514:
630:
618:
473:
398:
269:
40:
125:
132:
257:(sanctum). Around the sanction is an open pradakshina-patha (circumambulation path), which is surrounded by walls and a raised platform with rooms. Outside is spacious courtyards and smaller shrines. The Vimana is in Chola style, while the temple layout reflects the early Kerala Hindu temple architecture.
496:
The smaller shrines are also from the 9th-century, and they have statues in them. These are similar to most Hindu temples where all three major traditions – Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakti – are revered together. The smaller shrines are dedicated to
Krishna, Shiva, Bhagavati (Shakti), Dakshinamurti, and
296:
king
Karunandadakkan. His Huzur inscription, dated to 28 April 869 CE, records the construction of the temple of "Vishnu-bhattarakar" and the naming of the place as Parthiva-shekhara-puram, now shortened to Parthiva-puram. The temple site was originally called Ulakkudi-vilai, and comprised cultivated
541:
The king announces a land grant for the college in the first plate. The second and third plates state that the temple will maintain a sacred perpetual lamp, a garden with gardener, temple musicians, assigns temple servants to maintain the temple and school at state expense, and provides resources of
538:(Skt: chatra, students) were built. According to Jayadevan, this aspect of temple and school construction as recorded by the Ay king is notable and suggests that the farming community in Travancore region of India had highly developed land rights in the 9th-century. The king respected those rights.
529:
Only 5 of the copper plates have survived, and they are inscribed on both sides. The language and script is Tamil on 9 of the 10 faces, and it is
Sanskrit in Grantha script on the last face. The first plate mentions that the land was purchased or exchanged for in-kind land by the king over time for
571:
it lists the rules for selection and admission for students, and their behavior while at school; for example, it states that five senior students or teachers must test the candidate's ability to recite fluent
Sanskrit and examples of Vedic passages; the students should not possess or carry weapons
372:
region, and the village was a part of Kerala before it was transferred to Tamil Nadu. Although the inscription does not mention the name of the era it is dated in, there are strong reasons for believing that it is dated in the Kollam Era. The inscription is written in
Sanskrit and Tamil languages,
354:
for feeding students. The inscription also states that the donor arranged for a capital amount to provide for the repairs to the temple: a local potter named Kaman
Chengodan and other men from his extended family were required to maintain major parts of the temple out of the interest accruing from
584:
such as the various Vedic philosophies. This was not the only temple with such a school, states T.A. Gopinath Rao – a
Sanskrit scholar known for his many books on Hindu iconography and temples. Rao states that inscriptions evidence points to similar schools in 9th-century Kanyakumari, called
252:
The temple has a square plan from adhisthana to its sikhara for the main shrine as well as smaller shrines in the compound. The main temple illustrates a tritala vimana with a Garuda namaskara mandapa in front. Inside the main temple is a raised mukha-mandapa that connects to the
234:
dedicated to Vishnu in
Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. Spread over 2.5 acres, the temple is notable for the extensive records about it that have been discovered in Huzur Plates of Kollam. The inscriptions on these plates describe how the temple was built along with a
542:
annual seven day community festival in the month of
Panguni ending in a chariot procession to bathe the Vishnu statue in nearby river. The fourth plate calls upon the communities in the kingdom to protect and support the temple, the school and its students.
448:
above the sanctum include four deities: Brahma on the north side, Indra on east, Dakshinamurti (Shaiva) on the south as is typical in Hindu temples, and
Narasimha (half lion - half man avatar of Vishnu) on west. The square plan architecture of the
504:
The temple compound stones and the base mouldings feature minor inscriptions, with one that mentions a "Vira Chola" – likely Virarajendra. These record a donation of silver image and of gifts to the temples by merchants and wealthy patrons.
521:
The Parthasarathy Temple at Parthivapuram is notable for the detailed description about the history, motivation, construction and scope of the temple in the copper plate inscriptions among the Huzur Plates of Kollam (s 42), also called the
513:
597:
operated and managed a Vedic school for 95 students, a 15-bed hospital and a hostel. These schools were supported by a combination of state financing, wealthy donors and the daily food and others donations of the Vishnu devotees.
580:. It states that temples dedicated to worship of deities should serve many more social purposes, such as including and managing schools. These include the teaching elementary studies and alphabet, to higher studies for
629:
488:
with Garuda. According to Sircar, some of the elements in portico and mandapa are likely later additions in the 15th or 16th-century. These restorations or additions have preserved the original temple's classical
384:
Another 10th century inscription (dated before 940 CE) discovered at the temple, in Tamil language and Vatteluttu is dated to the reign of Para-kesari-varman Virasholap-perumangadigal, who is identified with
526:. These plates were piled in an almirah and ignored through the early 20th-century. T.A. Gopinath Rao found them, translated and understood their significance, then published them to scholarly audience.
