Confederate States District Attorney John Crozier Ramsey (a son of Confederate States treasury agent
1151:, which was completed in May 1862. By September, the book had sold over 100,000 copies. Brownlow then headed to the northeast, where he addressed the New York City Chamber of Commerce on May 14, and spoke at the
1742:(1879–1963), a prominent 20th-century political scientist and city planner, was a grandson of one of Parson Brownlow's first cousins. He served a tumultuous 3-year term as Knoxville's city manager in the 1920s.
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In early April 1865, Brownlow arrived in Nashville, a city which he despised, having called it a "dunghill," and stating it had a "deadly, treasonable exhalation." He was sworn in on April 5, and submitted the
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by a 63 to 39 vote. By the time he was sworn in on March 4, 1869, a persistent nervous disease had weakened him considerably, and the Senate clerk had to read his speeches. One of his speeches was a defense of
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Partially a result of Brownlow's persistent opposition to secession within the pages of his newspapers (and partially due to his long-time feud with Confederate sympathizer, banker, and Tennessee historian
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Journalist Steve Humphrey argued that Brownlow was a talented newspaper editor and reporter, as evidenced by his reporting on events such as the opening of the Gayoso Hotel in Memphis and Knoxville's 1854
840:. Brownlow denied the charge, and accused Smith of being an adulterer. At a meeting of the Methodists' Holston Conference that year, Smith tried unsuccessfully to have Brownlow expelled from the church.
1376:, archived by the Tennessee Secretary of State, contains one letter dated July 4, 1868, from the Great-Grand Cyclops of the Ku Klux Klan Stella Morton, in which Morton threatens Governor Brownlow's life.
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and the "most hated man in Tennessee History." A 1981 poll of fifty-two Tennessee historians that ranked the state's governors on ability, accomplishments, and statesmanship, placed Brownlow dead last.
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1898:
Americanism Contrasted with Foreignism, Romanism and Bogus Democracy, In the Light of Reason, History, and Scripture; In Which Certain Demagogues in Tennessee, and Elsewhere, are Shown Up in Their True
1042:, which unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to allow East Tennessee to form a separate, Union-aligned state. In the weeks following Tennessee's secession in June 1861, Brownlow used the
1932:, Ass, Who Appeared Before the Invitation, On Saturday Night, the 18th of September, 1852, in the Hearing of a Large Audience, and Assailed Said Brownlow" (Knoxville, Tennessee, September 19, 1852)
1697:(1839–1922), was a colonel in the Union Army during the Civil War. In the decades following his father's death, he helped finance the development of a Knoxville neighborhood (just north of modern
607:. Haynes had read law under Elizabethton attorney T.A.R. Nelson, and Haynes would later follow Nelson to Jonesborough during 1840, where Haynes would eventually edit a Jonesborough newspaper.
1155:
on May 15. In subsequent weeks, he spoke in Boston and various cities in New England, and later toured western New York and Illinois. In late June, he testified at the impeachment trial of
1561:
On the night of April 28, 1877, Brownlow collapsed at his home, and died the following afternoon. The cause of death was given as "paralysis of the bowels." He was interred in Knoxville's
1170:, who had threatened to shoot two Confederate soldiers attempting to remove the American flag from the Brownlows' home in Knoxville in December of the previous year. Later that year, author
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his religious and political opponents, sometimes to the point of being physically assaulted. At the same time, Brownlow was successfully building a large base of fiercely loyal subscribers.
2433:
Parson Brownlow recently declared in relation to the Union men of East Tennessee: We intend to fight the secessionists until hell freezes over, and then fight them on ice, Or any other man.
385:, Tennessee and Catherine Gannaway followed three months later, leaving William orphaned at the age of 10. The first Brownlow forebear in Virginia was William Brownlow, who was born in
1456:
Following his reelection as Governor of Tennessee in 1867, Brownlow decided he would not seek a third term, and instead sought election to the U.S. Senate seat that would be vacated by
290:(August 29, 1805 – April 29, 1877) was an American newspaper publisher, Methodist minister, book author, prisoner of war, lecturer, and politician who served as the 17th
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for at least five years anyone who had supported the Confederacy, and, in cases of Confederate leaders, fifteen years. He later strengthened this law to require prospective voters to
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1866:
Helps to the Study of Presbyterianism: Or, An Unsophisticated Exposition of Calvinism, with Hopkinsian Modifications and Policy, with a View to a More Easy Interpretation of the Same
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for ratification, which the Radicals in Congress supported, but Johnson and his allies opposed. The pro-Johnson minority in the statehouse attempted to flee Nashville to prevent a
1304:
1250:
1023:, touching off an editorial war that lasted throughout much of the year. Brownlow called Sperry a "scoundrel" and a "debauchee," and mocked the relatively small circulation of the
764:(one of his more common personal attacks was to accuse his opponents of being "drunkards"). Following the collapse of the Whig Party in the mid-1850s, he aligned himself with the
1221:, and began vengefully pursuing ex-Confederates. He spent a portion of 1864 attempting to reorganize his church's Holston Conference and realign it with the northern Methodists.
4023:
1303:
Brownlow began calling for civil rights to be extended to freed slaves, stating that "a loyal Negro was more deserving than a disloyal white man." In May 1866, he submitted the
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1701:) which for years was known as "Brownlow." Brownlow Elementary School, which served this neighborhood from 1913 to 1995, still stands, and has been converted into urban lofts.
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and its early leaders, Brownlow, took such debates to a whole new level, attacking not only Baptist and Presbyterian theology but also the character of his rival missionaries.
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548:, initially under its editor William Gott. This weekly Elizabethton newspaper advanced Whig politics, and by the time that Brownlow had later been promoted as its editor, the
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were organized to help freed slaves in this process. Members of these leagues frequently clashed with disfranchised ex-Confederates, including members of the burgeoning
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the following year, and the editors Brownlow and Haynes would publish polemics targeting each other within their respective newspapers over the next several years.
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was the last pro-Union newspaper in the South. He was quoted as saying "We intend to fight the secessionists until hell freezes over, and then fight them on ice."
994:
Brownlow was staunchly opposed to Southern secession. He argued that secessionists wanted to form a country governed by "purse-proud aristocrats" of the Southern
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3520:
2138:""Finding Aid for the William G. Brownlow Tennessee Bonds Circular MS.2750". Special Collections Online – The University of Tennessee. Retrieved November 5, 2017"
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in East Tennessee, and attacked several others. Confederate leaders immediately suspected Brownlow of complicity, but he denied any involvement in the attacks.
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they had supported the Union. He tried to impose fines for wearing a Confederate uniform, and attempted to bar Confederate ministers from performing marriages.
