Pathology - Knowledge (XXG)

1018:. In many English-speaking countries, neuropathology is considered a subfield of anatomical pathology. A physician who specializes in neuropathology, usually by completing a fellowship after a residency in anatomical or general pathology, is called a neuropathologist. In day-to-day clinical practice, a neuropathologist generates diagnoses for patients. If a disease of the nervous system is suspected, and the diagnosis cannot be made by less invasive methods, a biopsy of nervous tissue is taken from the brain or spinal cord to aid in diagnosis. Biopsy is usually requested after a mass is detected by 876: 1049: 1106: 45: 924: 789:

thyroid lesions, diseases involving sterile body cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal), and a wide range of other body sites. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments (in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues) and cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide for subsequent staining and microscopic examination. However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including

1952: 1749: 755: 1437: 1164: 1452:, and is sometimes considered a specialty of both dentistry and pathology. Oral Pathologists must complete three years of post doctoral training in an accredited program and subsequently obtain diplomate status from the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. The specialty focuses on the diagnosis, clinical management and investigation of diseases that affect the oral cavity and surrounding maxillofacial structures including but not limited to 1386:. It is often applied in a context that is as much scientific as directly medical and encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, and the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to particular disorders. The crossover between molecular pathology and 5565: 1348:, and other lymphoid tissues. In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty (licensed under the American Board of Pathology) practiced by those physicians who have completed a general pathology residency (anatomic, clinical, or combined) and an additional year of fellowship training in hematology. The hematopathologist reviews biopsies of lymph nodes, bone marrows and other tissues involved by an 1860: 6226: 4664: 4694: 630:

characteristics and symptoms. This approach led to the foundational understanding that diseases are able to replicate themselves, and that they can have many profound and varied effects on the human host. To determine causes of diseases, medical experts used the most common and widely accepted assumptions or symptoms of their times, a general principle of approach that persists in modern medicine.

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resection specimens are obtained by the therapeutic surgical removal of an entire diseased area or organ (and occasionally multiple organs). These procedures are often intended as definitive surgical treatment of a disease in which the diagnosis is already known or strongly suspected, but pathological analysis of these specimens remains important in confirming the previous diagnosis.

955:. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. This contrasts with the methods of cytopathology, which uses free cells or tissue fragments. Histopathological examination of tissues starts with 6246: 4684: 1510: 655: 6236: 4674: 3390: 987: 2063: 1307: 808: 1560:. After four to six years of undergraduate medical study, trainees proceed to a two-year foundation program. Full-time training in histopathology currently lasts between five and five and a half years and includes specialist training in surgical pathology, cytopathology, and autopsy pathology. It is also possible to take a 1022:. With autopsies, the principal work of the neuropathologist is to help in the post-mortem diagnosis of various conditions that affect the central nervous system. Biopsies can also consist of the skin. Epidermal nerve fiber density testing (ENFD) is a more recently developed neuropathology test in which a 972:

chemicals and components within tissue. The histological slides are then interpreted diagnostically and the resulting pathology report describes the histological findings and the opinion of the pathologist. In the case of cancer, this represents the tissue diagnosis required for most treatment protocols.

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Though separate fields in terms of medical practice, a number of areas of inquiry in medicine and medical science either overlap greatly with general pathology, work in tandem with it, or contribute significantly to the understanding of the pathology of a given disease or its course in an individual.

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can undergo a 1 to 2 year fellowship in the field of dermatopathology. The completion of this fellowship allows one to take a subspecialty board examination, and becomes a board certified dermatopathologist. Dermatologists are able to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, anatomic

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is the best and most definitive evidence of disease (or lack thereof) in cases where tissue is surgically removed from a patient. These determinations are usually accomplished by a combination of gross (i.e., macroscopic) and histologic (i.e., microscopic) examination of the tissue, and may involve

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generally have the largest body of research in veterinary pathology. Animal testing remains a controversial practice, even in cases where it is used to research treatment for human disease. As in human medical pathology, the practice of veterinary pathology is customarily divided into the two main

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Although the vast majority of lab work and research in pathology concerns the development of disease in humans, pathology is of significance throughout the biological sciences. Two main catch-all fields exist to represent most complex organisms capable of serving as host to a pathogen or other form

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There are two major types of specimens submitted for surgical pathology analysis: biopsies and surgical resections. A biopsy is a small piece of tissue removed primarily for surgical pathology analysis, most often in order to render a definitive diagnosis. Types of biopsies include core biopsies,

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with a specialty in general or anatomical pathology with subsequent study in forensic medicine. The methods forensic scientists use to determine death include examination of tissue specimens to identify the presence or absence of natural disease and other microscopic findings, interpretations of

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Cytopathology (sometimes referred to as "cytology") is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. It is usually used to aid in the diagnosis of cancer, but also helps in the diagnosis of certain infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions as well as

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research fields and medical practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical treatment, the term is often used in a narrower fashion to refer to processes and tests that fall within the contemporary medical field of "general pathology", an area that includes a number of distinct but

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fixing is also common. To see the tissue under a microscope, the sections are stained with one or more pigments. The aim of staining is to reveal cellular components; counterstains are used to provide contrast. Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory

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are very common. The pathologist's interpretation of a biopsy is critical to establishing the diagnosis of a benign or malignant tumor, and can differentiate between different types and grades of cancer, as well as determining the activity of specific molecular pathways in the tumor. Surgical

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or even spiritual agents, that had dominated for much of the previous 1,500 years in European medicine. With the new understanding of causative agents, physicians began to compare the characteristics of one germ's symptoms as they developed within an affected individual to another germ's

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The study of pathology, including the detailed examination of the body, including dissection and inquiry into specific maladies, dates back to antiquity. Rudimentary understanding of many conditions was present in most early societies and is attested to in the records of the earliest

1576:. At the end of the second year of clinical pathology residency, residents can choose between general clinical pathology and a specialization in one of the disciplines, but they can not practice anatomical pathology, nor can anatomical pathology residents practice clinical pathology. 592:

and physicians that studied disease and the informal study of what they termed "pathological anatomy" or "morbid anatomy". However, pathology as a formal area of specialty was not fully developed until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the advent of detailed study of

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In France, pathology is separated into two distinct specialties, anatomical pathology, and clinical pathology. Residencies for both lasts four years. Residency in anatomical pathology is open to physicians only, while clinical pathology is open to both physicians and

361:), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and the consequences of changes (clinical manifestations). In common medical practice, general pathology is mostly concerned with analyzing known clinical abnormalities that are markers or precursors for both 891:

and medical examiners are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a corpse. The requirements for becoming a licensed practitioner of forensic pathology varies from country to country (and even within a given nation) but typically a minimal requirement is a

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so as to increase the accuracy with which early or fine-detail abnormalities are detected. These diagnostic techniques are often performed in combination with general pathology procedures and are themselves often essential to developing new understanding of the

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and 2) those animals that share physiological and genetic traits with humans can be used as surrogates for the study of the disease and potential treatments as well as the effects of various synthetic products. For this reason, as well as their roles as

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to non-invasive examination, many conditions in the study of oral disease can be diagnosed, or at least suspected, from gross examination, but biopsies, cell smears, and other tissue analysis remain important diagnostic tools in oral pathology.

