Pathology - Knowledge (XXG)

1029:. In many English-speaking countries, neuropathology is considered a subfield of anatomical pathology. A physician who specializes in neuropathology, usually by completing a fellowship after a residency in anatomical or general pathology, is called a neuropathologist. In day-to-day clinical practice, a neuropathologist generates diagnoses for patients. If a disease of the nervous system is suspected, and the diagnosis cannot be made by less invasive methods, a biopsy of nervous tissue is taken from the brain or spinal cord to aid in diagnosis. Biopsy is usually requested after a mass is detected by 887: 1060: 1117: 56: 935: 800:

thyroid lesions, diseases involving sterile body cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal), and a wide range of other body sites. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments (in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues) and cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide for subsequent staining and microscopic examination. However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including

1963: 1760: 766: 1448: 1175: 1463:, and is sometimes considered a specialty of both dentistry and pathology. Oral Pathologists must complete three years of post doctoral training in an accredited program and subsequently obtain diplomate status from the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. The specialty focuses on the diagnosis, clinical management and investigation of diseases that affect the oral cavity and surrounding maxillofacial structures including but not limited to 1397:. It is often applied in a context that is as much scientific as directly medical and encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, and the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to particular disorders. The crossover between molecular pathology and 5576: 1359:, and other lymphoid tissues. In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty (licensed under the American Board of Pathology) practiced by those physicians who have completed a general pathology residency (anatomic, clinical, or combined) and an additional year of fellowship training in hematology. The hematopathologist reviews biopsies of lymph nodes, bone marrows and other tissues involved by an 1871: 6237: 4675: 4705: 641:

characteristics and symptoms. This approach led to the foundational understanding that diseases are able to replicate themselves, and that they can have many profound and varied effects on the human host. To determine causes of diseases, medical experts used the most common and widely accepted assumptions or symptoms of their times, a general principle of approach that persists in modern medicine.

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resection specimens are obtained by the therapeutic surgical removal of an entire diseased area or organ (and occasionally multiple organs). These procedures are often intended as definitive surgical treatment of a disease in which the diagnosis is already known or strongly suspected, but pathological analysis of these specimens remains important in confirming the previous diagnosis.

966:. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. This contrasts with the methods of cytopathology, which uses free cells or tissue fragments. Histopathological examination of tissues starts with 6257: 4695: 1521: 666: 6247: 4685: 3401: 998: 2074: 1318: 819: 1571:. After four to six years of undergraduate medical study, trainees proceed to a two-year foundation program. Full-time training in histopathology currently lasts between five and five and a half years and includes specialist training in surgical pathology, cytopathology, and autopsy pathology. It is also possible to take a 1033:. With autopsies, the principal work of the neuropathologist is to help in the post-mortem diagnosis of various conditions that affect the central nervous system. Biopsies can also consist of the skin. Epidermal nerve fiber density testing (ENFD) is a more recently developed neuropathology test in which a 983:

chemicals and components within tissue. The histological slides are then interpreted diagnostically and the resulting pathology report describes the histological findings and the opinion of the pathologist. In the case of cancer, this represents the tissue diagnosis required for most treatment protocols.

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Though separate fields in terms of medical practice, a number of areas of inquiry in medicine and medical science either overlap greatly with general pathology, work in tandem with it, or contribute significantly to the understanding of the pathology of a given disease or its course in an individual.

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can undergo a 1 to 2 year fellowship in the field of dermatopathology. The completion of this fellowship allows one to take a subspecialty board examination, and becomes a board certified dermatopathologist. Dermatologists are able to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, anatomic

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is the best and most definitive evidence of disease (or lack thereof) in cases where tissue is surgically removed from a patient. These determinations are usually accomplished by a combination of gross (i.e., macroscopic) and histologic (i.e., microscopic) examination of the tissue, and may involve

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generally have the largest body of research in veterinary pathology. Animal testing remains a controversial practice, even in cases where it is used to research treatment for human disease. As in human medical pathology, the practice of veterinary pathology is customarily divided into the two main

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Although the vast majority of lab work and research in pathology concerns the development of disease in humans, pathology is of significance throughout the biological sciences. Two main catch-all fields exist to represent most complex organisms capable of serving as host to a pathogen or other form

