Participatory design - Knowledge (XXG)

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environment, design can become proactive and tailored towards addressing wider social issues facing that community. Public interest design is meant to reshape conventional modern architectural practice. Instead of having each construction project solely meet the needs of the individual, public interest design addresses wider social issues at their core. This shift in architectural practice is a structural and systemic one, allowing design to serve communities responsibly. Solutions to social issues can be addressed in a long-term manner through such design, serving the public, and involving it directly in the process through participatory design. The built environment can become the very reason for social and community issues to arise if not executed properly and responsibly. Conventional architectural practice often does cause such problems since only the paying client has a say in the design process. That is why many architects throughout the world are employing participatory design and practicing their profession more responsibly, encouraging a wider shift in architectural practice. Several architects have largely succeeded in disproving theories that deem public interest design and participatory design financially and organizationally not feasible. Their work is setting the stage for the expansion of this movement, providing valuable data on its effectiveness and the ways in which it can be carried out.

844:(PAR). PAR is a qualitative research methodology involving: "three types of change, including critical consciousness development of researchers and participants, improvement of lives of those participating in research, and transformation of societal 'decolonizing' research methods with the power of healing and social justice". Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a subset of Community-Based Research aimed explicitly at including participants and empowering people to create measurable action. PAR practices across various disciplines, with research in Participatory Design being an application of its different qualitative methodologies. Just as PAR is often used in social sciences, for example, to investigate a person's lived experience concerning systemic structures and social power relations, Participatory Design seeks to deeply understand stakeholders' experiences by directly engaging them in the problem-defining and solving processes. Therefore, in Participatory Design, research methods extend beyond simple qualitative and quantitative data collection. Rather than being concentrated within data collection, research methods of Participatory Design are tools and techniques used throughout co-designing research questions, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, knowledge dissemination, and enacting change. 343:

fourth order design. In Buchanan's words, "Culture is not a state, expressed in an ideology or a body of doctrines. It is an activity. Culture is the activity of ordering, disordering and reordering in the search for understanding and for values which guide action." Therefore, to design for the fourth-order one must design within the widest scope. The system is discussion and the focus falls onto process rather than outcome. The idea that culture and people are an integral part of participatory design is supported by the idea that a "key feature of the field is that it involves people or communities: it is not merely a mental place or a series of processes". "Just as a product is not only a thing, but exists within a series of connected processes, so these processes do not live in a vacuum, but move through a field of less tangible factors such as values, beliefs and the wider context of other contingent processes."

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synonymously with one another". In their words, "Co-creation is a very broad term with applications ranging from the physical to the metaphysical and from the material to the spiritual", while seeing "co-design a specific instance of co-creation". Pulling from the idea of what co-creation is, the definition of co-design in the context of their paper developed into "the creativity of designers and people not trained in design working together in the design development process". Another term brought up in this article front end design, which was formerly known as pre-design. "The goal of the explorations in the front end is to determine what is to be designed and sometimes what should not be designed and manufactured" and provides a space for the initial stages of co-design to take place.

401:. However, when the methods were presented to the US community 'cooperation' was a word that didn't resonate with the strong separation between workers and managers - they weren't supposed to discuss ways of working face-to-face. Hence, 'participatory' was instead used as the initial Participatory Design sessions weren't a direct cooperation between workers and managers, sitting in the same room discussing how to improve their work environment and tools, but there were separate sessions for workers and managers. Each group was participating in the process, not directly cooperating. (in historical review of Cooperative Design, at a Scandinavian conference). 489:

are capable of creativity and problem solving. The designer no longer exists from the isolated roles of researcher and creator, but now must shift to roles such as philosopher and facilitator. This shift allows for the designer to position themselves and their designs within the context of the world around them creating better awareness. This awareness is important because in the designer's attempt to answer a question, " must address all other related questions about values, perceptions, and worldview". Therefore, by shifting the role of the designer not only do the designs better address their cultural context yet so do the discussions around them.

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PAR research methods seeks to engage communities and question power hierarchies, which "makes us aware of the always contingent character of our presumptions and truths... truths are logical, contingent and intersubjective... not directed toward some specific and predetermined end goal... committed to denying us the (seeming) firmness of our commonsensical assumptions". Participatory design offers this denial of our "commonsensical assumptions" because it forces designers to consider knowledge beyond their craft and education. Therefore, a designer conducting research for Participatory Design assumes the role of facilitator and co-creator.

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saw the world through different eyes.' (Press, 2003, p. 62). This is perhaps the key attribute of participatory design, a process which, allows multiple voices to be heard and involved in the design, resulting in outcomes which suite a wider range of users. It builds empathy within the system and users where it is implemented, which makes solving larger problems more holistically. As planning affects everyone it is believed that "those whose livelihoods, environments and lives are at stake should be involved in the decisions which affect them" (Sarkissian and Perglut, 1986, p. 3).

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participate during several stages of an innovation process: they participate during the initial exploration and problem definition both to help define the problem and to focus ideas for solution, and during development, they help evaluate proposed solutions. Maarten Pieters and Stefanie Jansen describe co-design as part of a complete co-creation process, which refers to the "transparent process of value creation in ongoing, productive collaboration with, and supported by all relevant parties, with end-users playing a central role" and covers all stages of a development process.

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collaboration between design and engineering students using design thinking”. The students in this study were tasked with completing a group project and reporting on the experience of working together. One of the main takeaways was that "Interdisciplinary collaboration is an effective way to address complex problems with creative solutions. However, a successful collaboration requires teams first to get ready to work in harmony towards a shared goal and to appreciate interdisciplinarity"

273:, consumers experiencing empowerment by being indirectly involved in the design process, leading to a preference for the firm's products. If consumers feel dissimilar to participating users, especially in demographics or expertise, the effects are weakened. Additionally, if a user-driven firm is only selectively open to user participation, rather than fully inclusive, observing consumers may not feel socially included, attenuating the identified preference. 352:

degrees of emphasis on research or design and different degrees of stakeholder involvement. For instance, one of the forms of co-design which involves stakeholders strongly early at the front end design process in the creative activities is generative co-design. Generative co-design is increasingly being used to involve different stakeholders as patient, care professionals and designers actively in the creative making process to develop health services.

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improvement. It is often used by trained designers who recognize the difficulty in properly understanding the cultural, societal, or usage scenarios encountered by their user. C. K. Prahalad and Venkat Ramaswamy are usually given credit for bringing co-creation/co-design to the minds of those in the business community with the 2004 publication of their book, The Future of Competition: Co-Creating Unique Value with Customers. They propose:

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own experiences, providing for them resources to be able to act in their current situation. The view of organizations as fundamentally harmonious—according to which conflicts in an organization are regarded as pseudo-conflicts or "problems" dissolved by good analysis and increased communication—was rejected in favor of a view of organizations recognizing fundamental "un-dissolvable" conflicts in organizations (Ehn & Sandberg, 1979).

