543:
837:. Since it is usually not stated which quantity is used, it is better to write the units out, such as kg/kg, mol/mol or m/m, even though they are all dimensionless. The difference is quite significant when dealing with gases, and it is very important to specify which quantity is being used. For example, the conversion factor between a mass fraction of 1 ppb and a mole fraction of 1 ppb is about 4.7 for the greenhouse gas
40:
1918:
1681:(EPA) currently sets a hard limit of 30 ppq for dioxin in drinking water but once recommended a voluntary limit of 0.013 ppq. Also, radioactive contaminants in drinking water, which are quantified by measuring their radiation, are often reported in terms of ppq; 0.013 ppq is equivalent to the thickness of a sheet of paper versus a journey of
877:) may use mass/volume. Unfortunatelly, many academic publications of otherwise excellent level fail to specify their use of the parts-per notation, which irritates some readers, especially those who are not experts in the particular fields in those publications, because parts-per-notation, without specifying what it stands for, can mean anything.
848:
The usage of the parts-per notation is generally quite fixed within each specific branch of science, but often in a way that is inconsistent with its usage in other branches, leading some researchers to assume that their own usage (mass/mass, mol/mol, volume/volume, mass/volume, or others) is correct
841:
in air (Molar mass of CFC-11 / Mean molar mass of air = 137.368 / 28.97 = 4.74). For volume fraction, the suffix "V" or "v" is sometimes appended to the parts-per notation (e.g. ppmV, ppbv, pptv). However, ppbv and pptv are also often used for mole fractions (which is identical to volume fraction
622:
is typically used to denote changes in or differences between percentage interest rates (although it can also be used in other cases where it is desirable to express quantities in hundredths of a percent). For instance, a change in an interest rate from 5.15% per annum to 5.35% per annum could be
241:
symbol (%), are used in regular prose (as opposed to mathematical expressions), they are still pure-number dimensionless quantities. However, they generally take the literal "parts per" meaning of a comparative ratio (e.g. "2 ppb" would generally be interpreted as "two parts in a billion
46:
aqueous solutions, diluted from 10,000 to 1 parts-per-million in intervals of 10 fold dilution. At 1 ppm the solution is a very pale yellow. As the concentration increases the colour becomes a more vibrant yellow, then orange, with the final 10,000 ppm a deep red
597:
sign (‰). Note however, that specific disciplines such as oceanography, as well as educational exercises, do use the "ppt" abbreviation. "One part per thousand" denotes one part per 1,000 (10) parts, and a value of 10. This is equivalent to about ninety seconds out of one
332:
is usually expressed in ppm. It represents the difference of a measured frequency in parts per million from the reference frequency. The reference frequency depends on the instrument's magnetic field and the element being measured. It is usually expressed in
159:, it is common to assume that the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. Therefore, it is common to equate 1 kilogram of water with 1 L of water. Consequently, 1 ppm corresponds to 1 mg/L and 1 ppb corresponds to 1 μg/L.
611:
sign (‱). Although rarely used in science (ppm is typically used instead), one permyriad has an unambiguous value of one part per 10,000 (10) parts, and a value of 10. This is equivalent to about nine seconds out of one day.
1500:
This is a simplified explanation. Laser rangefinders typically have a measurement "granularity" of one to ten millimeters; thus, the complete specification for distance measurement accuracy might read as follows: "Accuracy
885:
SI-compliant units that can be used as alternatives are shown in the chart below. Expressions that the BIPM explicitly does not recognize as being suitable for denoting dimensionless quantities with the SI are marked with
775:(ISO) take the position that "in mathematical expressions, the internationally recognized symbol % (percent) may be used with the SI to represent the number 0.01" for dimensionless quantities. According to
849:
and that other usages are incorrect. This assumption sometimes leads them to not specify the details of their own usage in their publications, and others may therefore misinterpret their results. For example,
623:
denoted as a change of 20 basis points (per annum). As with interest rates, the words "per annum" (or "per year") are often omitted. In that case, the basis point is a quantity with a dimension of (time).
1480:(CIPM) stated that the response to the proposal of the uno "had been almost entirely negative", and the principal proponent "recommended dropping the idea". To date, the uno has not been adopted by any
817:
Although "ppt" usually means "parts per trillion", it occasionally means "parts per thousand". Unless the meaning of "ppt" is defined explicitly, it has to be determined from the context.
783:
should be used as an alternative, the parts-per notation remains nevertheless widely used in technical disciplines. The main problems with the parts-per notation are set out below.
