67:
375:
1903:
2888:
The first congress of the
Radical Party was held in June 1901. Delegates represented 476 election committees, 215 editorial boards of Radical newspapers and 155 Masonic lodges as well as lawmakers, mayors and municipal councillors. However, it was not until 1914 that the Radical-Socialist Party imposed strict discipline on its parliamentary deputies, requiring them to sit exclusively in a single Radical-Socialist legislative
2475:
1835:
2487:
5873:
5819:
5774:
5720:
5666:
5612:
5558:
5504:
5450:
5396:
5342:
5288:
5234:
5180:
5135:
5090:
5045:
4991:
4946:
4901:
4856:
4811:
4766:
4721:
4667:
4613:
4568:
4523:
4478:
4433:
4388:
4337:
4290:
4243:
4197:
1823:
3443:(PSU) on 3 April 1960. This new socialist party gathered all the dissidents from the Radical Party and the SFIO who were opposed to both the Algerian War and the proclamation of the new presidential regime. Mendès-France would officially become a member of the PSU in 1961, a year before the 18 March 1962
3400:
which he severely criticized), now appeared as the only man able to reconcile the far-right and the
European settlers, which were threatening a coup d'Ă©tat, with the French Republic. Thus, he was called to power and proclaimed the end of the Fourth Republic (according to him too weak because of its
3151:
in a coalition government in which the
Radical-Socialist leaders Édouard Daladier and Camille Chautemps (representing left and right of the Radical-Socialist Party, respectively) took important roles. For the first time in its history, the Radical-Socialist Party obtained fewer votes than the SFIO.
2887:
The
Radical-Socialist and Radical Republican Party was the first large political party established at a national level in France, which contrasted with previous parliamentary groups that were formed spontaneously by likeminded independent lawmakers elected through purely local electoral committees.
2876:'s influence and the traditionalist opposition. However, not all Radicals accepted the change in doctrine and alliance. While retaining their doctrines, those show rejected the new turn towards social-democracy and partnership with the Socialist Party gradually peeled away, labelling themselves the
3064:
and the struggle for "social progress", but unlike the other left parties the
Radical-Socialists defended the principle of strict parliamentary action and the defence of private property, at least that of smallholders and small business. Additionally, the Radical-Socialist Party had thought before
3344:
The Fourth
Republic was characterized by constant parliamentary instability because of divisions between major parties over the Algerian War, which was officially called a "public order operation" until the 1990s. Mendès-France opposed the war and colonialism while the SFIO led by Prime Minister
3421:
Popular figure Pierre Mendès-France quit the
Radical Party, which had crossed the threshold to the centre-right, as early moderate Republicans did at the beginning of the Third Republic, when the Radical Party, appearing to their left, pushed them over the border between the left-wing and the
3002:(1918–1940), the Radical-Socialists, generally representing the anti-clerical segment of peasant and petty-bourgeois voters, were usually the largest single party in parliament, but with their anti-clerical agenda accomplished the party lost their driving force. Its leader before World War I
3090:
and
Herriot formed a government. However, the Radical-Socialists gradually drifted to the right, moving from left-Republican governments supported by the non-participating Socialists to a coalition of "Republican concentration" with the centre-right Independent Radicals and the more
3697:
3661:). As a result, the Radical Party had a comeback in French politics. It then had 21 deputies (four more from those elected in 2002), 6 senators (two more from 2002), 4 MEPs and 8,000 members. Jean-Louis Borloo was a high-ranking minister in
3640:
to the leadership of the UMP, Radicals launched a sort of re-foundation of their party in order to create a counterbalancing moderate and social wing within the UMP. The party soon started to attract other centrists (as Jean-Louis Borloo,
2975:
by actively excluding it from state institutions. From then on, the
Radical-Socialist Party's chief aim in domestic policy was to prevent its wide-ranging set of reforms from being overturned by a return to power of the religious right.
3155:
Over the tempestuous life of the coalition, the
Radical-Socialists began to become concerned at the perceived radicalism of their coalition partners. Hence, they opposed themselves to Blum's intention to help the Republicans during the
6760:
3408:
The Radical Party supported de Gaulle at this crucial moment, leading Mendès-France to quit the party. Opposed to the proposed constitution, Mendès-France campaigned for the "no" on 28 September 1958 referendum. However, the
3124:, but its two main components were not able to establish a common agenda and consequently the SFIO chose to support the second government led by Herriot without participation. The coalition fell on 7 February 1934 following
3160:(1936–1939), forcing him to adopt a non-interventionist policy. Following the failure of Blum's second government in April 1938, Daladier formed a new government in coalition with the liberal and conservative parties.
2872:'s cabinet (1899–1902). In 1901, an Act on the right of association was voted and the various individual Radicals organised themselves into a political party in order to defend their governmental achievements from the
1696:
3023:
led the cabinet again from 1917 to 1919. He appeared as the "architect of victory", but his relationship with the Radical-Socialist Party deteriorated. The Radical-Socialists and the Independent Radicals entered the
3868:
2825:, leading to the firm establishment of a Republican republic. Like the monarchists, the Republicans were divided into two main factions, namely a centre-left formed of socially-conservative yet liberal and secular
6431:
2759:, the first election by universal suffrage. The repression of the June 1848 workers' demonstrations disappointed the left-wing supporters of the new regime. Ledru-Rollin obtained only 5% of votes at the
1152:
6025:
3139:
This pattern of initial alliance with a socialist party unwilling to join in active government followed by disillusionment and alliance with the centre-right seemed to be broken in 1936, when the
3558:
After the failure of the alliance with the Christians Democrats into the Reforming Movement, the Radical Party maintained its influence by participating in the foundation of Giscard d'Estaing's
3321:
Mendès-France hoped to make the Radicals the party of the mainstream centre-left in France, taking advantage of the difficulties of the SFIO. The more conservative elements in the party led by
2907:, among others) and the Radicals already benefited from a strong presence across the country. The party was composed of a heterogeneous alliance of personal fiefdoms, informal electoral clubs,
2923:(French League of Education, an association dedicated to introducing, expanding and defending free, compulsory and non-religious primary education). The secularising cause was championed by
2736:. Radicals defended traditional peasant farmers and small craftsmen against the new rival economic projects of the 19th century, socialist collectivism and capitalist big business alike.
2713:(such as press freedom and right to assembly, among others), and the immediate installation of a republican constitution. They came to be termed Radical Republicans by opposition to the
6139:
6800:
6750:
3571:
933:
3325:
resisted these policies, leading to the fall of Mendès-France's government in 1955. They split and transformed the RGR in a centre-right party distinct from the Radical Party. Under
3132:'s government had been replaced by a government led by his popular rival Édouard Daladier in January after accusations of corruption against Chautemps' government in the wake of the
3260:
After World War II, the Radicals, like many of the other political parties, were discredited by the fact that many of their members had voted to grant emergency powers to Marshal
2724:(1830–1848), the term Republican was outlawed and the regime's remaining Republican opponents adopted the term Radical for themselves. Following the monarchy's conservative turn,
2958:
6165:
3673:
from 2007 to 2010, when he chose not take part to Fillon's third government. It was the first time since 1974 that Radicals were not represented in a centre-right government.
2927:' cabinet start of the 20th century. As the political enemy, they identified the Catholic Church, seen as a political campaign entity for ultra-conservatives and monarchists.
3732:
259:
6573:
2628:. In 1926, its right-wing split off to form the Unionist (or National) Radicals. In 1971 the party's left-wing split off to form the PRG. The PR then affiliated with the
6780:
3113:
The party claimed 120,000 members in the 1930s, however, these figures were inflated by competitors purchasing party memberships in bulk to influence inner-party votes.
3276:
6429:
3528:
in order to propose another way between the Common Programme's parties and the Presidential Majority led by Gaullists. Finally, they joined it after the election of
6241:
J. E. S. Hayward, "The Official Philosophy of the French Third Republic: Leon Bourgeois and Solidarism," International Review of Social History, (1961) 6#1 pp 19-48
5249:
5195:
3704:
On 7 April 2011, Borloo announced the creation of a centrist coalition. During a party congress on 14–15 May, the Radicals decided to cut their ties with Sarkozy's
3451:
3053:
2641:
2621:
2664:
was held in December 2017. However, the union proved short-lived and, by 2021, both the PR and PRG returned to be independent parties. The PR was then part of the
6785:
6775:
3469:, President since 29 October 1969 issued from the left-wing, the party again made tentative moves to the left in the 1970s, but stopped short of an alliance with
2517:
1483:
3179:
on 1 September 1939 the French government led by Daladier made good on its guarantees to Poland by declaring war alongside Britain. Following the 23 August 1939
3175:
in exchange for what proved to be a temporary peace, Daladier was acclaimed upon his return to Paris as the man who had avoided war. However, two days after the
2987:. Nevertheless, the Radical-Socialist Party remained the axis of the parliamentary majorities and of the governments. The cabinet led by the Independent Radical
2980:
2821:, but these were too divided to reach an agreement over the type of monarchy they wanted to restore. Their division allowed time for the Republicans to win the
3621:(UMP). The Radical Party then quit the UDF to associate itself with the UMP, sharing its memberships and budget with the latter. However, some members such as
2323:
2317:
6386:
3292:
1865:
3098:, the left-wing of the party obtained the withdrawal of the Radical-Socialists from the cabinet and the return to a policy of alliance with the Socialists.
