324:
617:
242:
391:
38:
304:
368:
873:
2071:
861:
418:
1205:
1155:
1085:. At the same time, Semangat 46 had increasingly strained ties with PAS over power-sharing in Kelantan state, though they still managed to retain control of Kelantan and worked together in the 1995 election. By this time, the party's credibility was severely compromised by winning so few electoral victories and the loss of many key figures. The deputy president,
1097:
By May 1996, Semangat 46 was greatly reduced in size and influence. Razeleigh was finally worn out after spending millions of ringgit to upkeep the party. Razaleigh officially announced to the remaining 200,000 members that he would disband the party, which was done in
October. Razaleigh rejoined
963:, and removed all Team B members from the cabinet. Team B leaders claimed many party delegates were improperly elected, and filed suit to overturn the election. This led to UMNO being declared illegal on technical grounds in 1988. Mahathir immediately reconstituted UMNO, with only Team A members.
1069:
Over the next few years, Semangat 46 lost support; many of its members defected to UMNO, including the party's youth chief
Ibrahim Ali. Others remained as members but withdrew from political activity. In February 1994, Semangat 46 decided to challenge UMNO on Malay communal issues. The party was
966:
Razaleigh and Team B formed their own party. They tried to register as "UMNO 46" (alluding to the party's founding in 1946. This was an attempt to invoke the nostalgic spirit of the old UMNO. "UMNO 46" was rejected as a duplicate name, so
Razaleigh chose the name "Semangat 46". On 3 June 1989,
958:
The idea of
Semangat 46 first came about in 1985 or 1986 when Malaysia was experiencing an economic recession. In 1987, Razaleigh's "Team B" faction challenged Mahathir's "Team A" faction for control of UMNO. Mahathir won the party election with a slim 41 votes majority in the controversial
3170:
967:
Semangat 46 was officially registered with the electoral college. The first party's general meeting was held on 12 October 1989, officiated by
Malaysia's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. Among notable leaders that joined Semangat 46 were
1650:
1702:
731:
960:
1062:
Despite these alliances, Semangat 46 did poorly in the 1990 federal election, winning only 8 of 180 seats. However, the
Angkatan alliance swept the state election in Razaleigh's home state,
1089:, lost his parliamentary seat in the 1995 election, though Tengku Razaleigh was re-elected. In the end, Semangat 46 won six parliamentary seats, with support coming mainly from Kelantan.
382:
2059:
1882:
501:
3201:
1658:
3097:
2953:
2960:
3196:
3191:
2922:
1691:. p. The vote was taken during an extra ordinary general meeting of the party in Kuala Lumpur. Earlier in his speech, Semangat 46 president Tengku Razaleigh.
913:
509:
2556:
1706:
563:
3211:
1289:
1734:
2777:
2052:
2037:
3206:
2832:
2576:
2511:
2416:
2132:
2097:
727:
2198:
1066:, winning all 39 seats. Semangat 46 won 15, PAS won 24. For the first time in UMNO history, the party failed to win any seats in a state level.
2359:
2449:
2075:
1264:
746:
691:
656:
643:
257:
2867:
2601:
2596:
2290:
2045:
1606:
3092:
2516:
2465:
2398:
2122:
2716:
2421:
2150:
1284:
1259:
943:
449:
136:
125:
3047:
2992:
2862:
2822:
2696:
2521:
1294:
906:
3107:
2827:
2444:
2259:
2028:
1993:
1970:
1947:
1924:
1279:
1269:
1249:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2892:
2857:
2506:
2480:
2349:
2188:
1688:
1299:
1274:
1254:
1082:
1056:
1020:
591:
3012:
1098:
UMNO with most of the party members. Some were denied re-admission to UMNO; they either left politics altogether or joined PAS.
