691:
922:. The sporangium wall has a complex structure, with a thick innermost layer surrounded by a nearly equal in size or slightly thinner opaque layer in which the warts are embedded. As it matures, the sporangium acquires a blackish colour. Zoospores develop within, either in the dead host cell or after the sporangium is released from the host. The zooids escape through the aforementioned apertures. The number of zooids produced by each sporangium depends on its size, but generally around 500 zooids are released, and it takes 5–10 minutes for all zooids to leave. Afterwards, the
35:
72:
415:
Initially, it was assumed that the observed zooids would grow into dinoflagellate cells, and there was much debate that sporangia did not arise from parasites. However, similar observations of the round bodies were made with plankton material from the same
Swedish coast, which led to further
1063:
species have a generalist dinoflagellate host range, and thus could serve as negative regulators of dinoflagellate communities. There is research underway to understand the specific host ranges for each species in order to better control dinoflagellate blooms.
915:
is proportional to the size of the host cell. The surface of the sporangium is ornamented with regularly arranged warts, around 0.6–0.8 μm long. It also presents several simple apertures, each covered by an operculum, unlike the smooth-walled sporangia seen in
1351:
Frédéric
Lepelletier; Sergey A. Karpov; Sophie Le Panse; Estelle Bigeard; Alf Skovgaard; Christian Jeanthon; Laure Guillou (17 October 2013). "Parvilucifera rostrata sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa), a novel parasitoid that infects planktonic dinoflagellates".
1422:
Albert Reñé; Elisabet Alacid; Rosa Isabel
Figueroa; Francisco Rodríguez; Esther Garcés (13 December 2016). "Life-cycle, ultrastructure, and phylogeny of Parvilucifera corolla sp. nov. (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa), a parasitoid of dinoflagellates".
902:
contents of the host cell. As the process of feeding continues, the contents of the host cell become entirely degraded or pushed to the outer edges of the cell. As this stage comes to an end, a more or less spherical sporangium develops.
406:. After preservation in the refrigerator for two weeks, the dinoflagellates had all died but the round bodies remained. These were further investigated, and later found to be sporangia of a parasitic protist, later described as
1789:
Elisabet Alacid; Albert Reñé; Esther Garcés (26 September 2015). "New
Insights into the Parasitoid Parvilucifera sinerae Life Cycle: The Development and Kinetics of Infection of a Bloom-forming Dinoflagellate Host".
1229:
Rosa Isabel
Figueroa; Esther Garcés; Ramon Massana; Jordi Camp (9 August 2008). "Description, host-specificity, and strain selectivity of the dinoflagellate parasite Parvilucifera sinerae sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa)".
828:. Their pseudo-conoid is a 5-membered sheet-like conoid, and the simplest conoid structure discovered so far among alveolates. These structures likely play a role in the infection of cells, because they are
1168:
Boo Seong Jeon; Myung Gil Park (27 June 2020). "Parvilucifera multicavata sp. nov. (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa), a New
Parasitoid Infecting Marine Dinoflagellates Having Abundant Apertures on the Sporangium".
778:
one and a shorter posterior one, both arising from the anterior part of the cell. The two flagella are orthogonal, arising close together, each in a cavity. In addition, the cells contain a stretched
690:
1843:
Esther Garcés; Elisabet Alacid; Isabel Bravo; Santiago Fraga; Rosa I Figueroa (23 December 2012). "Parvilucifera sinerae (Alveolata, Myzozoa) is a generalist parasitoid of dinoflagellates".
1114:; Ann-Sofi Rehnstam-Holm (October 1999). "Parvilucifera infectans Noren et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a Parasitic Flagellate Capable of Killing Toxic Microalgae".
627:
is distinguished from others by the radial disposition of the zoospores within the maturing sporangium, among other traits such as the tear-drop shape of the zoospores themselves.
1663:"Evolutionary Trends of Perkinsozoa (Alveolata) Characters Based on Observations of Two New Genera of Parasitoids of dinoflagellates, Dinovorax gen. nov. and Snorkelia gen. nov"
442:
and others). The mysterious zooids differed from dinoflagellates and apicomplexans in the ultrastructure of their flagellum, which led to the creation of a separate new phylum,
1543:
T. Cavalier-Smith; E.E. Chao (September 2004). "Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of
Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.)".
1283:
Mona
Hoppenrath; Brian S Leander (1 May 2009). "Molecular phylogeny of Parvilucifera prorocentri (Alveolata, Myzozoa): Insights into perkinsid character evolution".
4324:
1593:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
4337:
1059:
industry and responsible for producing potent toxins. Some dinoflagellates are also known to create massive faunal mortality and can even be fatal for humans.