266:
3106:
party (the Social and Radical Left) which opposed alliance with the Socialist Party and preferred close cooperation with the centre-right liberals of the
6474:
6032:
3578:
and of the new members of the UDF. Through the UDF, the Radical Party participated to all of the governments issued from parliamentary majorities of the
6447:
2701:. In contrast to the Republicans' right wing (then the centre-left of the political spectrum), who were more inclined to accept a socially conservative
2693:
took place. The left-wing opposition was constituted by the broad family of Republicans, but these differed over whether and how far to cooperate with
6810:
4915:
3330:
3200:
which had been the Popular Front's most visible accomplishment. Daladier would eventually resign in March 1940 and take part in the new government of
2756:
1351:
1007:
6698:
2895:
The existence of a national party immediately changed the political scene. Several Radical independents had already been presidents of the Council (
2845:
1769:
1289:
3450:
The Radical Party returned from support of the government to opposition in 1959 and declined throughout all the 1960s. Allied with the SFIO in the
3044:, were generally a moderate centre-left party faced with the governmental dominance of the socially-conservative liberal parties to its right (see
2022:
566:
3314:. Mendès-France, a very popular figure who helped renew the Radical-Socialist Party after its discredit, was indeed elected on the pledge to stop
3264:, although senior Radical leaders as Édouard Herriot, then President of the Chamber of Deputies (the parliamentary Speaker), had been ambivalent.
2778:
From opposition, Radicals criticized Bonaparte's autocratic rule and attacks on civil liberties. At the end of the 1860s, they advocated with the
1408:
1369:
958:
1376:
1107:
6805:
6566:
2435:
1676:
1294:
6115:
6070:
4870:
1754:
1719:
1364:
6655:
2268:
1759:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1571:
1244:
1102:
1027:
705:
1304:
3396:. De Gaulle, who had deserted the political arena for a decade by disgust over the parliamentary system and its chronic instability (the
6770:
6683:
6583:
5908:
5834:
3717:
3603:
3436:
2810:
2649:
2601:
2562:
2555:
2312:
2273:
1891:
1739:
1611:
1541:
1416:
1097:
390:
241:
3516:
in Paris, in order to distinguish it from the MRG. Opposed to an electoral alliance with the PCF, which was the foundation of the 1972
6790:
6765:
3555:
maintained the judicial rights to the official name of Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party and is its legal continuation.
1764:
1749:
1724:
1583:
1546:
1456:
1254:
2751:
legislative group. Fifty years later, the Radical-Socialist Party would consider this group its direct forefather. For a few months,
6559:
6362:
3681:
3599:
3494:
3459:
2760:
2653:
2253:
1436:
1421:
1259:
6755:
6632:
5842:
5788:
5743:
5689:
5635:
5581:
5527:
5473:
5419:
5365:
5311:
5257:
5203:
5149:
5104:
5059:
5014:
4960:
4825:
4780:
4735:
4690:
4636:
4582:
4537:
4492:
4447:
4402:
4357:
4310:
4263:
4216:
4170:
3685:
3575:
3545:
3440:
3334:
3121:
3087:
3025:
2984:
2936:
2822:
2768:
2657:
2329:
1858:
1576:
1461:
1431:
1426:
1322:
1299:
1209:
1157:
1056:
770:
410:
6000:
2395:
1774:
1671:
1117:
1082:
943:
938:
5980:
5888:
3591:
3205:
3049:
2940:
2752:
2285:
1666:
1636:
1468:
1249:
347:
217:
3529:
1317:
953:
2919:
6499:
5316:
5262:
4045:
4033:
3744:
3481:
allies, leading to a final split in 1972 when the remaining centre-left Radicals left the party and eventually became the
3466:
2740:
2690:
2503:
1882:
1691:
1624:
1526:
1066:
1044:
3708:(UMP), of which they had been an associate party since 2002. During a convention on 26 June, the party officially joined
3271:(1946–1958), but never recovered its dominant pre-war position. It failed to prevent the adoption of the projects of the
6660:
5735:
5681:
3705:
3618:
3107:
3066:
2913:
2705:
as the first stage to a republic, the Republicans' left wing took a hard line in advocating progressive reforms such as
2637:
2510:
2243:
1551:
1017:
231:
141:
5958:
Schlesinger, Mildred. "The Development of the Radical Party in the Third Republic: The New Radical Movement, 1926-32."
3389:
3180:
6795:
5303:
3677:
3288:
1851:
1681:
1473:
1443:
1359:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1022:
997:
855:
333:
2794:, the proclamation of the so-called "great liberties", free public teaching and the separation of church and state.
6678:
6107:
Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics
5627:
5573:
5519:
5465:
5411:
5357:
4682:
4628:
3724:
3563:
3559:
2706:
2660:
elections, negotiations to merge the PR and the PRG began. The refounding congress to reunite the parties into the
2633:
2344:
1984:
1511:
1087:
911:
291:
226:
5006:
3567:
3490:
3482:
3341:(1954–1962), led to his resignation as party leader and the party's move in a distinctly conservative direction.
3280:
2732:
formulated a Radical doctrine. At this time, radicalism was distinct from and to the left of the July Monarchy's
2570:
2440:
2339:
2263:
2238:
2051:
1606:
1533:
1403:
1312:
1061:
1039:
1032:
28:
3901:
6688:
6637:
6604:
3536:
in 1974. They supported most reforms of Giscard d'Estaing's presidency (in particular the authorization of the
3470:
3148:
1661:
1558:
1172:
1077:
820:
254:
66:
6478:
3102:
was elected party leader. However, a section of the party's right-wing defected to form a second centre-right
2939:, the Radical-Socialists and the Independent Radicals allied themselves with the conservative-liberals of the
2841:
2833:
was the leader of the Radical parliamentary group, who criticized colonial policy as a form of diversion from
685:
6451:
3595:
3326:
3303:
3299:
3197:
2869:
2826:
2714:
2702:
2172:
1994:
1792:
1629:
1619:
1501:
1491:
1279:
1229:
1194:
1012:
970:
965:
928:
923:
865:
790:
3298:
In the early years of the Fourth Republic, the party returned to the moderate left under the leadership of
6622:
3828:
3784:
3650:
3579:
3478:
3474:
3455:
3410:
3366:
3354:
3268:
3140:
3125:
3057:
3029:
3006:
was generally more noted for his advocacy of better relations with Germany than for his reformist agenda.
2779:
2764:
2744:
2725:
2375:
2111:
1521:
1274:
1214:
1127:
835:
700:
3544:). This evolution brought by Servan-Schreiber's influence would end with the latter's failure during the
2829:(pejoratively labeled "Opportunist Republicans") and a far-left of uncompromising anticlerical Radicals.
2106:
6670:
3862:
3709:
3402:
2999:
2881:
2873:
2806:
2733:
2645:
2197:
2177:
1922:
1506:
1269:
1264:
1234:
1224:
1162:
870:
775:
464:
236:
204:
39:
4039:
3955:
6727:
5920:
Botsiou Konstantina E. "The European Centre-Right and European Integration: The Formative Years," in
3925:
3824:
3812:
3646:
3617:
After Chirac's re-election in 2002, most radicals participated to the creation of his new party, the
3533:
3513:
3284:
3103:
3095:
3070:
3045:
2877:
2798:
2772:
2459:
2445:
2295:
2121:
1999:
1944:
1917:
1807:
1797:
1177:
1147:
916:
618:
512:
502:
437:
432:
418:
194:
159:
32:
6087:"Étiquette : Mouvement Radical Social Libéral la revue des vœux des leaders de toute la Droite"
5370:
4051:
3820:
6731:
6627:
4785:
4695:
4350:
4303:
4256:
4209:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3666:
3521:
3315:
3143:
electoral alliance with the Socialists and the Communists led to the accession of Socialist leader
3099:
2889:
2802:
2748:
2686:
2248:
2187:
2136:
2096:
1939:
1934:
1802:
1563:
1391:
1137:
1002:
890:
825:
645:
559:
527:
507:
442:
395:
319:
5208:
5154:
4021:
2852:
to update the fifty-year-old Radical doctrine to encompass social reforms such as the progressive
1902:
695:
6723:
6281:
3895:
3850:
3760:
3525:
3176:
3082:
3020:
2988:
2830:
2430:
2380:
2116:
1949:
1092:
840:
830:
810:
780:
730:
710:
581:
532:
454:
385:
189:
169:
5019:
4965:
4920:
4875:
4830:
4740:
4641:
4587:
3997:
3985:
3967:
3662:
3607:
3562:(UDF) in 1978. The Radical Party was one of its six components, along with the centrists of the
3261:
3233:
3041:
2995:
and workers' pensions, but is also remembered for its violent repression of industrial strikes.