207:
Parts-per notations are all dimensionless quantities: in mathematical expressions, the units of measurement always cancel. In fractions like "2 nanometers per meter"
675:) denotes one part per 1,000,000 (10) parts, and a value of 10. It is equivalent to about 32 seconds out of a year or 1 mm of error per km of distance traversed. In
845:
To distinguish the mass fraction from volume fraction or mole fraction, the letter "w" (standing for "weight") is sometimes added to the abbreviation (e.g. ppmw, ppbw).
1477:
1473:
776:
806:
772:
1678:
549:
809:(NIST) takes the stringent position, stating that "the language-dependent terms are not acceptable for use with the SI to express the values of quantities".
756:
1476:(IUPAP) in 1999 proposed the adoption of the special name "uno" (symbol: U) to represent the number 1 in dimensionless quantities. In 2004, a report to the
1890:"Report of the 16th meeting (13–14 May 2004) to the International Committee for Weights and Measures, of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures"
1574:
1871:, "When is used, a space separates the number and the symbol %." This practice has not been well adopted with regard to the % symbol, is
337:. Typical chemical shifts are rarely more than a few hundred Hz from the reference frequency, so chemical shifts are conveniently expressed in ppm (
325:
725:) denotes one part per 1,000,000,000,000 (10) parts, and a value of 10. This is equivalent to about thirty seconds out of every million years.
1725:
805:" have different values in different countries, the BIPM suggests avoiding the use of "ppb" and "ppt" to prevent misunderstanding. The U.S.
742:) denotes one part per 1,000,000,000,000,000 (10) parts, and a value of 10. This is equivalent to about two and a half minutes out of the
278:)/°C; the numeric value representing a relative proportion does not change with the adoption of a different unit of length. Similarly, a
1970:
1965:
746:(4.5 billion years). Although relatively uncommon in analytical chemistry, measurements at the ppq level are sometimes performed.
255:
246:
185:
1807:
1960:
1955:
1834:
1670:
1889:
1652:
1990:
1950:
1515:
764:
734:
717:
132:
1922:
151:. The quantity "1 ppm" can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a
779:, "a continued source of annoyance to unit purists has been the continued use of percent, ppm, ppb, and ppt". Although
704:) denotes one part per 1,000,000,000 (10) parts, and a value of 10. This is equivalent to about three seconds out of a
1985:
1505:
Consequently, a distance measurement of only a few meters would still have an accuracy of ±1 mm in this example.
933:
866:
341:/MHz). Parts-per notation gives a dimensionless quantity that does not depend on the instrument's field strength.
170:
to express the value of various proportional phenomena. For instance, a special metal alloy might expand 1.2
826:
72:
1803:
650:
for mortality, crime and disease prevalence rates, and nuclear reactor engineering as a unit of reactivity. In
1396:
1854:
1481:
1445:
798:
590:
201:
76:
64:
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1472:
Because of the cumbersome nature of expressing certain dimensionless quantities per SI guidelines, the
1975:
854:
655:
284:
80:
1868:
1634:
862:
542:
1850:
1721:
763:-language initials BIPM) recognizes the use of parts-per notation, it is not formally part of the
1785:
1580:
245:
Parts-per notations may be expressed in terms of any unit of the same measure. For instance, the
193:
1762:
1830:
197:
196:
in measurements. For instance, the accuracy of land-survey distance measurements when using a
31:
1722:"Report on Recent Committee Activities on Behalf of IUPAP to the 1999 IUPAP General Assembly"
1514:
In the particular case of coefficient of thermal expansion, the change to inches (one of the
1980:
1777:
850:
743:
651:
156:
237:
with positive values less than or equal to 1. When parts-per notations, including the
1609:
1448:; that is, the units of measurement factor out in expressions like "1 nm/m" (1 n
834:
1748:
Rules and Style
Conventions for Expressing Values of Quantities: 7.10.3 ppm, ppb, and ppt
294:
is doing so at a rate that may be expressed in a variety of volumetric units, including
1823:
1747:
1603:
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329:
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that injects a trace chemical into the main process line at the proportional flow rate
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830:
696:
581:
279:
68:
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646:
denotes one part per 100,000 (10) parts, and a value of 10. It is commonly used in
603:
565:
338:
200:
might be 1 millimeter per kilometer of distance; this could be expressed as "
1896:
572:, and a value of 10. This is equivalent to about fourteen minutes out of one day.
17:
1461:
619:
318:
234:
167:
56:
43:
1821:
Beychok, Milton R. (2005). "Air dispersion modeling conversions and formulas".