875:, the process of infection can follow two different pathways, depending on whether the dinoflagellate host is thecate (i.e. with a protective outer layer of
4311:
1023:, meaning that they are able to infect a wide range of dinoflagellate species. The only exception was a species formerly included in this genus,
855:
are elongated. The average length is approximately 2.9 m and width of the zoospores are similar among the three species. The zoospores of
1926:
1482:
1285:
1013:
1730:"Revisiting the Parvilucifera infectans / P. sinerae (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa) species complex, two parasitoids of dinoflagellates"
591:, have long been considered different species, but were later revealed to be the same through a set of genetic, morphological and
4350:
1967:
1545:
1425:
1116:
883:: the process will follow with the de-attachment of dinoflagellate theca. If the host cell does not have protective plates, then
1962:
832:
to the structures found in apicomplexans, where the apical complex secretes enzymes that allow them to enter the host cell.
2046:
2036:
2019:
2205:
71:
4342:
758:
zoospores, also named zooids, are elongate or tear-shaped and have two flagella. They are characterized by a large
4378:
58:
3798:
663:
607:
496:
478:
221:
973:
847:
642:
583:
408:
287:
214:
4038:
3936:
3604:
3074:
2051:
1919:
1035:. However, studies are increasingly pointing towards preferences for particular species of dinoflagellates.
857:
673:
617:
536:
484:
228:
1025:
871:
841:
696:
632:
623:
490:
468:
207:
4225:
3092:
1031:
782:
extending from the flagellar insertion to the posterior end. As other alveolates, they also present large
3847:
3367:
2386:
2325:
2247:
2014:
1588:
935:
728:
313:
2891:
2881:
3403:
3044:
2886:
2835:
2825:
1000:
which can protect the zoospores. The sporangia are able to survive cold temperatures for many months.
996:, are able to survive extreme conditions in their sporangium phase, due to the resilience of the host
34:
4383:
4355:
4298:
4100:
3953:
3395:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3027:
2927:
2139:
4088:
4076:
4027:
3649:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3069:
3015:
2840:
926:
from where the zooids were abstricted becomes a residual body left in the sporangium, consisting of
605:. Species are differentiated from each other through genetic distance and morphology. For instance,
543:
4094:
4071:
4054:
3661:
3399:
3335:
3272:
3229:
3086:
3081:
2909:
2421:
2086:
1048:
798:. Their apical complex is reduced in comparison to that of apicomplexans, and it includes a pseudo-
763:
421:
403:
333:
274:
4154:
3958:
3924:
3895:
3641:
3570:
3387:
3331:
2830:
2783:
2415:
2080:
2071:
4263:
4146:
4129:
4112:
4063:
4020:
4015:
3965:
3383:
3339:
3319:
3119:
3056:
3032:
2338:
2295:
2181:
2114:
2031:
2009:
1997:
1972:
1912:
829:
66:
4277:
4183:
4175:
4121:
3391:
3051:
2990:
2392:
2381:
2091:
1111:
378:
260:
170:
4159:
2283:
601:
574:
568:
4329:
4285:
4134:
4008:
3970:
3445:
3363:
3007:
2845:
2706:
2629:
2200:
2041:
2004:
1992:
1982:
1870:
1862:
1845:
1817:
1809:
1792:
1752:
1702:
1684:
1632:
1614:
1562:
1517:
1499:
1450:
1442:
1379:
1371:
1354:
1310:
1302:
1257:
1249:
1232:
1196:
1188:
1171:
1133:
559:
390:
152:
3062:
1477:
879:
plates) or athecate. If the dinoflagellate is thecate, then the pathway of infection will be
3883:
3437:
3413:
3409:
3247:
3191:
2688:
2492:
2230:
1956:
1878:
1854:
1825:
1801:
1760:
1744:
1710:
1692:
1674:
1640:
1622:
1606:
1570:
1554:
1525:
1507:
1491:
1458:
1434:
1387:
1363:
1318:
1294:
1265:
1241:
1204:
1180:
1141:
1125:
791:
551:
417:
1729:
324:
zoospores that infect a variety of dinoflagellate species, become intracellular feeders or
3871:
3449:
3417:
3237:
3233:
3196:
3174:
3139:
2850:
2649:
2581:
2511:
2242:
2235:
1052:
621:
differs by the shape and size of the ornamentations covering the sporangium wall. Lastly,
540:
399:
861:
show a rostrum, a proboscis-like structure in the apical region, and are larger in size.
1047:
is a topic of interest, as the genus is demonstrated to be a controlling factor of many
3766:
3682:
3592:
3513:
3453:
3423:
3206:
3150:
3127:
2950:
2711:
2666:
2499:
2479:
2368:
2134:
1987:
1939:
1697:
1662:
1627:
1592:
1512:
1020:
997:
880:
795:
724:
701:
592:
532:
524:
425:
350:
256:
109:
96:
1129:
4372:
3941:
3781:
3730:
3717:
3700:
3624:
3471:
3359:
3280:
3201:
3156:
3144:
3109:
2901:
2812:
2742:
2654:
2637:
2516:
2357:
2344:
2176:
1298:
812:
713:
428:
of the emerging sporangia from the zooids, the organism displayed similarities with
4194:
3900:
3888:
3842:
3822:
3771:
3748:
3616:
3599:
3587:
3530:
3518:
3482:
3459:
3353:
3349:
3315:
3257:
3252:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3183:
3038:
3020:
2944:
2754:
2730:
2718:
2560:
2540:
2523:
2504:
2470:
2406:
2290:
2260:
2158:
981:
where it was first discovered, especially being commonly found in marine sediment.