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any potential predetermined assumptions, "the users’ knowledge has to be considered as important as the knowledge of the other professionals in the team, can be an obstacle to the co-design practice." " co-designing will be a close collaboration between all the stakeholders in the design development process together with a variety of professionals having hybrid design/research skills."

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generative co-design activities in the early innovation process. They propose first to sample a group of potential stakeholders through snowball sampling, afterwards interview these people and assess their knowledge and inference experience, lastly they propose to assemble a diverse group of stakeholders according to their knowledge and inference experience.

438:(Gro Bjerkness & Tone Bratteteig) started a long line of Scandinavian research projects in the health sector. In particular, it worked with nurses and developed approaches for nurses to get a voice in the development of work and IT in hospitals. The Florence project put gender on the agenda with its starting point in a highly gendered work environment. 531:

the exercise produces dramatic results because it relies on the expertise of people who use the place every day, or who are the potential users of the place." This successfully engages with the ultimate idea of participatory design, where various stakeholders who will be the users of the end product, are involved in the design process as a collective.

73: 795:, 1972, 1995), on which user-design is founded. Indeed, user-centered design is a useful and important construct, but one that suggests that users are taken as centers in the design process, consulting with users heavily, but not allowing users to make the decisions, nor empowering users with the tools that the experts use. For example, 507:

emerge within the workspace. The automation introduced by system design has created concerns within unions and workers as it threatened their involvement in production and their ownership over their work situation. Asaro (2000) offers a detailed analysis of the politics of design and the inclusion of "users" in the design process.

611:'s downtown eastside, which suffered from drug- and alcohol-related problems. The process allowed cross-discipline participation from planners, architects and industrial designers, which focused on collaboration and the sharing of ideas and stories, as opposed to rigid and singular design outcomes. (Kuiper, 2007, p. 52) 729:

is a form of participatory design, which involves the community co-designing problem areas together to make positive changes to their environment. It involves collaborative decision-making and design without traditional involvement from local government or professionals but instead runs on volunteers

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while end-users may prioritize functionality and affordability. Addressing these differing priorities may involve finding creative solutions that balance the needs of all stakeholders, such as using low-cost materials that meet functional requirements while also being aesthetically pleasing. Despite

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Public interest design is a design movement, extending to architecture, with the main aim of structuring design around the needs of the community. At the core of its application is participatory design. Through allowing individuals to have a say in the process of design of their own surrounding built

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In recent years, it has been a major challenge to participatory design to embrace the fact that much technology development no longer happens as design of isolated systems in well-defined communities of work (Beck, 2002). At the dawn of the 21st century, we use technology at work, at home, in school,

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In contrast, Elizabeth Sanders and Pieter Stappers state that "the terminology used until the recent obsession with what is now called co-creation/co-design" was "participatory design". They also discuss the differences between co-design and co-creation and how they are "often confused and/or treated

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In Malawi, a UNICEF WASH programme trialled participatory design development for latrines in order to ensure that users participate in creating and selecting sanitation technologies that are appropriate and affordable for them. The process provided an opportunity for community members to share their

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Although participatory design has been of interest in design academia, applied uses require funding and dedication from many individuals. The high time and financial costs make research and development of participatory design less appealing for speculative investors. It also may be difficult to find

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In programming, one also have the lack of guided help support, concerning co-op based programing. One have support for letting multiple people programming at same time, but here one also have lack of guided help support - text saying write this code, hints from other user, that one can mark relevant

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and Lauren Tan list various precursors of co-design, starting with the Scandinavian participatory design movement and then state "Co-design differs from some of these areas as it includes all stakeholders of an issue not just the users, throughout the entire process from research to implementation."

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When facilitating research in Participatory Design, decisions are made in all research phases to assess what will produce genuine stakeholder participation. By doing so, one of Participatory Design's goals is to dismantle the power imbalance existing between 'designers' and 'users.' Applying PR and

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In a profit-motivated system, the commercial field of design may feel fearful of relinquishing some control in order to empower those who are typically not involved in the process of design. Commercial organizational structures often prioritize profit, individual gain, or status over the well-being

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and drug users to congregate. A Design In, which incorporated a variety of key users in the community about what they wanted for the future of the reserve allowed traditionally marginalised voices to participate in the design process. Participants described it as 'a transforming experience as they

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Using a method called Place Performance Evaluation or (Place Game), groups from the community are taken on the site of proposed development, where they use their knowledge to develop design strategies, which would benefit the community. "Whether the participants are schoolchildren or professionals,

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The politics of design have been the concern for many design researchers and practitioners. Kensing and Blomberg illustrate the main concerns which related to the introduction of new frameworks such as system design which related to the introduction of computer-based systems and power dynamics that

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approach, emphasizing active co-operation between researchers and workers of the organization to help improve the latter's work situation. While researchers got their results, the people whom they worked with were equally entitled to get something out of the project. The approach built on people's

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As described by Sanders and Stappers, one could position co-design as a form of human-centered design across two different dimensions. One dimension is the emphasis on research or design, another dimension is how much people are involved. Therefore, there are many forms of co-design, with different

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and Iversen, O. S. (2002): Staging a professional participatory design practice: moving PD beyond the initial fascination of user involvement. In Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-Computer interaction (Aarhus, Denmark, October 19–23, 2002). NordiCHI '02, vol. 31. ACM Press, New

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A belief that creativity is a restricted skill would invalidate the proposal of participatory design to allow a wider reach of affected people to participate in the creative process of designing. However, this belief is based on a limited view of creativity which does not recognize that creativity

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Co-design is an attempt to define a new evolution of the design process and with that, there is an evolution of the designer. Within the co-design process, the designer is required to shift their role from one of expertise to one of an egalitarian mindset. The designer must believe that all people

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and hearings have now been included in almost every planning endeavour. Yet this level of consultation can simply mean information about change without detailed participation. Involvement that 'recognises an active part in plan making' has not always been straightforward to achieve. Participatory

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An alternate definition of co-design has been brought up by Maria Gabriela Sanchez and Lois Frankel. They proposed that "Co-design may be considered, for the purpose of this study, as an interdisciplinary process that involves designers and non-designers in the development of design solutions" and

