2104:
306:. Some traces of Eastern influence survive in Parthian loanwords in Armenian. Parthian loanwords appear in everyday Armenian vocabulary; nouns, adjectives, adverbs, denominative verbs, and administrative and religious lexicons.
623:
Although
Parthian was quite similar to Middle Persian in many aspects, clear differences in lexical, morphological and phonological forms can still be observed. In the text above, the following forms can be noticed:
390:. The later Manichaean texts, composed shortly after the demise of the Parthian power, play an important role for reconstructing the Parthian language. Those Manichaean manuscripts contain no ideograms.
1884:
3023:
750:, ⟨kar-⟩ instead of Middle Persian ⟨kun-⟩. Also, the Middle Persian linking particle and relative pronoun ⟨ī(g)⟩ was not present in Parthian, but the relative pronoun ⟨čē⟩,
1239:
Some valuable texts in
Parthian including Boyce, Mary The Manichaean hymn-cycles in Parthian (London Oriental Series, Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press, 1954.
274:, a large part of whose vocabulary was formed primarily from borrowings from Parthian, and had a derivational morphology and syntax that was also affected by
2472:
1267:
1157:
2653:
2528:
1877:
2866:
3018:
2992:
2089:
2852:
2845:
2712:
264:
54:
2219:
1870:
3033:
1946:
1112:
979:
954:
2610:
1105:
Corpus
Fontium Manichaerum: Dictionary of Manichaean Texts, Vol. III, Part 1: Dictionary of Manichaen Middle Persian and Parthian
2859:
1260:
1030:
282:
may descend from
Parthian directly or be a Caspian language with Parthian influences, but the topic lacks sufficient research.
2523:
2507:
122:
2646:
2549:
1166:
Boyce, Mary; Ghirshman, R. (1979). "Reviewed work: L'Iran et la
Migration des Indo-Aryens et des Iraniens, R. Ghirshman".
383:
318:
232:
2894:
2559:
2294:
2971:
2987:
2615:
2497:
2492:
2427:
2825:
3038:
3013:
2738:
2702:
2620:
2229:
2103:
1253:
367:
256:
46:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2880:
2873:
2707:
2686:
2304:
2119:
1703:
1540:
1315:
387:
299:
260:
50:
1089:
3028:
2901:
2639:
2259:
1901:
291:
2839:
1052:
2915:
2569:
2502:
2396:
2249:
2167:
2162:
1768:
1053:"The Inscriptions on the Bronze Herakles from Mesene: Vologeses IV's War with Rome and the Date of Tacitus'
872:
194:
102:
2600:
2452:
2211:
1290:
699:
695:
691:
687:
454:
310:
154:
117:
107:
1221:
1196:
278:
but to a lesser extent. Many ancient
Parthian words were preserved and now survive only in Armenian. The
2908:
2722:
2269:
1849:
417:
1631:
2477:
2743:
2487:
2447:
1926:
1686:
1626:
1420:
768:
656:
644:
494:
2758:
2574:
2482:
2457:
2264:
2239:
1842:
1384:
1337:
513:
502:
2831:
2564:
2533:
2432:
2279:
2196:
1757:
1734:
1724:
1471:
1357:
1183:
1071:
1012:
783:
540:
407:
371:
995:
A. D. H. Bivar (1981). "The Second
Parthian Ostracon from Qubmis (Qubmis Commentaries No. 3)".