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2475:
2300:
2183:
2127:
1182:
1132:
635:
623:
2807:
2782:
2646:
1052:
3027:
2802:
3062:
2641:
2606:
2531:
2485:
2364:
2269:
2155:
1893:
1004:
899:
712:
406:
279:
3032:
3112:
3077:
2943:
2797:
2591:
2546:
2380:
2241:
1859:
1809:
886:
741:
179:
2887:
3127:
3037:
3022:
2847:
2616:
2526:
2470:
2439:
2344:
1048:
1044:
720:
566:
555:
433:
409:
323:
3052:
2493:
2997:
3132:
3102:
2877:
2812:
2626:
2216:
2165:
844:
484:
441:
3082:
3067:
3057:
2852:
2842:
2772:
2711:
2566:
2369:
2285:
2226:
2160:
543:
535:
496:
338:
2651:
2636:
2571:
2731:
1616:
1214:
1164:
1077:
In the mid-1990s, Semangat 46's relationship with DAP deteriorated, which eventually led to the breakup of the
1039:
775:
214:
3007:
2882:
3042:
2872:
2611:
3117:
3087:
3002:
2948:
2631:
2621:
2551:
2264:
2236:
2117:
2011:
1225:
1175:
1030:
1000:
939:
792:
575:
56:
2917:
3122:
2967:
2927:
2792:
2767:
2726:
2541:
2305:
2175:
1008:
702:
680:
546:
512:
466:
374:
359:
315:
88:
3137:
3017:
2977:
2561:
2501:
2408:
2295:
2208:
1034:
832:
770:
765:
685:
631:
608:
594:
583:
525:
262:
616:
3171:
List of the winning political parties in the
Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency
3160:
2837:
2586:
2193:
797:
780:
346:
289:
252:
241:
3072:
2354:
988:
476:
1810:"The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Ditulis Oleh Moderator"
390:
99:
2741:
2721:
2536:
2390:
2374:
2251:
2221:
1739:
984:
839:
820:
675:
199:
68:
37:
2581:
2431:
2024:
1989:
1966:
1943:
1920:
184:
2706:
2231:
2142:
1962:
947:
665:
330:
3165:
2109:
877:
865:
826:
670:
452:
303:
1703:"Persaingan 3 penjuru -- Keputusan di Pengkalan Pasir bakal tentukan masa depan Kelantan"
1019:
In 1990, Semangat 46 formed two coalitions with other opposition parties to contest the
2746:
2736:
1611:
1218:
1168:
1078:
1025:
938:
political party. The party was formed in 1988, and dissolved in 1996. It was formed by
367:
219:
872:
3185:
2762:
2003:
1982:
1936:
1860:"The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Moderator"
1751:
802:
487:
444:
2787:
2701:
2093:
2089:
968:
807:
786:
436:
425:
398:
192:
147:
972:
996:
992:
980:
1911:
Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002).
1086:
976:
204:
158:
78:
1916:
417:
2070:
1063:
935:
188:
151:
1889:
2328:
Parties without representation in the
Parliament and State Assemblies
1883:"S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6"
2678:
2326:
2086:
2041:
1683:
302:
1938:
Personalized
Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir
1959:
The Mahathir Legacy: A Nation Divided, A Region at Risk
2923:
United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)
2557:
Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)
1651:"Sokongan orang Melayu terhadap UMNO semakin terserlah
576:
High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak
2602:
Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)
3098:
United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)
2936:
2755:
2689:
2458:
2430:
2407:
2389:
2337:
2278:
2250:
2207:
2174:
2141:
2108:
234:
226:
210:
198:
178:
167:
157:
143:
132:
121:
113:
105:
95:
84:
74:
62:
52:
44:
23:
1981:
1935:
3063:Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU)
2417:United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)
2833:United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)
2778:Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS)
2133:United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)
1913:Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices
2597:Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)
1074:, and thus renounced its multi-ethnic stance.
3013:Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)
2476:Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)
2053:
1984:Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia
907:
8:
2577:Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)
2512:Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP)
2450:Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)
2360:All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF)
1043:(APU) coalition was with the Muslim parties
2983:Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)
2868:Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)
2291:Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)
2260:Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)
2008:First 60 Days: The 27th October ISA Arrests
2988:Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)
2697:All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)
2686:
2675:
2592:Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS)
2334:
2323:
2151:United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
2105:
2083:
2060:
2046:
2038:
1980:Garry Rodan, Asia Research Centre (1996).