968:
939:
931:
783:
779:
720:
292:
252:
179:
54:
4290:
615:
by a higher number of apertures in their sporangia, although smaller in diameter.
4248:
1858:
1805:
1367:
1245:
1184:
4257:
4082:
4003:
3986:
3876:
3867:
3804:
3792:
3786:
3691:
3537:
3524:
3297:
3262:
3216:
3211:
2982:
2920:
2771:
2699:
2693:
2642:
2608:
2588:
2456:
2350:
2333:
2313:
2272:
2217:
2188:
2163:
1597:
964:
960:
899:
884:
818:
528:
443:
439:
302:
277:, the round bodies found within these collections were eventually recognized as
245:
1558:
1438:
4188:
3929:
3834:
3811:
3759:
3753:
3711:
3705:
3654:
3629:
3579:
3506:
3494:
3488:
3464:
3309:
3305:
3285:
3162:
3132:
2962:
2862:
2857:
2800:
2794:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2675:
2548:
2528:
2302:
2265:
2223:
2211:
2122:
1748:
1661:
Albert Reñé; Elisabet Alacid; Isabel
Ferrera; Esther Garcés (24 August 2017).
1610:
912:
891:-like structures in the cytoplasm and the longer resilience of the host cell.
759:
744:
599:, was formerly placed in this genus, but was later transferred to a new genus
395:
374:
362:
321:
265:
248:
1866:
1813:
1756:
1688:
1679:
1618:
1566:
1503:
1446:
1375:
1306:
1253:
1192:
1137:
4272:
3995:
3906:
3816:
3741:
3723:
3666:
3542:
3476:
2938:
2932:
2914:
2788:
2759:
2683:
2565:
2487:
2426:
2253:
1943:
1935:
1904:
1764:
1478:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
1476:
Sina M. Adl; David Bass; Christopher E. Lane; et al. (1 January 2019).
1056:
923:
918:
876:
824:
807:
716:
547:
512:
448:
435:
430:
306:
297:
278:
142:
122:
83:
46:
1874:
1821:
1728:
Boo Seong Jeong; Seung Won Nam; Sunju Kim; Myung Gil Park (15 March 2018).
1706:
1636:
1521:
1454:
1383:
1314:
1261:
1200:
1882:
1829:
1714:
1644:
1574:
1529:
1462:
1391:
1322:
1269:
1208:
1145:
4242:
3946:
3859:
3735:
3500:
2995:
2956:
2874:
2818:
2619:
2307:
2169:
2146:
2026:
1016:
985:
895:
775:
740:
736:
325:
295:. The examination of this organism and its close genetic relationship to
282:
4316:
2868:
2806:
2553:
2445:
2362:
2193:
2151:
2127:
2105:
888:
803:
771:
520:
402:
from the coast, which contained round bodies assumed to be products of
197:
132:
1495:
770:, meaning "small shining"), probably a starch grain, located within a
2277:
978:
927:
799:
787:
581:
As of 2020, there are four valid species in this genus. Two species,
386:
270:
4219:
1899:
328:, and finally develop into sporangia that generate more zoospores.
555:
516:
453:
382:
4303:
735:
species consists of: an infective stage of free-living swimming
50:
4223:
1908:
988:
levels possibly promote a higher infection rate. Two species,
747:
inside the host cell, which in turn generates more zoospores.