6599:
6591:
6358:
6111:
6105:
6066:
5847:
5793:
5748:
5694:
5586:
5478:
5424:
5064:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4075:
4069:
4057:
4009:
3780:
3764:
3670:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3541:
3373:
3358:
3232:. Thus, he was not there during the controversial 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal
3157:
3129:
3077:
right had been weakened once and for all, instead these emerged reinvigorated by World War I.
2896:
2861:
2849:
2665:
2559:
2479:
2370:
2228:
2126:
2061:
2056:
2004:
1979:
1956:
1839:
1219:
1142:
1112:
750:
725:
657:
635:
542:
492:
447:
184:
77:
6058:
3267:
The Radical-Socialist Party was reconstituted and formed one of the important parties of the
6273:
5975:
Berstein, Serge. "La vie du Parti radical: la fédération de Saône-et-Loire de 1919 à 1939."
5640:
4081:
3919:
3907:
3889:
3872:
3858:
3832:
3800:
3728:
3716:
and other centrist parties as an alternative to the UMP. The Alliance was replaced with the
3486:
3307:
3209:
3164:
3061:
2962:
2945:
2857:
2813:
returned a majority of monarchists belonging to two distinct factions, conservative-liberal
2783:
2661:
2625:
2605:
2334:
2161:
2146:
2141:
2131:
1989:
1974:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1478:
1334:
1167:
860:
800:
785:
760:
755:
547:
517:
487:
246:
3189:
6435:
6408:
4542:
3973:
3949:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3654:
3637:
3377:
3133:
3003:
2904:
2710:
2636:(UDF) in 1978. In 2002, the party split from the UDF and became an associate party of the
2547:
2535:
2167:
2071:
805:
715:
680:
598:
497:
469:
305:
6512:
4497:
4452:
4407:
4362:
3961:
3943:
3937:
3913:
3610:
presented himself as a candidate for the UDF while the Radical Party supported his rival
3594:, during which some members of the party composed electoral alliances with the far-right
2950:
2924:
6086:
2755:
was Interior Minister in the provisional government. However, the conservatives won the
374:
6706:
3931:
3854:
3816:
3768:
3642:
3611:
3283:(RGR). From 1947, after the split of the governmental coalition it participated to the
3184:
2865:
2609:
2192:
2151:
2046:
1827:
1448:
1386:
1071:
885:
875:
845:
765:
740:
690:
652:
630:
554:
537:
522:
17:
6744:
6711:
6285:
5109:
4027:
4015:
3808:
3796:
3752:
3748:
3537:
3444:
3372:
In the midst of this parliamentary instability and divisions of the political class,
3252:
of being morally and strategically responsible for the loss of the Battle of France.
2787:
2721:
2578:
2491:
2233:
2223:
2066:
2028:
2015:
1701:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1381:
1204:
985:
625:
603:
588:
2967:
6551:
5532:
4063:
3792:
3338:
3249:
3237:
3228:
3201:
3172:
3074:
3015:
2900:
2629:
2290:
2101:
1187:
1051:
948:
850:
815:
735:
271:
3788:
3696:
3245:
3144:
2979:
After the withdrawal of the Socialist ministers from the government following the
2814:
2694:
2474:
1927:
1834:
5925:
6614:
6387:"Le Figaro - Politique : Borloo et Morin sonnent la révolte des centristes"
6264:
Halpern A (2002). "Freemasonry and party building in late 19th-Century France".
6004:
5903:
3776:
3772:
3658:
3424:
3322:
3272:
3168:
3010:
2972:
2908:
2729:
2698:
2453:
2412:
2400:
2182:
2156:
2077:
1396:
1284:
1239:
1199:
992:
880:
745:
593:
6277:
3804:
3756:
3713:
3346:
3329:'s leadership, the Radical Party participated to a centre-left coalition, the
3241:
3214:
2992:
2949:(Coalition of the Left), with the Radicals emerging the main political force.
2868:, Radicals joined forces with conservative Republicans and some Socialists in
2853:
2837:
and due to his ability was a protagonist of the collapse of many governments.
2834:
2818:
2613:
1686:
1132:
980:
975:
795:
720:
613:
608:
149:
110:
6166:"Les radicaux de gauche et de droite en voie de réunion pour peser au centre"
3218:, the French government declared Paris an "open city" on 10 June and flew to
3196:
Furthermore, Daladier moved increasingly to the right, notably repealing the
2965:
removing confessional influence from public education formed the backbone of
3381:
2860:
schemes, hence the term Radical-Socialist, a social-democratic synthesis of
2617:
2385:
2305:
571:
3080:
In 1924, Radical-Socialists formed electoral alliances with the SFIO. The
2597:. Founded in 1901, the PR is the oldest active political party in France.
6647:
6217:
To be a citizen: the political culture of the early French Third Republic
3350:
3244:) which accused him as well as other political leaders such as Socialist
3219:
3187:
policy, prohibiting the Communists activities and the party's newspaper,
2682:
2390:
2300:
2202:
640:
576:
459:
199:
174:
5963:
3385:
3311:
3223:
2009:
1182:
662:
3365:, "party of the 75,000 executed people"). The PCF was also opposed to
3208:) as minister of National Defense and of War. After the defeat of the
3052:) and pressure from its left by the rise of support for the socialist
2983:
in 1904, the coalition dissolved and the Radicals went alone into the
1697:
Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes
6352:
3240:. Daladier was arrested and tried in 1942 by the new regime (see the
2943:(to their immediate right) and the Socialists (to their left) in the
2566:
2365:
1656:
1122:
123:
6204:
Radicalism in Mediterranean France: its rise and decline, 1848-1914
3439:(PSA, which had split from the SFIO), which in turn fused into the
3405:, a hybrid presidential-parliamentary system tailored for himself.
3306:, whose premiership from 1954 to 1955 saw France's withdrawal from
3040:
By the end of World War I, the Radical-Socialist Party, now led by
2957:
cabinet and led a resolute anti-clerical policy culminating in the
6761:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party member parties
6354:
Beyond party members: changing approaches to partisan mobilization
6140:"Les radicaux font un pas de plus vers l'unité… et l'indépendance"
3695:
3667:
Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Transport
3183:
between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Daladier engaged in an
2791:
284:
3602:
while the Radical Party remained a member of the UDF. During the
3013:(1914–1918), the Radical-Socialist Party was the keystone of the
6555:
6313:
The Third Republic from its origins to the Great War, 1871-1914
5946:
The Third Republic from its origins to the Great War, 1871-1914
3520:, the Radicals were still anti-Gaullists. They allied with the
1153:
International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
6541:
3060:(PCF). With these political forces, Radical-Socialists shared
6475:"Maurice Leroy croit en une grande Confédération des centres"
3551:
Following the left-wing scission in 1971, the Radical Party
367:
31:. For the centre-right party known as the Radical Left, see
5953:
The French Radical Party and European integration 1949-1957
6409:"VoteWatch Europe: European Parliament, Council of the EU"
3337:. Another split, this time over France's policy about the
3485:. This group, which wanted to be a part of the left-wing
3357:(PCF), which was very popular due to its role during the
2880:
and sitting in their own loose-knit parliamentary party (
3512:, from the location of its national headquarters at the
3497:, supported Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing.
6326:
The French Radical Party: from Herriot to Mendès-France
5932:
The French Radical Party: from Herriot to Mendès-France
3572:
National Federation of Perspectives and Realities Clubs
934:
Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe
3413:
was finally adopted and proclaimed on 4 October 1958.
6448:"Alliance RĂ©publicaine, Ecologique et Sociale = ARES"
6230:
Fragmented France: two centuries of disputed identity
3275:(nationalizations and the welfare state). Along with
2581:. The party's name has been variously abbreviated to
3353:, all political parties, even the SFIO, opposed the
3204:(leader of the main centre-right liberal party, the
6697:
6669:
6646:
6613:
6590:
6357:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 58.
3508:Henceforth, the Radical Party began to be known as
2624:(SFIO) in 1905, they shifted gradually towards the
360:
346:
332:
318:
304:
290:
277:
265:
253:
212:
168:
140:
129:
119:
109:
101:
83:
73:
52:
3625:continue to be part of UDF. It was then headed by
3287:coalition with the SFIO, the Christian-democratic
27:For the centre-left party that split in 1971, see
6191:Radical Artisans in England and France, 1830-1870
6031:. Radical Party. 15 November 2014. Archived from
6450:. 91secondes.fr. 21 October 2010. Archived from
3277:Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance
3212:, the French army being overwhelmed by the Nazi
2771:, ending parliamentary democracy in favour of a
2552:Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste
5250:Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left
5196:Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left
3653:) and even some anti-Sarkozy neo-Gaullists (as
3452:Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left
3392:was launched by the right-wing insurrectionary
3091:socially-conservative liberal parties in 1926.