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There are two major types of specimens submitted for surgical pathology analysis: biopsies and surgical resections. A biopsy is a small piece of tissue removed primarily for surgical pathology analysis, most often in order to render a definitive diagnosis. Types of biopsies include core biopsies,

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with a specialty in general or anatomical pathology with subsequent study in forensic medicine. The methods forensic scientists use to determine death include examination of tissue specimens to identify the presence or absence of natural disease and other microscopic findings, interpretations of

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Cytopathology (sometimes referred to as "cytology") is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. It is usually used to aid in the diagnosis of cancer, but also helps in the diagnosis of certain infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions as well as

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research fields and medical practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical treatment, the term is often used in a narrower fashion to refer to processes and tests that fall within the contemporary medical field of "general pathology", an area that includes a number of distinct but

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fixing is also common. To see the tissue under a microscope, the sections are stained with one or more pigments. The aim of staining is to reveal cellular components; counterstains are used to provide contrast. Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory

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are very common. The pathologist's interpretation of a biopsy is critical to establishing the diagnosis of a benign or malignant tumor, and can differentiate between different types and grades of cancer, as well as determining the activity of specific molecular pathways in the tumor. Surgical

1405:". Molecular pathology is commonly used in diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Molecular Pathology is primarily used to detect cancers such as melanoma, brainstem glioma, brain tumors as well as many other types of cancer and infectious diseases. Techniques are numerous but include 640:

or even spiritual agents, that had dominated for much of the previous 1,500 years in European medicine. With the new understanding of causative agents, physicians began to compare the characteristics of one germ's symptoms as they developed within an affected individual to another germ's

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The study of pathology, including the detailed examination of the body, including dissection and inquiry into specific maladies, dates back to antiquity. Rudimentary understanding of many conditions was present in most early societies and is attested to in the records of the earliest

1587:. At the end of the second year of clinical pathology residency, residents can choose between general clinical pathology and a specialization in one of the disciplines, but they can not practice anatomical pathology, nor can anatomical pathology residents practice clinical pathology. 603:

and physicians that studied disease and the informal study of what they termed "pathological anatomy" or "morbid anatomy". However, pathology as a formal area of specialty was not fully developed until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the advent of detailed study of

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In France, pathology is separated into two distinct specialties, anatomical pathology, and clinical pathology. Residencies for both lasts four years. Residency in anatomical pathology is open to physicians only, while clinical pathology is open to both physicians and

372:), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and the consequences of changes (clinical manifestations). In common medical practice, general pathology is mostly concerned with analyzing known clinical abnormalities that are markers or precursors for both 902:

and medical examiners are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a corpse. The requirements for becoming a licensed practitioner of forensic pathology varies from country to country (and even within a given nation) but typically a minimal requirement is a

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so as to increase the accuracy with which early or fine-detail abnormalities are detected. These diagnostic techniques are often performed in combination with general pathology procedures and are themselves often essential to developing new understanding of the

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and 2) those animals that share physiological and genetic traits with humans can be used as surrogates for the study of the disease and potential treatments as well as the effects of various synthetic products. For this reason, as well as their roles as

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to non-invasive examination, many conditions in the study of oral disease can be diagnosed, or at least suspected, from gross examination, but biopsies, cell smears, and other tissue analysis remain important diagnostic tools in oral pathology.

564:), during which numerous texts of complex pathologies were developed, also based on the Greek tradition. Even so, growth in complex understanding of disease mostly languished until knowledge and experimentation again began to proliferate in the 1854:. Mental or social disorders or behaviours seen as generally unhealthy or excessive in a given individual, to the point where they cause harm or severe disruption to the person's lifestyle, are often called "pathological" (e.g., 653:, by the beginning of the 20th century, the study of pathology had begun to split into a number of distinct fields, resulting in the development of a large number of modern specialties within pathology and related disciplines of 1560:. Pathologists may pursue specialised fellowship training within one or more subspecialties of either anatomical or clinical pathology. Some of these subspecialties permit additional board certification, while others do not. 692:

and secure a license to practice medicine. Structurally, the study of disease is divided into many different fields that study or diagnose markers for disease using methods and technologies particular to specific scales,