342:
administration (possibly that of king Rajasimha). The first gift was that of two perpetually-burning lamps, and was maintained by Kannan Manikkan and Pagan-Chivindravan, who were in-charge of the 14
617:
457:
at each cardinal direction. The sanctum's platform is made of granite and is moulded. The temple walls is built of laterite blocks, but over time the application of lime somewhat hides it. The
572:
inside the school; the students should not keep female companions or concubines inside the school; minor infractions by the student would lead to fines and loss of meals in the school
338:
A 923 CE inscription found in front of the temple records gifts to the temple, by Panchavan Brahmadhiraja alias Kumaran Narayanan. The donor was probably a high-ranking office in the
1077:
562:
the hostel and school expenses will be paid in part from the taxes collected from the following villages: Omayanadu, Singulunadu, Mudalanadu, Padaippanadu and Valluvanad
124:
158:
1057:
52:
852:
Podmaja Jayadevan (1986), Land Rights of Ay Kingdom based on inscriptions, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, volume 47, pp. 188-189,
472:
397:
297:
fields. It was a part of Pashungalam (present-day Painkulam or Paingulam, located south of Parthivapuram). The land originally belonged to the
268:
981:
954:
927:
900:
749:
39:
425:. The main temple opens to the west, while the smaller shrines outside in the compound facing the main temple open west, south and north.
1067:
1052:
1042:
530:
the temple and school from the farming community of Minchirai (now about 2 kilometers of the temple location). Then the temple and
590:
606:
The Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram is an ASI protected heritage monument and is managed by the Thrissur circle, Kerala.
517:
Two of five 9th-century inscription plates in Tamil and Sanskrit about the school of higher studies at Parthasarathi temple.
21:
17:
151:
1072:
276:
The Parthasarathy temple is located in the village of Parthivapuram (Tamil Nadu), about 50 kilometers northwest of
565:
it states that no visitor, no staff and no student will interfere in the daily operations of the temple and school
432:(levels of the tapering spire above the sanctum) are of bricks, and they include the architectural features such
328:
260:
The temple is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India, Thrissur circle. It is a protected monument.
1047:
1062:
465:
is also made from granite, unusual for temples so far in southern peninsula. The walls are decorated with
198:
545:
The fourth and fifth plates provide the Vedic and related studies focus and constitution for the school:
351:
796:
K.G. Krishnan, Mysore (1989). "Parthivapuram Inscription of (Kollam) Year 98+1". In K.V. Ramesh (ed.).
67:
484:(main pavilion) allowing devotees to enter from three directions, a portico with a few steps, and a
593:
in Venketesaperumal (Vishnu) temple provides very detailed inscription about a Vishnu temple whose
317:
320:(1910) calculated this date as 22 June 857 CE, but K.G. Krishnan (1989) corrected this to 869 CE.
1018:
873:
853:
281:
977:
971:
950:
944:
923:
917:
896:
890:
745:
739:
553:
360:
728:
SR Rajakrishnan and Ajit Kumar (2016), Heritage, Volume 4, University of Kerala, pp. 454-458
843:
T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1910), Travacore Archaeological Series, Volume 1, pp. 287–289, 295–296
549:
it will host 45 students for higher studies in Paviliya-Bahv-rc (Bhavisya) sakha studies
498:
374:
339:
1036:
343:
364:
Volume 42 (1989), this 923 CE inscription is the earliest known record dated in the
237:
410:
284:– the capital of Kerala. It is along Highway 179, east of the Thamiraparani river.
231:
999:
T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1910), Travacore Archaeological Series, Volume 2, pp. 137–138
316:
day 1449087, on the fifteenth day of the king's ninth regnal year. Archaeologist
386:
277:
714:
T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1910), Travacore Archaeological Series, Volume 1, pp. 1-14
378:
365:
293:
140:
102:
335:). The school was modeled after the school at Kandalur, and had 95 students.
173:
160:
772:
589:, another in the temple at Tiruvorriyur. In other parts of Tamil Nadu, the
302:
576:
The temple illustrates and follows the guidelines given in the Hindu text
308:
According to the inscription, the temple was consecrated with an image of
797:
568:
it lists the rules of conduct for temple and school servants and teachers
401:
A view of the Parthasarathy Temple sanctum from the circumambulation path
313:
57:
1022:
877:
872:, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 59, pp. 1057-1064,
857:
305:, and the king took it from them in exchange for land at another place.