1804:"EPA on-line tools for site assessment calculation: Indoor air unit Conversion"
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1519:
940:
768:
684:
569:
263:
171:
147:, for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in
39:
1444:
Note that the notations in the "SI units" column above are for the most part
546:
Visualisation of 1%, 1‰, 1‱, 1 pcm and 1 ppm as fractions of the large block
79:
are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are pure numbers with no associated
1781:
1635:"Stating values of dimensionless quantities, or quantities of dimension one"
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144:
1917:
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230:
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Parts-per notation is also employed to denote the change, stability, or
858:
705:
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615:
238:
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52:
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that of a
Celsius-sized interval, the value is typically expressed as
658:, it is equivalent to 1 cm of error per km of distance traversed.
1763:"Units for use in atmospheric chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)"
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is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous
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Another problem of the parts-per notation is that it may refer to
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Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in
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as "ppt" (which is usually understood to represent "parts per
560:
334:
771:" (%) is not formally part of the SI, both the BIPM and the
1934:
1522:. Since a Fahrenheit-sized interval of temperature is only
759:(an international standards organization known also by its
1928:
654:
it is equivalent to about 5 minutes out of a year; in
30:"Parts per billion" redirects here. For the film, see
1888:Consultative Committee for Units (13–14 May 2004).
821:
Mass fraction vs. mole fraction vs. volume fraction
1822:
857:may use mass/mass as well as volume/volume, while
1478:International Committee for Weights and Measures
1518:) is typically also accompanied by a change to
1474:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
155:per gram of sample solution. When working with
1929:National Institute of Standards and Technology
807:National Institute of Standards and Technology
773:International Organization for Standardization
162:Similarly, parts-per notation is used also in
780:
8:
1935:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
757:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
585:should generally be spelled out in full and
135:(SI) system and its meaning is ambiguous.
1575:International Electrotechnical Commission
894:
541:
348:
1715:
1713:
1621:
1493:
896:Notations for dimensionless quantities
326:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1629:
1627:
1625:
1853:. Introduction to green engineering.
27:Set of units to describe small values
7:
1825:Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion
1761:Schwartz, S.E.; Warneck, P. (1995).
1679:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
131:). This notation is not part of the
1829:(4th ed.). Milton R. Beychok.
1720:Petley, Brian W. (September 1998).
593:"). It may also be denoted by the
25:
1869:BIPM's SI brochure, section 5.3.7
1468:Uno (proposed dimensionless unit)
1916:
1456: =1 × 10) so the
564:is generally represented by the
1808:Environmental Protection Agency
1728:from the original on 2017-08-15
853:often use volume/volume, while
679:, it is also equivalent to one
262:may be expressed as 18.7 (
182:and this would be expressed as
1286:1 part per million per minute
217:= 2 nano = 2×10 = 2 ppb = 2 ×
1:
765:International System of Units
133:International System of Units
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570:one part per 100 (10) parts
2007:
1770:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1673:are routinely made at the
867:permissible exposure limit
790:
767:(SI). Note that although "
204: = 1 ppm."
29:
1464:with values less than 1.
1416:A frequency change of...
992:2 parts per ten thousand
270:)/°C, or as 18.7 (μ
1971:Mathematical terminology
1873:contrary to Knowledge's
1446:dimensionless quantities
1256:5.24 parts per trillion
1189:A volume fraction of...
1168:2 parts per quadrillion
881:SI-compliant expressions
781:SI-compliant expressions
65:dimensionless quantities
1966:Environmental chemistry
1782:10.1351/pac199567081377
1688:trips around the world.
1606:(pcm) 1 part in 100,000
1397:temperature coefficient
1229:5.24 parts per billion
1212:5.24 parts per million
842:only for ideal gases).
1855:University of Virginia
1482:standards organization
1422:0.35 part per billion
1419:0.35 × 10 ƒ
1411:0.3 × 10/°C
1250:A mole fraction of...
1223:A mole fraction of...
1206:A mole fraction of...
1195:5.2 parts per million
1162:A mass fraction of...
1135:A mass fraction of...
1108:A mass fraction of...
1091:A mass fraction of...
952: 2%
554:
48:
1961:Dimensionless numbers
1956:Chemical nomenclature
1324:An uncertainty of...
1292:1 × 10/min
1141:2 parts per trillion
1070:2 parts per trillion
970:2 parts per thousand
813:Thousand vs. trillion
793:Long and short scales
787:Long and short scales
545:
345:Parts-per expressions
247:expansion coefficient
121:parts-per-quadrillion
42:
1991:Units of measurement
1951:Analytical chemistry
1925:at Wikimedia Commons
1701:Quantities and units
1653:"Basis Points (BPS)"
1600:(‱) 1 part in 10,000
1516:U.S. customary units
1438:0.35 × 10
1330:9 parts per billion
1303:5 parts per billion
1272:5.24 × 10
1245:5.24 × 10
1218:5.24 × 10
1114:2 parts per billion
1097:2 parts per million
1060:A sensitivity of...