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Neuropathology is the study of disease of nervous system tissue, usually in the form of either surgical biopsies or sometimes whole brains in the case of autopsy. Neuropathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology,

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gave a significant contribution, leading to a slew of research developments. By the late 1920s to early 1930s pathology was deemed a medical specialty. Combined with developments in the understanding of general

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as an organ. It is unique, in that there are two paths a physician can take to obtain the specialization. All general pathologists and general dermatologists train in the pathology of the skin, so the term

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in nature, and many infectious pathogens have animal vectors and, as such, understanding the mechanisms of action for these pathogens in non-human hosts is essential to the understanding and application of

1552:. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology: [anatomical pathology and clinical pathology, each of which requires separate board certification. The 1793:(LIMS): Implementing and managing computer systems specifically designed for pathology departments. These systems help in tracking and managing patient specimens, results, and other pathology data. 1343:) and the tissues, and organs comprising the hematopoietic system. The term hematopoietic system refers to tissues and organs that produce and/or primarily host hematopoietic cells and includes 864:, and molecular-pathologic analysis. One of the greatest challenges of dermatopathology is its scope. More than 1500 different disorders of the skin exist, including cutaneous eruptions (" 3333: 1287:, hospital administrations, and referring physicians. Clinical pathologists learn to administer a number of visual and microscopic tests and an especially large variety of tests of the 1936:, varies considerably by species. Nevertheless, significant amounts of pathology research are conducted on animals, for two primary reasons: 1) The origins of diseases are typically 1932:

Veterinary pathology covers a vast array of species, but with a significantly smaller number of practitioners, so understanding of disease in non-human animals, especially as regards

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diploma in forensic pathology, dermatopathology, or cytopathology, recognising additional specialist training and expertise and to get specialist accreditation in forensic pathology,

1299:. Sometimes the general term "laboratory medicine specialist" is used to refer to those working in clinical pathology, including medical doctors, Ph.D.s and doctors of pharmacology. 1843: 1842:

treatment accordingly. Although diagnosis and classification of mental norms and disorders is largely the purview of psychiatry—the results of which are guidelines such as the

1783:. It is the use of information technology in pathology. It encompasses pathology laboratory operations, data analysis, and the interpretation of pathology-related information. 1041:

by analyzing the nerve fibers of the skin. This test is becoming available in select labs as well as many universities; it replaces the traditional nerve biopsy test as less

1548:) who have completed a four-year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, and three to four years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology 974:, or autopsy. The tissue is removed from the body of an organism and then placed in a fixative that stabilizes the tissues to prevent decay. The most common fixative is 1846:, which attempt to classify mental disease mostly on behavioural evidence, though not without controversy—the field is also heavily, and increasingly, informed upon by 848:

is taken to be examined under the microscope using usual histological tests. In some cases, additional specialized testing needs to be performed on biopsies, including

608:. In the 19th century, physicians had begun to understand that disease-causing pathogens, or "germs" (a catch-all for disease-causing, or pathogenic, microbes, such as 2661: 2268: 3195: 330:

samples. Idiomatically, "a pathology" may also refer to the predicted or actual progression of particular diseases (as in the statement "the many different forms of

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Cai, H; Caswell JL; Prescott JF (March 2014). "Nonculture Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease in Animals: A Diagnostic Laboratory Perspective".

2272: 747:. Anatomical pathology is one of two main divisions of the medical practice of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the 872:. Therefore, dermatopathologists must maintain a broad base of knowledge in clinical dermatology, and be familiar with several other specialty areas in Medicine. 1140:, who typically obtain diagnostic specimens via percutaneous renal biopsy. The renal pathologist must synthesize findings from traditional microscope histology, 6293: 1988:

Although the pathogens and their mechanics differ greatly from those of animals, plants are subject to a wide variety of diseases, including those caused by

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physiology that help medical professionals plan appropriate treatments for tissue infection and trauma. Medical imaging is also central in supplying the

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analysis of bodily fluids and tissues. Sometimes, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology.