285:
of a parasitic protist. This organism was later identified as
1055:. Dinoflagellate blooms have been known to be harmful to the
894:
The endoparasites, once they infect the cell, transform into
839:
species are slightly different from each other. Zoospores of
984:
Through experimental studies, it has been found that lower
259:. It was described in 1999 by biologists Fredrik Norén and
539:. For decades, this genus has been classified within the
739:, also called zooids; an intracellular feeding stage of
887:
infection will proceed, indicated by the presence of
4232:
4174:
4145:
4120:
4111:
4062:
4053:
3994:
3985:
3917:
3858:
3833:
3690:
3681:
3640:
3615:
3578:
3569:
3436:
3296:
3271:
3182:
3173:
3118:
3107:
3006:
2981:
2900:
2770:
2674:
2665:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2539:
2478:
2469:
2454:
2443:
2414:
2405:
2324:
2113:
2104:
2079:
2070:
637:
Reñé, Alacid, Figueroa, Rodríguez & Garcés 2016
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
263:, who identified the genus among collections of
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
416:investigation. Through combined examination of
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1920:
810:-like vesicles, similar to those observed in
438:group (containing dinoflagellates, ciliates,
8:
1656:
1654:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
774:. They present two unequal flagella: a long
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
4220:
4117:
4059:
3991:
3687:
3575:
3566:
3179:
3115:
2776:
2671:
2625:
2614:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2451:
2411:
2110:
2076:
2067:
1927:
1913:
1905:
1029:, which specialized in the dinoflagellate
689:
332:species could help control dinoflagellate
33:
22:
1696:
1678:
1626:
1511:
845:are teardrop-shaped, while zoospores of
566:and two additional perkinsozoan genera:
466:, the next species to be discovered was
361: 'shining', referring to the small
349:The name of this genus derives from
1073:
381:in 1999. It was isolated off the west
281:, spherical structures that generate
273:. Initially mistaken for products of
7:
743:; and the development of a resting
527:. In particular, it belongs to the
1483:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1286:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
14:
1900:http://tolweb.org/Alveolates/2379
766:part of the cell (hence the name
550:class, without assignment to any
476:. Then followed the discovery of
389:. The discovery was made through
373:The genus was first described by
269:dinoflagellates off the coast of
1546:European Journal of Protistology
1426:European Journal of Protistology
1299:10.1111/J.1550-7408.2009.00395.X
1117:European Journal of Protistology
482:(later moved to another genus),
70:
18:Genus of single-celled organisms
650:
611:differs from the type species
1:
1130:10.1016/S0932-4739(99)80001-7
531:, a clade closely related to
434:, a protist belonging to the
365:appearance of the organisms.
61:under blue light excitation.
1859:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2012.11.004
1806:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2015.09.001
1368:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2013.09.005
1246:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2008.05.003
1185:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125743
1043:The practical importance of
963:, has been demonstrated in
562:was created to accommodate
462:Following the discovery of
301:led to the creation of the
4400:
1559:10.1016/J.EJOP.2004.01.002
1439:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.11.006
1039:Importance in algal blooms
977:has been found in coastal
472:, the closest relative to
357: 'small' and
3565:
2779:
2576:
2465:
2379:
2066:
1950:
1749:10.4490/ALGAE.2018.33.3.6
1667:Frontiers in Microbiology
1611:10.1007/S00709-017-1147-3
678:Karpov & Guillou 2013
664:Parvilucifera multicavata
657:Figueroa & Garcé 2008
647:Norén & Moestrup 1999
203:
196:
191:Norén & Moestrup 1999
185:
178:
67:Scientific classification
65:
41:
32:
25:
1680:10.3389/FMICB.2017.01594
558:. In 2017, a new family
519:of eukaryotic microbes (
3605:Vitrella brassicaformis
865:Infection and trophonts
643:Parvilucifera infectans
537:molecular phylogenetics
409:Parvilucifera infectans
187:Parvilucifera infectans
57:. (D–F) Sporangia with
835:The zoospores of each
684:Biology and life cycle
674:Parvilucifera rostrata
59:green autofluorescence
2326:Postciliodesmatophora
1589:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1026:Snorkelia prorocentri
936:endoplasmic reticulum
697:Parvilucifera sinerae
633:Parvilucifera corolla
3028:Eleutheroschizonidae
2140:Cariacothrix caudata
1591:(5 September 2017).
1049:harmful algal blooms
1032:Prorocentrum fukuyoi
938:and a large central
668:Jeon & Park 2020
334:harmful algal blooms
3273:Blastogregarinorina
3230:Oligochaetocystinae
959:, along with other
595:data. One species,
422:electron microscopy
404:sexual reproduction
275:sexual reproduction
3368:Amphiplatysporidae
3320:Cephaloidophoridae
3120:Archigregarinorida
2115:Intramacronucleata
377:Fredrik Norén and
305:phylum within the
4366:
4365:
4226:Taxon identifiers
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4170:
4169:
4049:
4048:
3981:
3980:
3677:
3676:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3446:Schizogregarinina
3432:
3431:
3103:
3102:
3008:Protococcidiorida
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2892:Selenococcidiidae
2882:Elleipsisomatidae
2846:Cryptosporidiidae
2707:Haemogregarinidae
2630:Agamococcidiorida
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2401:
2400:
2201:Oligohymenophorea
2100:
2099:
1496:10.1111/JEU.12691
971:, and sediments.