1039:2 parts per billion
1029:A sensitivity of...
1018:2 parts per million
1008:A sensitivity of...
986:A sensitivity of...
960:A sensitivity of...
949:2 parts per hundred
656:distance measurement
178:of length for every
83:. Commonly used are
81:units of measurement
1594:(‰) 1 part in 1,000
1384:1 part per million
1357:1 part per billion
1201:5.2 × 10
897:
863:occupational safety
687:, expressed as g/t.
1986:Physical constants
1923:Parts-per notation
1776:(8–9): 1377–1406.
1705:General principles
1581:Milligram per cent
1520:degrees Fahrenheit
1277:A stability of...
895:
873:exposure limit in
855:chemical engineers
607:is denoted by the
555:
109:parts-per-trillion
61:parts-per notation
49:
1921:Media related to
1857:. 23 August 2012.
1588:(%) 1 part in 100
1503:±(1 mm + 1 ppm)".
1442:
1441:
1390:1 × 10
1373:1 × 10
1346:9 × 10
1319:5 × 10
1184:2 × 10
1157:2 × 10
1130:2 × 10
1103:2 × 10
1086:2 × 10
1055:2 × 10
1024:2 × 10
1003:2 × 10
981:2 × 10
955:2 × 10
865:and the field of
801:starting with a "
540:
539:
198:laser rangefinder
157:aqueous solutions
97:parts-per-billion
85:parts-per-million
33:Parts per Billion
18:Parts-per-million
16:(Redirected from
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614:In contrast, in
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822:
819:
814:
811:
791:Main article:
788:
785:
752:
749:
748:
747:
727:
726:
710:
709:
689:
688:
660:
659:
635:per cent mille
624:
599:
574:
573:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
400:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
346:
343:
330:chemical shift
289:
260:= 18.7 ppm/°C,
190:= 1.2 ppm/°C".
180:degree Celsius
140:
137:
75:. Since these
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1867:According to
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1434:
1426:
1414:
1398:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1327:9 μg/kg
1322:
1315:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1221:
1204:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1138:2 ng/kg
1133:
1126:
1118:
1111:2 μg/kg
1106:
1094:2 mg/kg
1089:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1014:
1006:
999:
984:
977:
966:
958:
946:
942:
935:
930:
922:
915:
908:
903:
900:
899:
893:
890:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
831:mole fraction
828:
827:mass fraction
820:
818:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:named numbers
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:Although the
750:
745:
741:
737:
736:
733:One part per
731:
730:
729:
724:
720:
719:
716:One part per
714:
713:
712:
707:
703:
699:
698:
695:One part per
693:
692:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
666:One part per
664:
663:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:milli-percent
641:
637:
636:
631:
630:
627:One part per
625:
621:
617:
610:
606:
605:
602:One part per
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
580:One part per
578:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
562:
559:One part per
557:
556:
551:
544:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
350:
344:
342:
340:
336:
331:
327:
322:
320:
314:
310:
303:
299:
288:
281:
280:metering pump
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
232:
216:
212:
205:
203:
199:
195:
189:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
126:
122:
114:
110:
102:
98:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:mass fraction
70:
69:mole fraction
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
41:
35:
34:
19:
1897:the original
1883:
1874:
1863:
1845:
1824:
1816:
1798:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1704:
1700:
1696:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1550:rather than
1510:
1496:
1471:
1462:coefficients
1453:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1424:
1381:1 μm/m
1367:
1359:
1354:1 nm/m
1340:
1332:
1313:
1305:
1266:
1258:
1239:
1231:
1178:
1170:
1151:
1143:
1124:
1116:
1080:
1072:
1049:
1041:
997:
975:
918:abbreviation
888:
884:
847:
844:
824:
816:
797:Because the
796:
754:
739:
732:
728:
722:
715:
711:
701:
694:
690:
672:
665:
661:
648:epidemiology
643:
639:
633:
626:
604:ten thousand
601:
586:
579:
575:
566:percent sign
558:
356:of ↓
323:
317:125 cm/
244:
235:coefficients
214:
210:
206:
161:
142:
139:Applications
124:
120:
112:
108:
100:
96:
88:
84:
60:
50:
32:
1976:Measurement
1408:0.3 ppm/°C
735:quadrillion
620:basis point
194:uncertainty
172:micrometers
168:engineering
57:engineering
44:Fluorescein
1945:Categories
1836:0964458802
1732:2017-08-15
1703:. Part 0:
1616:References
1586:Percentage
1289:1 ppm/min
925:scientific
920:or symbol
685:metric ton
1598:Permyriad
1592:Per mille
1488:Footnotes
1430:0.35 ppb
1280:1 (μA/A)/
1264:5.24 ppt
1237:5.24 ppb
1215:5.24 ppm
1192:5.2 μL/L
989:0.2 mV/V
927:notation
916:Parts-per
751:Criticism
609:permyriad
292:= 12 ppm,
242:parts").