553:), during which numerous texts of complex pathologies were developed, also based on the Greek tradition. Even so, growth in complex understanding of disease mostly languished until knowledge and experimentation again began to proliferate in the 1843:. Mental or social disorders or behaviours seen as generally unhealthy or excessive in a given individual, to the point where they cause harm or severe disruption to the person's lifestyle, are often called "pathological" (e.g., 642:, by the beginning of the 20th century, the study of pathology had begun to split into a number of distinct fields, resulting in the development of a large number of modern specialties within pathology and related disciplines of 1549:. Pathologists may pursue specialised fellowship training within one or more subspecialties of either anatomical or clinical pathology. Some of these subspecialties permit additional board certification, while others do not. 681:

and secure a license to practice medicine. Structurally, the study of disease is divided into many different fields that study or diagnose markers for disease using methods and technologies particular to specific scales,

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Neuropathology is the study of disease of nervous system tissue, usually in the form of either surgical biopsies or sometimes whole brains in the case of autopsy. Neuropathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology,

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gave a significant contribution, leading to a slew of research developments. By the late 1920s to early 1930s pathology was deemed a medical specialty. Combined with developments in the understanding of general

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as an organ. It is unique, in that there are two paths a physician can take to obtain the specialization. All general pathologists and general dermatologists train in the pathology of the skin, so the term

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in nature, and many infectious pathogens have animal vectors and, as such, understanding the mechanisms of action for these pathogens in non-human hosts is essential to the understanding and application of

1541:. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology: [anatomical pathology and clinical pathology, each of which requires separate board certification. The 1782:(LIMS): Implementing and managing computer systems specifically designed for pathology departments. These systems help in tracking and managing patient specimens, results, and other pathology data. 1332:) and the tissues, and organs comprising the hematopoietic system. The term hematopoietic system refers to tissues and organs that produce and/or primarily host hematopoietic cells and includes 853:, and molecular-pathologic analysis. One of the greatest challenges of dermatopathology is its scope. More than 1500 different disorders of the skin exist, including cutaneous eruptions (" 3322: 1276:, hospital administrations, and referring physicians. Clinical pathologists learn to administer a number of visual and microscopic tests and an especially large variety of tests of the 1925:, varies considerably by species. Nevertheless, significant amounts of pathology research are conducted on animals, for two primary reasons: 1) The origins of diseases are typically 1921:

Veterinary pathology covers a vast array of species, but with a significantly smaller number of practitioners, so understanding of disease in non-human animals, especially as regards

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diploma in forensic pathology, dermatopathology, or cytopathology, recognising additional specialist training and expertise and to get specialist accreditation in forensic pathology,

1288:. Sometimes the general term "laboratory medicine specialist" is used to refer to those working in clinical pathology, including medical doctors, Ph.D.s and doctors of pharmacology. 1832: 1831:

treatment accordingly. Although diagnosis and classification of mental norms and disorders is largely the purview of psychiatry—the results of which are guidelines such as the

1772:. It is the use of information technology in pathology. It encompasses pathology laboratory operations, data analysis, and the interpretation of pathology-related information. 1030:

by analyzing the nerve fibers of the skin. This test is becoming available in select labs as well as many universities; it replaces the traditional nerve biopsy test as less

1537:) who have completed a four-year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, and three to four years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology 963:, or autopsy. The tissue is removed from the body of an organism and then placed in a fixative that stabilizes the tissues to prevent decay. The most common fixative is 1835:, which attempt to classify mental disease mostly on behavioural evidence, though not without controversy—the field is also heavily, and increasingly, informed upon by 837:

is taken to be examined under the microscope using usual histological tests. In some cases, additional specialized testing needs to be performed on biopsies, including

597:. In the 19th century, physicians had begun to understand that disease-causing pathogens, or "germs" (a catch-all for disease-causing, or pathogenic, microbes, such as 2650: 2257: 3184: 319:

samples. Idiomatically, "a pathology" may also refer to the predicted or actual progression of particular diseases (as in the statement "the many different forms of

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Cai, H; Caswell JL; Prescott JF (March 2014). "Nonculture Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease in Animals: A Diagnostic Laboratory Perspective".

2261: 736:. Anatomical pathology is one of two main divisions of the medical practice of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the 861:. Therefore, dermatopathologists must maintain a broad base of knowledge in clinical dermatology, and be familiar with several other specialty areas in Medicine. 1129:, who typically obtain diagnostic specimens via percutaneous renal biopsy. The renal pathologist must synthesize findings from traditional microscope histology, 6282: 1977:

Although the pathogens and their mechanics differ greatly from those of animals, plants are subject to a wide variety of diseases, including those caused by

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physiology that help medical professionals plan appropriate treatments for tissue infection and trauma. Medical imaging is also central in supplying the

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analysis of bodily fluids and tissues. Sometimes, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology.

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The modern practice of pathology is divided into a number of subdisciplines within the distinct but deeply interconnected aims of biological research and

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is the generating of visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Medical imaging reveals details of

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of a corpse or partial remains. An autopsy is typically performed by a coroner or medical examiner, often during criminal investigations; in this role,

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of cells of the hematopoietic system. In addition, the hematopathologist may be in charge of flow cytometric and/or molecular hematopathology studies.