2642:Liaison Committee for the Presidential Majority
2620:group, but, starting with the emergence of the
2544:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
6801:Political parties of the French Third Republic
6751:Political parties of the French Fifth Republic
6061:. In Christopher Flood; Laurence Bell (eds.).
1484:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance
1103:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party
1045:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party
6567:
6001:"Jean-Christophe Lagarde, chef sans troupes?"
5944:Mayeur, Jean-Marie, and Madeleine Rebérioux.
3733:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
3310:and the agreement for French withdrawal from
3279:, it set up an electoral umbrella-group, the
3019:while the most prominent Independent Radical
2981:International Socialist Congress of Amsterdam
2931:Early years: the Radical Republic (1901–1919)
2720:After the installation of the constitutional
2632:, becoming one of the founder parties of the
2511:
1859:
260:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
8:
3293:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
3054:French Section of the Workers' International
2809:was proclaimed in September 1870. The first
2622:French Section of the Workers' International
2569:. Since 1971, to prevent confusion with the
6311:Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux,
6063:Political Ideologies in Contemporary France
2840:In the 1890s, competition from the growing
2604:tradition, the PR upheld the principles of
38:"Rad." redirects here. For other uses, see
6574:
6560:
6552:
6339:Edouard Herriot, patriarch of the Republic
3384:seized the Governor-General's building in
3349:supported it. Because of the start of the
3028:in opposing coalitions, thus Clemenceau's
2884:) to the right of the Radical-Socialists.
2518:
2504:
1877:
1866:
1852:
405:
373:
65:
49:
1352:Progressive Democratic Party of the North
1008:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party
6781:Political parties disestablished in 2017
4126:
3590:An important split took place after the
3401:parliamentarism) and replaced it by the
3128:the night before. The Radical-Socialist
3126:riots organized by the far-right leagues
3065:1914 that its old adversaries among the
1290:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente
5999:Ghislain de Violet (15 November 2014).
5991:
3462:. This federation later split in 1968.
2864:with traditional radicalism. After the
2573:(PRG), it has also been referred to as
1889:
417:
3483:Movement of the Radical-Socialist Left
3447:which put an end to the Algerian War.
3222:. The same month, Daladier escaped to
2739:The Radicals took a major part in the
2436:Political positions of Emmanuel Macron
1677:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club
6786:Political parties established in 2021
6776:Political parties established in 1901
6513:"Dominique RIQUET - VoteWatch Europe"
5939:The French Radical Party in the 1930s
2677:Radicals before the party (1830–1901)
7:
6164:Charline Hurel (16 September 2017).
6138:Marion Mourgue (17 September 2017).
5977:Revue française de science politique
1245:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms
1028:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece
6684:Union of Democrats and Independents
6351:Scarrow, Susan (27 November 2014).
5909:Liberalism and radicalism in France
5835:Union of Democrats and Independents
3718:Union of Democrats and Independents
3678:7th term of the European Parliament
2761:December 1848 presidential election
2650:Union of Democrats and Independents
2274:Union of Democrats and Independents
1612:Republican Democratic Concentration
1098:Federal Democratic Republican Party
348:Presidency of Departmental Councils
6500:Invitation lancement de l'alliance
3435:(CAD), which would later join the
2695:liberal-constitutional monarchists
2640:(UMP) and were represented on the
1584:Radical Socialist Republican Party
25:
3735:(ALDE) group as part of the UDI.
3598:party. Those members created the
2920:Ligue française de l'enseignement
2616:. The Radicals were originally a
1260:National Progressive Center Union
6811:2017 disestablishments in France
6385:lefigaro.fr (15 November 2010).
5872:
5871:
5818:
5817:
5773:
5772:
5719:
5718:
5665:
5664:
5611:
5610:
5557:
5556:
5503:
5502:
5449:
5448:
5395:
5394:
5341:
5340:
5287:
5286:
5233:
5232:
5179:
5178:
5134:
5133:
5089:
5088:
5044:
5043:
4990:
4989:
4945:
4944:
4900:
4899:
4855:
4854:
4810:
4809:
4765:
4764:
4720:
4719:
4666:
4665:
4612:
4611:
4567:
4566:
4522:
4521:
4477:
4476:
4432:
4431:
4387:
4386:
4336:
4335:
4289:
4288:
4242:
4241:
4196:
4195:
3369:and supported its independence.
3086:(Coalition of the Left) won the
2971:, France's policy of combatting
2577:, after its headquarters on the
2485:
2473:
1901:
1833:
1821:
1210:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals
1158:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
1057:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
6477:. Germain Isern. Archived from
5891:, which won 245 seats in total
5738:, which won 313 seats in total
5684:, which won 357 seats in total
5630:, which won 112 seats in total
5576:, which won 213 seats in total
5522:, which won 130 seats in total
5360:, which won 124 seats in total
5198:, which won 118 seats in total
4685:, which won 167 seats in total
4631:, which won 106 seats in total
3431:Mendès-France then founded the
3380:to return to power. On 13 May,
2747:, sitting in parliament as the
1118:Free-thinking Democratic League
939:Authentic Radical Liberal Party
334:Presidency of Regional Councils
6266:Modern and Contemporary France
5837:, which won 18 seats in total
5468:, which won 53 seats in total
5414:, which won 61 seats in total
5306:, which won 32 seats in total
5252:, which won 57 seats in total
5009:, which won 77 seats in total
3574:, the social democrats of the
3036:Between World Wars (1919–1946)
2917:(Human Rights League) and the
2753:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
2652:(UDI) in 2012. After the 2017
2286:Democratic Republican Alliance
1250:National and Social Liberation
959:Union of the Democratic Centre
105:1 Place de Valois, 75001 Paris
1:
6806:1901 establishments in France
4046:Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber
4034:Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber
3686:European People's Party Group
3576:Socialist-Democratic Movement
3491:Movement of the Left Radicals
3467:Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber
3422:right-wing, a process dubbed
3417:Fifth Republic (1958–present)
3291:and the conservative-liberal
3236:which opened the door to the
2961:which along with the earlier
1692:Union, Progress and Democracy
1300:Party of Independence and '48
1295:Party of Democratic Socialism
1067:European Republicans Movement
47:Political party in France
6228:Jack Ernest Shalom Hayward,
6093:(in French). 6 January 2018.
5736:Union for a Popular Movement
5682:Union for a Popular Movement
3706:Union for a Popular Movement
3619:Union for a Popular Movement
3433:Centre d'Action DĂ©mocratique
3163:After the 29 September 1938
3136:and other similar scandals.
2846:plight of industrial workers
2817:and Catholic-traditionalist
2638:Union for a Popular Movement
2023:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
1018:Democratic Left of Catalonia
567:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
6584:political parties in France
4681:Part of coalition with the
4627:Part of coalition with the
3489:, broke away to create the
3289:Popular Republican Movement
3256:Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
2998:For the latter part of the
2914:Ligue des droits de l'homme
1682:Transnational Radical Party
1444:Radical Federative Movement
1340:Portuguese Republican Party
1330:Political Party of Radicals
1023:Democratic-Republican Party
998:Czech National Social Party
6827:
6771:Centrist parties in France
6473:Publié par Germain Isern.
6300:Democracy in modern France
5628:Union for French Democracy
5574:Union for French Democracy
5520:Union for French Democracy
5466:Union for French Democracy
5412:Union for French Democracy
5358:Union for French Democracy
4683:Republican-Socialist Party
4629:Republican-Socialist Party
4100:(co-presidents, 2005–2007)
3688:(EPP) along with the UMP.
3604:2002 presidential election
3586:Associate party of the UMP
3564:Centre of Social Democrats
3560:Union for French Democracy
3495:1974 presidential election
3460:1965 presidential election
3437:Autonomous Socialist Party
2985:1906 legislative elections
2811:elections in February 1871
2797:After the collapse of the
2743:and the foundation of the
2707:universal manhood suffrage
2634:Union for French Democracy
2345:Union for French Democracy
1985:Civil and political rights
1377:Progressive People's Party
1108:Free-minded People's Party
37:
26:
6791:Radical parties in France
6766:Liberal parties in France
6720:
6278:10.1080/09639480220126134
6110:. ABC-CLIO. p. 395.
6065:. Continuum. p. 17.
5960:Journal of Modern History
5886:
5841:
5832:
5787:
5733:
5688:
5679:
5634:
5625:
5580:
5571:
5526:
5517:
5472:
5463:
5418:
5409:
5364:
5355:
5310:
5301:
5256:
5247:
5202:
5193:
5148:
5007:Rally of Republican Lefts
5004:
4959:
4680:
4635:
4626:
4581:
4348:
4301:
4254:
4207:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
3727:, the single Radical MEP
3720:(UDI) in September 2012.