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area, where there was a strong Presbyterian presence, and he later recalled being constantly harassed by a young Presbyterian missionary who taunted him with
320:. Brownlow's uncompromising and radical viewpoints made him one of the most divisive figures in Tennessee political history and one of the most controversial
4043:
1330:, a frequent critic of the Brownlow administration. That same month, the legislature passed a bill giving the state's black residents the right to vote, and
4018:
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1890:
A Political Register, Setting Forth the Principles of the Whig and Locofoco Parties in the United States, With the Life and Public Services of Henry Clay
2767:
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By 1868, Klan violence had increased significantly. The organization had sent Brownlow a death threat, and had come close to assassinating Congressman
4048:
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1723:
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486:(addressing, in part, Brownlow's advancement of the separation of church and state in the United States and the Presbyterian Church domination of the
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As Brownlow's vituperative editorial style quickly brought bitter division to Elizabethton, and he began quarreling with local Whig-turned-Democrat
1448:, where the Klan had been founded. After Brownlow left office in March, Forrest ordered the Klan to destroy its costumes and cease all activities.
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at Metropolitan Hall in Indianapolis on April 8, and spoke at the Merchants' Exchange in Chicago a few days later. On April 14, he addressed the
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1989:
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for ratification the following day. After this amendment was ratified, Brownlow submitted a series of bills to punish former Confederates. He
943:. In subsequent years, however, he shifted to a staunchly pro-slavery stance. Indeed he owned slaves himself. Brownlow's friend and colleague,
931:
Brownlow's views on slavery changed over time. While his pre-Civil War writings reveal a strong pro-slavery slant, his name appears on an 1834
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In the late 1850s, Brownlow turned his attention to Knoxville's Democratic Party leaders and their associates. He quarreled with the radical
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1342:, to protect voters (and harass the opposition). With the state's ex-Confederates disfranchised, Brownlow easily defeated Etheridge in the
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also relocated from Elizabethton and to Jonesborough during the same year, where the weekly Brownlow newspaper was again rebranded as the
349:, an often bitter and biting dislike for each other that both Brownlow and Johnson had put aside during the dark days on the Civil War.
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Brownlow returned to Tennessee in 1863 and in 1865 became governor with support of the U.S. Army behind him. Brownlow aligned with the
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1940:
Ought American Slavery to be Perpetuated? A Debate Between Rev. W.G. Brownlow and Rev. A. Pryne Held At Philadelphia, September, 1858
1729:
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following a funeral procession described by his colleague, Oliver Perry Temple, as the largest in the city's history up to that time.
1244:. This official portrait of Governor Brownlow would only be briefly displayed within the Tennessee State Capitol building during 1987.
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after announcing Confederate authorities were preparing to arrest him. On November 4, he left Knoxville and went into hiding in the
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2227:"Early History of Carter County 1760-1861", pp. 55-56. Frank Merritt, 1950. East Tennessee Historical Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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510:. Brownlow began working as a clerk managing her family's O'Brien Furnace (iron foundry), which was located along the banks of the
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speeches. For the remainder of his life and beyond, Brownlow was to become known to friend and foe alike as the "Fighting Parson".
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William E. Hardy, "The Margins of William Brownlow's Words: New Perspectives on the End of Radical Reconstruction in Tennessee,"
2252:"Early History of Carter County 1760-1861", pp. 58. Frank Merritt, 1950. East Tennessee Historical Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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915:, which used terminology and attacks similar to the ones Ross had used in the previous decade. Brownlow quickly fired back with
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2185:"Early History of Carter County 1760-1861", p. 55. Frank Merritt, 1950. East Tennessee Historical Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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1935:"A Sermon on Slavery: A Vindication of the Methodist Church, South: Her Position Stated" (Knoxville, Tennessee, August 9, 1857)
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ideals, and also that repeated Brownlow's opposition to secession by the southern slave states in the years leading up to the
3501:
3167:
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2826:
Alexander, Thomas B. "Strange Bedfellows: The Interlocking Careers of TAR Nelson, Andrew Johnson, and WG (Parson) Brownlow."
1852:
1543:
1534:, had undone most of his Radical initiatives, allowing Democrats to regain control of the state government. Having sold the
1478:
1421:, were initially defeated. Brownlow, believing Klan intimidation to be the reason for their defeat, rejected the votes from
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472:
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373:, in 1805, the eldest son of Joseph A. Brownlow and Catherine Gannaway. Joseph Brownlow, an itinerant farmer, was born in
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Soon after the Civil War, Brownlow and Radical Republicans utilized their control of state government to enfranchise male
341:
1865:
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Interviewed (while suffering visibly from the "palsy" that afflicted him in later life) in 1871 by a reporter from the
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on Thursday, May 16, 1839, and within several weeks, Brownlow and Lyon would rebrand their new weekly newspaper as the
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1213:'s forces back to Knoxville in September. In November 1863, using proceeds from his speaking tour, he relaunched the
1520:
administration of a Democratic President to reorganize the Southern Confederacy, after long and careful preparation."
1444:, arguing this was necessary to quell rising Klan violence. He also dispatched five state guard companies to occupy
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Miscamble, William G. "Andrew Johnson and the Election of William G. ("Parson") Brownlow as Governor of Tennessee."
1906:
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Wilson D. Miscamble, "Andrew Johnson and the Election of William G. ('Parson') Brownlow as Governor of Tennessee,"
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Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession; With a Narrative of Personal Adventures Among the Rebels
1477:(also known under the popular titles as the Civil Rights Act of 1870 or the First Ku Klux Klan Act) and the later
2194:
1732:(1826–1907), another nephew of Parson Brownlow (the son of his sister, Nancy), served as a U.S. congressman from
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1402:
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to the south, where there was a strong pro-Union presence, and would spend several weeks staying with friends in
1039:
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from Tennessee from 1869 to 1875. Brownlow rose to prominence in the late 1830s and early 1840s as editor of the
971:... that slavery having existed ever since the first organization of society, it will exist to the end of time.
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1139:, threatening Confederate soldiers who sought to remove the American flag from the Brownlows' home in Knoxville
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During the course of the Civil War, Brownlow would return to an anti-slavery stance, calling for emancipation.
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2868:
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Stephen Humphrey, "The Man Brownlow from a Newspaper Man's Point of View," East Tennessee Historical Society
1907:
The Great Iron Wheel Examined; Or, Its False Spokes Extracted, and an Exhibition of Elder Graves, Its Builder
1662:
Brownlow married Eliza O'Brien (1819–1914) during 1836 in Elizabethton, Tennessee. They had seven children:
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1034:, canvassed East Tennessee, giving dozens of pro-Union speeches. In May and June 1861, Brownlow represented
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2884:
Full text online free of 1999 edition, with important new introduction by Stephen V. Ash pp xi to xvii.
2614:"Senator Brownlow: What He Thinks of the Next Presidential Election, the 'Rebel' Spirit, the Kuklux..."