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Increasingly researchers are focusing on co-design as a way of doing research, and therefore are developing parts of its research methodology. For instance, in the field of generative co-design Vandekerckhove et al. have proposed a methodology to assemble a group of stakeholders to participate in

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Successful examples of participatory design are critical because they demonstrate the benefits of this approach and inspire others to adopt it. A lack of funding or interest can cause participatory projects to revert to practices where the designer initiates and dominates rather than facilitating

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Participatory work in software development has historically tended toward two distinct trajectories, one in Scandinavia and northern Europe, and the other in North America. The Scandinavian and northern European tradition has remained closer to its roots in the labor movement (e.g., Beck, 2002;

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Often co-op based design technology assumes users have equal knowledge of technology used. For example: Co-op 3d-design program can let multiple people design at same time, but does not have support for guided help - tell the other guy what to do through markings and text, without talking to the

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Similarly, another perspective comes from Golsby-Smith's "Fourth Order Design" which outlines a design process in which end-user participation is required and favours individual process over outcome. Buchanan's definition of culture as a verb is a key part of Golsby-Smith's argument in favour of

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Though not completely synonymous, research methods of Participatory Design can be defined under Participatory Research (PR): a term for research designs and frameworks using direct collaboration with those affected by the studied issue. More specifically, Participatory Design has evolved from

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Participatory design has been used in many settings and at various scales. For some, this approach has a political dimension of user empowerment and democratization. This inclusion of external parties in the design process does not excuse designers of their responsibilities. In their article

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As mentioned above, one definition of co-design states that it is the process of working with one or more non-designers throughout the design process. This method is focused on the insights, experiences and input from end-users on a product or service, with the aim to develop strategies for

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In participatory design, participants (putative, potential or future) are invited to cooperate with designers, researchers and developers during an innovation process. Co-design requires the end user's participation: not only in decision making but also in idea generation. Potentially, they

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recently held a "Stories in the Street" consultation, to record peoples ideas about the future of Smith Street. It offered participants a variety of mediums to explore their opinions such as mapping, photo surveys and storytelling. Although local councils are taking positive steps towards

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The phrase co-design is also used in reference to the simultaneous development of interrelated software and hardware systems. The term co-design has become popular in mobile phone development, where the two perspectives of hardware and software design are brought into a co-design process.

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Another dimension to consider is that of the crossover between design research and education. An example of this is a study that was completed at the Middle East Technical University in Turkey, the purpose of which was to look into the use of “team development enhancing interdisciplinary

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support this point by stating that " common misconception about participatory design is that designers are expected to abdicate their responsibilities as designers and leave the design to users. This is never the case: designers must always consider what users can and cannot contribute."

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Similar projects have had success in Melbourne, Australia particularly in relation to contested sites, where design solutions are often harder to establish. The Talbot Reserve in the suburb of St. Kilda faced numerous problems of use, such as becoming a regular spot for

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require community consultation in any major changes to the built environment. Community involvement in the planning process is almost a standard requirement in most strategic changes. Community involvement in local decision making creates a sense of empowerment. The

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can manifest in a wide range of activities and experiences. This doubt can be damaging not only to individuals but also to society as a whole. By assuming that only a select few possess creative talent, we may overlook the unique perspectives, ideas, and solutions.

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Discourses in the PD literature have been sculpted by three main concerns: (1) the politics of design, (2) the nature of participation, and (3) methods, tools and techniques for carrying out design projects (Finn Kensing & Jeanette Blomberg, 1998, p. 168).

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Results directly related to integrating co-design into existing frameworks is "researchers and practitioners have seen that co-creation practiced at the early front end of the design development process can have an impact with positive, long-range consequences."

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The meaning of value and the process of value creation are rapidly shifting from a product and firm-centric view to personalized consumer experiences. Informed, networked, empowered and active consumers are increasingly co-creating value with the

431:(Bødker et al., 1987, Ehn, 1988), the major achievements were the experience-based design methods, developed through the focus on hands-on experiences, emphasizing the need for technical and organizational alternatives (Bødker et al., 1987). 2425:

Grudin, J. (1993). Obstacles to Participatory Design in Large Product Development Organizations: In Namioka, A. & Schuler, D. (Eds.), Participatory design. Principles and practices (pp. 99–122). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

245:, planning, and health services development as a way of creating environments that are more responsive and appropriate to their inhabitants' and users' cultural, emotional, spiritual and practical needs. It is also one approach to 2402:

Bødker, S., Ehn, P., Kammersgaard, J., Kyng, M., & Sundblad, Y. (1987). A Utopian experience: In G. Bjerknes, P. Ehn, & M. Kyng. (Eds.), Computers and democracy: A Scandinavian challenge (pp. 251–278). Aldershot, UK:

669:. However, participatory practices are not impossible to implement in commercial settings. It may be difficult for those who have acquired success in a hierarchical structure to imagine alternative systems of open collaboration. 252:

Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own. Companies increasingly rely on their user

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Naghsh, A. M., Ozcan M. B. 2004. Gabbeh - A Tool For Computer Supported Collaboration in Electronic Paper-Prototyping. In *Dearden A & Watts L. (Eds). Proceedings of HCI "04: Design for Life volume 2. British HCI Group

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Press, Mandy, 2003. "Communities for Everyone: redesigning contested public places in Victoria", Chapter 9 of end Weeks et al. (eds), Community Practices in Australia (French Forests NSW: Pearson Sprint Print),

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Bødker, S., Christiansen, E., Ehn, P., Markussen, R., Mogensen, P., & Trigg, R. (1993). The AT Project: Practical research in cooperative design, DAIMI No. PB-454. Department of Computer Science, Aarhus

209:) is an approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is 2415:

Ehn, P. & Kyng, M., 1991. Cardboard Computers: Mocking-it-up or Hands-on the Future. In, Greenbaum, J. & Kyng, M. (Eds.) Design at Work, pp. 169 – 196. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum

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Belotti, V. and Bly, S., 1996. Walking away from desktop computer: distributed collaboration and mobility in a product design team. In Proceedings of CSCW "96, Cambridge, Mass., November 16–20, ACM press:

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Trischler, Jakob, Simon J. Pervan, Stephen J. Kelly and Don R. Scott (2018). The value of codesign: The effect of customer involvement in service design teams. Journal of Service Research, 21(1): 75–100.

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Bird, M.; McGillion, M.; Chambers, E. M.; Dix, J.; Fajardo, C. J.; Gilmour, M.; Levesque, K.; Lim, A.; Mierdel, S.; Ouellette, C.; Polanski, A. N.; Reaume, S. V.; Whitmore, C.; Carter, N. (2021-03-01).