1636:
1634:
1632:
1237:
1029:(GR) coalition was with the multi-racial
914:
900:
272:
20:
3053:Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)
3028:United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO)
2823:United Sabah National Organisation (USNO)
2783:Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM)
2522:Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)
2507:Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
2481:Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
2445:Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA)
2184:United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)
946:(UMNO), as a challenge to prime minister
3202:Political parties disestablished in 1996
3108:Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)
2828:United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)
2808:Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)
2642:Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI)
2350:Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA)
2021:UMNO POLITICS - Abdullah Badawi's DILEMA
1942:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1765:
1763:
1761:
1105:
3093:Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM)
3033:Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)
2973:North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)
2893:Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)
2647:Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS)
2617:Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)
2270:Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)
1777:
1775:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1628:
426:House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
288:
3078:Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)
3048:Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS)
2898:Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
2527:Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)
2399:Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)
3197:Political parties established in 1988
3192:Defunct political parties in Malaysia
3068:Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)
2998:Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP)
2908:Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)
2858:Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)
2803:Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)
2717:Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)
2607:Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)
2440:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)
2301:Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM)
1894:Perdana Leadership Foundation Library
1735:"Splits in Umno and Opposition unity"
692:List of political parties in Malaysia
7:
3038:United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA)
2888:Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)
2773:Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS)
2756:Defunct former parliamentary parties
2365:Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP)
2217:Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)
2189:Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)
1653:- Keadilan sudah tidak relevan lagi"
1607:1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis
3003:Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN)
2878:National Association of Perak (NAP)
2572:Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS)
2381:Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA)
2156:Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
1081:(GR) coalition, shortly before the
944:United Malays National Organisation
137:United Malays National Organisation
126:United Malays National Organisation
3212:1996 disestablishments in Malaysia
3113:Community Coalition Congress (CCC)
3083:Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)
3023:United People's Party (1976) (UPP)
2944:Independence of Malaya Party (IMP)
2903:Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)
2659:Sarawak Independent Alliance (SIA)
2652:Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR)
2547:Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC)
2494:Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)
2345:Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP)
2199:Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)
14:
3058:Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA)
2848:Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
2587:Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK)
2567:Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)
2532:Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)
2471:Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)
2166:Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)
1733:Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007).
3156:* denotes non-registered parties
3133:Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)
3103:Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)
2813:Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP)
2486:People's Alternative Party (PAP)
2242:Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)
2227:Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR)
2069:
1831:Francis Kok et al. (2002), p. 95
1689:British Broadcasting Corporation
1204:
1203:
1154:
1153:
1057:Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress
871:
859:
615:
592:Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak
416:
389:
366:
322:
240:
36:
3207:1988 establishments in Malaysia
3043:Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR)
3008:Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA)
2843:Sabah Chinese Association (SCA)
2798:National Convention Party (NCP)
2466:Malaysian Indian People’s Party
2370:Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM)
2161:Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
1083:1995 Malaysian general election
1021:1990 Malaysian general election
624:Election Commission of Malaysia
2732:Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)
2612:Malaysian National Party (PNM)
2422:Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
2237:Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP)
1053:Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia
932:Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46)
1:
2993:Social Democratic Party (SDP)
2968:Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)
2949:Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
2863:United Democratic Party (UDP)
2853:People's Justice Front (AKAR)
2768:Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
2680:Defunct parties and coalition
2632:Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA)
2622:Green Party of Malaysia (PHM)
2562:Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)
2552:Sabah Nationality Party (PKS)
2517:People's Welfare Party (KITA)
2265:Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)
2128:National Trust Party (AMANAH)
2118:Democratic Action Party (DAP)
2076:Political parties in Malaysia
1892:. 18 August 1996 – via
1055:(HAMIM) and the newly formed
1005:Tengku Azlan Sultan Abu Bakar
961:1987 UMNO leadership election
721:Chief ministers of the states
3123:Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)
2928:Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)
2913:Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)
2873:Muslim League of Malaya (ML)
2838:Sabah National Party (SANAP)
2793:Labour Party of Malaya (Lab)
2656:Sarawak for Sarawakian (S4S)
2627:People First Party (URPARTI)
2542:Malaysian United Party (MUP)
2176:Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)
2123:People's Justice Party (PKR)
1304:Total won / Total contested
3138:Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)
2978:Selangor Labour Party (SLP)
2918:Sabah Indian Congress (SIC)
2502:Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)
2498:Socialist Alternative (SA)*
2409:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)
2338:Friends of Barisan Nasional
2296:Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM)
2209:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)
2088:Parties represented in the
1685:Summary of World Broadcasts
1244:State Legislative Assembly
1049:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front
1045:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
942:'s "Team B" faction of the
567:Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim
410:Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah
3228:
3118:Sabah People's Front (SPF)
3088:Sabah People's Party (PRS)
2637:Barisan Penyatuan Nasional
2490:Malaysian Hope Party (PHM)
2375:Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)
2194:Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)
1243:
3154:
3073:Sabah Chinese Party (PCS)
3018:Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT)
2685:
2674:
2355:Love Malaysia Party (PCM)
2333:
2322:
2104:
2082:
1240:
248:
239:
35:
16:Malaysian political party
3128:Human Rights Party (HRP)
2537:Penang Front Party (PFP)
2286:Heritage Party (WARISAN)
2222:United Sabah Party (PBS)
2023:. Usaha Teguh Sdn Bhd].