2961:
2887:
2554:
2411:
2406:
2326:
2244:
2201:
1921:
1916:
1749:
1729:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1555:
1524:
1482:
1413:
1362:
1332:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1276:
1108:
975:
950:
848:
379:
279:
271:
158:
112:
742:
Other prominent differences, not found in the text above, include the personal pronoun ⟨az⟩,
2794:
2717:
2467:
2462:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2147:
2004:
1989:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1941:
1778:
1763:
1739:
1674:
1614:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1518:
1426:
1367:
1352:
1238:
1208:
1175:
1004:
778:
763:
717:
597:
I came to the Parwan-Shah and said: "Benedictions ⟨be⟩ upon you from the gods (in honorific
344:
295:
275:
2753:
2662:
2401:
2376:
2371:
2351:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2254:
2224:
2176:
2172:
2142:
1719:
1691:
1681:
1639:
1582:
1577:
1446:
1441:
1389:
1324:
664:
660:
524:
506:
360:
336:
330:
248:
94:
42:
896:
366:
The
Parthian language was the language of the old Satrapy of Parthia and was used in the
2809:
2799:
2763:
2748:
2381:
1838:
1796:
1783:
1498:
1487:
1436:
1379:
1373:
1347:
1342:
1151:
773:
599:
Plural)!" The Shah said: "From where are you?" I said: "I am a physician from the land
520:
483:
447:
440:
340:
314:
147:
80:
210:
3007:
2966:
2956:
2181:
2029:
1936:
1744:
1698:
1619:
1509:
1492:
1146:
921:
648:
428:
187:
2789:
2771:
2186:
1999:
1931:
1134:
818:
468:
421:
411:
375:
244:
2605:
2595:
2386:
2318:
2191:
2079:
1893:
1789:
548:
528:
1212:
1090:"Manichaean Reader, Part No. 4: A fragment from Maniʼs own account of his life"
2137:
2132:
1464:
602:
of
Babylon." [Fragment missing in which Mani seems to describe his miraculous
370:
courts. The main sources for
Parthian are the few remaining inscriptions from
643:
can still be found in many contemporary Northwestern Iranian languages, e.g.
560:
This sample of Parthian literature is taken from a Manichaean text fragment:
2442:
2127:
2014:
1951:
1646:
608:
became healthy ⟨again⟩. In great joy ⟨she⟩ said to me: "From where are you,
490:
472:
339:, which had two essential characteristics. Firstly, its script derived from
303:
252:
203:
171:
970:
Tafazzoli, A.; Khromov, A. L. (1996). "Sasanian Iran: Intellectual Life".
359:; they were written as Aramaic words but pronounced as Parthian ones (See
178:
2579:
2234:
2157:
2152:
2059:
2044:
2039:
1994:
1599:
668:
605:
healing of the Shah's handmaiden] and in ⟨her⟩ whole body the handmaiden
403:
356:
352:
84:
1161:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 871.
1075:
734:
The abstractive nominal suffix ⟨-īft⟩ instead of ⟨-īh⟩, as in ⟨šādīft⟩,
2951:
2336:
2064:
2054:
2019:
2009:
1819:
1451:
1406:
1016:
479:
348:
236:
65:
1862:
1187:
873:"Iran Chamber Society: History of Iran: Parthian History and Language"
2084:
2034:
1956:
1604:
1458:
1431:
652:
544:
536:
532:
498:
1245:
1008:
1179:
746:, instead of ⟨an⟩ and the present tense root of the verb ⟨kardan⟩,
2681:
2676:
2631:
2437:
2074:
2069:
2049:
1223:
Iranian-Armenian Language Contact in and before the 5th Century CE
2024:
1773:
461:
432:
240:
69:
2635:
1866:
1249:
702:
is also very common in Northwestern Iranian languages of today.
1150:
592:
wuzurg šādīft ō man wāxt ku: Až ku ay tū, man baγ ud anžīwag?
1031:"The Bilingual Inscription of Vologeses son of Mithridates"
343:, the script (and language) of the Achaemenid chancellery (
313:, belongs to the Northwestern Iranian language group while
949:. Translated by Azado, Azizeh. I.B. Tauris. p. 118.
686:, instead of ⟨drust⟩. The rendering of the Persian sound
582:Šāh wāxt ku: Až ku ay? – Man wāxt ku: Bizišk hēm až Bābel
578:Āγad hēm Parwān-Šāh, u-m wāxt ku: Drōd abar tō až yazdān.
