2043:("Front of Liberty") with the objective of unifying the right in opposition to the Popular Front. Although the Republican Federation, followed by several small right-wing parties that stood to lose little from allying themselves to the more extremist PPF, quickly accepted Doriot's proposal, it was rejected both by the moderate Democratic Alliance and by La Rocque, who identified the Front as an attempt to "annex" the popularity of his party. His insistence on the PSF's independence got La Rocque attacked violently by other figures on the right, including former Croix-de-Feu members who had abandoned the more moderate Social Party.
451:
1948:
53:
1876:, which had traditionally lacked a formal membership structure and relied instead on the support of notables, the PSF aggressively courted an extensive membership among the middle and lower classes. By 1940, the PSF had become not only France's first right-wing mass party but also the nation's largest party in terms of membership: over 700,000 members (and more than a million according to some historians), it eclipsed even the traditionally mass-based
2444:
1794:
2034:(PPF), which incorporated nationalist, virulently-anticommunist and openly-fascist tendencies. Founded, like the PSF, in June 1936, the PPF enjoyed initial success and attracted a membership of 295,000, according to the party's own statistics by early 1938. With the continued growth of the PSF, however, the PPF fell into decline, which parallelled the demise of the Popular Front to which it had largely been a reaction.
2257:. The death of La Rocque in 1946 deprived the party of unifying leadership, however, and the prewar popularity that it had hoped to exploit never materialised. Though the PRSRF had effectively disappeared by 1956, with the schism that year of the RGR into centre-left and centre-right groups, some of its members would later continue their political careers within the conservative
2458:
1806:
408:'s government outlaw paramilitary groups on 6 December 1935. Although that decision was succeeded by the law of 10 January 1936 regulating militias and combat organizations, the law was only partially implemented. Of all the leagues, only Action Française was dissolved, and the Croix-de-Feu was allowed to continue its activities essentially unimpeded. After the victory of the
2182:("Klan Network") in 1942 as a means of coordinating intelligence-gathering activities among PSF members. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that he could convince PĂ©tain to abandon his collaborationist line and so he requested and was granted three meetings with the Marshal in early 1943. Two days after their last meeting, on 9 March, La Rocque was arrested by the
2428:, who argue that the Croix-de-Feu and the PSF were partially-realized manifestations of a distinctively-French fascism, their political potential but not their tactics of organization and mobilisation, which was destroyed by the German invasion and thus permanently discredited. Sternhell, pointing to the democratic path to power followed by the
2021:
to the centre, which demonstrated to
Federation and PSF leaders alike the undesirability of co-existence. Thus, although the two parties were in fact in agreement on many questions of ideology, notably their defense of the far-right leagues, the PSF was viewed by the long-established Federation as a rival "to its own electoral fortunes".
2373:
from representing a French form of fascism in the face of the
Popular Front, La Rocque helped to safeguard France from fascism" by diverting the support of the middle classes away from more extremist alternatives. Jacques Nobécourt made similar assertions: "La Rocque spared France from a pre-war experiment with totalitarianism".
2385:" and dismissed by RĂ©mond as "political boy scouting for adults") outwardly similar to that employed by the more overtly fascist of the right-wing leagues. Furthermore, La Rocque continued to defend the leagues' activities even in the face of their condemnation by the parties of the established moderate right (though not the
2006:, and its falling under the influence of the "fascist" right was viewed by Popular Front leaders as a serious threat to the stability of the republic. The PSF, for its part, actively courted the middle classes and argued that their traditional Radical defenders had abandoned them by supporting the Popular Front.