1617:Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah
1215:Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah
1165:Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah
1102:General election results
1072:Parti Melayu Semangat 46
1040:Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah
928:Parti Melayu Semangat 46
450:Leader of the Opposition
442:Leader of the Government
278:This article is part of
215:Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah
29:Parti Melayu Semangat 46
26:Spirit of 46 Malay Party
2883:Radical Party (RADICAL)
2788:National Party (Negara)
2742:Barisan Alternatif (BA)
2582:Parti Damai Sabah (SPP)
2432:Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA)
2391:Perikatan Nasional (PN)
2252:Perikatan Nasional (PN)
2012:Democratic Action Party
1226:Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
1176:Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
1031:Democratic Action Party
1001:Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad
940:Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
760:Ideologies and concepts
200:Political position
57:Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
2232:Love Sabah Party (PCS)
2019:Yahaya Ismail (2003).
1934:Hwang, In-Won (2003).
1849:Hwang (2003), p. 260-1
1234:State election results
547:Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat
513:Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar
375:Parliament of Malaysia
307:
2954:Revolutionary Faction
2937:Other defunct parties
2143:Barisan Nasional (BN)
1957:Stewart, Ian (2003).
1872:Stewart (2003), p. 28
1035:Parti Rakyat Malaysia
584:Chief Judge of Malaya
399:Senate (Dewan Negara)
331:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
306:
163:Pergerakan Pemuda S46
3161:Politics of Malaysia
2727:Kumpulan Maju (MAJU)
2707:Socialist Front (SF)
2110:Pakatan Harapan (PH)
1822:Hwang (2003), p. 184
1799:Hwang (2003), p. 182
1790:Tan (1989), p. 38-40
1781:Rodan (1996), p. 138
1769:Yahaya(2003), p. 135
1640:Hwang (2003), p. 224
1210:Opposition coalition
1160:Opposition coalition
1124:Outcome of election
347:Conference of Rulers
253:Politics of Malaysia
211:National affiliation
2747:Pakatan Rakyat (PR)
2737:Gagasan Rakyat (GR)
2712:Alliance Party (AP)
1840:Yahaya (2003), p. 5
989:Ahmad Shabery Cheek
878:Politics portal
866:Malaysia portal
644:Electoral districts
2763:Malayan Party (MP)
2690:Defunct coalitions
985:Suhaimi Kamaruddin
840:Malaysian Malaysia
821:Dayaks in politics
728:State legislatures
595:Abdul Rahman Sebli
308:
69:Suhaimi Kamaruddin
3179:
3178:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
2818:Semangat 46 (S46)
2702:Labour Front (LF)
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2014:. pp. 38–40.