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of a given disease and tracking the progress of disease in specific medical cases. Examples of important subdivisions in medical imaging include

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continued from these Greek roots, but, as with many areas of scientific inquiry, growth in understanding of medicine stagnated somewhat after the

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on body tissues and fluids to determine the chemical cause of overdoses, poisonings or other cases involving toxic agents, and examinations of

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Pulmonary pathology is a subspecialty of anatomic (and especially surgical) pathology that deals with diagnosis and characterization of

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Molecular pathology is focused upon the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or

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denotes either of these who has reached a certain level of accreditation and experience; in the US, either a general pathologist or a

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eras, following the resurgence of the empirical method at new centers of scholarship. By the 17th century, the study of rudimentary

6275: 5186: 1292:, the study of an organism's immune response to infection, is sometimes considered to fall within the domain of clinical pathology. 549:, but continued to slowly develop throughout numerous cultures. Notably, many advances were made in the medieval era of Islam (see 4687: 2985:"The historical change of brainstem glioma diagnosis and treatment: from imaging to molecular pathology and then molecular imaging" 1643:. General pathology methods are of great importance to biomedical research into disease, wherein they are sometimes referred to as 1226:, whereas excisional biopsies remove the entire lesion, and are similar to therapeutic surgical resections. Excisional biopsies of 1422:. Techniques used are based on analyzing samples of DNA and RNA. Pathology is widely used for gene therapy and disease diagnosis. 3766: 1431: 6249: 875: 3218: 1048: 4559: 3993: 1615:, and blood tests are all examples of pathology work that is essential for the diagnoses of many kinds of cancer and for the 1568:, and neuropathology. All postgraduate medical training and education in the UK is overseen by the General Medical Council. 1530: 1178:

Surgical pathology is one of the primary areas of practice for most anatomical pathologists. Surgical pathology involves the

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Renal pathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology that deals with the diagnosis and characterization of disease of the

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into disease incorporates the work of a vast variety of life science specialists, whereas, in most parts of the world, to be

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An anatomical pathology instructor uses a microscope with multiple eyepieces to instruct students in diagnostic microscopy.

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which are obtained through the use of large-bore needles, sometimes under the guidance of radiological techniques such as

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As a field of general inquiry and research, pathology addresses components of disease: cause, mechanisms of development (

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and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, as well as biopsies submitted by surgeons and non-surgeons such as

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The advent of the microscope was one of the major developments in the history of pathology. Here researchers at the

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Kendell R, Jablensky A (January 2003). "Distinguishing Between the Validity and Utility of Psychiatric Diagnoses".

2870:(in French). Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. 4 September 2003. 2026: 1683: 1219: 998: 550: 518: 24: 2704: 2025:, and other small herbivores is not considered a part of the domain of plant pathology. The field is connected to 1611:

makes extensive use of both anatomical and clinical pathology in diagnosis and treatment. In particular, biopsy,

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Modern medicine was particularly advanced by further developments of the microscope to analyze tissues, to which

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distributions, and behavior. Sometimes, however, those criteria do not lead to a conclusive diagnosis, and a

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and reporting: Implementing informatics solutions to ensure the quality and accuracy of pathology processes.

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can often be suspected from sight, but confirmation of the diagnosis or outright removal requires a biopsy.

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Machevsky, Alberto; Wick, MR (2004). "Evidence-based Medicine, Medical Decision Analysis, and Pathology".

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also recognizes four primary specialties: anatomic pathology, dermatopathology, forensic pathology, and

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Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the

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often give hints as to the state and function of certain tissues in the brain and heart respectively.

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Dermatopathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology that focuses on the skin and the rest of the

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evaluations of molecular properties of the tissue by immunohistochemistry or other laboratory tests.

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Pathologist performing a human dissection of the abdominal and thoracic organs in an autopsy room

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Modern pathology began to develop as a distinct field of inquiry during the 19th Century through

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A pathologist examines a tissue section for evidence of cancerous cells while a surgeon observes.

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Rothstein, William G. (1979). "Pathology: The Evolution of a Specialty in American Medicine".

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Major topics and processes of pathology informatics: Data management from molecular testing,

6402: 6229: 5846: 5533: 5420: 5030: 4993: 4878: 4848: 4369: 4354: 4231: 4106: 4062: 3773: 3639: 3525: 3337: 3323:"The Regulation of Animal Research and the Emergence of Animal Ethics: A Conceptual History" 3261: 3087: 3079: 3033: 2996: 2955: 2947: 2906: 2898: 2809: 2739: 2731: 2597: 2534: 2499: 2382: 2366: 2082: 1711: 1481: 1473: 1231: 1126: 1080: 1031: 906: 802: 666: 625:) existed and were capable of reproduction and multiplication, replacing earlier beliefs in 526: 409: 312: 79: 2867: 1444:, can be diagnosed partly on gross examination, but may be confirmed with tissue pathology. 6687: 6652: 6129: 6094: 5445: 5387: 5229: 5166: 5008: 4882: 4697: 4642: 4503: 4488: 4471: 4411: 4406: 4350: 4328: 4025: 3971: 3951: 3841: 3821: 3239: 3168: 3146: 2222:

Herausgeber., Cross, Simon S., Herausgeber. Underwood, James C. E. 1942- (30 April 2018).

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is sometimes used to indicate a state of disease in cases of both physical ailment (as in

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Hematopathology is the study of diseases of blood cells (including constituents such as

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Moving towards ICD-11 and DSM-5: Concept and evolution of psychiatric classification.

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Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology is one of nine dental specialties recognized by the

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tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for

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examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (as in a general examination or an

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Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).