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The modern practice of pathology is divided into a number of subdisciplines within the distinct but deeply interconnected aims of biological research and

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is the generating of visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Medical imaging reveals details of

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of a corpse or partial remains. An autopsy is typically performed by a coroner or medical examiner, often during criminal investigations; in this role,

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of cells of the hematopoietic system. In addition, the hematopathologist may be in charge of flow cytometric and/or molecular hematopathology studies.

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of a given disease and tracking the progress of disease in specific medical cases. Examples of important subdivisions in medical imaging include

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continued from these Greek roots, but, as with many areas of scientific inquiry, growth in understanding of medicine stagnated somewhat after the

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on body tissues and fluids to determine the chemical cause of overdoses, poisonings or other cases involving toxic agents, and examinations of

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Pulmonary pathology is a subspecialty of anatomic (and especially surgical) pathology that deals with diagnosis and characterization of

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Molecular pathology is focused upon the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or

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denotes either of these who has reached a certain level of accreditation and experience; in the US, either a general pathologist or a

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eras, following the resurgence of the empirical method at new centers of scholarship. By the 17th century, the study of rudimentary

6286: 5197: 1303:, the study of an organism's immune response to infection, is sometimes considered to fall within the domain of clinical pathology. 560:, but continued to slowly develop throughout numerous cultures. Notably, many advances were made in the medieval era of Islam (see 4698: 2996:"The historical change of brainstem glioma diagnosis and treatment: from imaging to molecular pathology and then molecular imaging" 1654:. General pathology methods are of great importance to biomedical research into disease, wherein they are sometimes referred to as 1237:, whereas excisional biopsies remove the entire lesion, and are similar to therapeutic surgical resections. Excisional biopsies of 1433:. Techniques used are based on analyzing samples of DNA and RNA. Pathology is widely used for gene therapy and disease diagnosis. 3777: 1442: 6260: 886: 3229: 1059: 4570: 4004: 1626:, and blood tests are all examples of pathology work that is essential for the diagnoses of many kinds of cancer and for the 1579:, and neuropathology. All postgraduate medical training and education in the UK is overseen by the General Medical Council. 1541: 1189:

Surgical pathology is one of the primary areas of practice for most anatomical pathologists. Surgical pathology involves the

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Renal pathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology that deals with the diagnosis and characterization of disease of the

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into disease incorporates the work of a vast variety of life science specialists, whereas, in most parts of the world, to be

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An anatomical pathology instructor uses a microscope with multiple eyepieces to instruct students in diagnostic microscopy.

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which are obtained through the use of large-bore needles, sometimes under the guidance of radiological techniques such as

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As a field of general inquiry and research, pathology addresses components of disease: cause, mechanisms of development (

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and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, as well as biopsies submitted by surgeons and non-surgeons such as

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The advent of the microscope was one of the major developments in the history of pathology. Here researchers at the

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Kendell R, Jablensky A (January 2003). "Distinguishing Between the Validity and Utility of Psychiatric Diagnoses".

2881:(in French). Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. 4 September 2003. 2037: 1694: 1230: 1009: 561: 529: 35: 2715: 2036:, and other small herbivores is not considered a part of the domain of plant pathology. The field is connected to 1622:

makes extensive use of both anatomical and clinical pathology in diagnosis and treatment. In particular, biopsy,

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Modern medicine was particularly advanced by further developments of the microscope to analyze tissues, to which

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distributions, and behavior. Sometimes, however, those criteria do not lead to a conclusive diagnosis, and a

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and reporting: Implementing informatics solutions to ensure the quality and accuracy of pathology processes.

1698: 1564: 1464: 1296: 1233:. Incisional biopsies are obtained through diagnostic surgical procedures that remove part of a suspicious 895: 1962: 1759: 826:

can often be suspected from sight, but confirmation of the diagnosis or outright removal requires a biopsy.

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Machevsky, Alberto; Wick, MR (2004). "Evidence-based Medicine, Medical Decision Analysis, and Pathology".

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also recognizes four primary specialties: anatomic pathology, dermatopathology, forensic pathology, and

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Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the

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often give hints as to the state and function of certain tissues in the brain and heart respectively.