1312:
851:, where Ross had taken up in 1818. Ross had earlier "declared war" on Methodism as a co-editor in his
2547:
Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.; Zuczek, Richard (2001). "Brownlow, William Gannaway 'Parson' (1805–1877)".
2294:
Forrest Conklin and John Wittig, "Religious Warfare in the Southern Highlands: Brownlow versus Ross,"
1460:, Andrew Johnson's son-in-law, in 1869. In October 1867, the state legislature elected Brownlow over
1292:
3943:
3938:
3349:
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to defend Unionists accused of treasonous acts by Confederate authorities. By the Fall of 1861, the
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848:
740:
604:
476:
450:
178:
1233:
1131:
1096:
Brownlow asked for permission to leave the state, which was granted by Confederate Secretary of War
1030:
Throughout the Spring of 1861, Brownlow and his colleagues, Oliver Perry Temple, T.A.R. Nelson, and
819:
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3254:
2949:
1687:
1551:
1489:
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Brownlow's house and library at 211 Cumberland Avenue in Knoxville (no longer extant), as drawn by
1484:
1326:
The Radicals nominated Brownlow for a second term for governor in February 1867. His opponent was
1269:
1071:
978:
944:
784:
769:
2967:– from the Library of Congress "Chronicling America" database; includes issues published 1863–1866
1316:
669:
405:
3882:
3827:
3757:
3627:
3577:
3329:
3314:
3096:
2327:
James Bellamy, "The Political Career of Landon Carter Haynes," East Tennessee Historical Society
1719:
1694:
1683:
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757:
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and likeminded vigilante groups in efforts to disenfranchise African-Americans across Tennessee.
336:
321:
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242:
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2979:
1758:
1530:
After his Senate term ended in 1875, Brownlow returned to Knoxville. His successor as governor,
539:
413:, showing a Baptist minister changing clothes in front of horrified women after administering a
300:
1945:"Speech of Parson Brownlow, of Tennessee, Against the Great Rebellion" (New York, May 15, 1862)
871:
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in East Tennessee, bringing shipments of iron castings from the O'Brien Furnance to Knoxville.
3862:
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3777:
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3607:
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3002:
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2408:: A debate between Rev. W.G. Brownlow and Rev. A. Pryne. Held at Philadelphia, September, 1858
2118:
1709:
1585:'s pro-Republican successor. Rule continued editing this paper, which was eventually renamed
1562:
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1365:
1327:
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1202:
1125:
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the "greatest curse that ever yet befell this nation," and attacked Jackson's supporters, the
189:
32:
2195:"O'Brien Furnace ~ 1A 73 ~ Valley Forge, TN - Tennessee Historical Markers on Waymarking.com"
1716:. He served as an adjutant general in the state guard during his father's term as governor.
3852:
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3802:
3787:
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3707:
3667:
3424:
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3409:
3399:
3369:
3339:
3319:
3112:
3011:
2916:
Haskins, Ralph W. "Internecine Strife in Tennessee: Andrew Johnson Versus Parson Brownlow"
2276:
Verton Queener, "William Gannaway Brownlow as an Editor," East Tennessee Historical Society
1873:
A Narrative of the Life, Travels, and Circumstances Incident Thereto, of William G. Brownlow
1708:(1842–1879), was also a colonel in the Union Army during the Civil War, though he was later
1679:
1466:
1397:
1281:
1254:
1198:
1144:
1113:
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at Valley Forge about four miles southeast of Elizabethton. Brownlow would often travel by
353:
1654:"Liberty & Union. Now & Forever, One and Inseperable" - 34-star U.S. flag given to
1440:
In February 1869, as Brownlow's final term was near its end, he placed nine counties under
1193:
Brownlow's characteristic forthright communication style is evident in the newspaper title
1081:
704:), developing industries within northeast Tennessee, and a weakened presidency. He called
3912:
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3837:
3812:
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3439:
3404:
3394:
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2771:
2573:""Guide to Manuscript Materials : MF. 1800 - MF. 1899", Tennessee Secretary of State"
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1508:
1349:
1101:
1090:
847:(1796–1883), who, from 1826 till 1852, was pastor of Old Kingsport Presbyterian Church in
808:
800:
796:
693:
544:
Brownlow cut his teeth in the newspaper business during 1838 writing for the short-lived
3512:
1914:
1897:
1889:
1124:. He hosted a banquet at the Monongahela House in Pittsburgh on April 17, and spoke at
887:
Brownlow initially responded to Ross with a running column, "F.A. Ross' Corner," in the
3902:
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721:
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2693:(Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1900; reprinted by Kessinger Books, 2010), p. 326.
1182:. In 1863, Philadelphia-based music publisher Lee and Walker issued a musical score,
3932:
3907:
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3454:
3449:
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3289:
3229:
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3199:
3194:
2963:
2551:. ABC-CLIO biographical companions. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 39–41.
1972:
1639:
1512:
1406:
1361:
1273:
1159:, a Confederate judge who had denied Brownlow bail following his arrest in December.
689:
523:
519:
3917:
3892:
3857:
3642:
3597:
3587:
3324:
2935:
Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction, 1867-1869
1369:
1335:
1331:
1311:, and the House sergeant-at-arms was dispatched to arrest them. Two were captured—
1297:
1109:
837:
788:
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427:
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358:
205:
2205:"That D--d Brownlow!", p. 176. Steve Humphrey. Appalachian Consortium Press, 1978.
1268:, was too lenient toward former Confederate leaders, and aligned himself with the
963:
Not only will I throughout this discussion openly and boldly take the ground that
552:
had some three hundred subscribers and was closely associated with Mason R. Lyon.
2665:
Notable Men of Tennessee, From 1833 to 1875, Their Times and Their Contemporaries
2480:
2405:
1948:"Address to the Loyal People of Tennessee" (Knoxville, Tennessee, March 18, 1868)
1939:
1469:, the Union general who had liberated Knoxville from Confederate forces in 1863.
3459:
3434:
3374:
3344:
3209:
3189:
3179:
2998:
1658:
by the Ladies of Philadelphia, June 13, 1862 (East Tennessee Historical Society)
1596:
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908:
865:
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386:
3132:
449:
During the following year in 1827, Brownlow was assigned as a circuit rider in
3702:
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3692:
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1354:
1264:
After a few months in office Brownlow decided Johnson, who had by then become
1175:
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minister of Nashville's Second Baptist Church, ripped Methodists in his book,
725:
564:
309:
2883:
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was short-lived as an announcement published on August 12, 1840 notified the
3887:
1722:(1851–1910), a nephew of Parson Brownlow, served as a U.S. congressman from
1089:
Harrison Self bids goodbye to his daughter; Self was eventually pardoned by
709:
622:
enterprise. Garland had previously worked as a journeyman printer with the
511:
454:
399:
94:
1499:, Brownlow essentially predicted the failure of Reconstruction, the coming
1405:. Following the election, two of the Radicals' congressional candidates,
1372:, partially in response to the disfranchisement policies of Brownlow. The
1002:, for president in 1860, and in September of that year, interrupted a pro-
638:
readers that the Brownlow and Garland business partnership was dissolved.