1963:Allen & Unwin
1598:
1597:
1231:
1230:
924:
923:
815:Race and politics
793:Malay nationalism
742:Local governments
713:State governments
658:Political parties
632:General elections
293:
271:
270:
258:Political parties
185:Malay nationalism
133:Succeeded by
64:Secretary-General
3219:
2961:Marxist-Leninist
2687:
2676:
2335:
2324:
2106:
2098:State Assemblies
2084:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2015:
1999:
1987:
1976:
1953:
1941:
1930:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1730:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1657:. Archived from
1647:
1641:
1638:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1238:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1172:
1157:
1156:
1140:
1127:Election leader
1115:Seats contested
1112:Total seats won
1106:
1015:General election
948:Mahathir Mohamad
916:
909:
902:
876:
875:
864:
863:
862:
705:
659:
619:
611:
528:
469:
420:
393:
370:
362:
339:Ibrahim Iskandar
326:
318:
296:
291:
283:
273:
244:
230:Yellow and green
171:
75:Deputy President
65:
40:
21:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
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3216:
3182:
3181:
3180:
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3166:Politics portal
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2274:
2246:
2203:
2170:
2137:
2100:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2031:
2018:
2002:
1996:
1979:
1973:
1956:
1950:
1933:
1927:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1885:
1881:
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1745:
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1732:
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1712:
1710:
1709:on 15 July 2014
1701:
1700:
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1682:
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1677:
1664:
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1661:on 14 July 2014
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1290:Negeri Sembilan
1241:State election
1236:
1212:
1191:
1188:
1162:
1141:
1138:
1121:Share of votes
1104:
1095:
1017:
956:
920:
891:
887:Other countries
882:
870:
860:
858:
850:
849:
845:Social contract
827:Ketuanan Melayu
812:
761:
753:
752:
737:
707:
703:
695:
694:
690:
661:
657:
649:
648:
640:
613:
609:
601:
600:
599:
571:
556:Court of Appeal
551:
530:
526:
518:
517:
510:Chief Secretary
492:
471:
467:
459:
458:
457:
453:Hamzah Zainudin
414:
387:
383:15th Parliament
364:
360:
352:
351:
343:
320:
316:
294:
290:
277:
267:
218:
191:
187:
169:
122:Split from
63:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
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3177:
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3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
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3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
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3065:
3060:
3055:
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3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
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3000:
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2985:
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2975:
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2946:
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2800:
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2042:
2036:
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2029:
2016:
2000:
1994:
1977:
1971:
1954:
1948:
1931:
1925:
1919:. p. 95.
1906:
1903:
1900:
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1874:
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1720:
1694:
1675:
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1627:
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1619:
1614:
1612:Gagasan Rakyat
1609:
1602:
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1588:
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1576:
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1569:
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1262:
1257:
1252:
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1235:
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1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:Gagasan Rakyat
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:Gagasan Rakyat
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1079:Gagasan Rakyat
1026:Gagasan Rakyat
1016:
1013:
955:
952:
922:
921:
919:
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911:
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736:
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689:
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673:
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607:
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550:
549:
540:
539:
531:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
506:
505:
491:
490:
485:Prime Minister
481:
480:
472:
465:
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460:
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447:
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429:
413:
412:
403:
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386:
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365:
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335:
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321:
314:
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266:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
237:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:Gagasan Rakyat
212:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
182:
176:
175:
172:
165:
164:
161:
155:
154:
145:
141:
140:
134:
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119:
118:
117:8 October 1996
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33:
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28:
25:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3139:
3136:
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3131:
3129:
3126:
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3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
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3079:
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3041:
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3036:
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3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
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2957:
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2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
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2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
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2854:
2851:
2849:
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2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Barisan Sabah
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:Other parties
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:Other parties
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2032:
2030:983-2236-03-7
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:Tan Seng Giaw
2001:
1997:
1995:0-415-14865-0
1991:
1988:. Routledge.
1986:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1972:1-86508-977-X
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1949:981-230-185-2
1945:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1926:0-7007-1161-9
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1862:. 1 May 2008.
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1752:Malaysian Bar
1742:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1337:2/3 majority
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:Marina Yusoff
964:
962:
954:Establishment
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
898:
897:
895:
894:
888:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
867:
857:
856:
854:
853:
846:
843:
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838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
816:
809:
806:
804:
803:Islam Hadhari
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
757:
756:
748:
744:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
726:
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722:
719:
718:
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714:
710:
709:
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698:
693:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
653:
652:
645:
642:
641:
637:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
621:
620:
618:
612:
605:
604:
596:
593:
590:
588:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:
548:
545:
544:Chief Justice
542:
541:
538:
537:
536:Federal Court
533:
532:
529:
522:
521:
514:
511:
508:
507:
503:
499:
498:
497:Civil service
494:
493:
489:
488:Anwar Ibrahim
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
463:
462:
454:
451:
448:
446:
445:Anwar Ibrahim
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
421:
419:
411:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
396:
395:
394:
392:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
372:
371:
369:
363:
356:
355:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
328:
327:
325:
319:
317:Head of State
312:
311:
305:
301:
300:
297:
287:
284:
281:
275:
274:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
247:
243:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
166:
162:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
22:
19:
2958:
2951:
2817:
2094:Dewan Rakyat
2090:Dewan Negara
2020:
2007:
1983:
1958:
1937:
1912:
1905:Bibliography
1877:
1868:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1750:– via
1746:29 September
1744:. Retrieved
1738:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1697:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1656:
1652:
1645:
1209:
1159:
1118:Total votes
1096:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1038:
1024:
1018:
973:Ilyani Ishak
965:
957:
931:
927:
925:
833:
825:
814:
813:
808:Asian values
787:Rukun Negara
785:
776:Conservatism
740:
711:
622:
586:
574:
554:
534:
495:
475:
437:Johari Abdul
424:
415:
397:
388:
373:
329:
276:
193:Conservatism
148:Kuala Lumpur
144:Headquarters
100:Rahmah Osman
96:Wanita Chief
45:Abbreviation
18:
2306:Independent
1093:Dissolution
1051:(BERJASA),
1037:(PRM). The
1009:Ibrahim Ali
997:Salleh Abas
993:Othman Saat
981:Harun Idris
361:Legislature
292:Politics of
222:(1990–1996)
217:(1990–1996)
168:Membership
109:3 June 1989
91:(1989-1991)
89:Ibrahim Ali
85:Youth Chief
3186:Categories
1713:15 October
1665:15 October
1623:References
1265:Terengganu
1087:Rais Yatim
1033:(DAP) and
977:Rais Yatim
950:and UMNO.