381:, La Rocque forbade its members from involving themselves in the subsequent riot, thus demonstrating a respect for republican legality that the PSF would also uphold as one of its essential political principles. La Rocque, who had previously maintained a certain mystique with regard to his attitude towards the
2372:
writes that "the PSF was more anti-parliamentarian than anti-republican". More recently, Lacouture wrote, "La Rocque's movement was neither fascist nor extremist". Furthermore, RĂ©mond identified the PSF, at least in part, as a populist and social-Catholic "antidote" to French fascism. He wrote, "Far
2020:
in which the
Federation candidate, after being behind the PSF candidate in the first round, initially refused to stand down and support the latter in the runoff round. The rancor of the feuding parties, despite the Federation candidate's eventual endorsement of the PSF, resulted in the seat falling
1854:
The PSF inherited the large popular base of the Croix-de-Feu (450,000 members in June, 1936, most of them having joined since 1934) and, mirroring the contemporary
Popular Front, achieved considerable success in mobilizing it through a variety of associated organizations: sporting societies, labour
400:
Nevertheless, critics of the left and centre denounced the Croix-de-Feu, together with the other leagues, as fascist organizations. A desire to defend the republic was not their sole motivation. Politicians of the centre-right and left alike opposed La Rocque because of the perceived threat of his
2197:
As with nearly all other political parties that had existed under the Third
Republic, the PSF produced both collaborators with and resisters of the Vichy regime. In most cases, individual circumstances dictated more ambiguous loyalties and actions. Although former PSF deputy
1976:
between 1936 and 1939. Two deputies of other right-wing parliamentary groups defected to the party. The true measure of the party's electoral potential, however, came with the municipal elections of 1938–1939 in which it won 15% of votes nationally. As a result of the
2145:, as the legitimate French authorities in opposition to Vichy, which also claimed constitutional legitimacy although some members of the PSF, such as Charles Vallin, joined the Free French. However, La Rocque was hostile to Vichy's enthusiastic collaboration with the
369:
and the reform of parliamentary procedure. The party's programme would further develop the same themes by advocating "the association of capital and labour", a traditional platitude of French conservatism, and the reform of France's political institutions along
1981:
law passed by the
Chamber in June 1939, that promised to translate into approximately 100 deputies in the legislative elections planned for 1940. By 1939, the party's elected officials, its 11 deputies aside, included nearly 3000 mayors, 541
2202:, for instance, served in the first Vichy government under PĂ©tain as Minister for Veterans and the Family, he resigned his post in 1940 and was in 1943 arrested and deported because of his efforts in helping Resistance members to cross the
2322:(RPF), like the MRP, enthusiastically adopted the mass-based model of organization and mobilization that had been pioneered by the PSF, a sharp and permanent break from the cadre-based parties of the prewar classical right.
2126:
La Rocque's attitude towards the Vichy government was initially ambiguous. As stated, he continued to affirm his loyalty to PĂ©tain and was amenable to certain of the more moderate aspects of Vichy's reactionary program, the
2393:, which was considered synonymous with French republicanism by most leftist and centrist politicians, marked it as inherently anti-republican and thus "fascist" in the period's political discourse in their opinions.
2104:, fearing that the imminent electoral campaign would distract the Chamber of Deputies from the business of national defence, used the decree powers granted him by the Chamber to extend its term until May 1942.
2376:
The lasting confusion over the "fascist" tendencies of the PSF can be ascribed in part to two factors. Firstly, the PSF's predecessor, the Croix-de-Feu, had aspired to a paramilitary aesthetic (described by
2336:
Historical debate over the PSF, like its predecessor, the Croix-de-Feu, has been driven by the question of whether they can be considered in at least some respects as the manifestations of a "French
1955:
Chamber of
Deputies (1936–40). PSF deputies sat originally with the Independent Republicans group (included on this diagram as part of the right) but left it to compose their own group in 1938.
2077:. With the prospect of a PSF breakthrough in the 1940 elections in mind, the Independent Radicals sought to cooperate with the new force; for their part, the PSF deputies voted confidence in
3092:
2279:
Despite the postwar insignificance of the party itself, elements of the PSF's and La Rocque's ideology strongly influenced the political formations of right and the centre during the
2009:
Despite that demographic threat, however, the PSF generated the most fervent hostility within the parties of the established parliamentary right, most notably the conservative
3117:
2081:'s Radical government in April 1938. With the collapse of the Popular Front the PSF-Radical alliance seemed inevitable to many on the left, with the Socialist newspaper
2300:
1836:
1123:
326:
veterans' organization that had been founded in 1927 and, by the early 1930s, had emerged as the largest and one of the most influential of interwar France's numerous
116:
1998:
Of all the PSF's successes, it was the party's popularity among the middle classes, the peasants, shopkeepers, and clerical workers, who had been hardest hit by the
1877:
3112:
2160:
1023:
2123:(French Social Progress) and took on the form of a social aid organisation because of the occupation authorities' prohibition of organised political activities.