231:quotients
145:chemistry
77:fractions
1726:Archived
1569:See also
1552:18.7 (μ
1540:10.4 (μ
1198:5.2 ppm
1165:2 pg/kg
923:Value in
901:Measure
859:chemists
718:trillion
595:permille
591:trillion
582:thousand
249:of some
202:Accuracy
1981:Metrics
1851:"Units"
1790:7029702
1536:
1524:
1300:5 nΩ/Ω
803:billion
769:percent
706:century
697:billion
668:million
616:finance
561:hundred
490:0.0001
396:billion
389:million
382:100,000
328:(NMR),
321:, etc.
253:alloy,
239:percent
229:so the
164:physics
67:, e.g.
53:science
47:colour.
1937:(BIPM)
1931:(NIST)
1833:
1788:
1745:NIST:
1690:
1671:dioxin
1458:ratios
1399:of...
1387:1 ppm
1365:1 ppb
1338:9 ppb
1311:5 ppb
1176:2 ppq
1149:2 ppt
1122:2 ppb
1100:2 ppm
1078:2 ppt
1047:2 ppb
1021:2 ppm
936:of...
934:strain
906:units
839:CFC-11
761:French
677:mining
618:, the
530:10,000
513:0.001
498:10,000
418:0.0001
398:(ppb)
391:(ppm)
384:(pcm)
375:10,000
352:1 of →
307:125 μ
119:) and
59:, the
1900:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1786:S2CID
1766:(PDF)
1577:(IEC)
1560:)/°C.
909:Named
777:IUPAP
642:) or
533:1,000
501:1,000
475:1,000
441:0.001
415:0.001
368:mille
296:125 μ
251:brass
219:0.000
209:(2 n
176:meter
149:water
1831:ISBN
1639:BIPM
1548:)/°F
1067:V/V
1036:V/V
1015:V/V
995:2 ‱
973:2 ‰
967:V/V
683:per
681:gram
598:day.
518:ppb
495:ppm
472:pcm
464:0.01
438:0.01
412:0.01
377:(‱)
370:(‰)
363:(%)
361:cent
174:per
166:and
153:gram
55:and
1778:doi
1685:000
1683:146
1675:sub
1282:min
875:air
871:gas
833:or
740:ppq
723:ppt
702:ppb
673:ppm
640:pcm
587:not
504:100
487:0.1
478:100
467:10
461:0.1
452:100
444:10
435:0.1
421:10
409:0.1
394:per
387:per
380:per
373:per
366:per
359:per
354:= ⭨
335:MHz
324:In
313:gal
309:gal
224:001
221:000
125:ppq
113:ppt
107:),
101:ppb
95:),
89:ppm
71:or
51:In
1947::
1806:.
1784:.
1774:67
1772:.
1768:.
1724:.
1712:^
1655:.
1637:.
1624:^
1558:in
1554:in
1546:in
1542:in
1527:5
1484:.
1395:A
1063:2
1032:2
1011:2
963:2
941:cm
939:2
932:A
904:SI
892:.
829:,
632:,
536:1
527:10
524:10
521:10
507:10
481:10
455:10
449:‱
429:10
426:‰
403:%
339:Hz
311:/
276:in
272:in
264:μm
227:),
213:/
129:10
127:,
117:10
115:,
105:10
103:,
93:10
91:,
1839:.
1810:.
1792:.
1780::
1751:.
1735:.
1659:.
1556:/
1544:/
1533:9
1530:/
1454:m
1452:/
1450:m
1433:!
1425:!
1368:!
1360:!
1341:!
1333:!
1314:!
1306:!
1267:!
1259:!
1240:!
1232:!
1179:!
1171:!
1152:!
1144:!
1125:!
1117:!
1081:!
1073:!
1065:p
1050:!
1042:!
1034:n
1013:μ
998:!
976:!
965:m
945:m
943:/
889:!
738:(
721:(
708:.
700:(
671:(
638:(
510:1
484:1
458:1
432:1
406:1
319:m
315:,
304:,
302:L
300:/
298:L
290:p
286:Q
274:/
268:m
266:/
257:α
215:m
211:m
187:α
184:"
123:(
111:(
99:(
87:(
36:.
20:)
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