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Wojahn, P. G., Neuwirth, C. M., Bullock, B. 1998. Effects of Interfaces for Annotation on Communication in a Collaborative Task. In Proceedings of CHI "98, LA, CA, April 18–23, ACM press: 456–463

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software is based on user-centered design: while users are allowed to propose changes or have input on the design, a smaller and more specialized group decide about features and system design.

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stuff on screen and so on. This is a problem in pair-programming, with communication as a bottle neck - one should have possibility to mark, configure and guide the user without knowledge.

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Participatory Design is a growing practice within the field of design yet has not yet been widely implemented. Some barriers to the adoption of participatory design are listed below.

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Carr-Chellman, A.A., Cuyar, C., & Breman, J. (1998). User-design: A case application in health care training. Educational Technology Research and Development, 46 (4), 97–114.

591:. By incorporating a variety of views there is greater opportunity for successful outcomes. Many universities and major institutions are beginning to recognise its importance. The 2479:

Näslund, T., 1997. Computers in Context –But in Which Context? In Kyng, M. & Mathiassen, L. (Eds). Computers and Design in Context. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. pp. 171–200.

523:, believing that it is the essential ingredient for successful environments. Rather than simply consulting the public, PPS creates a platform for the community to participate and 1963: 715:

redevelopment project received over 5000 responses from the public allowing them to participate in the design process by commenting on seven different design options. While the

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new areas, which reflect their intimate knowledge. Providing insights, which independent design professionals such as architects or even local government planners may not have.

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Kuiper, Gabrielle, June 2007, Participatory planning and design in the downtown eastside: reflections on Global Studio Vancouver, Australian Planner, v.44, no.2, pp. 52–53

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Participatory design projects which involve a professional designer as a facilitator to a larger group can have difficulty with competing objectives. Designers may prioritize

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or convince enough shareholders or community members to commit their time and effort to a project. However, widespread and involved participation is critical to the process.

823:) (e.g., Beyer and Holtzblatt, 1998; Noro and Imada, 1991). However, some more recent work has tended to combine the two approaches (Bødker et al., 2004; Muller, 2007). 730:

from the community. The process has created successful projects such as intersection repair, which saw a misused intersection develop into a successful community square.

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Ehn, P. (1988). Work-oriented design of computer artifacts. Falköping: Arbetslivscentrum/Almqvist & Wiksell International, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

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Muller, M.J. (2007). Participatory design: The third space in HCI (revised). In J. Jacko and A. Sears (eds.), Handbook of HCI 2nd Edition. Mahway NJ USA: Erlbaum.

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Button, G. and Sharrock, W. 1996. Project work: the organisation of collaborative design and development in software engineering. CSCW Journal, 5 (4), p. 369–386.

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origins) the Participatory Design tradition puts more emphasis on the involvement of a broad population of users rather than a small number of user representatives.

213:. Participatory design is an approach which is focused on processes and procedures of design and is not a design style. The term is used in a variety of fields e.g. 2511:

Santa Rosa, J.G. & Moraes, A. Design Participativo: técnicas para inclusão de usuários no processo de ergodesign de interfaces. Rio de Janeiro: RioBooks, 2012.

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tradition has tended to be both broader (e.g., including managers and executives as "stakeholders" in design) and more circumscribed (e.g., design of individual

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Grønbæk, K., Kyng, M. & P. Mogensen (1993). CSCW challenges: Cooperative Design in Engineering Projects, Communications of the ACM, 36, 6, pp. 67–77

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Bødker, K., Kensing, F., and Simonsen, J. (2004). Participatory IT design: Designing for business and workplace realities. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.

1445:"From forming to performing: team development for enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration between design and engineering students using design thinking" 265:; consumers who are not actively participating but observe this user-driven approach show a preference for products from such firms over those driven by 2412:

Divitini, M. & Farshchian, B.A. 1999. Using Email and WWW in a Distributed Participatory Design Project. In SIGGROUP Bulletin 20(1), pp. 10–15.

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date back to the 1970s. The so-called "collective resource approach" developed strategies and techniques for workers to influence the design and use of

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Perry, M. & Sanderson, D. 1998. Coordinating Joint Design Work: The Role of Communication and Artefacts. Design Studies, Vol. 19, pp. 273–28

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can be seen as a move of researchers and developers into the world of end-users. There is a very significant differentiation between user-design and

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participatory design as opposed to traditional top down approaches to planning, many communities are moving to take design into their own hands.

416:(NJMF) project took a first move from traditional research to working with people, directly changing the role of the union clubs in the project. 2460:

Kensing, F. & Blomberg, J. 1998. Participatory Design: Issues and Concerns In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Vol. 7, pp. 167–185.

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Sarkissian, W, Perglut, D. 1986, Community Participation in Practice, The Community Participation handbook, Second edition, Murdoch University

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Trainer, Ted 1996, Towards a sustainable economy: The need for fundamental change Envirobook/ Jon Carpenter, Sydney/Oxford, pp. 135–167

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is a form of decentralized, participatory design for urban environments and individual buildings. It borrows organizational ideas from the

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Carr, A.A. (1997). User-design in the creation of human learning systems. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45 (3), 5–22.

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Reigeluth, C. M. (1993). Principles of educational systems design. International Journal of Educational Research, 19 (2), 117–131.

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Ehn, P. and Sandberg, Å. (1979). God utredning: In Sandberg, Å. (Ed.): Utredning och förändring i förvaltningen. Stockholm: Liber.

2372:(1992). Comprehensive systems design in education: building a design culture in education. Educational Technology, 22(3) 33–35. 4263: 3882: 2556: 2436: 2446: 4455: 381: 3385: 2382:

Beyer, H., and Holtzblatt, K. (1998). Contextual design: Defining customer-centered systems. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.

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From the 1960s onward there was a growing demand for greater consideration of community opinions in major decision-making. In

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Quality-control of information: On the concept of accuracy of information in data banks and in management information systems

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that "the success of the interdisciplinary process depends on the participation of all the stakeholders in the project".

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content is user-designed. Users are given the necessary tools to make their own entries. Knowledge (XXG)'s underlying

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Sanders, E. B. N., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. Codesign, 4(1), 5–18.

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Sanders, E. B. N., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. Codesign, 4(1), 5–18.