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and molecular pathology. Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with

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have diverse pathologies", in which case a more proper choice of word would be "

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As a significant portion of all general pathology practice is concerned with

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required of pathologists. In the United States, pathologists are physicians (

1493: 1457: 1379: 1269: 1211: 1171: 1122: 932: 905:. Forensic pathology is a major component in the trans-disciplinary field of 898: 762: 639: 566: 316: 302:

also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of

148: 144: 3265: 3037: 2593: 2378: 1794:: Using technology to enable remote pathology consultation and collaboration. 6617: 6587: 6537: 6512: 6059: 6031: 5981: 5956: 5697: 5498: 5410: 5292: 5224: 5196: 5103: 4917: 4906: 4902: 4870: 4836: 4637: 4379: 4374: 4216: 4091: 4055: 3723: 3666: 3588: 3515: 2951: 2117: 1936: 1879: 1824: 1691: 1675: 1658: 1489: 1329: 1195: 1057: 1011: 994: 858: 781: 534: 530: 347: 3349: 3273: 3101: 3045: 2969: 2920: 2829:"Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine" 2753: 2611: 2511: 2396: 2370: 1509: 654: 3389: 1891:

of disease: veterinary pathology (concerned with all non-human species of

6707: 6632: 6562: 6492: 6487: 6312: 6149: 6074: 6006: 5936: 5931: 5756: 5690: 5287: 5244: 5143: 5015: 4890: 4866: 4143: 3920: 3878: 3673: 3634: 3619: 3542: 3520: 2554: 2467:

Transformations in American Medicine: From Benjamin Rush to William Osler

2172: 2162: 2142: 2006: 2002: 1986: 1982: 1926: 1896: 1608: 1589: 1383: 1088: 964: 951:

Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of various forms of

598: 275: 217: 121: 2798:"A method for the rapid preparation of fresh tissues for the microscope" 2735: 1137:

to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Medical renal diseases may affect the

986: 446: 16:

Study of the causes and effects of disease or injury, and how they arise

6722: 6452: 6322: 6164: 5896: 5766: 5683: 5528: 5503: 5488: 5470: 5317: 5282: 5123: 5118: 5045: 5040: 5020: 4813: 4798: 4749: 4622: 4082: 4050: 3943: 3751: 3716: 3696: 3573: 3510: 2546: 2092: 2014: 1944: 1872: 1662: 1306: 1215: 1199: 1174:. A small part of the tumor is taken via a needle with a vacuum system. 1142: 956: 944: 888: 721: 618: 610: 602: 303: 291: 221: 59: 6260: 3443:

Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (Australia & Oceania)

2576:

Race, George J.; Tillery, G. Weldon; Dysert, Peter A. (January 2004).

2223: 1552:

In the United Kingdom, pathologists are physicians licensed by the UK

369:

disease, and is conducted by experts in one of two major specialties,

6387: 5831: 5362: 5347: 5307: 5302: 5176: 5098: 5093: 5003: 3139: 2077: 1994: 1604: 1556:. The training to become a pathologist is under the oversight of the 1345: 1341: 1234: 1223: 1118: 1068: 1065: 960: 854: 683: 626: 328: 320: 295: 279: 136: 3427: 2797: 2720:"National standards for forensic pathology training slow to develop" 2436: 2303:

Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon C. (2010).

2275: 807: 397:), as well as on the basis of the focus of the examination (as with 3296:"American College of Veterinary Pathologists | for the Public" 5493: 5392: 5324: 5312: 5050: 4998: 1990: 1978: 1950: 1868: 1747: 1508: 1435: 1305: 1257: 1104: 985: 922: 874: 806: 753: 677:

to practice pathology as a medical specialty, one has to complete

653: 622: 606: 506: 502: 421: 2827:

Zérah, Simone; McMurray, Janet; Horváth, Andrea Rita (May 2011).

1472:

pathologies. It also significantly intersects with the field of

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WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education

2018: 1465: 1061: 883:

Forensic pathology focuses on determining the cause of death by

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Indian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 51, Issue 4, Page 310-319.

3119:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia?page=ix (preface): W.B. Saunders. 3067:

Netto, George J; Saad, Rana D; Dysert, Peter A (October 2003).

5151: 3162:

for French Residency in Clinical Pathology (Biologie médicale)

2868:"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 – MENS0301444A" 1819:, particularly of severe disorders. Informed heavily by both 1109:

This tissue cross-section demonstrates the gross pathology of

1083:. These tests can be necessary to diagnose between infection, 1121:. In a medical setting, renal pathologists work closely with 451: 439: 3465: 5035: 3889: 3432: 3410: 4718: 3421: 3413:: Comprehensive pathology website with numerous resources. 2983:

Zhang, Liwei; Pan, Chang-cun; Li, Deling (December 2015).

1484:, the latter of which helps diagnose many neurological or 3457: 3442: 3437: 3447: 517:, a concerted causal study of disease was underway (see 3405: 3400: 3211:"The New Crisis in Confidence in Psychiatric Diagnosis" 3115:

Neville BW; Damm DD; Allen CA & Bouquot JE (2002).

1149:, the vessels, or a combination of these compartments. 3416: 1833:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

3406:

American Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP)

1627:

and as such inform significantly upon the fields of

1052:

Gross pathology of miliary tuberculosis of the lung.