560:Parviluciferaceae
237:
236:
174:
153:Parviluciferaceae
4391:
4379:Alveolata genera
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4307:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4221:
4118:
4060:
3992:
3884:Duboscquellaceae
3688:
3576:
3567:
3438:Neogregarinorida
3414:Actinocephalidae
3410:Stylocephaloidea
3404:Trichorhynchidae
3248:Schaudinnellidae
3192:Aikinetocystidae
3180:
3116:
3045:Eleutheroschizon
2887:Lankesterellidae
2836:Calyptosporiidae
2826:Atoxoplasmatidae
2777:
2689:Dactylosomatidae
2672:
2626:
2615:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2452:
2412:
2231:Parablepharismea
2206:Ichthyophthirius
2111:
2077:
2068:
1979:
1959:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1887:
1886:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1682:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1419:
1396:
1395:
1348:
1327:
1326:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1165:
1150:
1149:
1107:
955:The presence of
911:The size of the
898:and degrade the
869:In one species,
792:cortical alveoli
693:
679:
669:
658:
652:
648:
638:
168:
75:
74:
37:
23:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4228:
4218:
4201:
4166:
4141:
4107:
4101:Rhizellobiopsis
4045:
3977:
3954:Pronoctilucidae
3913:
3872:Amoebophryaceae
3854:
3829:
3780:Without theca:
3673:
3636:
3611:
3549:
3450:Caulleryellidae
3428:
3418:Stylocephalidae
3396:Sphaerocystidae
3380:Dactylophoridae
3376:Cnemidosporidae
3372:Brustiophoridae
3292:
3267:
3238:Stomatophorinae
3234:Rhynchocystinae
3197:Allantocystidae
3175:Eugregarinorida
3169:
3140:Selenidioididae
3112:
3099:
3002:
2969:
2928:Toxoplasmatinae
2896:
2851:Cryptosporidium
2766:
2661:
2650:Rhytidocystidae
2622:
2611:
2594:
2582:Cardiosporidium
2572:
2535:
2512:Leucocytozoidae
2459:
2448:
2431:
2397:
2375:
2320:
2243:Phyllopharyngea
2236:Parablepharisma
2096:
2062:
2061:
1977:
1955:
1946:
1933:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1788:
1787:
1772:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1421:
1420:
1399:
1350:
1349:
1330:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1112:Øjvind Moestrup
1110:Fredrik Norén;
1109:
1108:
1075:
1070:
1053:dinoflagellates
1041:
1021:dinoflagellates
1012:are considered
1008:All species of
1006:
953:
948:
909:
867:
753:
727:. The overall
725:dinoflagellates
719:that behave as
707:
706:
705:
686:
677:
667:
656:
646:
636:
593:ultrastructural
546:as part of the
533:dinoflagellates
506:
446:, encompassing
400:dinoflagellates
379:Øjvind Moestrup
371:
347:
342:
261:Øjvind Moestrup
257:dinoflagellates
251:that behave as
192:
189:
167:
69:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4308:
4295:
4282:
4269:
4254:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4089:Parallobiopsis
4077:Elliobiocystis
4068:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4028:Rastromonadida
4025:
4013:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3934:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3893:
3881:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3809:
3777:
3776:
3767:Prorocentrales
3764:
3746:
3728:
3699:With a theca:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3683:Dinoflagellata
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3650:Alphamonadidae
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3593:Chromera velia
3584:
3582:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3514:Schizocystidae
3511:
3469:
3457:
3454:Ophryocystidae
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3424:Blabericolidae
3421:
3407:
3357:
3347:
3344:Uradiophoridae
3328:Didymophoridae
3324:Cephalolobidae
3313:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Enterocystidae
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3151:Meroselenidium
3137:
3128:Exoschizonidae
3124:
3122:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3070:Mackinnoniidae
3067:
3049:
3025:
3016:Angeiocystidae
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2951:Nephroisospora
2925:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2855:
2843:
2841:Caryotrophidae
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2712:Haemogregarina
2704:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2667:Eucoccidiorida
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2500:Haemoproteidae
2497:
2484:
2482:
2480:Haemospororida
2473:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:Tracheloraphis
2355:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2288:
2270:
2258:
2240:
2228:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2156:
2144:
2135:Cariacotrichea
2132:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:Mesomycetozoea
2049:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1988:Diaphoretickes
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1894:External links
1892:
1889:
1888:
1853:(2): 245–260.
1835:
1800:(6): 677–699.
1770:
1720:
1650:
1605:(1): 297–357.
1580:
1553:(3): 185–212.
1535:
1468:
1397:
1328:
1293:(3): 251–256.
1275:
1240:(4): 563–578.
1214:
1151:
1124:(3): 233–254.