3700:Former logo (before 2017)
3363:parti des 75,000 fusillés
3335:1956 legislative election
3281:Rally of Republican Lefts
3122:1932 legislative election
3088:1924 legislative election
3026:1919 legislative election
2937:1902 legislative election
2835:"revenge" against Prussia
2757:1848 legislative election
2571:Radical Party of the Left
2441:Rally of Republican Lefts
2264:Radical Party of the Left
2239:Democratic European Force
1534:Radical Party of the Left
1413:Radical Democratic Party
1062:European Radical Alliance
1033:Georgios Papandreou Party
954:Centre Union – New Forces
381:
365:
267:European Parliament group
64:
29:Radical Party of the Left
6605:New Anticapitalist Party
3779:(Pyrénées-Atlantiques),
3665:'s second government as
3600:Liberal Democratic Party
3530:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
3465:Under the leadership of
3149:President of the Council
2765:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
2254:Liberal Democratic Party
1881:This article is part of
1568:Radical Socialist Party
1559:Radical Republican Party
1173:Italian Republican Party
1078:German Free-minded Party
6756:Republicanism in France
6026:"Fiche présentation PR"
3845:(Pyrénées-Orientales),
3835:(Territoire de Belfort)
3725:8th European Parliament
3592:1998 regional elections
3546:1979 European elections
3441:Unified Socialist Party
3302:, a strong opponent of
3273:three-parties coalition
3181:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3094:Two years later at the
2991:(1906–1909) introduced
2870:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
2703:constitutional monarchy
2689:in 1815, a reactionary
2648:(ARES) in 2011 and the
2575:Parti radical valoisien
2330:Progressive Republicans
1995:Equality before the law
1793:Conservative liberalism
1672:Socialist Radical Party
1667:Social Democratic Party
1538:Radical People's Party
1518:Radical Party of Chile
1409:Radical Democracy Party
1309:People's Radical Party
1280:Opportunist Republicans
1230:Manhood Suffrage League
1195:Labour Democratic Party
971:Colombian Liberal Party
929:Alsatian Progress Party
924:Alfarista Radical Front
170:Political position
89:; 123 years ago
18:Parti Radical Valoisien
6623:French Communist Party
6059:"Democratic Socialism"
6057:Laurence Bell (1997).
3783:(Meurthe-et-Moselle),
3701:
3580:Rally for the Republic
3566:, the liberals of the
3394:Comité de Salut Public
3390:Opération Résurrection
3376:took advantage of the
3367:French rule in Algeria
3355:French Communist Party
3058:French Communist Party
2726:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
2681:After the collapse of
2551:
2539:
2376:Courrier International
1453:Radical Liberal Party
1255:National Radical Party
4123:Legislative elections
3863:Aymeri de Montesquiou
3699:
3361:(it was known as the
3030:alliance of the right
2953:took the head of the
2480:Liberalism portal
1840:Liberalism portal
1265:National Reform Union
1235:Mexican Liberal Party
1225:Liberal Swedish Party
1163:Italian Radical Party
1083:German People's Party
465:History of liberalism
40:Rad. (disambiguation)
6728:Miscellaneous centre
3861:(Bouches-du-RhĂ´ne),
3534:presidency of France
3327:Pierre Mendès-France
3300:Pierre Mendès-France
3046:Independent Radicals
3032:emerged victorious.
2911:and sections of the
2878:Independent Radicals
2844:and concern for the
2827:Moderate Republicans
2799:Second French Empire
2780:Belleville Programme
2734:doctrinal liberalism
2715:Moderate Republicans
2697:in pursuit of their
2460:Together (coalition)
2324:Moderate Republicans
2318:Moderate Republicans
2296:Independent Radicals
2000:Freedom of the press
1893:Liberalism in France
1808:Liberalism in Europe
1798:History of socialism
1593:Radicals of the Left
1178:Jacksonian Democrats
1148:Independent Radicals
966:Civic Workers' Party
513:Classical radicalism
503:Classical liberalism
438:Atlantic Revolutions
433:Age of Enlightenment
255:European affiliation
213:National affiliation
192:(early 20th century)
160:Classical radicalism
33:Independent Radicals
6732:Miscellaneous right
6661:Democratic Movement
6628:La France Insoumise
6434:17 May 2011 at the
6189:Iorwerth Prothero,
6104:Hans Slomp (2011).
5979:(1970): 1136-1180.
5317:JJ Servan-Schreiber
5263:JJ Servan-Schreiber
4351:Radical Republicans
4304:Radical Republicans
4257:Radical Republicans
4210:Radical Republicans
3829:André Wojciechowski
3799:(Alpes-Maritimes),
3785:Françoise Hostalier
3651:Françoise Hostalier
3540:and recognition of
3522:Christian Democrats
3475:François Mitterrand
3456:François Mitterrand
3206:Democratic Alliance
3108:Democratic Alliance
3104:Independent Radical
3050:Democratic Alliance
2941:Democratic Alliance
2862:reformist socialism
2803:Franco-Prussian War
2801:following the 1870
2763:, which was won by
2691:Bourbon Restoration
2644:prior to launching
2249:Liberal Alternative
2244:Democratic Movement
2052:February Revolution
1803:Irish republicanism
1564:Radical Republicans
1392:Radical Civic Union
1138:Historical Far Left
1128:Giustizia e LibertĂ
1003:Czech Realist Party
560:Left-libertarianism
528:Freedom of movement
508:Cultural radicalism
443:American Revolution
320:European Parliament
6796:Republican parties
6724:Miscellaneous left
6215:James R. Lehning,
5951:O'Neill, Francis.
5304:Reformist Movement
3884:Party presidents:
3851:Sylvie Goy-Chavent
3849:(Haute-Garonnne),
3791:(Seine-et-Marne),
3761:Jean-Louis Bernard
3702:
3636:After the rise of
3538:contraceptive pill
3526:Reforming Movement
3398:système des partis
3382:European colonists
3304:French colonialism
3177:invasion of Poland
3167:which handed over
3118:Cartel des gauches
3083:Cartel des Gauches
3021:Georges Clemenceau
2989:Georges Clemenceau
2831:Georges Clemenceau
2786:) the election of
2602:Radical Republican
2542:), officially the
2431:Centrism in France
1828:History portal
1469:Radical Left Party
1356:Progressive Party
801:Mill (John Stuart)
582:Left-wing populism
455:Belgian Revolution
386:Politics of France
6738:
6737:
6324:Francis De Tarr,
6252:France, 1814-1940
6117:978-0-313-39181-1
6072:978-1-85567-238-3
5962:(1974): 476-501.
5895:
5894:
5749:Jean-Louis Borloo
5695:Jean-Louis Borloo
4104:Jean-Louis Borloo
4094:Jean-Louis Borloo
4076:Thierry Cornillet
3825:François Scellier
3765:Jean-Louis Borloo
3739:Elected officials
3712:(ARES) alongside
3671:Minister of State
3647:VĂ©ronique Mathieu
3627:Jean-Louis Borloo
3623:Thierry Cornillet
3493:(MRG) and at the
3374:Charles de Gaulle
3248:and conservative
3198:40-hour work week
3158:Spanish Civil War
3130:Camille Chautemps
2897:Ferdinand Buisson
2767:, who launched a
2666:Ensemble Citoyens
2528:
2527:
2492:France portal
2229:Centrist Alliance
2062:French Revolution
2057:French Resistance
2005:Freedom of speech
1980:Civic nationalism
1876:
1875:
1607:Republican Action
1404:Radical Democracy
1220:Liberal Reformers
1143:Independence Club
1113:Free-minded Union
658:Utopian socialism
636:Social liberalism
543:Liberal socialism
493:Civic nationalism
448:French Revolution
404:
403:
391:Political parties
292:National Assembly
87:23 June 1901
16:(Redirected from
6818:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6553:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:Official website
6528:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6517:www.votewatch.eu
6509:
6503:
6502:partiradical.net
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6444:
6438:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6348:
6342:
6337:Sabine Jessner,
6335:
6329:
6322:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6261:
6255:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6233:
6226:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6202:Leo A. Loubère,
6200:
6194:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6038:on 15 March 2017
6037:
6030:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5996:
5937:Larmour, Peter.