19:"Pathobiology" redirects here. For the journal, see 6731: 6175: 5737: 5707: 5583: 5572: 5469: 5401: 5333: 5273: 5195: 5142: 5059: 4966: 4806: 4797: 4580: 4518: 4279: 4207: 4162: 4071: 3942: 3927: 3807: 3732: 3503: 267: 232: 227: 211: 199: 184: 179: 162: 154: 128: 106: 66: 54: 3428:Intersociety Council for Pathology Training (ICPI) 2934:Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (2011). 769:. The large cell in the top center is an abnormal 311:that diagnose disease, mostly through analysis of 3433:Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2307:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 1661:data necessary to establish baseline features of 2687:"Special stains and tests – DermNet New Zealand" 2225:Underwood's pathology : a clinical approach 569:was underway and examination of tissues had led 3448:United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology 3401:American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) 2582:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 521:), with many notable early physicians (such as 2305:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 2033:of species that are of high importance to the 1775:Key aspects of pathology informatics include: 1678:(which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray 1071:. Diagnostic specimens are often obtained via 6276: 4734: 3905: 3481: 2469:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP. pp. 27+. 2284:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005 1948:fields of anatomical and clinical pathology. 8: 2649:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2256:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1256:analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and 444:), meaning "experience" or "suffering", and 174: 37: 2862: 2860: 1645:"experimental" or "investigative" pathology 1480:("ear, nose, and throat" specialists), and 404:Pathology is a significant field in modern 6283: 6269: 6261: 5580: 4803: 4741: 4727: 4719: 4194:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 3939: 3912: 3898: 3890: 3488: 3474: 3466: 2769:Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text 2767:Carson, Freida L; Hladik, Christa (2009). 2260:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1525:, but individual nations vary some in the 1517:Becoming a pathologist generally requires 6749:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 4535:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 3458:Atlases: High Resolution Pathology Images 3091: 3000: 2959: 2910: 2743: 2601: 2386: 2326: 2324: 1780:Laboratory information management systems 1260:, as well as tissues, using the tools of 259:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 135:All medical diagnostic tests, particular 2629:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. 1858: 1162: 1047: 784:. This is diagnostic of erythroleukemia. 471: 2773:American Society for Clinical Pathology 2228:. Elsevier – Health Sciences Division. 2214: 1768:Pathology informatics is a subfield of 1543:American Osteopathic Board of Pathology 1280:properties of tissue samples involving 943:. This sample was attained through an 2642: 2249: 1580:Overlap with other diagnostic medicine 1440:Many conditions, such as this case of 1396:quantitative polymerase chain reaction 660:Services Institute of Medical Sciences 529:is named) having developed methods of 173: 36: 6744:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7: 6235: 4673: 4434:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 1496:. Owing to the availability of the 480:in 1978 examine cultures containing 147:, and other applications of medical 6245: 4683: 3411:Pathpedia online pathology resource 2887:"The molecular pathology of cancer" 2353:Janssen, Diederik F. (April 2022). 1903:, which studies disease in plants. 1392:molecular pathological epidemiology 1390:is represented by a related field " 1060:and non-neoplastic diseases of the 939:of cardiac tissue reveals advanced 539:The medical practices of the Romans 5162:Evolutionary developmental biology 4570:Medical Scientist Training Program 3799:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 3438:Royal College of Pathologists (UK) 3330:Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 3149:of the American Board of Pathology 3117:Oral & maxillofacial pathology 2029:and especially concerned with the 1758:digital imaging and image analysis 1505:Medical training and accreditation 1315:automated blood chemistry analyzer 14: 5187:Post-transcriptional modification 3221:from the original on 7 June 2013. 2814:10.1001/jama.1905.52510230037003c 2332:"Pathology Specialty Description" 1026:is taken to identify small fiber 997:of a brain reveals a significant 350:practicing pathology is called a 6244: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6212: 5563: 4702: 4692: 4682: 4672: 4663: 4662: 3767:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 3417:College of American Pathologists 3388: 3187:from the original on 1 June 2013 2885:Harris TJ; McCormick F. (2010). 2874:from the original on 2008-03-02. 2693:from the original on 2011-05-20. 2675:from the original on 2010-12-07. 2539:10.1097/00005650-197910000-00001 2414:. New York: Dover. pp. 1+. 2061: 2047: 1815:Psychopathology is the study of 1432:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 1426:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 1079:-guided percutaneous biopsy, or 43: 4703: 2845:from the original on 2020-03-23 2447:from the original on 2014-02-14 1081:video-assisted thoracic surgery 581:", setting the stage for later 484:, the pathogen responsible for 4560:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 3994:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 3254:American Journal of Psychiatry 3231:Dalal PK, Sivakumar T. (2009) 3084:10.1080/08998280.2003.11927931 2334:. American Medical Association 658:A modern pathology lab at the 393:), and physiological systems ( 247:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 1: 2989:Chinese Neurosurgical Journal 2669:American Board of Dermatology 2504:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.06.004 2158:Minimally-invasive procedures 1562:Royal College of Pathologists 1558:Royal College of Pathologists 927:An instance of diagnosis via 253:Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 4540:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 4307:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 1839:and other of the biological 1720:positron emission tomography 716:, chemical, immunologic and 3321:Rollin, Bernard E. (2006). 3215:Annals of Internal Medicine 2771:(3rd ed.). Hong Kong: 2435:Arcolani, Giovanni (1542). 1450:American Dental Association 1196:interventional radiologists 478:Centers for Disease Control 124:and physiological disorders 6793: 3424:(Atlas in Human Pathology) 2027:plant disease epidemiology 1970: 1910: 1808: 1760:, networks, databases and 1741: 1684:magnetic resonance imaging 1583: 1429: 1359: 1299: 1245: 1220:magnetic resonance imaging 1156: 1098: 1041: 1001:that occupies much of the 999:arteriovenous malformation 979: 931:, this high-magnification 916: 868: 800: 747: 693: 551:Medicine in medieval Islam 537:for a number of diseases. 