897:"Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Scripts: Parthian Script"
716:, instead of ⟨zamīn⟩. The form ⟨zamīg⟩ can be found in
587:
zamīg. ud pad hamāg tanbār hō kanīžag društ būd. Pad
386:
and remains of Parthian literature in the succeeding
247:. Parthian was the language of state of the Arsacid
83:
from the 3rd century, though longer existent in the
2980:
2944:
2818:
2782:
2731:
2695:
2669:
2588:
2542:
2516:
2420:
2317:
2210:
2118:
2111:
1982:
1909:
1900:
1812:
1712:
1548:
1539:
1398:
1323:
1314:
1283:
997:
Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
201:
185:
169:
164:
144:
91:
75:
61:
38:
21:
302:, the influence of which is attested primarily in
779:Persian language and history of Persian language
239:, a region situated in present-day northeastern
79:State language 248 BC – 224 AD. Marginalized by
632:, instead of Middle Persian and Baluchi ⟨āyad⟩.
564:A fragment from Mani's own account of his life
398:Attestations of the Parthian language include:
678:, instead of ⟨az⟩. Observe also in ⟨kanīžag⟩,
2647:
1878:
1261:
335:The Parthian language was rendered using the
8:
682:, instead of ⟨kanīzag⟩ and even in ⟨društ⟩,
639:, instead of ⟨gōft⟩. This form for the verb
516:Parthian which do not contain any ideograms.
2473:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
1107:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. p. 129.
947:Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD
720:. The form ⟨zamin⟩ can be found in Persian.
467:Some third century documents discovered in
3024:Languages attested from the 1st century BC
2654:
2640:
2632:
2115:
1906:
1885:
1871:
1863:
1545:
1320:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1064:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
18:
1168:Journal of the American Oriental Society
972:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
835:
562:
493:Kings and priests in Parthian including
347:). Secondly, it had a high incidence of
1226:(D.Phil. thesis). University of Oxford.
800:
486:(first half of third century or later).
478:The inscription at Kal-e Jangal, near
460:The inscription of Ardavan V found in
1141:. Vol. 1. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub.
825:. Vol. 1. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub.
270:Parthian had a significant impact on
251:(248 BC – 224 AD), as well as of its
7:
265:Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania
55:Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania
2867:Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
1848:Languages between parentheses are
427:The first century BC ostraca from
384:Sasanian multilingual inscriptions
14:
87:due to several eponymous branches
2611:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
2102:
1822:(unknown further classification)
1103:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2004).
754:, was used in a similar manner.
2993:Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
619:Differences from Middle Persian
298:made it share some features of
280:Semnani or Komisenian languages
3019:Northwestern Iranian languages
2168:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
2163:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
1852:of the language on their left.
655:(witin). It is also common in
450:Kings in the first century AD.
420:dealing with a land-sale from
1:
2853:Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
2550:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1947:Tigris–Euphrates river system
453:The bilingual inscription of
351:words, which are rendered as
319:Southwestern Iranian language
233:Northwestern Iranian language
2895:Battle of the Cilician Gates
2860:Antony's Atropatene campaign
709:(Singular), instead of ⟨hē⟩.
446:Inscription on the coins of
418:A first century AD parchment
309:Taxonomically, Parthian, an
2846:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
2616:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
2498:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
2493:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1195:Livshits, Vladimir (2006).
531:20 BC–10 BC and Abdagases,
523:, Indo-Parthian culture in
3055:
2621:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
1213:10.1163/157338406777979412
945:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2001).
489:The inscriptions of early
328:
257:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
47:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
3034:Extinct languages of Asia
2923:Parthian war of Caracalla
2881:Battle of Ctesiphon (198)
2874:Battle of Ctesiphon (165)
2687:Parni conquest of Parthia
2100:
1829:
738:, Middle Persian ⟨šādīh⟩.
406:(ca. 100–29 BC) found in
300:Eastern Iranian languages
261:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
51:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
31:
26:
2902:Battle of Mount Gindarus
231:, is an extinct ancient
16:Extinct Iranian language
2972:Roman–Iranian relations
2916:Battle of Nisibis (217)
1201:Iran & the Caucasus
1197:"Armeno-Partho-Sogdica"
1158:Encyclopædia Britannica
974:. Vol. 3. UNESCO.
926:Encyclopedia Britannica
853:Encyclopedia Britannica
292:Middle Iranian language
290:Parthian was a Western
2826:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
2453:Babylonian mathematics
1133:Lecoq, Pierre (1983).
1051:Potter, D. S. (1991).
817:Lecoq, Pierre (1983).
611:my lord and saviour?"