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Dermatopathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology that focuses on the skin and the rest of the

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evaluations of molecular properties of the tissue by immunohistochemistry or other laboratory tests.

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Pathologist performing a human dissection of the abdominal and thoracic organs in an autopsy room

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Modern pathology began to develop as a distinct field of inquiry during the 19th Century through

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A pathologist examines a tissue section for evidence of cancerous cells while a surgeon observes.

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Rothstein, William G. (1979). "Pathology: The Evolution of a Specialty in American Medicine".

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Major topics and processes of pathology informatics: Data management from molecular testing,

6413: 6240: 5857: 5544: 5431: 5041: 5004: 4889: 4859: 4380: 4365: 4242: 4117: 4073: 3784: 3650: 3536: 3348: 3334:"The Regulation of Animal Research and the Emergence of Animal Ethics: A Conceptual History" 3272: 3098: 3090: 3044: 3007: 2966: 2958: 2917: 2909: 2820: 2750: 2742: 2608: 2545: 2510: 2393: 2377: 2093: 1722: 1492: 1484: 1242: 1137: 1091: 1042: 917: 813: 677: 636:) existed and were capable of reproduction and multiplication, replacing earlier beliefs in 537: 420: 323: 90: 2878: 1455:, can be diagnosed partly on gross examination, but may be confirmed with tissue pathology. 6698: 6663: 6140: 6105: 5456: 5398: 5240: 5177: 5019: 4893: 4708: 4653: 4514: 4499: 4482: 4422: 4417: 4361: 4339: 4036: 3982: 3962: 3852: 3832: 3250: 3179: 3157: 2233:

Herausgeber., Cross, Simon S., Herausgeber. Underwood, James C. E. 1942- (30 April 2018).

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is sometimes used to indicate a state of disease in cases of both physical ailment (as in

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Hematopathology is the study of diseases of blood cells (including constituents such as

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Moving towards ICD-11 and DSM-5: Concept and evolution of psychiatric classification.

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Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology is one of nine dental specialties recognized by the

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tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for

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examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (as in a general examination or an

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Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).

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and molecular pathology. Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with

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have diverse pathologies", in which case a more proper choice of word would be "

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As a significant portion of all general pathology practice is concerned with

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required of pathologists. In the United States, pathologists are physicians (

1504: 1468: 1390: 1280: 1222: 1182: 1133: 943: 916:. Forensic pathology is a major component in the trans-disciplinary field of 909: 773: 650: 577: 327: 313:

also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of

159: 155: 3276: 3048: 2604: 2389: 1805:: Using technology to enable remote pathology consultation and collaboration. 6628: 6598: 6548: 6523: 6070: 6042: 5992: 5967: 5708: 5509: 5421: 5303: 5235: 5207: 5114: 4928: 4917: 4913: 4881: 4847: 4648: 4390: 4385: 4227: 4102: 4066: 3734: 3677: 3599: 3526: 2962: 2128: 1947: 1890: 1835: 1702: 1686: 1669: 1500: 1340: 1206: 1068: 1022: 1005: 869: 792: 545: 541: 358: 3360: 3284: 3112: 3056: 2980: 2931: 2840:"Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine" 2764: 2622: 2522: 2407: 2381: 1520: 665: 3400: 1902:

of disease: veterinary pathology (concerned with all non-human species of

6718: 6643: 6573: 6503: 6498: 6323: 6160: 6085: 6017: 5947: 5942: 5767: 5701: 5298: 5255: 5154: 5026: 4901: 4877: 4154: 3931: 3889: 3684: 3645: 3630: 3553: 3531: 2565: 2478:

Transformations in American Medicine: From Benjamin Rush to William Osler

2183: 2173: 2153: 2017: 2013: 1997: 1993: 1937: 1907: 1619: 1600: 1394: 1099: 975: 962:

Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of various forms of

609: 286: 228: 132: 2809:"A method for the rapid preparation of fresh tissues for the microscope" 2746: 1148:

to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Medical renal diseases may affect the

997: 457: 27:

Study of the causes and effects of disease or injury, and how they arise

6733: 6463: 6333: 6175: 5907: 5777: 5694: 5539: 5514: 5499: 5481: 5328: 5293: 5134: 5129: 5056: 5051: 5031: 4824: 4809: 4760: 4633: 4093: 4061: 3954: 3762: 3727: 3707: 3584: 3521: 2557: 2103: 2025: 1955: 1883: 1673: 1317: 1226: 1210: 1185:. A small part of the tumor is taken via a needle with a vacuum system. 1153: 967: 955: 899: 732: 629: 621: 613: 314: 302: 232: 70: 6271: 3454:

Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (Australia & Oceania)

2587:

Race, George J.; Tillery, G. Weldon; Dysert, Peter A. (January 2004).

2234: 1563:

In the United Kingdom, pathologists are physicians licensed by the UK

380:

disease, and is conducted by experts in one of two major specialties,

6398: 5842: 5373: 5358: 5318: 5313: 5187: 5109: 5104: 5014: 3150: 2088: 2005: 1615: 1567:. The training to become a pathologist is under the oversight of the 1356: 1352: 1245: 1234: 1129: 1079: 1076: 971: 865: 694: 637: 339: 331: 306: 290: 147: 3438: 2808: 2731:"National standards for forensic pathology training slow to develop" 2447: 2314:

Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon C. (2010).

2286: 818: 408:), as well as on the basis of the focus of the examination (as with 3307:"American College of Veterinary Pathologists | for the Public" 5504: 5403: 5335: 5323: 5061: 5009: 2001: 1989: 1961: 1879: 1758: 1519: 1446: 1316: 1268: 1115: 996: 933: 885: 817: 764: 688:

to practice pathology as a medical specialty, one has to complete

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Zérah, Simone; McMurray, Janet; Horváth, Andrea Rita (May 2011).

1483:

pathologies. It also significantly intersects with the field of

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WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education

2029: 1476: 1072: 894:

Forensic pathology focuses on determining the cause of death by

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Indian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 51, Issue 4, Page 310-319.

3130:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia?page=ix (preface): W.B. Saunders. 3078:

Netto, George J; Saad, Rana D; Dysert, Peter A (October 2003).

5162: 3173:

for French Residency in Clinical Pathology (Biologie médicale)

2879:"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 – MENS0301444A" 1830:, particularly of severe disorders. Informed heavily by both 1120:

This tissue cross-section demonstrates the gross pathology of

1094:. These tests can be necessary to diagnose between infection, 1132:. In a medical setting, renal pathologists work closely with 462: 450: 3476: 5046: 3900: 3443: 3421: 4729: 3432: 3424:: Comprehensive pathology website with numerous resources. 2994:

Zhang, Liwei; Pan, Chang-cun; Li, Deling (December 2015).

1495:, the latter of which helps diagnose many neurological or 3468: 3453: 3448: 3458: 528:, a concerted causal study of disease was underway (see 3416: 3411: 3222:"The New Crisis in Confidence in Psychiatric Diagnosis" 3126:

Neville BW; Damm DD; Allen CA & Bouquot JE (2002).

1160:, the vessels, or a combination of these compartments. 3427: 1844:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

3417:

American Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP)

1638:

and as such inform significantly upon the fields of

1063:

Gross pathology of miliary tuberculosis of the lung.