519:Medicine in ancient Greece 465: 452: 440: 29: 25:Pathology (disambiguation) 18: 6298: 6206: 5673:Polymerase chain reaction 5633:Green fluorescent protein 5561: 5210:Earliest known life forms 4756: 4658: 3342:10.1007/s11017-006-9007-8 3072:Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 3002:10.1186/s41016-015-0006-3 2903:10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.41 2281:Oxford English Dictionary 2198:Speech–language pathology 704:) or anatomic pathology ( 497:, including those of the 42: 4494:Transplantation medicine 4385:Clinical neurophysiology 4302:Obstetric anesthesiology 4222:Interventional radiology 3982:Digestive system surgery 3266:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4 3038:10.1177/0300985813511132 2037:or other human utility. 1997:, virus-like organisms, 1420:antimicrobial resistance 5725:species discovery curve 4853:Response to environment 4365:Intensive care medicine 4339:Mass gathering medicine 4184:Maternal–fetal medicine 3874:Microbiological culture 3504:Principles of pathology 2952:10.1136/gut.2010.217182 2627:Robbins Basic Pathology 2098:Environmental pathology 1884:Pasteurella haemolytica 1688:medical ultrasonography 1554:General Medical Council 1488:conditions relevant to 1075:transbronchial biopsy, 885:post-mortem examination 777:, with megaloblastoid 543:those of the Byzantines 6358:Biological engineering 6198:Plant morphology terms 5802:Biological engineering 5484:Biological interaction 3957:Cardiothoracic surgery 3181:"Types of Oncologists" 2371:10.32074/1591-951X-261 1963: 1887: 1875:consistent with acute 1765: 1728:magnetoencephalography 1724:electroencephalography 1514: 1478:otorhinolaryngologists 1445: 1317: 1188:medical subspecialists 1175: 1114: 1053: 1006: 948: 880: 816: 785: 700:Anatomical pathology ( 662: 525:, for whom the modern 489: 482:Legionella pneumophila 23:. For other uses, see 6443:Developmental biology 6418:Computational biology 6398:Cellular microbiology 5887:Developmental biology 5862:Computational biology 5842:Cellular microbiology 5182:Mendelian inheritance 5094:Energy transformation 4608:Personalized medicine 4467:Reproductive medicine 4392:Occupational medicine 4346:Evolutionary medicine 3837:Diagnostic immunology 3662:Programmed cell death 3630:Liquefactive necrosis 2465:King, Lester (1991). 2441:World Digital Library 2410:Long, Esmond (1965). 2138:Medical jurisprudence 1954: 1862: 1845:pathological gambling 1751: 1742:Further information: 1738:Pathology informatics 1512: 1439: 1408:in situ hybridization 1309: 1274:medical technologists 1266:clinical microbiology 1166: 1108: 1051: 989: 926: 878: 810: 757: 686:, and tissue types. 657: 571:British Royal Society 486:Legionnaire's disease 475: 6663:Reproductive biology 6548:Mathematical biology 6473:Evolutionary biology 6423:Conservation biology 6105:Reproductive biology 5992:Mathematical biology 5917:Evolutionary biology 5867:Conservation biology 5678:Two-hybrid screening 5648:Protein purification 5479:Biogeochemical cycle 5441:Internal environment 5089:Cellular respiration 4628:Traditional medicine 4588:Alternative medicine 4455:Addiction psychiatry 4269:Transfusion medicine 4264:Medical microbiology 4179:Gynecologic oncology 4031:Reproductive surgery 3832:Medical microbiology 3827:Transfusion medicine 3784:Immunohistochemistry 3734:Anatomical pathology 3625:Coagulative necrosis 3397:at Wikimedia Commons 3026:Veterinary Pathology 2718:Lett D (July 2007). 2412:History of Pathology 2276:"-pathy, comb. form" 2128:List of pathologists 2013:. Damage caused by 1961:tobacco mosaic virus 1913:Veterinary pathology 1907:Veterinary pathology 843:immunohistochemistry 821:integumentary system 696:Anatomical pathology 690:Anatomical pathology 590:natural philosophers 495:historical societies 371:anatomical pathology 342:conditions (such as 261:(M.B.B.S./M.B.Ch.B.) 167:Glossary of medicine 72:Anatomical pathology 6775:Branches of biology 6448:Ecological genetics 6292:Branches of biology 5892:Ecological genetics 5603:Gel electrophoresis 5593:Genetic engineering 5546:Population dynamics 5456:Reproductive system 4650:History of medicine 4633:Veterinary medicine 4440:Preventive medicine 4292:Adolescent medicine 4134:Infectious diseases 3789:Electron microscopy 3757:Molecular pathology 3635:Gangrenous necrosis 3567:Cellular adaptation 3302:on October 24, 2013 2736:10.1503/cmaj.070881 2108:Etiology (medicine) 1923:veterinary practice 1732:electrocardiography 1718:techniques such as 1708:medical photography 1586:Diagnostic medicine 1566:pediatric pathology 1547:laboratory medicine 1482:speech pathologists 1362:Molecular pathology 1356:Molecular pathology 1282:automated analysers 1131:electron microscopy 1127:transplant surgeons 1044:Pulmonary pathology 1038:Pulmonary pathology 941:cardiac amyloidosis 847:electron microscopy 671:Biomedical research 644:diagnostic medicine 468:History of medicine 309:medical specialties 176: 96:molecular pathology 39: 6739:History of biology 6673:Structural biology 6658:Relational biology 6483:Generative biology 6478:Freshwater biology 6219:Biology portal 6115:Structural biology 6100:Relational biology 5927:Generative biology 5922:Freshwater biology 5720:mark and recapture 5668:Restriction enzyme 5461:Respiratory system 5416:Circulatory system 5343:Epidermis (botany) 4598:Molecular oncology 4555:Doctor of Medicine 4545:Master of Medicine 4462:Radiation oncology 4334:Emergency medicine 4287:Addiction medicine 4254:Clinical chemistry 4249:Clinical pathology 4041:Transplant surgery 3999:Orthopedic surgery 3977:Colorectal surgery 3817:Clinical chemistry 3809:Clinical pathology 3794:Immunofluorescence 3762:Forensic pathology 3742:Surgical pathology 3650:Fibrinoid necrosis 3238:2018-06-02 at the 3167:2008-02-28 at the 3145:2007-06-30 at the 2891:Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2796:Wilson LB (1905). 2775:Press. p. 2. 2705:"Dermatopathology" 2665:"Dermatopathology" 2188:Precision medicine 1964: 1959:infected with the 1888: 1882:, possibly due to 1841:cognitive sciences 1770:health informatics 1766: 1716:functional imaging 1625:infectious disease 1607:, the practice of 1594:Infectious disease 1515: 1446: 1416:immunofluorescence 1318: 1311:Clinical chemistry 1248:Clinical pathology 1242:Clinical pathology 1184:general internists 1176: 1159:Surgical pathology 1153:Surgical pathology 1135:immunofluorescence 1115: 1111:polycystic kidneys 1054: 1007: 949: 881: 871:Forensic pathology 865:Forensic pathology 839:immunofluorescence 826:dermatopathologist 817: 813:malignant melanoma 791:cytocentrifugation 786: 734:forensic pathology 726:surgical pathology 663: 577:to coin the word " 490: 399:forensic pathology 375:clinical pathology 241:Doctor of Medicine 234:Education required 100:surgical pathology 84:forensic pathology 76:clinical pathology 6757: 6756: 6678:Synthetic biology 6558:Molecular biology 6413:Cognitive biology 6258: 6257: 6120:Synthetic biology 6002:Molecular biology 5857:Cognitive biology 5733: 5732: 5559: 5558: 5250:Natural selection 5031:Organic compounds 4928:Scientific method 4918:Emergent property 4859:Hierarchy of life 4829:Energy processing 4716: 4715: 4550:Master of Surgery 4514: 4513: 4499:Tropical medicine 4445:Prison healthcare 4360:Hospital medicine 4324:Disaster medicine 4314:Aviation medicine 4129:Hospital medicine 4036:Surgical oncology 4021:Pediatric surgery 4015: 3962:Endocrine surgery 3887: 3886: 3854:Mass spectrometry 3393:Media related to 2782:978-0-89189-581-7 2636:978-1-4160-2973-1 2476:978-0-8018-4057-9 2421:978-0-486-61342-0 2314:978-1-4160-3121-5 2235:978-0-7020-7212-3 2133:Medical diagnosis 1941:companion animals 1849:pathological liar 1798:Quality assurance 1786:Digital pathology 1744:Digital pathology 1690:(or ultrasound), 1527:medical licensing 1442:geographic tongue 1414:, antibody-based 