455:Seleucia on the Tigris
337:Pahlavi writing system
311:Indo-European language
155:Inscriptional Parthian
2936:Bactrian–Parthian War
2931:Armenian–Parthian War
2909:Battle of Amanus Pass
1220:Meyer, Robin (2017).
731:, instead of ⟨(h)ān⟩.
2448:Babylonian astronomy
1927:Mesopotamian Marshes
1843:historical languages
1139:Encyclopedia Iranica
823:Encyclopedia Iranica
769:Old Persian language
123:Northwestern Iranian
2840:Roman–Parthian Wars
2529:Destruction by ISIL
2483:Sumerian literature
2458:Akkadian literature
1894:Ancient Mesopotamia
922:"Parthian language"
901:www.iranchamber.com
877:www.iranchamber.com
849:"Iranian languages"
565:
512:The vast corpus of
2832:Battle of Ecbatana
2739:Seven Great Houses
2565:Mesopotamian myths
784:Pahlavi literature
651:⟨vatış; vaten⟩ or
563:
541:Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
3039:Armenian language
3014:Parthian language
3001:
3000:
2988:Parthian monarchs
2962:Parthian Dark Age
2888:Battle of Carrhae
2713:Caucasian Albania
2629:
2628:
2580:Ziggurat (Temple)
2555:Sumerian religion
2313:
2312:
2260:Middle Babylonian
2202:Kish civilization
2098:
2097:
1922:Lower Mesopotamia
1917:Upper Mesopotamia
1860:
1859:
1808:
1807:
1535:
1534:
1277:Iranian languages
616:
615:
495:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
221:Parthian language
217:
216:
159:Manichaean script
3046:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2834:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2478:Sumerian cuisine
2468:Warfare in Sumer
2463:Economy of Sumer
2116:
2106:
1990:Fertile Crescent
1974:Sinjar Mountains
1969:Hamrin Mountains
1964:Zagros Mountains
1942:Taurus Mountains
1907:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1704:Zoroastrian Dari
1546:
1321:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1227:
1216:
1191:
1162:
1154:
1142:
1119:
1118:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1020:
992:
986:
985:
967:
961:
960:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
845:
839:
833:
827:
826:
814:
808:
805:
764:Avestan language
701:
697:
693:
689:
663:, though not in
566:
424:in Western Iran.
345:Imperial Aramaic
325:Written Parthian
296:Language contact
276:language contact
255:branches of the
223:, also known as
213:
197:
181:
174:
150:
97:
19:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3029:Parthian Empire
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2976:
2940:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2830:
2814:
2778:
2727:
2691:
2665:
2663:Parthian Empire
2660:
2630:
2625:
2584:
2538:
2512:
2421:Culture/society
2416:
2309:
2305:Muslim conquest
2275:Fall of Babylon
2206:
2107:
2094:
1978:
1896:
1891:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1825:
1804:
1708:
1531:
1394:
1310:
1279:
1274:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1194:
1165:
1152:"Parthia"
1145:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1009:10.2307/4299707
994:
993:
989:
982:
969:
968:
964:
957:
944:
943:
939:
930:
928:
920:
919:
915:
905:
903:
895:
894:
890:
881:
879:
871:
870:
866:
857:
855:
847:
846:
842:
834:
830:
816:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
792:
760:
621:
558:
543:and down in to
507:Iraqi Kurdistan
396:
361:Arsacid Pahlavi
333:
331:Pahlavi scripts
327:
317:belongs to the
288:
249:Parthian Empire
235:once spoken in
225:Arsacid Pahlavi
209:
193:
190:
177:
170:
151:
146:
140:
118:Western Iranian
98:
95:Language family
93:
43:Parthian Empire
27:Arsacid Pahlavi
17:
12:
11:
5:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Assyriologists
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2508:List of rulers
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Proto-Armenian
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Middle Persian
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Neo-Babylonian
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
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1233:External links
1231:
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1180:10.2307/598967
1174:(1): 119–120.
1163:
1149:, ed. (1911).
1147:Chisholm, Hugh
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441:Draxt i Asurig
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388:Middle Persian
363:for details).