559:
it will host 14 students for higher studies in Talavakara sakha studies
870:
Education in Medieval Tamilnadu: An Epigraphical Peep into its nature
369:
309:
79:
480:
Beyond the square sanctum with Vishnu inside, the temple features a
512:
471:
396:
323:
The inscription mentions that the king also established a school (
267:
242:
112:
74:
347:
245:
and other subjects in the Taittiriya, Talavakara and Bhavishya
805:. Vol. XLI. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 1–6.
131:
834:, Archaeological Survey of India, Number 2, pages 135–138
476:
One of the six smaller shrines in the temple compound.
428:
The main temple is a mix of bricks and stone. All its
1009:Veluthat Kesavan (1975). "The Cattas and Bhattas".
724:
722:
720:
493:architecture, relatively common in much of Kerala.
213:
205:
194:
189:
150:
108:
98:
90:
85:
73:
63:
51:
46:
32:
675:This is one of the Samaveda sakha, the Jaiminiyas.
444:found in Hindu temples of South India. The second
241:(boarding school) for 95 students to study the
552:it will host 36 students for higher studies in
773:Tamil Nadu:Parthasarathi Temple, Parthivapuram
350:) for the lamps. The second gift was that of
8:
832:An Architectural Survey of Temples of Kerala
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
280:, Tamil Nadu and 50 kilometers southeast of
949:. BRILL Academic. p. 175 footnote 64.
922:. BRILL Academic. p. 175 footnote 63.
895:. BRILL Academic. p. 175 footnote 62.
1078:Monuments of National Importance in Kerala
1011:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
38:
29:
591:Tirumukkuddal Inscription of Virarajendra
413:architecture. It has a square plan from
405:The temple architecture illustrates the
995:
993:
688:
650:
613:
16:For temple in Chennai or Aranumla, see
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
767:
765:
763:
761:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
1058:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district
7:
744:. BRILL Academic. pp. 175–176.
666:This is one of the Yajurveda sakha.
346:that provided the fuel (presumably
272:Parthasarathy Temple, Parthivapuram
33:Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram
14:
657:This is one of the Rigveda sakha.
368:. The era was mainly used in the
332:
27:Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India
628:
616:
130:
123:
976:. BRILL Academic. p. 175.
50:
1:
201:, Square plan, Tritala Vimana
22:Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple
18:Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai
623:A mandapa in the main temple
421:(top crown) with a metallic
292:The temple was built by the
209:Karunandadakkan (Ay dynasty)
1094:
973:Education in Ancient India
946:Education in Ancient India
919:Education in Ancient India
892:Education in Ancient India
775:, ASI, Government of India
741:Education in Ancient India
15:
1068:Boarding schools in India
1053:9th-century Hindu temples
534:(boarding school) for 95
118:
37:
1043:Purana temples of Vishnu
970:Hartmut Scharfe (2018).
943:Hartmut Scharfe (2018).
916:Hartmut Scharfe (2018).
889:Hartmut Scharfe (2018).
738:Hartmut Scharfe (2018).
373:which are inscribed in
868:Justin Wilson (1998),
587:Srivallabhapperunjalai
518:
477:
402:
273:
199:Dravidian architecture
174:8.275331°N 77.170554°E
152:Geographic coordinates
771:ASI Thrissur Circle,
635:Brahma on the second
516:
475:
400:
331:studies at the site (
271:
228:Parthasarathi Temple
224:Parthasarathy Temple
230:, is a 9th-century
179:8.275331; 77.170554
170: /
1073:869 establishments
830:H. Sarkar (1978),
519:
478:
417:(platform) to its
403:
318:T.A. Gopinatha Rao
282:Thiruvananthapuram
274:
983:978-90-474-0147-6
956:978-90-474-0147-6
929:978-90-474-0147-6
902:978-90-474-0147-6
799:Epigraphia Indica
751:978-90-474-0147-6
595:Jananatha mandapa
486:namaskara-mandapa
389:alias Virachola.