1733:
1280:. A small group of state legislators, led by state Speaker of the House
515:
437:
In 1826, Soule gave Brownlow his first assignment as a circuit rider—the
378:
2921:
2911:
2907:
2490:
1558:, which had been established for the city's African-American residents.
1554:
for president. In December of the same year, he spoke at the opening of
3897:
2838:
1631:
1595:
remained one of Knoxville's daily newspapers until it folded in 1991.
940:
461:
414:
357:
joined into this opposition directed against Brownlow and utilized the
753:
editor John Miller McKee that lasted until McKee's departure in 1855.
743:, where he was already well known for his clashes with the Democratic
2993:
Brownlow-related photographs in the Calvin McClung Digital Collection
2485:, (Chattanooga, Tenn.: The Lookout Publishing Co., 1918), pp. 39-45.
1308:
776:, which attacked Catholicism, foreigners and Democratic politicians.
475:
in South Carolina, which he claimed was "overrun with Baptists" and "
390:
1996:, 6 April 2011] Accessed at the Internet Archive, September 20, 2017
774:
Americanism Contrasted with Foreignism, Romanism and Bogus Democracy
490:) published in Knoxville, Tennessee by newspaper and book publisher
1762:, Brownlow's primary mouthpiece, was published under the following
1616:
Brownlow's long-time colleague, Oliver Perry Temple, wrote of him:
2678:
Printer's Devil to Publisher: Adolph S. Ochs of the New York Times
2173:, 6 April 2011. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 2 October 2015.
1649:
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1348:
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1080:
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818:
768:
movement, as he had long shared this movement's anti-Catholic and
668:
554:
465:
404:
2833:
Alexander, Thomas B. "Whiggery and Reconstruction in Tennessee."
2799:(Gaithersburg, Maryland: Olde Soldier Books, Inc., 1990), p. 86.
2754:, 6 April 2011. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 2 October 2015.
2537:(Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000), pp. 169, 178, 190, 239.
843:
In the late 1840s, Brownlow quarreled with Presbyterian minister
2783:
2392:
Lincolnites and Rebels: A Divided Town in the American Civil War
803:, winning a civil judgement on behalf of the bank's depositors.
716:. While Brownlow steadfastly supported Whig candidates such as
3516:
3136:
1429:
counties, allowing Tillman to win, and rejected the votes from
2880:
William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands
2347:(Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
2345:
William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands
2124:
William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands
1385:
673:
Brownlow as he appeared on the frontispiece of his 1856 book,
464:, but the suit was dismissed. In 1831, Brownlow was sued for
2243:(Johnson City, Tenn.: Overmountain Press, 2002), pp. 140-145.
1006:
rally in Knoxville to spar with the rally's keynote speaker,
917:
The Great Iron Wheel Examined; Or, Its False Spokes Extracted
583:
suggested that Brownlow should launch a newspaper to support
2654:(Tulsa, Okla.: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), p. 49, 74.
827:
that attacked Presbyterian minister Frederick Augustus Ross.
502:
Brownlow married a younger Eliza Ann O'Brien during 1836 in
2260:
2258:
1209:
Brownlow returned to Nashville in early 1863, and followed
1058:
On October 24, 1861, Brownlow suspended publication of the
468:
by a Baptist preacher, and ordered to pay his accuser $ 5.
2843:
Alexander, Thomas B. "Kukluxism in Tennessee, 1865-1869."
600:
starting with the June 13, 1839 edition of the newspaper.
2241:
Jonesborough: The First Century of Tennessee's First Town
1573:
In 1870, William Rule, who had been a journalist for the
1166:
in Hartford presented a revolver to Brownlow's daughter,
823:
Heading for "F.A. Ross' Corner," a series in Brownlow's
700:
allowing for better steamboat transportation of goods to
471:
In 1832, Brownlow was assigned as a circuit rider to the
2890:
A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy
2316:
Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession
2127:(Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1999).
1149:
Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession
1542:, a Republican newspaper published by his old protégé,
1338:, and Brownlow organized a state guard, led by General
965:
Slavery as it exists in America ought to be perpetuated
855:, published from 1827 to 1832. Although distracted by
3979:
Republican Party United States senators from Tennessee
2765:
Brownlow School Redevelopment & Urban Renewal Plan
2600:. "A Talk with General Forrest." September 8, 1868: 1.
1401:
election, Brownlow discarded all registered voters in
1135:
An artist's 1888 illustration of Brownlow's daughter,
935:
petition. In the early 1840s, Brownlow supported the
2214:
Stephen V. Ash, "Introduction" in E. Merton Coulter,
1690:), called on Eliza Brownlow when visiting Knoxville.
1112:
in early April. He spoke alongside Indiana governor
998:. Brownlow endorsed his friend, pro-Union candidate
783:, a pro-secession newspaper published by businessman
2955:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
2181:
2179:
986:, showing Brownlow delivering a pro-Union speech in
630:
for $ 550.00, but their business partnership in the
3725:
3550:
1180:
Parson Brownlow and the Unionists of East Tennessee
857:
internecine conflict within the Presbyterian Church
799:from public life. Brownlow sued another director,
550:
Elizabethton Republican and Manufacturer's Advocate
546:
Elizabethton Republican and Manufacturer's Advocate
261:
253:
234:
223:
215:
197:
185:
168:
144:
139:
123:
111:
88:
76:
62:
43:
23:
2343:Stephen Ash, Introduction to E. Merton Coulter's
1804:Brownlow's Knoxville Whig and Independent Journal
836:, accused Brownlow of having stolen jewelry at a
760:in 1850, and promoted temperance policies in the
2995:– includes newspaper clippings and family photos
2608:
2606:
1883:Baptism Examined: Or, the True State of the Case
1788:(May 6, 1840 in Jonesborough – November 3, 1841)
1197:; perhaps not insignificantly, Brownlow's sons,
1822:Brownlow's Knoxville Whig, and Rebel Ventilator
1538:in 1869, Brownlow purchased an interest in the
1505:
724:, his true political idol was Kentucky senator
688:(more specifically, public improvements to the
2964:Brownlow's Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator
2828:East Tennessee Historical Society Publications
2403:Brownlow, William Gannaway & Pryne, Abram
1772:(May 16, 1839 in Elizabethton – June 13, 1839)
891:. In 1847, he launched a separate paper, the
4029:People of Tennessee in the American Civil War
3528:
3148:
2667:(New York: Cosmopolitan Press, 1912), p. 143.