329:Main article:
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286:Classification
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2967:Parthian shot
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1937:Syrian Desert
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1307:
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1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Proto-Iranian
1289:
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1271:
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1038:rahamasha.net
1032:
1026:
1023:
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988:
983:
981:92-3-103211-9
977:
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956:1-86064-675-1
952:
948:
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898:
892:
889:
878:
874:
868:
865:
854:
850:
844:
841:
838:, p. 79.
837:
836:Livshits 2006
832:
829:
824:
820:
813:
810:
804:
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794:
789:
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719:
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685:
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561:
555:
550:
546:
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538:
534:
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511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
457:(150–151 AD).
456:
452:
449:
445:
443:
442:
437:
434:
430:
429:Shahr-e Qumis
426:
423:
419:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
399:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
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246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
212:
208:
206:
205:
200:
196:
192:
189:
188:Linguist List
184:
180:
176:
173:
168:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
143:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:Indo-European
100:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2804:
2723:Indo-Parthia
2503:Royal titles
2428:Architecture
2391:
2265:Neo-Assyrian
2112:(Pre)history
1932:Persian Gulf
1834:
1795:
1788:
1756:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1587:
1565:
1517:
1508:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1372:
1222:
1207:(1): 77–86.
1204:
1200:
1171:
1167:
1156:
1138:
1104:
1098:
1084:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1025:
1003:(1): 81–84.
1000:
996:
990:
971:
965:
946:
940:
929:. Retrieved
925:
916:
904:. Retrieved
900:
891:
880:. Retrieved
876:
867:
856:. Retrieved
852:
843:
831:
822:
812:
803:
751:
747:
743:
741:
735:
728:
724:
713:
706:
683:
679:
675:
640:
636:
629:
622:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
591:
590:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
559:
469:Dura-Europos
439:
412:Turkmenistan
410:in southern
397:
394:Attestations
376:Hecatompylos
365:
334:
308:
289:
269:
245:Turkmenistan
228:
224:
220:
218:
202:
127:
108:Indo-Iranian
32:
2744:Ispahbudhan
2732:Noble clans
2606:Hittitology
2596:Assyriology
2517:Archaeology
2387:Old Persian
2197:Jemdet Nasr
1790:Old Persian
1627:Mazanderani
1421:Khwarezmian
1306:New Iranian
1296:Old Iranian
1070:: 277–290.
645:Mazandarani
549:Balochistan
529:Gondophares
431:in Eastern
402:Some 3,000
3008:Categories
2759:Spandiyadh
2570:Divination
2280:Achaemenid
2245:Isin-Larsa
2138:Trialetian
2133:Mousterian
2120:Prehistory
1465:Sarghulami
1385:Yazghulami
1338:Ishkashimi
931:2017-09-20
882:2017-09-20
858:2017-09-20
790:References
680:handmaiden
514:Manichaean
380:Manichaean
263:, and the
229:Pahlawānīg
68:, ancient
33:Pahlawānīg