1072:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1040:
1037:
1005:
1002:
952:
949:
947:
944:
908:
905:
866:
863:
796:apical complex
752:
749:
702:dinoflagellate
700:infecting its
694:
688:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
670:
660:
639:
608:P. multicavata
597:P. prorocentri
544:Rastrimonadida
525:SAR supergroup
511:is a genus of
505:
504:Classification
502:
497:P. multicavata
479:P. prorocentri
426:DNA sequencing
370:
367:
346:
343:
341:
338:
244:is a genus of
235:
234:
233:
232:
225:
222:P. multicavata
218:
211:
201:
200:
194:
193:
190:
183:
182:
176:
175:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
97:Diaphoretickes
94:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
63:
62:
39:
38:
30:
29:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4396:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4264:Parvilucifera
4259:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4234:Parvilucifera
4231:
4227:
4222:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:Thalassomyces
4091:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4072:Ellobiopsidae
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Protalveolata
4052:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:Parvilucifera
4029:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3942:Oxyrrhinaceae
3940:
3938:
3937:Ichthyodinium
3935:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3782:Gymnodiniales
3779:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3731:Gonyaulacales
3729:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:Ornithocercus
3714:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:Dinophysiales
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3662:Voromonadidae
3660:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3625:Colpodellidae
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3472:Lipotrophidae
3470:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:Stenophoridae
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:Stenophoricae
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:Hirmocystidae
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:Siedleckiidae
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Diplocystidae
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:Selenidioides
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:Merogregarina
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:Gregarinasina
3106:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:Myriosporides
3083:
3082:Myriosporidae
3080:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2910:Sarcocystinae
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2902:Sarcocystidae
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:Pseudoklossia
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:Klossiellidae
2741:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2655:Rhytidocystis
2651:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:Gemmocystidae
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:Leucocytozoon
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:Colponemadida
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2358:Karyorelictea
2356:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:Climacostomum
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:Heterotrichea
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:Muranotrichea
2175:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:Acavomonadida
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Stramenopiles
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:(major groups
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:(4): 125743.
1178:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:Parvilucifera
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:Parvilucifera
1038:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:Parvilucifera
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
975:
970:
969:marine waters
966:
962:
958:
957:Parvilucifera
950:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
914:
906:
904:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
864:
862:
860:
859:
854:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:Parvilucifera
833:
831:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
814:
813:Ichthyodinium
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:with tubular
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:Parvilucifera
765:
761:
757:
756:Parvilucifera
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Parvilucifera
730:
726:
722:
721:endoparasites
718:
715:
714:single-celled
711:
710:Parvilucifera
703:
699:
698:
692:
683:
676:
675:
671:
666:
665:
661:
655:
645:
644:
640:
635:
634:
630:
629:
628:
626:
625:
620:
619:
614:
610:
609:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
579:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
564:Parvilucifera
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535:according to
534:
530:
526:
523:) within the
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Parvilucifera
503:
501:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
465:
460:
458:
457:Parvilucifera
455:
451:
450:
445:
441:
440:apicomplexans
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
413:
411:
410:
405:
401:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
339:
337:
335:
331:
330:Parvilucifera
327:
323:
322:biflagellated
319:
318:Parvilucifera
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
253:endoparasites
250:
247:
243:
242:
241:Parvilucifera
231:
230:
226:
224:
223:
219:
217:
216:
212:
210:
209:
205:
204:
202:
199:
195:
188:
184:
181:
177:
172:
166:
165:
164:Parvilucifera
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:Parvilucifera
40:
36:
31:
28:
27:Parvilucifera
24:
21:
16:
4233:
4195:Platyproteum
4193:
4187:
4158:
4155:Chilovoridae
4133:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3969:
3959:Pronoctiluca
3957:
3945:
3928:
3925:Acrocoelidae
3905:
3901:Hematodinium
3899:
3896:Syndiniaceae
3889:Duboscquella
3887:
3875:
3846:
3843:Noctilucales
3823:Symbiodinium
3821:
3815:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3772:Prorocentrum
3770:
3758:
3752:
3749:Peridiniales
3740:
3734:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3665:
3653:
3642:Voromonadida
3628:
3617:Colpodellida
3603:
3600:Vitrellaceae
3591:
3588:Chromeraceae
3571:Apicomonadea
3541:
3531:Schizocystis
3529:
3523:
3519:Lymphotropha
3517:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3483:Farinocystis
3481:
3475:
3463:
3460:Gigaductidae
3388:Monoductidae
3354:Porosporidae
3350:Porosporicae
3332:Gregarinidae
3316:Gregarinicae
3284:
3258:Thiriotiidae
3253:Selenidiidae
3242:Zygocystinae
3226:Monocystinae
3222:Monocystidae
3184:Aseptatorina
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3131:
3091:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3055:
3043:
3039:Defretinella
3037:
3031:
3021:Angeiocystis
3019:
2994:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2945:Hyaloklossia
2943:
2937:
2931:
2919:
2913:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2849:
2831:Barrouxiidae
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2784:Aggregatidae
2758:
2755:Legerellidae
2746:
2734:
2731:Karyolysidae
2722:
2719:Hepatozoidae
2710:
2698:
2692:
2653:
2641:
2587:
2580:
2564:
2561:Theileriidae
2552:
2541:Piroplasmida
2527:
2524:Plasmodiidae
2515:
2505:Haemoproteus
2503:
2491:
2471:Aconoidasida
2425:
2416:Colponemadea
2407:Colponemidia
2391:
2385:
2367:
2361:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2312:
2306:
2303:Spirotrichea
2294:
2291:Protocruziea
2282:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2248:Chilodonella
2246:
2234:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2159:Litostomatea
2150:
2138:
2126:
2090:
2081:Acavomonadea
2072:Acavomonidia
2037:Opisthokonta
1850:
1844:
1838:
1797:
1791:
1740:
1736:
1723:
1670:
1666:
1602:
1596:
1583:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1490:(1): 4–119.