293:, during the 1960s and 1970s, participatory design was rooted in work with trade unions; its ancestry also includes 4268: 4130: 4042: 3412: 2951: 580: 556: 1053:

Mackay, Wendy E.; Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel (2020), Vanderdonckt, Jean; Palanque, Philippe; Winckler, Marco (eds.),

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Schuler, D. & Namioka, A. (1993). Participatory design: Principles and practices. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

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Participatory design can be seen as a move of end-users into the world of researchers and developers, whereas

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design has attempted to create a platform for active participation in the design process, for end users.

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many people believed that they were not being planned 'for' but planned 'at'. (Nichols 2009). A lack of

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Noro, K., & Imada, A. S. (Eds.). (1991) Participatory ergonomics. London: Taylor and Francis.

2231: 435: 4350: 4205: 4165: 3919: 3872: 3693: 3641: 3554: 3454: 3417: 3397: 3328: 2726: 2716: 2673: 2651: 2606: 2549: 882: 788: 761: 600: 520: 2364:"Transforming society by transforming technology: the science and politics of participatory design." 1725: 428: 4445: 4145: 4068: 3977: 3862: 3710: 3688: 3594: 3574: 3439: 3298: 3283: 3196: 2963: 2916: 2697: 773: 726: 596: 405: 372:

made the planning system seem paternalistic and without proper consideration of how changes to the

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Kensing, F. 2003. Methods and Practices in Participatory Design. ITU Press, Copenhagen, Denmark.

2454: 2196: 2179: 442: 269:. This preference is attributed to an enhanced identification with firms adopting a user-driven 4365: 4335: 4140: 4093: 3949: 3939: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3720: 3559: 3544: 3499: 3489: 3474: 3469: 3402: 3338: 3333: 3236: 3071: 2968: 2946: 2896: 2854: 2844: 2758: 2636: 2576: 2450: 2388: 2333: 2292: 2251: 2209: 2201: 2114: 1915: 1871: 1777: 1627: 1537: 1494: 1464: 1422: 1404: 1362: 1311: 1301: 1142: 1070: 1020: 1001:"Why and When Consumers Prefer Products of User-Driven Firms: A Social Identification Account" 709: 704: 565: 541: 450: 446: 373: 242: 20: 3380: 1523: 380:"the idea that the public should participate was first raised in 1965." However the level of 4340: 4305: 4280: 3993: 3967: 3929: 3735: 3671: 3619: 3524: 3514: 3494: 3370: 3288: 3241: 3211: 3186: 3154: 3114: 3054: 2985: 2824: 2469:

Kyng, M. (1989). Designing for a dollar a day. Office, Technology and People, 4(2): 157–170.

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Vandekerckhove, Pieter; Timmermans, Job; Bont, Antoinette de; Mul, Marleen de (2023-02-14).

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Prahalad, C.k.; Ramaswamy, Venkat (1 June 2004). "Co-creating unique value with customers".

1617: 1549: 1540:(1996). "Creating conditions for participation: Conflicts and resources in systems design". 1456: 1412: 1394: 1352: 1342: 1246: 1171: 1062: 1012: 1000: 979: 943: 898: 757: 723: 545: 2439:. The University of Stockholm and The Royal Institute of Technology. Doctoral dissertation. 2006: 1198:"Co-design in Public Spaces: an Interdisciplinary Approach to Street Furniture Development" 4440: 4330: 4310: 4290: 4285: 4275: 4170: 3805: 3795: 3780: 3740: 3705: 3698: 3629: 3589: 3358: 3231: 3221: 3129: 3086: 3066: 2795: 2746: 2542: 1732: 892: 867: 784: 712: 420: 319: 294: 262: 214: 1273: 2497:

From Field to Simulator: Visualising Ethnographic Outcomes to Support Systems Developers

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Nichols, Dave, (2009) Planning Thought and History Lecture, The University of Melbourne

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in that there is an emancipatory theoretical foundation, and a systems theory bedrock (

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Beck, E. (2002). P for Political - Participation is Not Enough. SJIS, Volume 14 – 2002

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Contributions to these areas have been published in the proceedings of the Biennial

1561: 4243: 4220: 4190: 4175: 3464: 3081: 3022: 2834: 2785: 2736: 2711: 2663: 2656: 1911: 1066: 877: 745: 278: 222: 218: 948: 796: 1935:"City of Melbourne - Major projects - Swanston Street redevelopment consultation" 1895: 1713: 1054: 4320: 4315: 4295: 4215: 4135: 3944: 3849: 3159: 3134: 3106: 3035: 2980: 2958: 2706: 2683: 2678: 2621: 2616: 2180:"The Value and Challenges of Participatory Research: Strengthening Its Practice" 2010: 1747:

Churchman, C. W. (1968). The systems approach. New York: Delacorte Press. p 231.

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traditional knowledge and skills in partnership with designers and researchers.

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Ehn, P; Kyng, M (1987). "The Collective Resource Approach to Systems Design".

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create opportunities for rigorous participation in the design and creation of

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Trischler, Jakob; Pervan, Simon J.; Kelly, Stephen J.; Scott, Don R. (2018).

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Participatory design has many applications in development and changes to the

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takes to user involvement in design, but (possibly because of its European

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Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory. New York: Braziller.

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Lee, Laura; Currie, Vanessa; Saied, Neveen; Wright, Laura (2020-02-01).

2163: 2147:"Participatory Research Methods – Choice Points in the Research Process" 2052: 1297:

Convivial toolbox : generative research for the front end of design

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Mitchell, Val; Ross, Tracy; Sims, Ruth; Parker, Christopher J. (2015).

1295: 3914: 2565: 1759:"Participatory Design; A New Approach to Regenerate the Public Space" 1604:

Vargas, C.; Whelan, J.; Brimblecombe, J.; Allender, S. (2022-06-15).

1330: 2329: 1250: 760:-speaking world, the term has a particular currency in the world of 548:"begins when first you view the world through the eyes of another". 1686: 999:

Dahl, Darren W.; Fuchs, Christoph; Schreier, Martin (August 2015).

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Feldman, Palleroni, Perkes, Bell, Robert M, Sergio, David, Bryan.

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http://www.pps.org/info/services/our_approach/building_the_vision

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Participatory design was actually born in Scandinavia and called

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Wisdom From the Field: Public Interest Architecture In Practice

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Accounting Management and Information Technology 10: 257–290.

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as contrasted with the Scandinavian approach to the design of

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Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N.; Stappers, Pieter Jan (2008-03-01).

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The infological equation: Essays in honor of Börje Langefors

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approach to the design process as it involves more than one

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A public consultation event about urban planning in Helsinki

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Active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process

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Mirzaean Mahabadi, Zabihi, Majedi, Shahab, Hossein, Hamid.