2085:
writing in 1938 that "the PSF-Radical bloc has become a reality of political life". However, that observation appeared premature to most contemporary observers.
1073:
2055:
of June 1936. Although the
Republican Federation, at least, was consistent in its opposition to Popular Front policies, the Democratic Alliance and the small,
3097:
2258:
1383:
397:) along with racism (with regard to which he explicitly rejected anti-Semitism) and class struggle, as the principal obstacles to "national reconciliation".
1327:
3127:
2246:
2476:
2331:
2283:. La Rocque had advised his followers to create "a third party, sincerely republican and very bold from a social perspective" — by which he meant
914:
3122:
3107:
1103:
3102:
2242:
1778:
1829:
1245:
1210:
844:
3087:
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Loin d'avoir représenté une forme française du fascisme devant le Front populaire, La Rocque contribua à préserver la France du fascisme
2432:, also made the argument that La Rocque's apparent respect for republican legality is not enough to disqualify his movement as fascist.
1538:
230:
2991:
2274:
2142:
2073:, gathering right-wing Radical parliamentarians, constituted the most effective opposition to the Popular Front, particularly in the
2059:
1420:
2782:
2151:
2306:
PSF ideology, particularly its corporatist emphasis on the association of capital and labour and its advocacy of a strong stable
2254:
2250:
1969:
1113:
413:
2560:
François de La Rocque. "Bulletin d'information du PSF du 8 juillet 1938, discours au Congrés PSF de
Marseille, le 8 juin 1937",
1822:
1503:
432:
3070:
864:
2223:, La Rocque and his remaining followers, principally Pierre de Léotard, André Portier, and Jean de Mierry, established the
2288:
2232:
2231:
and intended as the official successor of the PSF. On the initiative of LĂ©otard, the PRSRF participated in the right-wing
929:
814:
756:
2002:. They generated the most fear from the left. That demographic had historically been one of the primary bastions of the
1873:
1593:
1465:
491:
161:
138:
894:
2171:
1978:
1855:
organizations and leisure and vacation camps. PSF members also orchestrated the development of "professional unions" (
1415:
719:
2030:
1600:
1292:
789:
2976:
2319:
1999:
1965:
1403:
1195:
1143:
1033:
450:
2409:
2404:, associates the party and its leader with a "revolutionary right" tradition that owes its political heritage to
1983:
1524:
1495:
1460:
1373:
1220:
2291:, but for some former PSF loyalists and sympathizers, the statement applied more accurately to the newly-formed
2115:, La Rocque denounced it as defeatist and anti-Semitic, but he still proclaimed his personal loyalty to Marshal
1749:
420:, on 18 June. Within weeks, on 7 July, La Rocque founded the French Social Party to succeed the defunct league.
2492:
1393:
1013:
576:
2486:
1312:
944:
270:
63:
2129:
2052:
1588:
1435:
1133:
1053:
949:
834:
515:
2296:
2280:
2063:
2003:
1952:
1881:
1654:
1517:
1450:
1378:
631:
440:
409:
378:
281:
2039:
1277:
2386:
2368:
tradition in French right-wing politics, populist and anti-parliamentarian but hardly fascist. Milza in
2315:
2098:
2010:
1869:
1759:
1739:
1455:
984:
729:
687:
668:
581:
382:
263:
174:
1633:
2062:(PDP) were reluctant to criticise the government to prevent the sabotage of their efforts to lure the
1903:
401:
success in mobilising a mass base within their traditional particularly working-class constituencies.
3066:
2390:
2220:
2070:
1647:
1332:
1153:
1063:
889:
766:
724:
643:
470:
412:, which had included in its electoral programme a promise to dissolve the right-wing leagues in the
2449:
2307:
2292:
2101:
2078:
2056:
1926:
1918:
1862:
1798:
1488:
1430:
1287:
1262:
1205:
751:
657:
496:
371:
366:
339:
285:
235:
198:
2396:
A number of foreign historians, however, have questioned those defences of La Rocque and the PSF.