1977:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
1674:, Mary, Fannie, Annie, and Caledonia Temple.
969:incorporated into every department of society
939:, which sought to recolonize freed slaves in
8:
4024:Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
2902:Kelly, James C. "William Gannaway Brownlow"
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
1374:William G. Brownlow Family Papers, 1836-1900
2774:, August 2007. Retrieved: 29 October 2012.
2701:
2699:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
1806:(May 19, 1849 in Knoxville – April 7, 1855)
1225:Reconstruction-era as Governor of Tennessee
1205:, both saw combat as Union cavalry officers
772:sentiments. In 1856, he published a book,
680:Brownlow supported Whig policies such as a
506:, where the two resided in her hometown of
3535:
3521:
3513:
3497:
3155:
3141:
3133:
3016:
2394:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
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2094:
2092:
2090:
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2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
592:. Brownlow and Lyon launched their weekly
482:Brownlow soon afterward had his 1834 tome
58:April 5, 1865 – February 25, 1869
20:
3959:19th-century American Methodist ministers
2742:
2740:
2406:Ought American slavery to be perpetuated?
2290:
2288:
2286:
2265:Jonesborough Whig and Independent Journal
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1798:Jonesborough Whig and Independent Journal
626:and had purchased Lyon's interest in the
2691:Standard History of Knoxville, Tennessee
2549:Andrew Johnson: a biographical companion
4039:United States senators who owned slaves
4014:19th-century American newspaper editors
3989:Republican Party governors of Tennessee
2734:, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Spring 1982), p. 100.
2235:
2233:
2161:
2159:
1979:, 2009. Retrieved on October 18, 2012.
1957:
1824:(November 11, 1863 – February 21, 1866)
1546:. The paper's name was changed to the
1085:Brownlow (center) watches as condemned
859:for nearly a decade, he relaunched the
249:, Mary, Fannie, Annie, Caledonia Temple
2989:– Tennessee State Library and Archives
2652:Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South
2519:(Tennessee Book Company, 1959), p. 67.
2339:
2337:
1877:Helps to the Study of Presbyterianism:
1875:(1834, a book supplement bound within
1830:(February 28, 1866 – January 27, 1869)
1074:. On November 8, pro-Union guerillas
879:, showing an ex-Congressman attacking
868:, of believing in ghosts and witches.
402:from another uncle, George Winniford.
107:March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1875
4009:Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
3544:United States senators from Tennessee
3104:U.S. senator (Class 1) from Tennessee
2821:Political Reconstruction in Tennessee
2763:Knox County Development Corporation,
2445:Uffelman, Minoa (November 21, 2011).
2218:(Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999) p xi
1640:Tennessee state Senator Douglas Henry
484:Helps To The Study of Presbyterianism
7:
2857:, Louisiana State University Press,
2680:(New York Messner, 1963), pp. 24-25.
1599:, who later became publisher of the
1368:joined the Klan, becoming its first
1147:convinced Brownlow to write a book,
735:In May 1849, Brownlow relocated the
327:Beginning his career as a Methodist
4044:Temperance activists from Tennessee
2980:Governor William G. Brownlow Papers
2482:Notable Southern families, Volume 1
1818:(August 3, 1861 – October 26, 1861)
1219:Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator
563:, attacking presidential candidate
4019:19th-century American male writers
3949:People from Wythe County, Virginia
2906:43.1, 2 (1984): 25-43 and 155-72.
2423:. Stroudsburg, Pa. August 15, 1861
2318:(Philadelphia: G.W. Childs, 1862).
1973:William Gannaway "Parson" Brownlow
1794:(November 10, 1841 – May 11, 1842)
1712:to brigadier general by President
324:politicians of the United States.
14:
3008:Works by or about Parson Brownlow
2937:(Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2005).
2869:Brownlow Roared Pro-Union Message
2797:Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue
2795:Roger D. Hunt and Jack R. Brown,
2639:Journal of East Tennessee History
2296:Journal of East Tennessee History
1778:(June 13, 1839 in Elizabethton –
1437:counties, allowing Smith to win.
579:The rising Elizabethton attorney
381:in 1782 and died during 1816 in
4049:American prisoners and detainees
3716:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3473:
2410:J.B. Lippincott & Co. (1858)
1812:(April 14, 1855 – July 27, 1861)
1591:, until his death in 1928. The
1501:nadir of American race relations
1128:in Philadelphia two days later.
265:
31:
2971:William Gannaway Brownlow entry
2950:"Parson Brownlow (id: b000963)"
2892:. Nashville: Cumberland House,
1836:(February 3, 1869 – March 1870)
1800:(May 18, 1842 – April 19, 1849)
1076:burned several railroad bridges
1019:Austin Sperry as editor of the
460:In 1828, Brownlow was sued for
409:Engraving from Brownlow's book
16:American politician (1805–1877)
2975:National Governors Association
2928:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
2920:24#4 (1965), pp. 321–340
2918:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
2904:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
2845:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
2748:Gov. Brownlow's Bad Reputation
2732:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
2535:Tennessee: A Political History
2506:, Vol. 37 (1978), pp. 308-320.
2504:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
2331:, Vol. 28 (1956), pp. 105-107.
1550:. In 1876, Brownlow endorsed
1479:Second Enforcement Act of 1871
1452:U.S. Senate and his later life
1288:Opposition to the Ku Klux Klan
1266:President of the United States
649:In 1845, Brownlow ran against
398:where he learned the trade of
1:
2786:. Retrieved: 29 October 2012.
2517:Nashville: Its Life and Times
2493:. Retrieved: 29 October 2012.
2447:"Tennessee's Fighting Parson"
1238:Portrait of Governor Brownlow
1162:In June 1862, workers at the
951:over the issue in the 1840s.
937:American Colonization Society
893:Jonesborough Quarterly Review
877:The Great Iron Wheel Examined
795:to flee the state, and drove
675:The Great Iron Wheel Examined
659:U.S. House of Representatives
421:In 1825, Brownlow attended a
411:The Great Iron Wheel Examined
2855:Secessionists and Scoundrels
2709:, Vol. 43 (1971), pp. 59-70.
2641:, Vol. 84 (2012), pp. 78-86.
2298:, Vol. 63 (1991), pp. 33-50.
1849:Knoxville Whig and Chronicle
1704:The Brownlows' younger son,
1548:Knoxville Whig and Chronicle
1525:Parson Brownlow, August 1871
1184:Parson Brownlow's Quick Step
570:Historian Stephen Ash says:
488:American Sunday School Union
4054:People charged with treason
2835:Journal of Southern History
2619:. August 5, 1871. p. 3
2314:William Gannaway Brownlow,
2167:Requiem for Parson Brownlow
1990:Requiem for Parson Brownlow
1851:(1875–1877), co-owner with
1726:from 1897 until his death.