1372:molecular biology 1322:white blood cells 1024:punch skin biopsy 894:medical doctorate 650:General pathology 428:derives from the 406:medical diagnosis 389:), organs (as in 325:pathophysiologies 285: 284: 172: 171: 21:Karger Publishers 6782: 6403:Chemical biology 6285: 6278: 6271: 6262: 6248: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6193:Ecological terms 5847:Chemical biology 5708:Field techniques 5581: 5567: 5426:Digestive system 5421:Endocrine system 4994:Chemical element 4953:Biology journals 4849:Self-replication 4804: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4720: 4706: 4705: 4696: 4686: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4370:Medical genetics 4355:General practice 4232:Nuclear medicine 4107:Gastroenterology 4063:Vascular surgery 4013: 3940: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3774:Gross processing 3640:Caseous necrosis 3490: 3483: 3476: 3467: 3392: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3360:. Archived from 3327: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3298:. Archived from 3292: 3286: 3285: 3249: 3243: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3156: 3150: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3095: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2833: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2640: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2605: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2247: 2219: 2083:Causal inference 2071: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2011:parasitic plants 1712:nuclear medicine 1621:cancerous masses 1521:-training after 1490:speech phonology 1474:dental pathology 1232:gastrointestinal 907:forensic science 803:Dermatopathology 797:Dermatopathology 667:medical practice 527:Hippocratic Oath 457: 456: 443: 442: 410:medical research 290:is the study of 213:Activity sectors 177: 132: 110: 80:dermatopathology 47: 40: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6727: 6688:Systems biology 6653:Quantum biology 6294: 6289: 6259: 6254: 6211: 6210: 6202: 6188:Botanical terms 6171: 6170: 6169: 6130:Systems biology 6095:Quantum biology 5729: 5703: 5585: 5575: 5568: 5555: 5465: 5446:Muscular system 5403: 5397: 5388:Vascular tissue 5335: 5329: 5269: 5230:History of life 5191: 5172:Gene regulation 5167:Gene expression 5138: 5055: 4962: 4793: 4752: 4747: 4717: 4712: 4654: 4643:Chief physician 4576: 4521: 4510: 4504:Travel medicine 4489:Sports medicine 4472:Sexual medicine 4412:Palliative care 4407:Pain management 4351:Family medicine 4329:Diving medicine 4275: 4203: 4165: 4158: 4074: 4067: 4026:Plastic surgery 3972:General surgery 3952:Cardiac surgery 3933: 3931: 3923: 3918: 3888: 3883: 3842:Immunopathology 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2183:Pathophysiology 2069:Medicine portal 2067: 2062: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2043: 1975: 1973:Plant pathology 1969: 1967:Plant pathology 1919: 1911:Main articles: 1909: 1857: 1813: 1811:Psychopathology 1807: 1805:Psychopathology 1746: 1740: 1700:tactile imaging 1651:Medical imaging 1600: 1598:Medical imaging 1584:Main articles: 1582: 1507: 1434: 1428: 1364: 1358: 1326:red blood cells 1304: 1302:Hematopathology 1298: 1296:Hematopathology 1290:Immunopathology 1250: 1244: 1161: 1155: 1103: 1101:Renal pathology 1097: 1095:Renal pathology 1046: 1040: 1020:medical imaging 984: 978: 921: 915: 903:physical trauma 873: 867: 805: 799: 767:erythroleukemia 765:from a case of 752: 746: 698: 692: 652: 511:Hellenic period 470: 464: 418: 391:renal pathology 383:hematopathology 272: 270: 235: 214: 202: 201:Occupation type 130: 108: 88:hematopathology 50: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6543:Marine biology 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Bioinformatics 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6232: 6222: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987:Marine biology 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5797:Bioinformatics 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5628:DNA microarray 5625: 5623:DNA sequencing 5620: 5615: 5613:Centrifugation 5610: 5608:Chromatography 5605: 5600: 5598:Transformation 5595: 5589: 5587: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5509:Climate change 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5451:Nervous system 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5383:Vascular plant 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5240:Microevolution 5237: 5235:Macroevolution 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5129:Photosynthesis 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5084:Cell signaling 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4967:Chemical basis 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4933:Taxonomic rank 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4913:Reductionistic 4910: 4856: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4774: 4769: 4760:Introduction ( 4757: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4700: 4690: 4680: 4670: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4581:Related topics 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4530:Medical school 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4484:Sleep medicine 4481: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4297:Anesthesiology 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4227:Neuroradiology 4224: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4164:Obstetrics and 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4046:Trauma surgery 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4009:Otolaryngology 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3935:subspecialties 3925: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864:Flow cytometry 3861: 3859:Chromatography 3856: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3779:Histopathology 3776: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3705: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3385: 3383: 3382:External links 3380: 3378: 3377: 3336:(4): 285–304. 3313: 3287: 3244: 3224: 3198: 3172: 3160:Reglementation 3151: 3132: 3126:978-0721690032 3125: 3107: 3059: 3032:(2): 341–350. 3016: 2975: 2946:(3): 397–411. 2926: 2897:(5): 251–265. 2877: 2856: 2819: 2802:J Am Med Assoc 2788: 2781: 2759: 2710: 2696: 2678: 2656: 2635: 2617: 2568: 2517: 2482: 2475: 2457: 2427: 2420: 2402: 2365:(2): 185–188. 2345: 2320: 2313: 2295: 2278:. OED Online. 