2149:
occupiers and forbade PSF members from participating in Vichy-sponsored organisations such as the
1640:
2138:
1892:
1744:
1692:
1668:
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202:
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166:
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1083:
869:
3044:
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2951:
2471:
2421:
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2341:
2167:
2134:
1987:
1947:
1754:
1713:
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1235:
1225:
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626:
327:
313:
277:
2984:
Reconciling France
Against Democracy: The Croix-de-Feu and the Parti Social Français, 1927-45
2774:Éric Duhamel. "Matériaux pour l'histoire du Rassemblement des Gauches Républicaines (RGR)",
2295:
Popular Republican Movement (Mouvement RĂ©publicain Populaire, MRP) and, for others (notably
2199:
2133:, notably its corporatism and social policies. The PSF further refused to recognize General
2074:
1706:
1445:
1363:
1307:
1302:
1257:
954:
809:
804:
707:
297:
293:
52:
1861:), envisioned as a means of organising management against labour militancy, which espoused
2786:
2481:
2097:
of 1939 deprived the PSF of the chance to make serious inroads in parliament. On 30 July,
2013:. The tensions between the Federation and the PSF were demonstrated as early as 1937 by a
1563:
1554:
1531:
1358:
1317:
1252:
1200:
1043:
979:
939:
904:
829:
819:
607:
477:
386:
251:
38:
1908:
1337:
1931:
3058:
2779:
2397:
2353:
2187:
2108:
2025:
1914:
1733:
1626:
1440:
1322:
1272:
1230:
1215:
989:
899:
854:
849:
824:
761:
616:
571:
506:
358:
186:
3081:
2463:
2413:
2349:
2094:
2051:
The major parties of the right fell in disarray after their electoral defeat and the
1810:
1398:
1388:
1368:
1240:
974:
859:
839:
680:
621:
416:
of May 1936, the government issued a decree banning the Croix-de-Feu, along with the
17:
1897:
3023:
3011:
2937:
2425:
2417:
2357:
2310:
to replace the parliamentary republic, would also contribute to the development of
2146:
2112:
1922:
1581:
964:
959:
934:
919:
771:
673:
652:
539:
405:
394:
390:
354:
319:
309:
274:
106:
2512:
Jacques Nobécourt, lecture at the Academy of Rouen, 7 February 1998; published in
994:
546:
1887:
The party's central committee included its president, La Rocque, vice-presidents
296:, it experienced considerable initial success but disappeared in the wake of the
2958:
2365:
2237:
2017:
1973:
1888:
1771:
1764:
714:
600:
532:
527:
501:
350:
323:
266:
178:
2979:, 1988. Specifically, see Chapter 9, 'The view from the right', p. 249-68.
2955:
French Conservatism in Crisis: The Republican Federation of France in the 1930s
2679:
P. Machefer. "L'Union des droites, le PSF et le Front de la Liberté, 1936-37",
318:
La Rocque envisioned the PSF as the more explicitly-political successor of the
2725:
The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry Into the Fall of France in 1940
2439:
2429:
2405:
1682:
662:
636:
2972:
2800:
Un tiers parti, franchement républicain, très hardi d'un point de vue social
1661:
588:
553:
2987:
2311:
2270:
2203:
2014:
1675:
744:
522:
486:
289:
182:
2337:
2227:(Social Republican Party of French Reconciliation), known generally as
2191:
2186:
during a nationwide roundup of over 100 PSF leaders. Deported first to
2183:
1884:
Parties (202,000 and 288,000 members, respectively, in December 1936).
595:
342:, it espoused the political goals elaborated by La Rocque in his tract
2710:
Cited in Nobécourt (1996), p. 1063, note 58. In the original French: "
3038:
2712:
le bloc PSF-Radicaux devient une réalité courante de la vie politique
2156:
2874:
La Rocque Ă©vita Ă la France l'aventure du totalitarisme avant guerre
2778:, â„– 5 (1998-99), p. 178. The article is available for download here
385:, explicitly rallied to it and denounced in a speech on 23 May 1936
2400:, criticising RĂ©mond's classification of the PSF as Bonapartist in
3052:
3034:
3019:
2945:
1946:
1620:
215:
127:
3031:
Le colonel de La Rocque, ou les pièges du nationalisme chrétien
2599:
P. Machefer. "Les Syndicats professionels français (1936-39)",
2166:
In August 1940, La Rocque began actively to participate in the
377:
Though the Croix-de-Feu participated in the demonstrations of
2859:
RĂ©mond (1968). In the original French of the 1952 edition: "
374:
lines to bolster the stability and authority of the state.