5922:Reforming Europe
5875:
5874:
5867:
5821:
5820:
5813:
5776:
5775:
5768:
5722:
5721:
5714:
5668:
5667:
5660:
5614:
5613:
5606:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5452:
5451:
5444:
5398:
5397:
5390:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5236:
5235:
5228:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5092:
5091:
5084:
5047:
5046:
5039:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4786:Édouard Daladier
4768:
4767:
4760:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4696:Édouard Daladier
4669:
4668:
4661:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4127:
4118:Election results
4040:Gabriel PĂ©ronnet
4004:Édouard Daladier
3992:Édouard Daladier
3980:Édouard Daladier
3956:Charles Debierre
3920:Camille Pelletan
3908:Maurice Berteaux
3890:Gustave Mesureur
3873:Dominique Riquet
3859:Sophie Joissains
3833:Michel Zumkeller
3771:(Hautes-Alpes),
3729:Dominique Riquet
3680:, three Radical
3568:Republican Party
3518:Common Programme
3487:Common Programme
3411:new Constitution
3333:, which won the
3331:Republican Front
3210:Battle of France
3165:Munich Agreement
3100:Édouard Daladier
3062:anti-clericalism
2963:Jules Ferry laws
2955:Bloc des gauches
2946:Bloc des gauches
2858:social insurance
2699:common adversary
2662:Radical Movement
2626:political centre
2606:private property
2600:Coming from the
2520:
2513:
2506:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2340:Republican Union
2335:Radical Movement
2162:Louis Philippe I
1990:Economic freedom
1975:Anti-clericalism
1905:
1894:
1878:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1662:Social Democracy
1652:Rose Street Club
1647:Rose in the Fist
1642:Resolution Party
1637:Republican Union
1616:Republican Left
1479:Radical Movement
1345:Democratic Party
1335:Popular Councils
1168:Italian Radicals
1088:FDP.The Liberals
1040:Democratic Union
646:Women's suffrage
548:Social democracy
518:Direct democracy
488:Anti-clericalism
406:
377:
372:
369:
355:
341:
327:
313:
299:
283:
220:
208:
133:
97:
95:
90:
69:
50:
21:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6716:
6693:
6689:The Republicans
6665:
6642:
6638:Socialist Party
6609:
6586:
6580:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6531:
6521:
6519:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6455:
6454:on 12 June 2013
6446:
6445:
6441:
6436:Wayback Machine
6428:
6424:
6414:
6412:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6392:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6336:
6332:
6323:
6319:
6310:
6306:
6297:
6293:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6236:
6227:
6223:
6214:
6210:
6201:
6197:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5972:
5926:online abstract
5917:
5915:Further reading
5900:
5868:
5865:
5814:
5811:
5769:
5766:
5715:
5712:
5661:
5658:
5607:
5604:
5553:
5550:
5499:
5496:
5445:
5442:
5391:
5388:
5337:
5334:
5283:
5280:
5229:
5226:
5175:
5172:
5130:
5127:
5085:
5082:
5040:
5037:
5020:Édouard Herriot
4986:
4983:
4966:Édouard Herriot
4941:
4938:
4921:Édouard Herriot
4896:
4893:
4876:Édouard Herriot
4851:
4848:
4831:Édouard Herriot
4806:
4803:
4761:
4758:
4741:Édouard Herriot
4716:
4713:
4662:
4659:
4642:Édouard Herriot
4608:
4605:
4588:Édouard Herriot
4563:
4560:
4543:Joseph Caillaux
4518:
4515:
4473:
4470:
4428:
4425:
4383:
4380:
4332:
4329:
4285:
4282:
4238:
4235:
4192:
4189:
4125:
4120:
4115:
3998:Édouard Herriot
3986:Édouard Herriot
3974:Maurice Sarraut
3968:Édouard Herriot
3950:Joseph Caillaux
3926:Auguste Delpech
3882:
3847:Alain Chatillon
3843:Jean-Paul Alduy
3759:(Haut-Marne),
3741:
3694:
3663:François Fillon
3655:Serge Lepeltier
3638:Nicolas Sarkozy
3608:François Bayrou
3588:
3514:Place de Valois
3506:
3471:Socialist Party
3454:, it supported
3419:
3378:May 1958 crisis
3269:Fourth Republic
3262:Philippe PĂ©tain
3258:
3234:Philippe PĂ©tain
3134:Stavisky Affair
3096:Angers Congress
3042:Édouard Herriot
3038:
3004:Joseph Caillaux
2933:
2905:Charles Floquet
2874:Catholic Church
2842:labour movement
2745:Second Republic
2741:1848 Revolution
2711:civil liberties
2679:
2674:
2563:political party
2524:
2486:
2484:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2072:July Revolution
2042:
2034:
2033:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1913:
1892:
1872:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1715:
1707:
1706:
904:
896:
895:
676:
668:
667:
599:Reform movement
498:Civil liberties
483:
475:
474:
470:Progressive Era
428:
400:
366:
356:
353:
342:
339:
328:
325:
314:
311:
300:
297:
281:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
221:
216:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
179:
178:
164:
131:
93:
91:
88:
60:
59:
56:
48:
43:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6824:
6822:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6743:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6707:National Rally
6703:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6633:The Ecologists
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6600:Lutte Ouvrière
6596:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6535:
6534:External links
6532:
6530:
6529:
6504:
6492:
6481:on 16 May 2013
6465:
6439:
6422:
6411:. Votewatch.eu
6400:
6377:
6363:
6343:
6330:
6317:
6304:
6298:Nick Hewlett,
6291:
6272:(2): 197–210.
6256:
6243:
6234:
6221:
6208:
6195:
6182:
6156:
6130:
6116:
6096:
6078:
6071:
6049:
6017:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5848:Laurent HĂ©nart
5845:
5839:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5794:Laurent HĂ©nart
5791:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5587:André Rossinot
5584:
5578:
5577:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5500:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5479:André Rossinot
5476:
5470:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5425:André Rossinot
5422:
5416:
5415:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5371:Didier Bariani
5368:
5362:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5284:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:FĂ©lix Gaillard
5062:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4110:Laurent HĂ©nart
4107:
4101:
4098:André Rossinot
4091:
4088:André Rossinot
4085:
4079:
4073:
4070:André Rossinot
4067:
4061:
4058:André Rossinot
4055:
4052:Didier Bariani
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4010:FĂ©lix Gaillard
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3932:Louis Lafferre
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3855:Pierre Jarlier
3836:
3827:(Val-d'Oise),
3821:Arnaud Richard
3817:Franck Reynier
3813:Frédéric Reiss
3781:Laurent HĂ©nart
3769:Claire Bouchet
3751:(Martinique),
3740:
3737:
3693:
3690:
3643:Renaud Dutreil
3631:André Rossinot
3612:Jacques Chirac
3596:National Front
3587:
3584:
3542:women's rights
3505:
3501:Radical Party
3499:
3418:
3415:
3403:Fifth Republic
3257:
3254:
3185:anti-communist
3075:traditionalist
3037:
3034:
3000:Third Republic
2932:
2929:
2909:masonic lodges
2866:Dreyfus Affair
2850:LĂ©on Bourgeois
2823:1876 elections
2807:Third Republic
2788:civil servants
2782:(supported by
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2610:social justice
2560:social-liberal
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:Related topics
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:La Chaîne Info
2368:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:Ultra-radicals
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:Radical Party
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1449:Radical League
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1387:Radical Change
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1305:People's Party
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:National Union
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1072:Fabian Society
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Democrat Party
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
988:
983:
973:
968:
963:
962:
961:
956:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
920:
919:
914:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
891:Wollstonecraft
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
653:Utilitarianism
650:
649:
648:
638:
633:
631:Social justice
628:
623:
622:
621:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
585:
584:
574:
569:
564:
563:
562:
555:Libertarianism
552:
551:
550:
540:
538:Labor movement
535:
530:
525:
523:Egalitarianism
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
451:
450:
445:
435:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
415:
414:
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
382:
379:
378:
363:
362:
358:
357:
352:
350:
344:
343:
338:
336:
330:
329:
324:
322:
316:
315:
310:
308:
302:
301:
296:
294:
288:
287:
279:
275:
274:
269:
263:
262:
257:
251:
250:
214:
210:
209:
187:(19th century)
172:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
152:
146:
144:
138:
137:
134:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
115:Young Radicals
113:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
85:
81:
80:
78:Laurent HĂ©nart
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
46:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6823:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6577:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6493:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6466:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6389:. Lefigaro.fr
6388:
6381:
6378:
6366:
6364:9780191748332
6360:
6356:
6355:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6315:(1988) p. 229
6314:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6260:
6257:
6254:(2003) p. 157
6253:
6250:J.P.T. Bury,
6247:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6232:(2007) p. 293
6231:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6193:(2006) p. 164
6192:
6186:
6183:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6157:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6131:
6119:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6100:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6050:
6034:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5870:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5816:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5771:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5717:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5663:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:François Loos
5639:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5609:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5555:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5501:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5447:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5393:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5339:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5231:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:René Billères
5207:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:René Billères
5153:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5132:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:Maurice Faure
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5087:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4898:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4853:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4763:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4664:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:Second round
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4128:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4082:François Loos
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:Maurice Faure
4026:
4023:
4022:René Billères
4020:
4017:
4016:Maurice Faure
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3902:Maurice Fauré
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:Franck Marlin
3806:
3802:
3801:François Loos
3798:
3797:Jean Leonetti
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3753:Edwige Antier
3750:
3749:Alfred Almont
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3731:sat with the
3730:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3684:sat with the
3683:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3445:Evian Accords
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3318:(1946–1954).