1143:In Philadelphia, publisher
559:Ad in an 1848 issue of the
304:, a polemical newspaper in
294:from 1865 to 1869 and as a
4070:
2888:Downing, David C. (2007),
2280:, No. 4 (1932), pp. 72-76.
1928:"Speech, Being a Reply to
1693:The Brownlows' older son,
1605:, began his career at the
1581:, which he considered the
1353:Photograph of Brownlow by
1296:Photograph of Brownlow by
875:Engraving from Brownlow's
730:1844 presidential election
537:
257:Minister, newspaper editor
4004:Journalists from Virginia
3999:American male journalists
3714:
3482:
3471:
3175:
3121:
3101:
3093:
3086:
3076:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3029:
3024:
3019:
2598:The Charleston Daily News
1828:Brownlow's Knoxville Whig
1810:Brownlow's Knoxville Whig
1379:In an interview with the
1040:East Tennessee Convention
982:Illustration in Barton's
457:criticisms of Methodism.
273:
149:William Gannaway Brownlow
135:
100:
51:
39:
30:
3964:Methodist circuit riders
3954:Methodists from Virginia
3020:Party political offices
2999:Works by Parson Brownlow
2948:United States Congress.
2882:(1937; reprinted 999).
2720:Notable Men of Tennessee
1840:Weekly Whig and Register
1724:Tennessee's 1st district
504:Carter County, Tennessee
3974:Tennessee Know Nothings
2873:Knoxville News Sentinel
1475:Enforcement Act of 1870
1340:Joseph Alexander Cooper
1321:Military Reconstruction
845:Frederick Augustus Ross
219:Eliza O'Brien (m. 1836)
3994:Governors of Tennessee
2985:July 12, 2013, at the
2837:16.3 (1950): 291-305.
2823:(Vanderbilt UP, 1950).
2770:March 3, 2016, at the
2358:"Congress slaveowners"
1816:Brownlow's Weekly Whig
1659:
1623:
1528:
1492:
1357:
1300:
1245:
1206:
1140:
1118:Ohio state legislature
1093:
1011:Southern Confederacy.
1008:William Lowndes Yancey
991:
973:
955:initially accepted by
884:
828:
684:, federal funding for
677:
577:
567:
418:
371:Wythe County, Virginia
162:Wythe County, Virginia
3164:Governor of Tennessee
3080:Dewitt Clinton Senter
3070:Governor of Tennessee
3046:Dewitt Clinton Senter
3036:Governor of Tennessee
2853:Ash, Stephen (1999),
2819:Alexander, Thomas B.
2663:Oliver Perry Temple,
1834:Knoxville Weekly Whig
1706:James Patton Brownlow
1653:
1618:
1588:The Knoxville Journal
1532:DeWitt Clinton Senter
1487:
1381:Cincinnati Commercial
1352:
1295:
1236:
1192:
1157:West Hughes Humphreys
1134:
1084:
1064:Great Smoky Mountains
981:
961:
927:Slavery and secession
905:James Robinson Graves
881:James Robinson Graves
874:
822:
686:internal improvements
672:
572:
558:
534:Early newspaper owner
492:Frederick S. Heiskell
408:
369:Brownlow was born in
296:United States Senator
292:governor of Tennessee
90:United States Senator
83:Dewitt Clinton Senter
46:Governor of Tennessee
2878:Coulter, E. Merton,
1923:Speeches and debates
1730:James Stewart Martin
1609:in the early 1870s.
913:The Great Iron Wheel
849:Kingsport, Tennessee
756:Brownlow joined the
741:Knoxville, Tennessee
714:A Political Register
712:, in his 1844 book,
605:Landon Carter Haynes
451:Maryville, Tennessee
415:baptism by immersion
193:Knoxville, Tennessee
179:Knoxville, Tennessee
72:as Military Governor
3984:Radical Republicans
2650:William MacArthur,
2579:on October 30, 2017
2362:The Washington Post
2216:William G. Brownlow
2144:on November 7, 2017
1688:William Howard Taft
1579:Knoxville Chronicle
1552:Rutherford B. Hayes
1540:Knoxville Chronicle
1490:Benson John Lossing
1270:Radical Republicans
949:Southern Methodists
945:Oliver Perry Temple
337:Radical Republicans
4034:Sons of Temperance
3110:Served alongside:
3097:David T. Patterson
3053:Political offices
2933:Severance, Ben H.
2533:Phillip Langsdon,
2421:"The Jeffersonian"
2364:, January 19, 2022
1736:in the mid-1870s.
1720:Walter P. Brownlow
1695:John Bell Brownlow
1684:Theodore Roosevelt
1660:
1493:
1458:David T. Patterson
1396:Brownlow endorsed
1358:
1301:
1246:
1207:
1141:
1094:
1054:American Civil War
1021:Knoxville Register
992:
984:A Hero In Homespun
957:Frederick Douglass
885:
861:Calvinist Magazine
853:Calvinist Magazine
834:Abingdon Virginian
829:
793:William Churchwell
787:and Irish patriot
758:Sons of Temperance
750:Knoxville Register
678:
644:Tennessee Sentinel
568:
419:
322:Reconstruction Era
318:American Civil War
228:Walter P. Brownlow
118:David T. Patterson
3926:
3925:
3510:
3509:
3131:
3130:
3122:Succeeded by
3108:1869–1875
3077:Succeeded by
3043:Succeeded by
3003:Project Gutenberg
2930:37.3 (1978): 308.
2898:978-1-58182-587-9
2847:(1949): 195-219.
2558:978-1-57607-030-7
2479:Zella Armstrong,
2390:Robert McKenzie,
2119:E. Merton Coulter
1971:Forrest Conklin,
1930:Thomas Dog Arnold
1792:Jonesborough Whig
1776:Elizabethton Whig
1593:Knoxville Journal
1563:Old Gray Cemetery
1556:Knoxville College
1462:William B. Stokes
1366:Nathan B. Forrest
1328:Emerson Etheridge
1313:Pleasant Williams
1217:under the title,
1211:Ambrose Burnsides
1203:James P. Brownlow
1126:Independence Hall
1098:Judah P. Benjamin
1072:Tuckaleechee Cove
889:Jonesborough Whig
825:Jonesborough Whig
815:Sectarian debates
628:Elizabethton Whig
624:Elizabethton Whig
612:Elizabethton Whig
610:Brownlow and the
598:Elizabethton Whig
561:Jonesborough Whig
277:
276:
190:Old Gray Cemetery
4061:
3720:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3113:Joseph S. Fowler
3094:Preceded by
3058:Preceded by
3017:
3012:Internet Archive
2959:
2867:Robert Booker, "
2808:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2744:
2735:
2729:
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2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:. Archived from
2569:
2563:
2562:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2477:
2462:
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2206:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2174:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:. Archived from
2134:
2128:
2116:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1842:(c. 1870 – 1871)
1680:William McKinley
1526:
1467:Ambrose Burnside
1415:William J. Smith
1398:Ulysses S. Grant
1282:William Heiskell
1199:John B. Brownlow
1195:Rebel Ventilator
1153:Academy of Music
1145:George W. Childs
1114:Oliver P. Morton
909:Landmark Baptist
781:Southern Citizen
653:for the state's
473:Pickens District
354:African-American
280:William Gannaway
269:
175:
158:
156:
140:Personal details
126:
114:
105:
79:
65:
56:
35:
21:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
3969:Tennessee Whigs
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3721:
3712:
3546:
3541:
3511:
3506:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3171:
3161:
3127:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3082:
3073:
3065:
3064:Acting Governor
3063:
3048:
3039:
2987:Wayback Machine
2947:
2944:
2875:, 28 June 2011.