2969:
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38
2645:
2643:
2588:
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38
2666:
2664:
2314:, culminating in the establishment of the presidential
2225:
Parti Républicain Social de la Réconciliation Française
2611:
2609:
404:
The disruptive nature of the leagues' activities made
330:. Though the Croix-de-Feu had adopted as its slogan "
3004:
Machefer, P. "Le Parti social français en 1936-37",
2364:, identifies the PSF instead as an offshoot of the
1964:Six members of the nascent PSF were elected to the
208:
192:
160:
149:
133:
122:
112:
102:
84:
69:
59:
32:
3063:Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France
2896:Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France
2402:Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France
2037:In March 1937, Doriot proposed the formation of a
1868:Unlike established right-wing parties such as the
2748:
2746:
2577:(Louisiana State University Press, 1979), p. 93.
2301:Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance
117:Republican Social Party of French Reconciliation
2360:, have rejected that assertion. RĂ©mond, in his
1994:Competition with established right-wing parties
3093:Political parties of the French Third Republic
1384:National Centre of Independents & Peasants
1024:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
1830:
1074:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
300:in 1940 and was not refounded after the war.
8:
2942:Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme
2922:Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme
2798:Nobécourt (1998). In the original French: "
2416:. That minority view is partially shared by
2259:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
2024:A second victim of the PSF's popularity was
1856:
1769:
1598:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1486:
705:
678:
641:
605:
586:
537:
513:
475:
424:Political success and co-operation (1936–40)
2872:Nobécourt (1998). In the original French: "
2525:P. Machefer. "Les Croix-de-Feu 1927-1936",
2170:by transmitting information to the British
2813:L'UDSR ou la genèse de François Mitterrand
2194:, he returned to France only in May 1945.
1837:
1823:
427:
51:
29:
2997:Machefer, P. "Les Croix-de-Feu 1927-36",
2961:: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.
2681:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
2318:in 1958. The postwar Gaullist party, the
3118:Political parties disestablished in 1940
2477:History of far right movements in France
2332:History of far-right movements in France
334:" ("Social First") as a counter to the "
2898:(University of California Press, 1995).
2505:
2389:). Secondly, the PSF's condemnation of
1865:and claimed 1,000,000 members by 1938.
439:
1499:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)
3113:Political parties established in 1936
1779:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau
7:
2738:Mitterrand, une histoire de Français
288:mass party, prefiguring the rise of
3098:Defunct political parties in France
1539:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire
273:, following the dissolution of his
269:political party founded in 1936 by
2909:Fascismes français? : 1933-39
2178:("Alibi Network") and forming the
2143:National Council of the Resistance
1850:Organisation and mass mobilisation
25:
2496:, PSF motto appropriated by Vichy
1972:, and three more were elected in
1421:French Agrarian and Peasant Party
3128:1940 disestablishments in France
2456:
2442:
2241:) coalition in the elections of
2047:Rapprochement with Radical Party
1936:. The party had two newspapers:
1804:
1792:
449:
304:Background and origins (1927–36)
2992:McGill-Queen's University Press
2275:Mouvement RĂ©publicain Populaire
2066:into a centre-right coalition.
1504:Initiative and Liberty Movement
3071:University of California Press
2765:(Columbia, 2001), note p. 212.
2562:Bulletin des Amis de La Rocque
1:
3123:1936 establishments in France
3108:Right-wing populism in France
2841:(Armand Colin, 1988), p. 132.
2575:French Conservatism in Crisis
2289:Rally of the Republican Lefts
2233:Rally of the Republican Lefts
2111:and the establishment of the
27:Political party in France
3103:Right-wing parties in France
2683:, Vol. 17 (1970), p. 112-26.
2089:Wartime activities (1940–45)
1466:Union for a Popular Movement
1114:The Future of Intelligentsia
2172:Secret Intelligence Service
2161:Legion of French Volunteers
2152:Service d'Ordre LĂ©gionnaire
1979:proportional representation
284:government. France's first
3144:
3088:French nationalist parties
2624:Jackson (1988), p. 219-20.