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In Scandinavia, research projects on user participation in

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Sanches, Maria Gabriela; Frankel, Lois (July 7–9, 2010).

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International Journal of Technology and Design Education

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Bjerknes, Ehn, and Kyng, 1987). The North American and

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Differing priorities between designers and participants

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Design and Complexity - DRS International Conference

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The 1990s led to a number of projects including the

4056: 4015: 3958: 3848: 3100: 3019: 2935: 2843: 2725: 2605: 744:, so that knowledge about construction methods and 1577:Computers and Democracy - A Scandinavian Challenge 1515: 1274:"Branzi's Dilemma: Design in Contemporary Culture" 2178:Cargo, Margaret; Mercer, Shawna L. (2008-04-01). 647:Lack of technology in software based co-op design 766:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 2145:Vaughn, Lisa M.; Jacquez, Farrah (2020-07-21). 2025:Participatory Design Development for Sanitation 699:From Community Consultation to Community Design 468: 453:projects (Grønbæk, Kyng & Mogensen, 1995). 2314:"Fourth Order Design: A Practical Perspective" 1850:"Co-creation and the new landscapes of design" 1714:https://ojs.ruc.dk/index.php/pdc/issue/archive 1232:"Fourth Order Design: A Practical Perspective" 2550: 568:. It has particular currency to planners and 93:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 8: 2499:. University of Oslo. Doctoral dissertation. 1828:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1782:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2197:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.091307.083824 2029:Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 1137:Pieters, Maarten; Jansen, Stefanie (2017). 821:work that the system is supposed to support 583:projects. It potentially offers a far more 384:is an important issue. At a minimum public 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4116: 3845: 3819: 3264: 2602: 2591: 2557: 2543: 2535: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1589:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 515:Major international organizations such as 2195: 2162: 2151:Journal of Participatory Research Methods 2108: 2098: 1865: 1621: 1579:. Aldershot, UK: Avebury. pp. 17–58. 1416: 1398: 1356: 1346: 1175: 1141:. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers. p. 15. 983: 947: 186:Learn how and when to remove this message 168:Learn how and when to remove this message 4074:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art) 2523:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670517714060 1139:The 7 Principles of Complete Co-creation 630:Difficulties of Adoption and Involvement 484:New role of the designer under co-design 277:"Participatory Design and Prototyping", 131:This article includes a list of general 2280:Service-Learning in Theory and Practice 922: 595:, Global studio involved students from 419:The Scandinavian projects developed an 2041:"P2P Urbanism", collection of articles 1821: 1775: 1582: 1059:Handbook of Human Computer Interaction 1055:"Participatory Design and Prototyping" 1040:Design matters in participatory design 414:Norwegian Iron and Metal Workers Union 4079:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum) 2225: 2223: 2140: 2138: 2136: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1610:Public Health Research & Practice 1480: 1478: 1438: 1436: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1191: 1189: 1187: 764:, especially in circles connected to 84:too many or overly lengthy quotations 7: 1335:Journal of Medical Internet Research 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1038:Bannon, Liam J.; Ehn, Pelle (2012). 897:User participation in architecture ( 768:(CPSR), who have put on a series of 2005:Clarence Eckerson Jr (2007-05-31). 1387:Research Involvement and Engagement 863:Computer-supported cooperative work 4023:American Institute of Graphic Arts 2236:Children and Youth Services Review 1995:"What is City repair" May 13, 2009 1900:Journal of Architectural Education 137:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 4033:Design and Industries Association 1489:. London, California, New Delhi: 1294:Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N. (2012). 41:This article has multiple issues. 2248:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104581 1206:– via DRS Digital Library. 1095:Web Page on Participatory Design 772:. It overlaps with the approach 770:Participatory Design Conferences 607:to provide design solutions for 318:In "Co-designing for Society", 122: 71: 30: 1710:Participatory Design Conference 376:affected its primary users. In 49:or discuss these issues on the 4028:Chartered Society of Designers 2184:Annual Review of Public Health 1912:10.1080/10464883.1983.11102642 1067:10.1007/978-3-319-27648-9_31-1 445:(Bødker et al., 1993) and the 1: 4099:Prince Philip Designers Prize 2742:Architectural lighting design 949:10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894 873:Participatory action research 842:Participatory Action Research 748:schemes is freely exchanged. 742:open-source software movement 638:Doubt of universal creativity 3905:Electronic design automation 3888:Virtual home design software 2860:Automotive suspension design 1894:Francis, Mark (1983-10-01). 1443:Kaygan, Pınar (2023-04-01). 1168:Australasian Medical Journal 2764:Environmental impact design 2312:Golsby-Smith, Tony (1996). 1980:"City Repair – City Repair" 1724:Projects for Public Spaces 1518:Planning for Sustainability 1230:Golsby-Smith, Tony (1996). 972:Journal of Service Research 605:Sapienza University of Rome 4472: 4043:International Forum Design 3413:Engineering design process 1554:10.1207/s15327051hci1103_2 1542:Human Computer Interaction 1461:10.1007/s10798-022-09736-3 1400:10.1186/s40900-021-00252-7 1272:Buchanan, Richard (1988). 1164:"Co-designing for Society" 1101:. Retrieved 13 April 2006. 665:of the community or other 618: 18: 4378: 4126: 4115: 3844: 3818: 3274: 3263: 3165:Integrated circuit design 3087:Stage/set lighting design 2976:Hardware interface design 2892:Hardware interface design 2601: 2590: 2572: 1867:10.1080/15710880701875068 1712:, which started in 1990: 1673:10.1108/10878570410699249 1661:Strategy & Leadership 1514:Wheeler, Stephen (2004). 1162:Szebeko, Deborah (2010). 682:design by the community. 517:Project for Public Spaces 4000:Industrial design rights 3988:Fashion design copyright 3900:Design quality indicator 3349:Creative problem-solving 3140:Electrical system design 2996:Sonic interaction design 2907:Photographic lens design 2781:Healthy community design 2362:Asaro, Peter M. (2000). 985:10.1177/1094670517714060 838:Community-Based Research 660:Self-serving hierarchies 552:In the built environment 91:summarize the quotations 4196:New product development 4161:Enterprise architecture 4089:IF Product Design Award 4048:Design Research Society 3600:Reliability engineering 968:"The Value of Codesign" 752:In software development 511:Nature of participation 457:and while on the move. 152:more precise citations. 4456:Citizen science models 3652:Top-down and bottom-up 3001:User experience design 2902:Packaging and labeling 2875:Electric guitar design 2813:Landscape architecture 2277:Butin, Dan W. (2010). 