2830:24 (1952): 68+.
2816:
2814:Further reading
2811:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2772:Wayback Machine
2762:
2758:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2717:
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2697:
2688:
2684:
2675:
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2596:
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2326:
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2313:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2267:, 18 June 1845.
2263:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2117:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1925:
1861:
1753:
1748:
1699:Fourth and Gill
1648:
1577:, launched the
1571:
1527:
1524:
1497:New York Herald
1454:
1290:
1227:
1102:J. G. M. Ramsey
1091:Jefferson Davis
1056:
929:
817:
809:J. G. M. Ramsey
801:J. G. M. Ramsey
797:John H. Crozier
785:William G. Swan
694:Tennessee River
542:
540:Brownlow's Whig
536:
500:
367:
208:
204:
198:Political party
192:
177:
173:
160:
159:August 29, 1805
154:
152:
151:
150:
124:
112:
106:
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92:
77:
71:
63:
57:
52:
26:
25:Parson Brownlow
17:
12:
11:
5:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4056:
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3317:
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3297:
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3277:
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3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
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3217:
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3207:
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3197:
3192:
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3176:
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3162:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3125:Andrew Johnson
3123:
3120:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3066:
3061:Edward H. East
3059:
3055:
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3022:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2977:
2968:
2960:
2943:
2942:External links
2940:
2939:
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2886:
2876:
2865:
2851:
2841:
2831:
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2784:Brownlow Lofts
2776:
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2736:
2724:
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2689:William Rule,
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2643:
2630:
2617:The Tennessean
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1773:
1770:Tennessee Whig
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:Louis Brownlow
1714:Andrew Johnson
1656:Susan Brownlow
1647:
1644:
1602:New York Times
1570:
1567:
1522:
1503:, and beyond:
1453:
1450:
1403:Lincoln County
1305:14th Amendment
1289:
1286:
1276:to win in the
1251:13th Amendment
1226:
1223:
1172:Erastus Beadle
1055:
1052:
1032:Horace Maynard
1016:Knoxville Whig
928:
925:
816:
813:
722:James C. Jones
706:Andrew Jackson
651:Andrew Johnson
632:Jonesboro Whig
620:Jonesboro Whig
616:Jonesboro Whig
594:Tennessee Whig
590:Tennessee Whig
538:Main article:
535:
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439:Black Mountain
375:Augusta County
366:
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347:Andrew Johnson
308:that promoted
306:East Tennessee
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2912:part 2 online
2909:
2908:part 1 online
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2899:
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2863:0-8071-2354-4
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2746:Jack Neely, "
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2679:
2676:Doris Faber,
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2208:
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2199:
2196:
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2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:Jack Neely, "
2162:
2160:
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2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
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2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:Jack Neely, "
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
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1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:Lewis Tillman
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Samuel Arnell
1356:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:1867 election
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:Union Leagues
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Samuel Arnell
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:disfranchised
1252:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1087:bridge-burner
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:By 1861, the
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:planter class
989:
985:
980:
976:
972:
970:
966:
960:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
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918:
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894:
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873:
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862:
858:
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850:
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841:
839:
835:
826:
821:
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812:
810:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
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771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Moccasin Bend
687:
683:
682:national bank
676:
671:
667:
664:
661:. Using the
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
582:
581:T.A.R. Nelson
576:
571:
566:
562:
557:
553:
551:
547:
541:
533:
531:
527:
525:
524:Holston River
521:
520:Watauga River
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
440:
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429:
424:
416:
412:
407:
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401:
397:
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388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
360:
355:
350:
348:
343:
338:
333:
330:
329:circuit rider
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
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218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
191:
188:
186:Resting place
184:
180:
171:
167:
163:
147:
143:
138:
134:
131:
128:
122:
119:
116:
110:
104:
99:
96:
91:
87:
84:
81:
75:
70:
67:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3632:
3279:
3117:Henry Cooper
3111:
3102:
3068:
3034:nominee for
3030:
3025:
2962:
2953:
2934:
2927:
2917:
2903:
2889:
2879:
2872:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2796:
2791:
2779:
2759:
2751:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2707:Publications
2706:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2616:
2597:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2567:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2516:
2515:Jesse Burt,
2511:
2503:
2498:
2481:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2440:
2432:
2425:. Retrieved
2415:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2366:, retrieved
2361:
2352:
2344:
2329:Publications
2328:
2323:
2315:
2295:
2278:Publications
2277:
2272:
2264:
2248:
2240:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2190:
2170:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2132:
2122:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1913:
1905:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1853:William Rule
1848:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1703:
1692:
1676:
1672:James Patton
1661:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1560:
1547:
1544:William Rule
1539:
1535:
1529:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1471:
1455:
1439:
1419:8th District
1411:4th District
1395:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1370:Grand Wizard
1359:
1336:Ku Klux Klan
1325:
1317:A. J. Martin
1302:
1298:Mathew Brady
1278:6th District
1263:
1258:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1174:published a
1161:
1148:
1142:
1106:
1095:
1068:Wears Valley
1059:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1004:Breckinridge
993:
983:
974:
968:
964:
962:
953:
933:abolitionist
930:
916:
912:
902:
896:
892:
888:
886:
883:for slander.