2590:(Cambridge, 1988), p. 252.
2329:
2320:Rally of the French People
2268:
2219:In August 1945, after the
2119:, and the PSF was renamed
1404:VIA, the Way of the People
1144:The Tears of the White Man
1034:The Genius of Christianity
307:
3055:: Aubier-Montaigne, 1968.
2828:(Aubier-Montaigne, 1968).
2776:Recherches contemporaines
2727:(New York, 1969), p. 434.
2649:Nobécourt (1996), p. 647.
2410:revolutionary syndicalism
2174:via Georges Charaudeau's
1525:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
418:Mouvement social français
221:
73:10 January 1936
50:
2850:Lacouture (1998), p. 29.
2740:(Le Seuil, 1998), p. 55.
2493:Travail, Famille, Patrie
2285:Réconciliation Française
2229:Réconciliation Française
2210:Postwar legacy (1945–58)
2060:Popular Democratic Party
2031:Parti Populaire Français
1601:Service d'Action Civique
1014:Considerations on France
577:Catholic social teaching
431:This article is part of
338:" ("Politics First") of
3016:La France des années 30
2885:Jackson (1988), p. 253.
2839:La France des années 30
2701:Jackson (1988), p. 257.
2670:Jackson (1988), p. 255.
2637:(Fayard, 1996), p. 646.
2615:Jackson (1988), p. 254.
2538:François de La Rocque.
2529:, â„– 1 (1972), p. 28-33.
2370:La France des années 30
2121:Progrès Social Français
2004:Radical-Socialist Party
1858:syndicats professionels
1799:Conservatism portal
1589:Independent Republicans
1436:Independent Republicans
1134:Violence and the Sacred
1054:St Petersburg Dialogues
414:parliamentary elections
353:, the institution of a
194:Political position
3006:Information historique
2999:Information historique
2658:Irvine (1979), p. 157.
2527:Information historique
2265:Ideological successors
1956:
1857:
1770:
1599:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1537:
1523:
1509:
1496:Carrefour de l'Horloge
1487:
1451:Rally for the Republic
1379:Future with Confidence
706:
679:
642:
606:
587:
538:
514:
476:
442:Conservatism in France
255:
90:; 84 years ago
42:
2948:: Albin Michel, 2003.
2924:(Albin Michel, 2003).
2487:François de La Rocque
2387:Republican Federation
2340:". Most contemporary
2215:Official continuation
2099:French Prime Minister
2011:Republican Federation
1950:
1870:Republican Federation
1760:Immigrant criminality
1740:Clerical philosophers
1456:Republican Federation
1124:The Reign of Quantity
815:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet
730:Thermidorian Reaction
688:Traditional authority
492:Political Catholicism
271:François de La Rocque
256:Parti Social Français
175:National conservatism
64:François de La Rocque
43:Parti Social Français
18:Parti social français
3029:Nobécourt, Jacques.
2299:), the left-liberal
2293:Christian democratic
2221:Liberation of France
2130:RĂ©volution Nationale
2071:Independent Radicals
2057:Christian democratic
1988:municipal councilors
1750:French–German enmity
1154:The Tyranny of Guilt
1064:Democracy in America
767:Second French Empire
516:RĂ©volution nationale
3049:La Droite en France
2826:La Droite en France
2633:Jacques Nobécourt,
2573:William D. Irvine.
2450:conservatism portal
2362:La Droite en France
2308:presidential regime
2297:François Mitterrand
2040:Front de la Liberté
1966:Chamber of Deputies
1874:Democratic Alliance
1863:class collaboration
1655:La Nation française
1431:Movement for France
1426:French Social Party
1246:Political positions
1236:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
865:Fustel de Coulanges
757:Bourbon Restoration
752:Second White Terror
497:Christian democracy
248:French Social Party
35:French Social Party
2952:Irvine, William D.
2911:(Autrement, 2004).
2785:2008-07-16 at the
2761:Robert O. Paxton.
2603:(1982), p. 90-112.