361:Epigraphia Indica
221:
220:
1085:
1027:
1026:
1006:
1000:
997:
988:
987:
967:
961:
960:
940:
934:
933:
913:
907:
906:
886:
880:
866:
860:
850:
844:
841:
835:
828:
807:
806:
804:
793:
776:
769:
756:
755:
735:
729:
726:
715:
712:
676:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
632:
620:
554:Taittiriya sakha
348:clarified butter
301:("assembly") of
185:
184:
182:
181:
180:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
134:
133:
127:
42:
30:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1008:
1007:
1003:
998:
991:
984:
969:
968:
964:
957:
942:
941:
937:
930:
915:
914:
910:
903:
888:
887:
883:
867:
863:
851:
847:
842:
838:
829:
810:
802:
795:
794:
779:
770:
759:
752:
737:
736:
732:
727:
718:
713:
690:
685:
680:
679:
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
652:
647:
640:
633:
624:
621:
612:
604:
524:Palayam sasanam
511:
491:sandhara vimana
395:
290:
266:
226:, also spelled
178:
176:
172:
169:
164:
161:
159:
157:
156:
146:
145:
144:
143:
137:
136:
135:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Vishnu temples
1045:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1001:
989:
982:
962:
955:
935:
928:
908:
901:
881:
861:
845:
836:
808:
777:
757:
750:
730:
716:
687:
686:
684:
681:
678:
677:
668:
659:
649:
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
634:
627:
625:
622:
615:
611:
608:
603:
600:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
550:
510:
507:
407:tritala-vimana
394:
391:
355:this capital.
289:
286:
265:
262:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
154:
148:
147:
138:
129:
128:
122:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1090:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Chera dynasty
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
985:
979:
975:
974:
966:
963:
958:
952:
948:
947:
939:
936:
931:
925:
921:
920:
912:
909:
904:
898:
894:
893:
885:
882:
879:
875:
871:
865:
862:
859:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
833:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
809:
801:
800:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
753:
747:
743:
742:
734:
731:
725:
723:
721:
717:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
689:
682:
672:
669:
663:
660:
654:
651:
644:
638:
631:
626:
619:
614:
609:
607:
601:
599:
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
539:
537:
533:
527:
525:
515:
508:
506:
502:
500:
494:
492:
487:
483:
482:mukha-mandapa
474:
470:
468:
467:makara-torana
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
399:
392:
390:
388:
382:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
362:
358:According to
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
270:
263:
261:
258:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:
233:
229:
225:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
188:
183:
155:
153:
149:
142:
126:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:Parthivapuram
93:
89:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
45:
41:
36:
31:
23:
19:
1014:
1010:
1004:
972:
965:
945:
938:
918:
911:
891:
884:
869:
864:
848:
839:
831:
798:
740:
733:
671:
662:
653:
636:
605:
602:Preservation
594:
586:
581:
577:
575:
544:
540:
535:
531:
528:
523:
520:
509:Vedic school
503:
495:
490:
485:
481:
479:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
427:
422:
418:
414:
411:Hindu temple
406:
404:
393:Architecture
383:
359:
357:
337:
324:
322:
307:
298:
291:
275:
259:
254:
251:
246:
236:
232:Hindu temple
227:
223:
222:
190:Architecture
139:Location in
578:Karanagamma
469:ornaments.
415:adhishthana
387:Parantaka I
278:Kanyakumari
255:garbhagriha
177: /
68:Kanyakumari
53:Affiliation
1037:Categories
1017:: 98-109.
683:References
459:simha mala
379:Vatteluttu
366:Kollam Era
165:77°10′14″E
141:Tamil Nadu
103:Tamil Nadu
639:of Vimana
381:scripts.
344:buffaloes
333:see below
303:Munchirai
214:Completed
162:8°16′31″N
1023:44138839
878:44147081
858:44141540
461:and the
451:shikhara
438:panjaras
264:Location
91:Location
86:Location
64:District
58:Hinduism
47:Religion
610:Gallery
556:studies
536:sattars
423:kalasha
419:sikhara
375:Grantha
312:on the
288:History
206:Creator
109:Country
1021:
980:
953:
926:
899:
876:
856:
748:
582:chatra
499:Shasta
463:kapota
455:nasika
453:has a
370:Kerala
340:Pandya
310:Vishnu
299:sabhai
247:śākhas
217:869 CE
80:Vishnu
1019:JSTOR
874:JSTOR
854:JSTOR
803:(PDF)
645:Notes
532:salai
442:salas
434:kutas
430:talas
352:paddy
329:Vedic
327:) of
325:śalai
243:Vedas
238:salai
113:India
99:State
75:Deity
978:ISBN
951:ISBN
924:ISBN
897:ISBN
746:ISBN
637:tala
446:tala
440:and
377:and
314:Kali
195:Type
20:and
409:of
1039::
1015:36
1013:.
992:^
811:^
780:^
760:^
719:^
691:^
501:.
436:,
294:Ay
249:.
1025:.
986:.
959:.
932:.
905:.
754:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