3317:
3316:Indochina War
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:Popular Front
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2959:1905 laic law
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:LĂ©on Gambetta
2781:
2776:
2774:
2773:Second Empire
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:July Monarchy
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:rue de Valois
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:Parti radical
2537:
2533:
2532:Radical Party
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Liberal Party
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Radical Party
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:The Centrists
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Merleau-Ponty
2176:
2174:
2173:Mendès France
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:July Monarchy
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:Republicanism
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:Laissez-faire
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1775:United States
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1702:Young Ireland
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Reform League
1600:
1598:
1597:Radicals (UK)
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Radical Whigs
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Radical Cause
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:United States
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Liberal Party
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Left Liberals
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:Action Party
907:
906:
900:
899:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Papanastasiou
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Mendès France
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
672:
671:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Social change
624:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Republicanism
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Progressivism
587:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
424:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
376:
371:
368:parti-radical
364:
359:
351:
349:
345:
337:
335:
331:
323:
321:
317:
309:
307:
303:
295:
293:
289:
286:
280:
276:
273:
270:
268:
264:
261:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
182:
176:
173:
171:
167:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:Parti radical
55:Radical Party
51:
45:
41:
34:
30:
19:
6520:. Retrieved
6516:
6507:
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6479:the original
6468:
6456:. Retrieved
6452:the original
6442:
6425:
6413:. Retrieved
6403:
6391:. Retrieved
6380:
6368:. Retrieved
6353:
6346:
6338:
6333:
6328:(1980) ch 1
6325:
6320:
6312:
6307:
6302:(2005) p. 48
6299:
6294:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6251:
6246:
6237:
6229:
6224:
6219:(2001) p. 33
6216:
6211:
6206:(1974) p. 40
6203:
6198:
6190:
6185:
6173:. Retrieved
6169:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6143:
6133:
6121:. Retrieved
6106:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6062:
6052:
6040:. Retrieved
6033:the original
6020:
6008:. Retrieved
5994:
5976:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5930:De Tarr, F.
5921:
5887:Part of the
5833:Part of the
5734:Part of the
5680:Part of the
5626:Part of the
5572:Part of the
5533:Yves Galland
5518:Part of the
5464:Part of the
5410:Part of the
5356:Part of the
5302:Part of the
5248:Part of the
5194:Part of the
5005:Part of the
4498:Émile Combes
4453:Émile Combes
4408:Émile Combes
4363:Émile Combes
4147:First round
4112:(since 2014)
4064:Yves Galland
3962:André Renard
3944:Émile Combes
3938:Ernest Vallé
3914:Émile Combes
3883:
3875:(Nord-Ouest)
3823:(Yvelines),
3815:(Bas-Rhin),
3803:(Bas-Rhin),
3793:Robert Lecou
3775:(Bas-Rhin),
3722:
3710:The Alliance
3703:
3692:The Alliance
3675:
3635:
3616:
3589:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3517:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3473:(PS) leader
3464:
3449:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3407:
3397:
3393:
3371:
3362:
3343:
3339:Algerian War
3320:
3297:
3266:
3259:
3250:Paul Reynaud
3238:Vichy regime
3227:
3213:
3202:Paul Reynaud
3195:
3188:
3173:Nazi Germany
3162:
3154:
3138:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3093:
3081:
3079:
3039:
3016:Sacred Union
3014:
3008:
2997:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2951:Émile Combes
2944:
2934:
2925:Émile Combes
2918:
2912:
2901:Emile Combes
2894:
2886:
2882:Radical Left
2839:
2796:
2777:
2738:
2719:
2680:
2654:presidential
2646:The Alliance
2630:centre-right
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2543:
2531:
2529:
2452:
2446:
2406:
2405:
2360:
2291:Doctrinaires
2279:
2278:
2258:
2218:
2076:
2021:
2014:
1890:
1625:Spain (1977)
1620:Spain (1934)
1496:
1474:Radical Left
1275:New Liberals
1188:The Mountain
1052:Democrats 66
949:Centre Union
796:Mill (James)
781:Lloyd George
272:Renew Europe
222:
205:Centre-right
180:
177:(since 2017)
154:
102:Headquarters
44:
6656:Renaissance
6547:(in French)
6005:Paris Match
5904:French Left
5783:Opposition
5699:10,289,737
5651:10,029,669
5621:Opposition
5513:Opposition
5405:Opposition
5297:Opposition
5243:Opposition
5189:Opposition
5144:Opposition
4955:Opposition
4910:Opposition
4106:(2007–2014)
4090:(2003–2005)
4084:(1999–2003)
4078:(1997–1999)
4072:(1993–1997)
4066:(1988–1993)
4060:(1983–1988)
4054:(1979–1983)
4048:(1977–1979)
4042:(1975–1977)
4036:(1971–1975)
4030:(1969–1971)
4024:(1965–1969)
4018:(1961–1965)
4012:(1958–1961)
4006:(1957–1958)
4000:(1944–1957)
3994:(1936–1944)
3988:(1931–1936)
3982:(1927–1931)
3976:(1920–1927)
3970:(1919–1920)
3964:(1918–1919)
3958:(1917–1918)
3952:(1913–1917)
3946:(1910–1913)
3940:(1909–1910)
3934:(1908–1909)
3928:(1907–1908)
3922:(1906–1907)
3916:(1905–1906)
3910:(1904–1905)
3904:(1903–1904)
3898:(1902–1903)
3896:Jean Dubief
3892:(1901–1902)
3831:(Moselle),
3811:(Essonne),
3807:(Aveyron),
3795:(HĂ©rault),
3777:Jean Grenet
3773:Alain Ferry
3723:During the
3676:During the
3659:Alain Ferry
3570:and of the
3425:sinistrisme
3323:Edgar Faure
3285:Third Force
3169:Sudetenland
3116:The second
3056:(SFIO) and
3011:World War I
2973:clericalism
2819:Legitimists
2730:Louis Blanc
2668:coalition.
2658:legislative
2454:Sinistrisme
2401:Le Parisien
2269:Renaissance
2198:Tocqueville
2183:Montesquieu
2047:Dreyfusards
1770:Switzerland
1397:Radicales K
1365:South Korea
1285:Parti rouge
1240:More Europe
1200:Left Centre
993:Clear Grits
836:Robespierre
776:La Follette
594:Rationalism
249:(2017–2021)
244:(2012–2017)
239:(2011–2012)
234:(2002–2011)
229:(1978–2002)
223:Historical:
207:(1972–2017)
202:(1944–1972)
197:(1913–1944)
195:Centre-left
181:Historical:
155:Historical:
130:Membership
6745:Categories
6722:See also:
6712:ReconquĂŞte
6175:27 October
6149:27 October
5987:References
5882:Coalition
5858:8,002,419
5852:5,857,364
5828:Coalition
5729:Coalition
5705:9,460,710
5675:Coalition
5645:8,408,023
5597:5,323,177
5591:3,601,279
5567:Coalition
5543:5,331,935
5537:4,855,274
5489:4,299,370
5483:4,519,459
5459:Coalition
5429:2,330,072
5381:3,489,363
5375:4,827,437
5351:Coalition
5327:5,907,603
5321:6,128,849
5273:1,631,978
5267:2,967,481
5219:3,097,338
5213:3,660,250
5165:4,505,329