1984:general councilors
1957:
1745:European New Right
1669:Le Figaro Magazine
1634:Famille chrétienne
1511:La Manif pour tous
1164:The French Suicide
790:Barbey d'Aurevilly
740:Companions of Jehu
735:First White Terror
582:Counter-revolution
466:French nationalism
226:Politics of France
171:Social Catholicism
167:French nationalism
2752:Nobécourt (1998).
2551:La Rocque (1934).
2472:Far right leagues
2422:William D. Irvine
2342:French historians
2168:French Resistance
2141:, along with the
2135:Charles de Gaulle
1986:and thousands of
1960:Electoral success
1847:
1846:
1811:France portal
1755:French Revolution
1714:Valeurs actuelles
1221:de La Tour du Pin
1094:What Is a Nation?
725:War in the Vendée
336:Politique d'abord
328:far-right leagues
314:Far-right leagues
244:
243:
231:Political parties
113:Succeeded by
88:10 July 1940
16:(Redirected from
3135:
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2899:
2894:Zeev Sternhell.
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2102:Édouard Daladier
2079:Édouard Daladier
2000:Great Depression
1942:Le Petit Journal
1935:
1919:Jean Ybarnégaray
1912:
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1374:The Nationalists
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367:women's suffrage
340:Action Française
294:Second World War
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103:Preceded by
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3059:Sternhell, Zeev
3008:, No. 2 (1972).
3001:, No. 1 (1972).
2982:Kennedy, Sean.
2965:Jackson, Julian
2933:
2931:Further reading
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2109:Fall of France
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2028:'s far-right
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1953:Popular Front
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1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
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1111:
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1095:
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1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
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1055:
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1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
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1031:
1026:
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1016:
1015:
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1003:
996:
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988:
986:
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976:
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971:
968:
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926:
923:
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918:
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911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:de La Mennais
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
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871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
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836:
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831:
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816:
813:
811:
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806:
803:
801:
798:
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791:
788:
787:
784:Intellectuals
781:
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773:
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768:
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758:
755:
753:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
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736:
733:
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728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
708:Ancien RĂ©gime
704:
703:
697:
696:
689:
686:
683:
682:
681:Souverainisme
677:
675:
672:
670:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
646:
645:
640:
639:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:Family values
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604:
602:
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583:
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457:
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444:
438:
434:
430:
429:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:Popular Front
407:
402:
398:
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392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
315:
311:
303:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Popular Front
279:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
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108:
105:
101:
87:
83:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
40:
31:
19:
3062:
3048:
3045:Rémond, René
3030:
3024:Armand Colin
3015:
3005:
2998:
2983:
2968:
2954:
2941:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2775:
2770:
2763:Vichy France
2762:
2757:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2654:
2634:
2629:
2620:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2491:
2426:Michel Dobry
2418:Robert Soucy
2401:
2395:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2358:Pierre Milza
2335:
2305:
2284:
2278:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2206:into Spain.
2196:
2179:
2176:RĂ©seau Alibi
2175:
2165:
2150:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2113:Vichy regime
2106:
2092:
2083:Le Populaire
2082:
2068:
2050:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2008:
1997:
1974:by-elections
1963:
1941:
1937:
1923:Jean Borotra
1886:
1867:
1853:
1732:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1582:Croix-de-Feu
1546:
1545:
1481:
1425:
1409:
1408:
1353:
1313:de La Rocque
1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
772:Vichy France
674:Social order
653:Metapolitics
644:Restauration
540:Maurrassisme
417:
406:Pierre Laval
403:
399:
376:
372:presidential
363:congés payés
362:
355:minimum wage
346:, including
343:
335:
331:
320:Croix-de-Feu
317:
310:Croix-de-Feu
275:Croix-de-Feu
259:
247:
245:
143:
137:
123:Headquarters
107:Croix-de-Feu
2959:Baton Rouge
2366:Bonapartist
2346:René Rémond
2287:within the
2238:sinistrisme
2180:RĂ©seau Klan
2139:Free French
2018:by-election
1938:Le Flambeau
1930: [
1907: [
1896: [
1893:Noël Ottavi
1889:Jean Mermoz
1880:(SFIO) and
1772:Sinistrisme
1765:Remigration
1328:de Vaublanc
1298:de Polignac
1206:Cathelineau
1190:Politicians
890:de Jouvenel
885:Houellebecq
880:de Gobineau
715:Monarchiens
632:Imperialism
601:Meritocracy
528:Bonapartism
502:Integralism
351:corporatism
324:World War I
267:nationalist
179:Corporatism
150:Membership
144:Le Flambeau
3082:Categories
2501:References
2430:Nazi Party
2406:Boulangism
2344:, notably
2330:See also:
2269:See also:
2235:(RGR, see
2107:After the
2069:Thus, the
1416:Feuillants
1389:ReconquĂŞte
1333:de Villèle
1308:Retailleau
1174:Submission
1007:Literature
970:de Rivarol
955:Peyrefitte
950:d'Ornellas
925:de Maistre
835:Brunetière
810:de Benoist
663:Patriotism
637:Monarchism
566:Principles
533:Legitimism
460:Ideologies
292:after the
286:right-wing
199:Right-wing
95:1940-07-10
77:1936-01-10
2973:Cambridge
2635:La Rocque
2243:June 1946
1882:Communist
1878:Socialist
1687:(Defunct)
1662:Le Figaro
1226:de Gaulle
1201:de Bonald
1104:The Crowd
945:d'Orcival
820:de Bonald
795:Bainville
745:Muscadins
720:Feuillant
589:Dirigisme
554:Sarkozysm
547:Orléanism
236:Elections
203:far-right
134:Newspaper
85:Dissolved
60:President
3067:Berkeley
2988:Montreal
2783:Archived
2436:See also
2408:and the
2312:Gaullism
2303:(UDSR).
2271:Gaullism
2261:(CNIP).
2204:Pyrenees
2159:and the
2015:Normandy
1676:Le Point
1648:La Croix
1627:Éléments
1594:Hussards
1303:Pompidou
1288:Poincaré
1278:PĂ©cresse
1268:Maréchal
1263:MacMahon
1044:The Pope
990:Veuillot
910:Lemaître
905:Lefebvre
830:Bruckner
658:Nativism
523:Royalism
487:Gaullism
471:Integral
433:a series
383:Republic
290:Gaullism
262:) was a
183:Populism
162:Ideology
3073:, 1995.
3041:, 1996.
3026:, 1988.
2994:, 2007.
2542:(1934).
2383:frisson
2338:fascism
2192:Austria
2184:Gestapo
1683:Présent
1573:Civitas
1547:Defunct
1410:Defunct
1350:Parties
1338:Zemmour
1323:Schuman
1318:Sarkozy
1293:Poisson
1273:Messmer
1258:Malraux
1253:Maurras
1196:Bellamy
940:Maurras
920:Madiran
915:Le Play
870:Dumézil
825:Boutang
805:Barruel
700:History
596:Elitism
280:by the
209:Colours
156:350,000
93: (
75: (
70:Founded
3039:Fayard
2424:, and
2157:Milice
2155:, the
2075:Senate
1925:, and
1693:Minute
1482:Active
1354:Active
1283:PĂ©tain
1216:Ciotti
1178:(2015)
1168:(2014)
1158:(2006)
1148:(1983)
1138:(1972)
1128:(1945)
1118:(1905)
1108:(1895)
1098:(1882)
1088:(1864)
1078:(1855)
1068:(1835)
1058:(1821)
1048:(1819)
1038:(1802)
1028:(1797)
1018:(1796)
935:Massis
900:Le Bon
875:Guénon
860:Freund
850:Daudet
840:Carrel
800:Barrès
667:
395:Soviet
389:(both
322:, the
278:league
264:French
252:French
213:
152:(1940)
39:French
3053:Paris
3035:Paris
3020:Paris
2946:Paris
1934:]
1911:]
1900:]
1621:CNews
1615:Media
1231:Juppé
995:Ye'or
980:Taine
975:Rueff
965:Renan
930:Morel
216:Black
128:Paris
2356:and
2273:and
2255:1956
2253:and
2251:1951
2147:Nazi
2093:The
1970:1936
1951:The
1940:and
1891:and
1872:and
960:Pujo
855:Faye
393:and
391:Nazi
357:and
312:and
246:The
2977:CUP
2780:(1)
2412:of
2137:'s
1968:in
365:),
260:PSF
201:to
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1932:fr
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