1487:
1481:
1471:
1430:
1424:
1362:(1): 31–49.
1359:
1353:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1237:
1231:
1176:
1170:
1121:
1115:
1060:
1044:
1042:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1007:
993:
990:P. infectans
989:
983:
974:P. infectans
972:
956:
954:
942:-like area.
932:mitochondria
917:
910:
893:
870:
868:
856:
852:
848:P. infectans
846:
840:
836:
834:
823:
817:
811:
784:mitochondria
767:
762:body in the
755:
754:
732:
709:
708:
695:
672:
662:
653:
641:
631:
622:
616:
613:P. infectans
612:
606:
600:
596:
588:
584:P. infectans
582:
580:
573:
567:
563:
515:, a diverse
508:
507:
495:
494:and finally
489:
483:
477:
474:P. infectans
473:
467:
464:P. infectans
463:
461:
456:
452:and the new
447:
429:
424:, alongside
414:
407:
394:
372:
358:
354:
348:
329:
320:consists of
317:
312:The complex
311:
296:
293:type species
288:P. infectans
286:
264:
240:
239:
238:
227:
220:
215:P. infectans
213:
206:
186:
180:Type species
169:Norén &
163:
162:
116:
103:
90:
42:
26:
20:
15:
4384:Perkinsozoa
4258:Wikispecies
4147:Chilovorida
4130:Algovoridae
4113:Myzomonadea
4083:Ellobiopsis
4064:Ellobiopsea
4039:Rastrimonas
4021:Phagodinium
4016:Phagodinida
4004:Perkinsidae
3987:Perkinsozoa
3966:Psammosidae
3877:Amoebophyra
3868:Syndiniales
3805:Karlodinium
3793:Gymnodinium
3787:Amphidinium
3692:Dinokaryota
3538:Syncystidae
3525:Machadoella
3384:Leidyanidae
3340:Metameridae
3298:Septatorina
3263:Urosporidae
3217:Lecudinidae
3212:Ganymedidae
3075:Mackinnonia
3057:Coelotropha
3033:Coelotropha
2983:Ixorheorida
2921:Sarcocystis
2772:Eimeriorina
2700:Dactylosoma
2694:Babesiosoma
2643:Gemmocystis
2609:Conoidasida
2589:Nephromyces
2457:Apicomplexa
2351:Blepharisma
2314:Stylonychia
2296:Protocruzia
2273:Prostomatea
2261:Plagiopylea
2218:Tetrahymena
2189:Nassophorea
2182:Muranothrix
2164:Balantidium
1743:(1): 1–19.
1598:Protoplasma
965:fresh water
961:Perkinsozoa
900:cytoplasmic
885:cytoplasmic
858:P. rostrata
819:Amoebophrya
790:, numerous
618:P. rostrata
529:Perkinsozoa
485:P. rostrata
444:Perkinsozoa
391:collections
340:Systematics
303:Perkinsozoa
229:P. rostrata
45:spp. (A–C)
4373:Categories
4189:Filipodium
4184:Squirmidae
4176:Squirmidea
4122:Algovorida
3930:Acrocoelus
3835:Noctilucea
3812:Suessiales
3760:Peridinium
3754:Pfiesteria
3712:Histioneis
3706:Dinophysis
3655:Alphamonas
3630:Colpodella
3580:Chromerida
3507:Menzbieria
3495:Lipocystis
3489:Lipotropha
3465:Gigaductus
3392:Monoicidae
3310:Fusionidae
3306:Fusionicae
3286:Siedleckia
3163:Veloxidium
3133:Exoschizon
3093:Myriospora
3052:Grelliidae
2991:Ixorheidae
2963:Toxoplasma
2863:Cyclospora
2858:Eimeriidae
2801:Merocystis
2795:Grasseella
2748:Klossiella
2736:Karyolysus
2724:Hepatozoon
2676:Adeleorina
2549:Babesiidae
2529:Plasmodium
2393:Myrionecta
2387:Mesodinium
2382:Mesodiniea
2266:Plagiopyla
2224:Vorticella
2212:Paramecium
2123:Armophorea
2106:Ciliophora
2092:Acavomonas
1765:Q124518906
1068:References
1014:generalist
1004:Host range
994:P. sinerae
913:sporangium
872:P. sinerae
853:P. sinerae
842:P. corolla
830:homologous
806:-like and
760:refractile
745:sporangium
729:life cycle
717:alveolates
654:P. sinerae
624:P. corolla
589:P. sinerae
491:P. corolla
469:P. sinerae
396:Dinophysis
375:biologists
363:refractile
314:life cycle
266:Dinophysis
249:alveolates
208:P. corolla
4273:AlgaeBase
4249:Q16987523
4160:Chilovora
4009:Perkinsus
3996:Perkinsea
3907:Syndinium
3848:Noctiluca