2443:Cuneiform
2319:Languages
2128:Acheulean
2015:Babylonia
1952:Euphrates
1902:Geography
1850:varieties
1837:indicate
1758:Pahlavani
1750:Bakhtiari
1735:Kuhmareyi
1725:Bashkardi
1647:Old Azeri
1358:Sanglechi
712:⟨zamīg⟩,
647:⟨vātεn⟩,
569:Parthian
491:Sassanian
473:Euphrates
471:, on the
438:The poem
357:logograms
353:ideograms
304:loanwords
253:eponymous
204:Glottolog
172:ISO 639-3
2805:Language
2718:Chosroid
2589:Academia
2543:Religion
2412:Urartian
2407:Sumerian
2392:Parthian
2327:Akkadian
2300:Sasanian
2290:Parthian
2285:Seleucid
2235:Simurrum
2225:Akkadian
2158:Khiamian
2148:Natufian
2060:Simurrum
2045:Kassites
2040:Hittites
1995:Adiabene
1779:Hazaragi
1730:Garmsiri
1670:Sangsari
1665:Lasgerdi
1654:Parthian
1632:Tabaroid
1600:Kurmanji
1556:Ashtiani
1525:Yaghnobi
1483:Ossetian
1472:Scythian
1447:Southern
1442:Northern
1414:Bactrian
1363:Sarikoli
1333:Bartangi
1135:"Aparna"
1076:20187558
906:21 March
819:"Aparna"
758:See also
669:Kurmanji
635:⟨wāxt⟩,
628:⟨āγad⟩,
572:English
368:Arsacids
272:Armenian
211:part1239
128:Parthian
85:Caucasus
22:Parthian
2952:Parthia
2945:Related
2795:Coinage
2783:Culture
2703:Armenia
2696:Dynasty
2670:Origins
2575:Prayers
2560:Deities
2524:Looting
2367:Kassite
2362:Hurrian
2357:Hittite
2347:Elamite
2342:Eblaite
2337:Aramaic
2332:Amorite
2255:Kassite
2230:Gutians
2212:History
2177:Samarra
2173:Hassuna
2143:Zarzian
2065:Subartu
2055:Mitanni
2020:Chaldea
2010:Assyria
1983:Ancient
1839:extinct
1835:Italics
1820:Badeshi
1764:Persian
1740:Kumzari
1682:Taleshi
1675:Sorkhei
1660:Semnani
1615:Kordali
1595:Kurdish
1589:Gorgani
1567:Daylami
1561:Balochi
1541:Western
1519:Sogdian
1478:Alanian
1452:Wanetsi
1437:Central
1427:Parachi
1407:Avestan
1368:Shughni
1353:Roshani
1316:Eastern
1284:History
1126:Sources
1055:Annales
1017:4299707
718:Balochi
707:you are
684:healthy
556:Samples
503:Paikuli
480:Birjand
448:Arsacid
422:Awraman
404:ostraca
382:texts,
349:Aramaic
341:Aramaic
321:group.
237:Parthia
113:Iranian
66:Parthia
45:(incl.
2754:Mihran
2708:Iberia
2402:Sutean
2377:Median
2372:Luwian
2352:Gutian
2240:Ur III
2153:Nemrik
2090:Cities
2085:Urartu
2035:Hamazi
2030:Gutium
2005:Armani
1957:Tigris
1910:Modern
1813:Others
1720:Achomi
1692:Tatoid
1640:Median
1610:Xwarin
1605:Sorani
1583:Gorani
1578:Gilaki
1499:Jassic
1459:Ormuri
1432:Pashto
1399:Others
1390:Yidgha
1188:598967
1186:
1111:
1074:
1015:
978:
953:
723:⟨hō⟩,
705:⟨ay⟩,
674:⟨až⟩,
665:Gilaki
661:Talysh
653:Sorani
649:Zazaki
641:to say
545:Sistan
537:Bajaur
533:Bajaur
525:Taxila
499:Shiraz
464:(215).
62:Region
2981:Lists
2810:Music
2800:Dress
2768:Varaz
2764:Suren
2749:Karen
2682:Dahae
2677:Parni
2488:Music
2438:Akitu
2295:Roman
2187:Ubaid
2182:Halaf
2080:Tukri
2075:Sumer
2070:Suhum
2050:Media
2000:Akkad
1784:Tajik
1713:South
1549:North
1488:Digor
1380:Wakhi
1374:Vanji
1348:Munji
1343:Khufi
1325:Pamir
1184:JSTOR
1072:JSTOR
1060:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
1013:JSTOR
795:Notes
748:to do
527:with
497:near
2819:Wars
2534:Tell
2192:Uruk
2025:Elam
1774:Dari
1745:Luri
1699:Zaza
1687:Tati
1620:Laki
1573:Fars
1510:Saka
1493:Iron
1109:ISBN
976:ISBN
951:ISBN
908:2018
752:what
725:that
714:land
700:/dʒ/
696:/tʃ/
676:from
667:and
659:and
657:Tati
637:said
630:came
501:and
462:Susa
433:Iran
408:Nisā
374:and
372:Nisa
243:and
241:Iran
227:and
219:The
70:Iran
53:and
2790:Art
2772:Zik
2433:Art
1841:or
1209:doi
1176:doi
1005:doi
736:joy
729:the
727:or
698:or
692:/ʒ/
690:as
688:/z/
519:In
505:in
482:in
355:or
195:xpr
179:xpr
76:Era
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