834:Bumiputera
704:Federalism
235:Party flag
205:Right-wing
159:Youth wing
79:Rais Yatim
1917:Routledge
1109:Election
1059:(KIMMA).
936:Malaysian
798:Reformasi
771:Communism
766:Anarchism
610:Elections
564:President
527:Judiciary
468:Executive
407:President
263:Elections
114:Dissolved
53:President
2006:(1989).
1601:See also
1592:12 / 130
1503:20 / 152
1285:Selangor
1260:Kelantan
1208:2 seat;
1197:616,589
1158:8 seat;
1147:826,398
1070:renamed
1064:Kelantan
781:Feminism
502:agencies
295:Malaysia
280:a series
189:Islamism
180:Ideology
152:Malaysia
2096:and/or
1890:Bernama
1812:. 2008.
1740:The Sun
1529:12 / 43
1440:15 / 39
1295:Malacca
1200:10.35%
1189:6 / 192
1150:14.77%
1139:8 / 180
1047:(PAS),
732:members
477:Cabinet
434:Speaker
227:Colours
174:200,000
106:Founded
2027:
1992:
1969:
1946:
1923:
1585:0 / 40
1578:0 / 25
1571:0 / 32
1564:0 / 48
1557:0 / 38
1550:0 / 52
1543:0 / 33
1536:0 / 32
1522:0 / 36
1515:0 / 15
1496:1 / 36
1489:0 / 17
1482:0 / 28
1475:1 / 42
1468:1 / 33
1461:0 / 46
1454:0 / 33
1447:2 / 32
1433:0 / 28
1426:0 / 14
1280:Pahang
1270:Penang
1250:Perlis
1023:. The
1007:, and
934:was a
587:Vacant
282:on the
170:(1996)
139:(UMNO)
128:(UMNO)
1886:(PDF)
1510:1995
1421:1990
1412:2 / 3
1405:2 / 3
1398:2 / 3
1391:2 / 3
1384:2 / 3
1377:2 / 3
1370:2 / 3
1363:2 / 3
1356:2 / 3
1349:2 / 3
1342:2 / 3
1300:Johor
1275:Perak
1255:Kedah
2025:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1748:2021
1715:2008
1667:2008
1183:1995
1133:1990
926:The
747:list
636:2022
1217:)/(
1194:67
1167:)/(
1144:55
930:or
686:GRS
681:GPS
48:S46
3188::
2092:,
2010:.
1965:.
1961:.
1915:.
1888:.
1774:^
1760:^
1737:.
1723:^
1687:.
1631:^
1011:.
1003:,
999:,
995:,
991:,
987:,
983:,
979:,
975:,
971:,
676:PN
671:PH
666:BN
634::
150:,
2963:)
2959:(
2956:)
2952:(
2377:*
2061:e
2054:t
2047:v
2033:.
1998:.
1975:.
1952:.
1929:.
1896:.
1754:.
1717:.
1669:.
1221:)
1213:(
1171:)
1163:(
915:e
908:t
901:v
749:)
745:(
734:)
730:(
504:)
500:(
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