1932:The City of Melbourne 1491:SAGE Publications Ltd. 1485:Taylor, Nigel (1991). 1017:10.1287/mnsc.2014.1999 621:Public interest design 615:Public interest design 561: 473: 412:at the workplace: The 393:History in Scandinavia 291:Scandinavian countries 283:Michel Beaudouin-Lafon 227:landscape architecture 4181:Innovation management 4064:European Design Award 3830:Intellectual property 3647:Theory of constraints 3610:Responsibility-driven 3450:For manufacturability 3354:Creativity techniques 3192:Nuclear weapon design 3006:User interface design 2870:Corrugated box design 2791:Interior architecture 2289:10.1057/9780230106154 2007:"Intersection repair" 1966:Stories in the Street 1522:. Routledge. p. 1487:Urban Planning Theory 738:Peer-to-peer urbanism 559: 410:computer applications 299:sociotechnical design 4226:Unintelligent design 4206:Philosophy of design 3920:Design specification 3873:Comprehensive layout 3445:For behaviour change 3418:Probabilistic design 3180:Power network design 2717:Visual merchandising 2674:Instructional design 2652:Postage stamp design 1623:10.17061/phrp3222211 1177:10.4066/AMJ.2010.378 883:Public participation 827:Research methodology 789:user-centered design 762:software development 601:University of Sydney 347:Different dimensions 199:Participatory design 4451:Product development 4146:Creative industries 4069:German Design Award 3978:Design infringement 3863:Architectural model 3202:Organization design 3197:Nucleic acid design 3145:Experimental design 2698:Traffic sign design 2164:10.35844/001c.13244 1736:Building The Vision 774:extreme programming 727:City Repair Project 597:Columbia University 406:systems development 338:Fourth Order Design 203:co-operative design 4211:Process simulation 4186:Intelligent design 3510:Intelligence-based 3505:Integrated topside 3435:Framework-oriented 3120:Behavioural design 2991:Information design 2669:Information design 2087:JMIR Human Factors 1896:"Community Design" 1731:2008-12-02 at the 1261:– via JSTOR. 1005:Management Science 903:Giancarlo De Carlo 819:and design of the 673:Lack of investment 562: 502:Politics of design 399:cooperative design 4428: 4427: 4374: 4373: 4141:Conceptual design 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4094:James Dyson Award 3950:Website wireframe 3940:Technical drawing 3814: 3813: 3662:Transgenerational 3403:Ecological design 3279:Activity-centered 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3237:Spacecraft design 3031:Public art design 2969:Video game design 2947:Experience design 2917:Production design 2897:Motorcycle design 2855:Automotive design 2759:Ecological design 2637:Film title design 2298:978-0-230-62251-7 2023:Cole, B. (2013) ' 1307:978-90-6369-284-1 1148:978-90-6369-473-9 1076:978-3-319-27648-9 710:City of Melbourne 705:local governments 572:, in relation to 566:built environment 542:C. West Churchman 374:built environment 259:new product ideas 243:industrial design 196: 195: 188: 178: 177: 170: 116: 115: 64: 21:integrated design 4463: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4117: 3994:Geschmacksmuster 3968:Community design 3846: 3820: 3580:Process-centered 3376:Design–bid–build 3344:Cradle-to-cradle 3324:Concept-oriented 3265: 3242:Strategic design 3212:Processor design 3187:Mechanism design 3155:Geometric design 3115:Algorithm design 3055:Jewellery design 2986:Immersive design 2880:Furniture design 2825:Landscape design 2603: 2592: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2536: 2350: 2349: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2199: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2142: 2131: 2130: 2112: 2102: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2059:. P2P Foundation 2049: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2031:1, Brighton: IDS 2021: 2015: 2014: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1982:. Archived from 1975: 1969: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1937:. 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4467: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4238: 4236:Wicked problem 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121:Related topics 4120: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4038:Design Council 4035: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4005:European Union 3997: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3686: 3684:Usage-centered 3681: 3680: 3679: 3677:Design for All 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657:Transformation 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605:Research-based 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3570:Platform-based 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3520:KISS principle 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3430:Fault-tolerant 3427: 3425:Error-tolerant 3422: 3421: 3420: 3410: 3408:Energy neutral 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3364:Design fiction 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3247:Systems design 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3217:Protein design 3214: 3209: 3207:Process design 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3170:Circuit design 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3092:Textile design 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3050:Costume design 3045:Fashion design 3042: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2927:Service design 2924: 2922:Sensory design 2919: 2914: 2912:Product design 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2830:Spatial design 2827: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2808:Keyline design 2805: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2774:Computer-aided 2766: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2642:Graphic design 2639: 2634: 2632:Exhibit design 2629: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2493: 2492:pp. 59–65 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2304: 2297: 2269: 2219: 2190:(1): 325–350. 2170: 2132: 2070: 2053:"P2P Urbanism" 2044: 2033: 2016: 1997: 1970: 1955: 1925: 1881: 1835: 1789: 1749: 1740: 1717: 1701: 1692: 1678: 1651: 1596: 1567: 1548:(3): 215–236. 1529: 1506: 1499: 1474: 1455:(2): 457–478. 1432: 1372: 1321: 1306: 1286: 1264: 1209: 1183: 1154: 1147: 1129: 1103: 1087: 1075: 1045: 1030: 991: 955: 942:(4): 205–220. 