3817:Polarella
3742:Gonyaulax
3724:Oxyphysis
3667:Voromonas
3543:Syncystis
3477:Apicystis
2939:Hammondia
2933:Besnoitia
2915:Frenkelia
2789:Aggregata
2760:Legerella
2684:Adeleidae
2566:Theileria
2488:Garniidae
2427:Colponema
2284:Holophrya
2254:Tokophrya
2032:Amoebozoa
2010:Alveolata
1998:Cryptista
1973:Eukaryota
1944:Alveolata
1936:Eukaryota
1883:Q44566045
1867:1434-4610
1830:Q40895722
1814:1434-4610
1757:1226-2617
1715:Q42163896
1689:1664-302X
1645:Q47194626
1619:0033-183X
1575:Q54540793
1567:0932-4739
1530:Q57086550
1504:1066-5234
1463:Q31154927
1447:0932-4739
1392:Q35066131
1376:1434-4610
1323:Q33467541
1307:1066-5234
1270:Q31170770
1254:1434-4610
1209:Q98172104
1193:1434-4610
1146:Q56038565
1138:0932-4739
1057:shellfish
1017:parasites
924:cytoplasm
919:Perkinsus
907:Sporangia
896:trophonts
877:cellulose
825:Perkinsus
808:microneme
794:, and an
764:posterior
751:Zoospores
741:trophonts
737:zoospores
602:Snorkelia
575:Snorkelia
569:Dinovorax
548:Perkinsea
513:Alveolata
449:Perkinsus
436:Alveolata
431:Perkinsus
345:Etymology
326:trophonts
307:Alveolata
298:Perkinsus
283:zoospores
279:sporangia
143:Perkinsea
123:Alveolata
84:Eukaryota
53:-stained
47:Sporangia
4243:Wikidata
4135:Algovora
3971:Psammosa
3947:Oxyrrhis
3860:Syndinea
3736:Ceratium
3501:Mattesia
3364:Acutidae
2996:Ixorheis
2957:Neospora
2875:Isospora
2819:Selysina
2620:Coccidia
2308:Euplotes
2170:Dileptus
2147:Colpodea
2027:Amorphea
2005:Rhizaria
1993:Hacrobia
1983:Excavata
1968:Bacteria
1879:Wikidata
1875:23266142
1826:Wikidata
1822:26605683
1761:Wikidata
1711:Wikidata
1707:28970818
1673:: 1594.
1641:Wikidata
1637:28875267
1571:Wikidata
1526:Wikidata
1522:30257078
1459:Wikidata
1455:28092806
1433:: 9–25.
1388:Wikidata
1384:24334099
1319:Wikidata
1315:19527352
1266:Wikidata
1262:18693068
1205:Wikidata
1201:32731120
1142:Wikidata
986:salinity
930:grains,
776:anterior
731:of most
521:protists
171:Moestrup
149:Family:
129:Phylum:
80:Domain:
4330:1019136
4317:7541458
4304:8803464
3799:Karenia
3063:Grellia
2869:Eimeria
2807:Ovivora
2554:Babesia
2446:Myzozoa
2363:Loxodes
2339:Stentor
2194:Nassula
2152:Colpoda
2128:Metopus
2042:Animals
1963:Archaea
1846:Protist
1793:Protist
1698:5609580
1628:5756292
1513:6492006
1355:Protist
1233:Protist
1172:Protist
951:Habitat
946:Ecology
940:nucleus
889:vacuole
881:nuclear
804:rhoptry
788:cristae
780:nucleus
772:vacuole
369:History
359:lucidus
309:group.
198:Species
159:Genus:
139:Class:
133:Myzozoa
4356:603335
4343:103982
2493:Garnia
2278:Coleps
2020:Plants
1957:Domain
1881:
1873:
1865:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1763:
1755:
1713:
1705:
1695:
1687:
1643:
1635:
1625:
1617:
1573:
1565:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1502:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1144:
1136:
979:Sweden
928:starch
800:conoid
554:-rank
552:family
387:Sweden
355:parvus
291:, the
271:Sweden
246:marine
55:nuclei
4351:WoRMS
4325:IRMNG
4278:51290
3918:Other
2047:Fungi
1737:Algae
1733:(PDF)
704:host
556:taxon
541:order
517:clade
454:genus
418:light
383:coast
353:
351:Latin
117:Clade
104:Clade
91:Clade
49:with
4338:NCBI
4312:GBIF
4291:6JBF
1871:PMID
1863:ISSN
1818:PMID
1810:ISSN
1753:ISSN
1703:PMID
1685:ISSN
1633:PMID
1615:ISSN
1563:ISSN
1518:PMID
1500:ISSN
1451:PMID
1443:ISSN
1380:PMID
1372:ISSN
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1258:PMID
1250:ISSN
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