2267: 2234: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2088:Cell (biology) 2085: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2058: 2055:Biology portal 2042: 2039: 1971:Main article: 1968: 1965: 1917:Animal testing 1908: 1905: 1901:phytopathology 1856: 1853: 1817:mental illness 1809:Main article: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1754:slide scanning 1739: 1736: 1581: 1578: 1523:medical school 1506: 1503: 1462:salivary gland 1456:, infectious, 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1412:DNA sequencing 1404:DNA microarray 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1300:Main article: 1297: 1294: 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1192:dermatologists 1157:Main article: 1154: 1151: 1099:Main article: 1096: 1093: 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 982:Neuropathology 980:Main article: 977: 976:Neuropathology 974: 969:frozen section 929:histopathology 919:Histopathology 917:Main article: 914: 913:Histopathology 911: 869:Main article: 866: 863: 851:flow cytometry 801:Main article: 798: 795: 775:multinucleated 748:Main article: 745: 742: 694:Main article: 691: 688: 679:medical school 651: 648: 635:Rudolf Virchow 515:ancient Greece 466:Main article: 463: 460: 417: 414: 395:oral pathology 387:histopathology 367:non-infectious 336:cardiomyopathy 307:inter-related 283: 282: 273: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 256: 250: 244: 236: 233: 230: 229: 225: 224: 215: 212: 209: 208: 203: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 191: 186: 182: 181: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 141:blood analysis 133: 126: 125: 111: 104: 103: 92:histopathology 68: 64: 63: 56: 52: 51: 48: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6788: 6787: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623:Phylogenetics 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6518:Human biology 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Chronobiology 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6383:Biotechnology 6381: 6379: 6378:Biostatistics 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6251: 6243: 6241: 6233: 6231: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065:Phylogenetics 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5962:Human biology 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Chronobiology 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:Biotechnology 5825: 5823: 5822:Biostatistics 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Belt transect 5713: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Southern blot 5661: 5659: 5658:Northern blot 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5566: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436:Immune system 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353:Ground tissue 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255:Phylogenetics 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:Genetic drift 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026:Nucleic acids 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4989:Chemical bond 4987: 4985: 4984:Carbohydrates 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4709: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4669: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4613:Public health 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Allied health 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Oral medicine 4400: 4398: 4397:Ophthalmology 4395: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4259:Cytopathology 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4199:Urogynecology 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4102:Endocrinology 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747:Cytopathology 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3691:Accumulations 3689: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3560:Wound healing 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3367:on 2020-10-08 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207:Allen Frances 3202: 3199: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078:(4): 379–83. 3077: 3073: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2446: 2442: 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1822: 1818: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792:Telepathology 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1763: 1762:telepathology 1759: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:neuromuscular 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:multiplex PCR 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:bodily fluids 1363: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1204: 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547:Classical Era 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 487: 483: 479: 474: 469: 461: 459: 455: 449: 448: 437: 434: 431: 430:Ancient Greek 427: 423: 415: 413: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379:cytopathology 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340:psychological 337: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 281: 277: 274: 266: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 237: 231: 226: 223: 219: 216: 210: 207: 204: 198: 192: 189: 188: 187: 183: 178: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 105: 102: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 46: 41: 33: 26: 22: 6668:Sociobiology 6648:Protistology 6613:Photobiology 6608:Pharmacology 6602: 6598:Parasitology 6593:Paleontology 6573:Neuroscience 6553:Microbiology 6463:Epidemiology 6433:Cytogenetics 6393:Cell biology 6373:Biosemiotics 6363:Biomechanics 6343:Biogeography 6338:Biochemistry 6333:Bacteriology 6328:Astrobiology 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The word 228:Description 175:Pathologist 158:Pathologist 32:Corner case 6764:Categories 6703:Toxicology 6698:Teratology 6643:Proteomics 6628:Physiology 6568:Neontology 6533:Lipidology 6528:Immunology 6498:Geobiology 6458:Embryology 6438:Dendrology 6368:Biophysics 6348:Biogeology 6176:Glossaries 6145:Toxicology 6140:Teratology 6085:Proteomics 6070:Physiology 6012:Neontology 5977:Lipidology 5972:Immunology 5942:Geobiology 5902:Embryology 5882:Dendrology 5812:Biophysics 5792:Biogeology 5586:techniques 5541:Microbiome 5368:Plant stem 5260:Speciation 5205:Adaptation 5134:Prokaryote 5114:Metabolism 5074:Cell cycle 4905:> 4901:> 4897:> 4895:Population 4893:> 4889:> 4885:> 4881:> 4877:> 4873:> 4869:> 4865:> 4841:Regulation 4825:Adaptation 4450:Psychiatry 4436:(PM&R) 4429:Phlebology 4417:Pediatrics 4244:Anatomical 4209:Diagnostic 4189:Obstetrics 4139:Nephrology 4124:Hematology 4119:Geriatrics 4112:Hepatology 4097:Cardiology 4087:Immunology 3869:Blood bank 3712:Lipofuscin 3708:Lipochrome 3684:Karyolysis 3613:Cell death 3594:Metaplasia 3371:2019-12-17 3306:October 3, 2451:2014-03-02 2244:1043350646 2210:References 2153:Microscopy 2123:Immunology 2113:Hematology 2035:human diet 2023:vertebrate 1877:haemolytic 1855:Non-humans 1821:psychology 1667:physiology 1637:immunology 1494:swallowing 1458:epithelial 1380:proteomics 1350:infiltrate 1270:hematology 1254:laboratory 1212:ultrasound 1172:stereotaxy 1139:glomerulus 1058:neoplastic 933:micrograph 899:toxicology 738:laboratory 640:physiology 567:microscopy 363:infectious 317:human cell 271:employment 180:Occupation 155:Specialist 149:microscopy 145:dissection 115:infectious 6770:Pathology 6618:Phycology 6603:Pathology 6588:Osteology 6578:Nutrition 6538:Mammalogy 6513:Histology 6060:Phycology 6046:Pathology 6032:Osteology 6022:Nutrition 5982:Mammalogy 5957:Histology 5698:in silico 5574:Research 5551:Resources 5524:Ecosystem 5514:Community 5499:Biosphere 5411:Breathing 5293:Eukaryote 5275:Diversity 5225:Gene flow 5197:Evolution 5104:Eukaryote 5016:Molecules 4907:Biosphere 4903:Ecosystem 4899:Community 4871:Organelle 4766:Evolution 4638:Physician 4522:education 4380:Neurology 4375:Narcology 4239:Pathology 4217:Radiology 4092:Angiology 4056:Andrology 3724:Steatosis 3667:Apoptosis 3604:Glandular 3589:Dysplasia 3521:Neoplasia 3516:Infection 3497:Pathology 3395:Pathology 3054:206510903 2645:cite book 2594:0899-8280 2379:1591-951X 2338:5 October 2252:cite book 2118:Histology 2007:nematodes 1983:oomycetes 1937:livestock 1880:pneumonia 1825:neurology 1692:endoscopy 1676:radiology 1659:biometric 1613:resection 1539:residency 1519:specialty 1330:platelets 1262:chemistry 1012:neurology 859:neoplasms 782:chromatin 718:molecular 535:prognosis 531:diagnosis 509:. 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