876:
860:
852:
842:
838:camp meeting
833:
830:
824:
805:
789:John Mitchel
780:
778:
773:
766:Know Nothing
761:
755:
748:
744:
736:
734:
713:
692:area of the
679:
674:
662:
657:seat in the
655:1st District
648:
643:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
609:
602:
597:
593:
589:
578:
573:
569:
560:
549:
545:
543:
528:
518:on both the
508:Elizabethton
501:
483:
481:
470:
459:
448:
444:foot washing
436:
432:
428:Joshua Soule
423:camp meeting
420:
410:
368:
359:Ku Klux Klan
351:
334:
326:
299:
287:
283:
279:
278:
174:(1877-04-29)
125:Succeeded by
102:
78:Succeeded by
53:
18:
3944:1877 deaths
3939:1805 births
3783:A. Anderson
3738:J. Anderson
3573:J. Anderson
3088:U.S. Senate
3040:1865, 1867
2752:Metro Pulse
2583:October 29,
2451:Opinionator
2427:January 14,
2239:Paul Fink,
2171:Metro Pulse
2148:November 5,
1994:Metro Pulse
1597:Adolph Ochs
1442:martial law
1364:. General
1242:George Dury
1164:Colt Armory
1036:Knox County
988:Sevierville
866:John Wesley
702:New Orleans
698:Chattanooga
455:Calvinistic
387:Magherafelt
383:Blountville
342:Confederate
113:Preceded by
64:Preceded by
3933:Categories
3773:A. Jackson
3658:Whitthorne
3653:H. Jackson
3563:A. Jackson
3074:1865–1869
3032:Republican
1953:References
1751:Newspapers
1634:epidemic.
1621:mountains.
1355:Carl Giers
1176:dime novel
726:Henry Clay
585:Whig Party
565:Lewis Cass
477:nullifiers
365:Early life
314:Whig Party
310:Henry Clay
254:Profession
210:Republican
155:1805-08-29
3913:Alexander
3798:Nicholson
3753:Whiteside
3708:Blackburn
3688:Brock III
3628:Patterson
3603:Nicholson
3450:Sundquist
3445:McWherter
3440:Alexander
3425:Ellington
3415:Ellington
3385:McAlister
3370:A. Taylor
3350:Patterson
3330:R. Taylor
3315:R. Taylor
3250:Trousdale
2722:, p. 282.
1780:nameplate
1710:brevetted
1668:John Bell
1607:Chronicle
1000:John Bell
921:immersion
903:In 1856,
718:John Bell
710:Locofocos
512:Doe River
400:carpentry
345:President
262:Signature
243:John Bell
224:Relations
103:In office
95:Tennessee
54:In office
44:17th
3908:Thompson
3898:Gore Jr.
3878:Kefauver
3788:Jarnagin
3768:Williams
3758:Campbell
3683:Gore Sr.
3678:McKellar
3633:Brownlow
3578:Campbell
3492:Category
3455:Bredesen
3405:Browning
3390:Browning
3335:McMillin
3320:Buchanan
3290:J. Brown
3280:Brownlow
3255:Campbell
3245:N. Brown
3240:A. Brown
2983:Archived
2768:Archived
2718:Temple,
2623:June 24,
2456:June 29,
2368:July 10,
1942:" (1858)
1786:The Whig
1766:titles:
1764:masthead
1734:Illinois
1613:nature.
1523:—
1517:Stephens
1423:Marshall
1393:powers.
1122:Columbus
1025:Register
770:nativist
745:Standard
522:and the
516:flatboat
498:Marriage
396:Abingdon
379:Virginia
312:and the
288:Brownlow
235:Children
230:(nephew)
206:American
3918:Hagerty
3903:Mathews
3883:Walters
3873:Stewart
3863:Bachman
3853:Brock I
3843:Shields
3833:Sanders
3823:Carmack
3763:Wharton
3726:Class 2
3668:Frazier
3638:Johnson
3623:Johnson
3551:Class 1
3435:Blanton
3420:Clement
3410:Clement
3365:Roberts
3340:Frazier
3305:Hawkins
3270:Johnson
3260:Johnson
3220:Carroll
3210:Houston
3205:Carroll
3010:at the
2973:at the
2491:1079125
1782:change)
1632:cholera
1446:Pulaski
1431:Fayette
1417:in the
1409:in the
1038:at the
990:in 1861
941:Liberia
462:slander
3828:Taylor
3818:Turley
3813:Harris
3808:Cooper
3803:Fowler
3733:Blount
3703:Corker
3693:Sasser
3648:Bailey
3613:Turney
3608:Foster
3598:Grundy
3593:Foster
3588:Grundy
3460:Haslam
3400:McCord
3395:Cooper
3380:Horton
3355:Hooper
3325:Turney
3295:Porter
3285:Senter
3265:Harris
3225:Cannon
3200:McMinn
3195:Blount
3190:Sevier
3180:Sevier
2922:online
2910:; and
2896:
2861:
2849:online
2839:online
2803:
2555:
2489:
1918:(1862)
1910:(1856)
1902:(1856)
1899:Colors
1893:(1844)
1885:(1842)
1869:(1834)
1686:, and
1646:Family
1569:Legacy
1513:Toombs
1435:Tipton
1427:Coffee
1309:quorum
1110:Dayton
907:, the
391:Ulster
284:Parson
216:Spouse
181:, U.S.
164:, U.S.
3893:Baker
3868:Berry
3848:Tyson
3778:White
3748:Smith
3743:Cocke
3698:Frist
3618:Jones
3583:Eaton
3568:Smith
3558:Cocke
3300:Marks
3235:Jones
3185:Roane
3026:First
1859:Books
1746:Works
1664:Susan
1509:Davis
1259:prove
1168:Susan
1137:Susan
897:still
696:near
466:libel
247:James
239:Susan
93:from
3888:Bass
3858:Hull
3838:Webb
3793:Bell
3663:Bate
3502:List
3430:Dunn
3375:Peay
3310:Bate
3275:East
3230:Polk
3215:Hall
3168:list
2894:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2625:2023
2585:2017
2553:ISBN
2487:OCLC
2458:2023
2429:2023
2370:2022
2150:2017
1847:The
1759:Whig
1756:The
1583:Whig
1575:Whig
1536:Whig
1515:and
1433:and
1425:and
1413:and
1315:and
1215:Whig
1201:and
1070:and
1060:Whig
1048:Whig
1044:Whig
762:Whig
737:Whig
720:and
663:Whig
636:Whig
301:Whig
202:Whig
169:Died
145:Born
3673:Lea
3643:Key
3465:Lee
3360:Rye
3345:Cox
3001:at
2750:,"
2169:,"
1992:,"
1975:.
1386:sic
1240:by
1120:in
739:to
3935::
3115:,
2952:.
2871:,
2739:^
2698:^
2605:^
2524:^
2466:^
2449:.
2431:.
2377:^
2360:,
2336:^
2303:^
2285:^
2257:^
2232:^
2178:^
2158:^
2121:,
2001:^
1960:^
1682:,
1670:,
1666:,
1642:.
1511:,
1346:.
1323:.
1186:.
1178:,
1027:.
923:.
732:.
494:.
446:.
430:.
389:,
377:,
286:"
245:,
241:,
3536:e
3529:t
3522:v
3170:)
3166:(
3156:e
3149:t
3142:v
2958:.
2807:.
2627:.
2587:.
2561:.
2460:.
2152:.
1938:"
1879:)
1678:(
417:.
282:"
157:)
153:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