5159:4,207,166
5120:1,172,711
5114:1,429,649
5099:Coalition
5075:1,398,409
5069:2,695,287
5054:Coalition
5024:2,381,385
5000:Coalition
4970:1,887,583
4925:2,381,385
4880:2,295,119
4865:Coalition
4835:2,018,665
4820:Coalition
4790:1,422,611
4775:Coalition
4745:1,836,991
4730:Coalition
4700:1,682,543
4676:Coalition
4646:1,612,581
4622:Coalition
4592:1,420,381
4577:Coalition
4547:1,530,188
4532:Coalition
4502:1,727,064
4487:Coalition
4457:2,514,508
4442:Coalition
4397:Coalition
3880:Leadership
3857:(Cantal),
3805:Alain Marc
3763:(Loiret),
3757:Paul Aubry
3714:New Centre
3359:Resistance
3347:Guy Mollet
3242:Riom Trial
3215:Blitzkrieg
3190:L'Humanité
3071:monarchist
2993:income tax
2854:income tax
2815:Orléanists
2614:secularism
2117:Clemenceau
1969:Principles
1950:Jacobinism
1572:Luxembourg
1512:Luxembourg
1457:Luxembourg
1133:GroenLinks
1074:(elements)
986:HĂ©bertists
981:Dantonists
976:Cordeliers
944:Blue Party
856:Saint-Just
826:Papandreou
711:Clemenceau
706:Cartwright
614:Secularism
609:Revolution
533:Jacobinism
419:Radicalism
150:Liberalism
111:Youth wing
94:1901-06-23
6699:Far-right
6286:144278218
6144:Le Figaro
6123:19 August
5970:In French
4804:111 / 612
4759:157 / 605
4714:120 / 602
4660:139 / 584
4561:140 / 592
4516:148 / 587
4471:132 / 585
4426:104 / 589
4381:104 / 589
4142:Position
3819:(DrĂ´me),
3789:Yves JĂ©go
3755:(Paris),
3553:valoisien
3510:valoisien
3503:valoisien
3479:Communist
3308:Indochina
3246:LĂ©on Blum
3145:LĂ©on Blum
2848:prompted
2618:left-wing
2396:L'Opinion
2386:Le Figaro
2381:Les Echos
2306:Girondins
2147:de Gouges
2137:Fallières
2132:Doumergue
2122:Condorcet
1928:Orléanism
1918:Classical
1714:By region
871:Venizelos
841:Roosevelt
831:Plastiras
811:Mossadegh
761:Jefferson
731:Garibaldi
572:Modernity
396:Elections
190:Left-wing
120:LGBT wing
74:President
6679:Horizons
6592:Far-left
6522:29 March
6485:12 March
6458:12 March
6432:Archived
6415:12 March
6393:12 March
6170:Le Monde
6042:14 March
6010:14 March
5964:in JSTOR
5898:See also
5889:Ensemble
5804:551,784
5798:687,225
5759:311,199
5753:321,124
5713:16 / 577
5551:14 / 577
5227:15 / 487
5173:24 / 487
5128:42 / 485
5083:37 / 576
5038:54 / 544
4984:67 / 544
4939:55 / 544
4894:39 / 522
4849:60 / 586
4606:86 / 616
4412:853,140
4367:853,140
4330:74 / 585
4315:Unknown
4283:10 / 566
4268:Unknown
4236:69 / 576
4221:Unknown
4190:40 / 584
4175:Unknown
3839:Senators
3787:(Nord),
3767:(Nord),
3745:Deputies
3477:and his
3458:for the
3351:Cold War
3229:Massilia
3220:Bordeaux
3120:won the
3067:Catholic
2749:Montagne
2683:Napoleon
2554:), is a
2413:L'Aurore
2391:Le Monde
2301:Jacobins
2203:Voltaire
2188:Poincaré
2142:Gambetta
2127:Constant
2078:Lumières
1940:National
1935:Economic
1923:Orthodox
1883:a series
1755:Paraguay
1720:Bulgaria
1462:Paraguay
1417:Bulgaria
1093:Far Left
846:Rosselli
756:Hobhouse
641:Suffrage
577:Populism
460:Chartism
411:a series
409:Part of
312:10 / 348
218:Ensemble
185:Far-left
142:Ideology
6370:15 June
6091:Dtom.fr
5955:(1979).
5924:(2009)
5866:5 / 577
5812:3 / 577
5767:6 / 577
5659:9 / 577
5605:3 / 577
5497:3 / 577
5443:7 / 577
5389:2 / 491
5335:9 / 491
5281:4 / 490
4916:II 1946
4133:Leader
3853:(Ain),
3614:(RPR).
3582:(RPR).
3532:to the
3524:in the
3386:Algiers
3312:Tunisia
3226:in the
3224:Morocco
3009:During
2968:laïcité
2672:History
2556:liberal
2447:Laïcité
2215:Parties
2164:(early)
2112:Brissot
2107:Bastiat
2041:History
2010:Laicism
1945:Radical
1912:Schools
1787:Related
1760:Romania
1745:Hungary
1735:Ecuador
1730:Denmark
1577:Estonia
1542:Finland
1502:Hungary
1492:Bolivia
1437:Ukraine
1422:Estonia
1360:Belgium
1183:Jacobin
876:Virchow
861:Stevens
806:Mommsen
786:Mazzini
771:Leclerc
766:Lacombe
716:Cobbett
696:BolĂvar
691:Bentham
686:AtatĂĽrk
663:Welfare
619:Laicité
427:History
361:Website
298:4 / 577
278:Colours
92: (
84:Founded
6648:Centre
6361:
6341:(1974)
6284:
6114:
6069:
5981:online
5948:(1988)
5941:(1964)
5934:(1980)
5861:38.57
5855:25.75
5708:46.36
5702:39.54
5654:47.26
5648:33.30
5600:20.77
5594:14.21
5546:25.84
5540:19.08
5492:21.18
5486:18.50
5384:18.68
5378:19.20
5330:23.19
5324:21.46
5270:12.51
5222:21.25
5216:16.53
5168:24.08
5162:18.79
5072:13.15
5027:12.40
4973:11.13
4928:12.40
4883:11.54
4871:I 1946
4838:10.54
4793:14.45
4748:19.18
4703:17.77
4649:17.86
4595:17.43
4550:18.15
4505:20.45
4460:28.53
4415:10.14
4370:10.14
4139:Seats
4136:Votes
3865:(Gers)
3388:while
2890:caucus
2805:, the
2792:mayors
2687:empire
2567:France
2548:French
2536:French
2407:Former
2366:BFM TV
2361:Active
2326:(1871)
2320:(1848)
2280:Former
2219:Active
2193:Thiers
2168:Macron
2091:People
1957:Social
1740:France
1657:ROSSEM
1552:Turkey
1547:Norway
1497:France
1123:Foxite
903:Groups
886:Wilson
881:Wilkes
866:Varlet
751:HĂ©bert
741:Godwin
736:George
675:People
354:0 / 95
340:0 / 17
326:2 / 79
306:Senate
282:
200:Centre
175:Centre
132:(2014)
124:GayLib
6671:Right
6582:Main
6282:S2CID
6036:(PDF)
6029:(PDF)
5807:3.04
5801:3.03
5762:1.35
5756:1.24
5432:8.31
5276:6.96
5123:7.69
5078:7.77
4165:Size
4130:Date
2583:PRRRS
2357:Media
2152:Grévy
2097:Alain
1765:Spain
1750:Italy
1725:Chile
1630:Italy
1507:Italy
1432:Spain
1427:India
816:Paine
746:Green
721:Dewey
701:Bryan
482:Ideas
285:Mauve
136:7,925
6730:and
6615:Left
6524:2018
6487:2013
6460:2013
6417:2013
6395:2013
6372:2023
6359:ISBN
6177:2017
6151:2017
6125:2012
6112:ISBN
6067:ISBN
6044:2017
6012:2017
5879:1st
5843:2022
5825:5th
5789:2017
5780:9th
5744:2012
5726:1st
5690:2007
5672:1st
5636:2002
5618:3rd
5582:1997
5564:2nd
5528:1993
5510:4th
5474:1988
5456:4th
5420:1986
5402:3rd
5366:1981
5348:2nd
5312:1978
5294:4th
5258:1973
5240:2nd
5204:1968
5186:2nd
5150:1967
5141:3rd
5117:7.8
5105:1962
5096:5th
5060:1958
5051:5th
5015:1956
4997:6th
4961:1951
4952:5th
4907:5th
4862:5th
4826:1945
4817:3rd
4781:1936
4772:1st
4736:1932
4727:3rd
4691:1928
4673:2nd
4637:1924
4619:2nd
4583:1919
4574:1st
4538:1914
4529:1st
4493:1910
4484:1st
4448:1906
4439:3rd
4403:1902
4394:3rd
4358:1902
4311:1898
4264:1893
4217:1889
4171:1885
4096:and
3869:MEPs
3682:MEPs
3669:and
3657:and
3649:and
3629:and
3073:and
3048:and
2903:and
2856:and
2790:and
2769:coup
2728:and
2656:and
2612:and
2593:and
2558:and
2530:The
2224:Agir
2157:Hugo
2102:Aron
1527:2018
1522:1863
1323:1990
1318:1919
1313:1881
917:1942
912:1853
851:Roux
681:Alem
237:ARES
6274:doi
5777:10
5615:11
5561:11
5291:11
5183:18
5093:17
5048:13
4994:12
4949:16
4904:31
4859:51
4814:46
4769:37
4724:19
4670:53
4616:54
4526:16
4481:28
4436:30
4391:30
4349:As
4340:64
4302:As
4293:59
4255:As
4246:29
4208:As
3171:to
3147:as
2935:At
2685:'s
2595:PRV
2587:Rad
2565:in
726:Fox
370:.fr
242:UDI
232:UMP
227:UDF
6747::
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6515:.
6280:.
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5399:6
5345:5
5237:9
5138:5
5033:–
5030:–
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4931:–
4889:–
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4844:–
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4796:–
4754:–
4751:–
4709:–
4706:–
4655:–
4652:–
4601:–
4598:–
4571:8
4556:–
4553:–
4511:–
4508:–
4466:–
4463:–
4421:–
4418:–
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4373:–
4325:–
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4278:–
4275:–
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4185:–
4182:–
4162:±
4159:#
4156:%
4150:%
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