921: 919: 916: 915: 914: 907:Structuralists 895: 890: 888:Service design 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 853: 850: 828: 825: 817:entire systems 753: 750: 700: 697: 687: 684: 674: 671: 661: 658: 648: 645: 639: 636: 631: 628: 619:Main article: 616: 613: 553: 550: 512: 509: 503: 500: 494: 491: 485: 482: 462: 459: 429:Utopia project 394: 391: 361: 358: 348: 345: 339: 336: 315: 312: 306: 303: 239:graphic design 235:sustainability 231:product design 194: 193: 176: 175: 130: 128: 121: 114: 113: 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4468: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:specification 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4264:architectural 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4231:Visualization 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Cultural icon 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016:Organizations 4014: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983:Design patent 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973:Design around 3971: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3833:Organizations 3832: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3694:User-centered 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3642:Tableless web 3640: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565:Participatory 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3455:For Six Sigma 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3398:Domain-driven 3396: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3386:architect-led 3384: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3329:Configuration 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294:Brainstorming 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3227:Social design 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3150:Filter design 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3125:Boiler design 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077:Scenic design 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3062:Floral design 3060: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2769:Garden design 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2752:Passive solar 2750: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2727:Environmental 2724: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2689:Retail design 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2607:Communication 2604: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370:Banathy, B.H. 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:Design Issues 2315: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2100:10.2196/38350 2096: 2093:(1): e38350. 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1986:on 2010-05-14 1985: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951:Have Your Say 1941:on 2009-05-07 1940: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1760: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1348:10.2196/13780 1344: 1341:(4): e13780. 1340: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1281:Design Issues 1275: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:Design Issues 1233: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 995: 992: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 962: 960: 956: 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 926: 923: 917: 912: 911:Aldo van Eyck 908: 904: 900: 899:N.J. Habraken 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 851: 849: 845: 843: 839: 833: 826: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 751: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 725: 721: 718: 717:City of Yarra 714: 711: 706: 698: 696: 693: 685: 683: 679: 672: 670: 668: 667:externalities 659: 657: 653: 646: 644: 637: 635: 629: 627: 622: 614: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 558: 551: 549: 547: 543: 538: 532: 528: 526: 522: 518: 510: 508: 501: 499: 492: 490: 483: 481: 477: 472: 467: 460: 458: 454: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 434:The parallel 432: 430: 425: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 392: 390: 387: 383: 382:participation 379: 375: 371: 367: 359: 357: 353: 346: 344: 337: 335: 332: 328: 324: 321: 313: 311: 304: 302: 300: 296: 292: 287: 284: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 190: 187: 172: 169: 161: 151: 147: 141: 140: 134: 129: 120: 119: 110: 100: 96: 92: 86: 85: 80:This article 78: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 4221:STEAM fields 4191:Lean startup 4176:Indie design 3992: 3959:Intellectual 3711:Value-driven 3689:Use-centered 3595:Regenerative 3575:Policy-based 3564: 3535:Mind mapping 3440:For assembly 3381:Design–build 3318: 3299:By committee 3284:Adaptive web 3082:Sound design 3040:glass design 3038: / 3023:applied arts 2964:Level design 2835:Urban design 2786:Hotel design 2737:Architecture 2712:Video design 2705: / 2696: / 2664:Illustration 2657:Print design 2627:Brand design 2457:). Note #16. 2321: 2317: 2307: 2279: 2272: 2239: 2235: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2154: 2150: 2090: 2086: 2061:. Retrieved 2056: 2047: 2036: 2028: 2019: 2000: 1988:. Retrieved 1984:the original 1977:City Repair 1973: 1968:May 14, 2009 1965: 1962:Andrea Cook 1958: 1953:May 14, 2009 1950: 1943:. Retrieved 1939:the original 1928: 1906:(1): 14–19. 1903: 1899: 1857: 1853: 1812:. Retrieved 1804: 1766:. Retrieved 1752: 1743: 1738:May 15, 2009 1735: 1720: 1704: 1695: 1681: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1643:. Retrieved 1613: 1609: 1599: 1576: 1570: 1545: 1541: 1532: 1517: 1509: 1493:p. 86. 1486: 1452: 1448: 1390: 1386: 1375: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1296: 1289: 1280: 1267: 1242: 1238: 1201: 1167: 1157: 1138: 1132: 1090: 1080:, retrieved 1058: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1008: 1004: 994: 975: 971: 939: 935: 925: 878:Permaculture 846: 834: 830: 820: 816: 812: 805: 782: 755: 746:urban design 736: 732: 722: 702: 689: 680: 676: 663: 654: 650: 641: 633: 624: 581:regeneration 563: 533: 529: 514: 505: 496: 487: 478: 474: 469: 464: 455: 440: 433: 426: 418: 403: 398: 396: 370:consultation 363: 354: 350: 341: 333: 329: 325: 317: 308: 288: 279:Wendy Mackay 275: 257:to generate 251: 223:architecture 219:urban design 206: 205:, now often 202: 201:(originally 198: 197: 182: 164: 155: 136: 104: 89:Please help 81: 57: 50: 44: 43:Please help 40: 4259:competition 4216:Slow design 4166:Form factor 4136:Concept art 3945:HTML editor 3625:Sustainable 3460:For testing 3304:By contract 3160:Work design 3135:Drug design 3107:engineering 2981:Icon design 2959:Game design 2937:Interaction 2885:Sustainable 2818:Sustainable 2707:Type design 2684:Photography 2679:News design 2622:Book design 2617:Advertising 2596:Disciplines 2426:Associates. 2416:Associates. 2399:University. 2324:(1): 5–25. 2011:Streetfilms 1860:(1): 5–18. 1814:30 December 1768:30 December 1245:(1): 5–25. 1170:: 580–590. 858:Co-creation 809:Pacific rim 778:trade union 589:stakeholder 574:placemaking 537:sex workers 289:In several 255:communities 247:placemaking 150:introducing 4446:Innovation 4435:Categories 4419:Wiktionary 4412:Wikisource 4366:technology 4336:principles 3935:Storyboard 3761:management 3756:leadership 3721:Privacy by 3560:Parametric 3530:Metadesign 3500:Integrated 3490:High-level 3475:Generative 3470:Functional 3339:Continuous 3334:Contextual 3309:C-K theory 3269:Approaches 3011:Web design 2865:CMF design 2845:Industrial 2703:Typography 2443:Ivanov, K. 2433:Ivanov, K. 2389:Bødker, S. 2356:References 2242:: 104581. 1990:2008-10-17 1945:2008-10-17 1667:(3): 4–9. 1645:2023-09-21 1500:0761960945 1316:1197783702 1082:2024-04-11 978:: 75–100. 692:aesthetics 585:democratic 570:architects 493:Discourses 443:AT project 305:Definition 271:philosophy 158:April 2009 133:references 107:April 2024 99:Wikisource 46:improve it 4405:Wikiquote 4391:Wikibooks 4341:rationale 4306:knowledge 4281:education 4201:OODA loop 3925:Prototype 3910:Flowchart 3868:Blueprint 3736:computing 3672:Universal 3620:Safe-life 3525:Low-level 3515:Iterative 3495:Inclusive 3480:Geodesign 3371:Defensive 3319:Co-design 3289:Affective 2455:1101-7422 2338:0747-9360 2264:213446853 2256:0190-7409 2206:0163-7525 2127:254628500 1920:1046-4883 1876:1571-0882 1824:cite book 1640:249663814 1585:cite book 1538:Bødker, S 1469:1573-1804 1409:2056-7529 1393:(1): 12. 1025:0025-1909 609:Vancouver 578:community 525:co-design 461:Co-design 386:workshops 366:Australia 267:designers 207:co-design 95:Wikiquote 82:contains 52:talk page 4398:Wikinews 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