30:"Pathobiology" redirects here. For the journal, see 6742: 6186: 5748: 5718: 5594: 5583: 5480: 5412: 5344: 5284: 5206: 5153: 5070: 4977: 4817: 4808: 4591: 4529: 4290: 4218: 4173: 4082: 3953: 3938: 3818: 3743: 3514: 278: 243: 238: 222: 210: 195: 190: 173: 165: 139: 117: 77: 65: 3439:Intersociety Council for Pathology Training (ICPI) 2945:Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (2011). 780:. The large cell in the top center is an abnormal 322:that diagnose disease, mostly through analysis of 3444:Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2318:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 1672:data necessary to establish baseline features of 2698:"Special stains and tests – DermNet New Zealand" 2236:Underwood's pathology : a clinical approach 580:was underway and examination of tissues had led 3459:United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology 3412:American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) 2593:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 532:), with many notable early physicians (such as 2316:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 2044:of species that are of high importance to the 1786:Key aspects of pathology informatics include: 1689:(which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray 1082:. Diagnostic specimens are often obtained via 6287: 4745: 3916: 3492: 2480:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP. pp. 27+. 2295:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005 1959:fields of anatomical and clinical pathology. 8: 2660:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2267:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1267:analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and 455:), meaning "experience" or "suffering", and 185: 48: 2873: 2871: 1656:"experimental" or "investigative" pathology 1491:("ear, nose, and throat" specialists), and 415:Pathology is a significant field in modern 6294: 6280: 6272: 5591: 4814: 4752: 4738: 4730: 4205:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 3950: 3923: 3909: 3901: 3499: 3485: 3477: 2780:Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text 2778:Carson, Freida L; Hladik, Christa (2009). 2271:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1536:, but individual nations vary some in the 1528:Becoming a pathologist generally requires 6760:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 4546:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 3469:Atlases: High Resolution Pathology Images 3102: 3011: 2970: 2921: 2754: 2612: 2397: 2337: 2335: 1791:Laboratory information management systems 1271:, as well as tissues, using the tools of 270:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 146:All medical diagnostic tests, particular 2640:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. 1869: 1173: 1058: 795:. This is diagnostic of erythroleukemia. 482: 2784:American Society for Clinical Pathology 2239:. Elsevier – Health Sciences Division. 2225: 1779:Pathology informatics is a subfield of 1554:American Osteopathic Board of Pathology 1291:properties of tissue samples involving 954:. This sample was attained through an 2653: 2260: 1591:Overlap with other diagnostic medicine 1451:Many conditions, such as this case of 1407:quantitative polymerase chain reaction 671:Services Institute of Medical Sciences 540:is named) having developed methods of 184: 47: 6755:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7: 6246: 4684: 4445:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 1507:. Owing to the availability of the 491:in 1978 examine cultures containing 158:, and other applications of medical 6256: 4694: 3422:Pathpedia online pathology resource 2898:"The molecular pathology of cancer" 2364:Janssen, Diederik F. (April 2022). 1914:, which studies disease in plants. 1403:molecular pathological epidemiology 1401:is represented by a related field " 1071:and non-neoplastic diseases of the 950:of cardiac tissue reveals advanced 550:The medical practices of the Romans 5173:Evolutionary developmental biology 4581:Medical Scientist Training Program 3810:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 3449:Royal College of Pathologists (UK) 3341:Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 3160:of the American Board of Pathology 3128:Oral & maxillofacial pathology 2040:and especially concerned with the 1769:digital imaging and image analysis 1516:Medical training and accreditation 1326:automated blood chemistry analyzer 25: 5198:Post-transcriptional modification 3232:from the original on 7 June 2013. 2825:10.1001/jama.1905.52510230037003c 2343:"Pathology Specialty Description" 1037:is taken to identify small fiber 1008:of a brain reveals a significant 361:practicing pathology is called a 6255: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6223: 5574: 4713: 4703: 4693: 4683: 4674: 4673: 3778:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 3428:College of American Pathologists 3399: 3198:from the original on 1 June 2013 2896:Harris TJ; McCormick F. (2010). 2885:from the original on 2008-03-02. 2704:from the original on 2011-05-20. 2686:from the original on 2010-12-07. 2550:10.1097/00005650-197910000-00001 2425:. New York: Dover. pp. 1+. 2072: 2058: 1826:Psychopathology is the study of 1443:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 1437:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 1090:-guided percutaneous biopsy, or 54: 4714: 2856:from the original on 2020-03-23 2458:from the original on 2014-02-14 1092:video-assisted thoracic surgery 592:", setting the stage for later 495:, the pathogen responsible for 4571:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 4005:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 3265:American Journal of Psychiatry 3242:Dalal PK, Sivakumar T. (2009) 3095:10.1080/08998280.2003.11927931 2345:. American Medical Association 669:A modern pathology lab at the 404:), and physiological systems ( 258:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 1: 3000:Chinese Neurosurgical Journal 2680:American Board of Dermatology 2515:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.06.004 2169:Minimally-invasive procedures 1573:Royal College of Pathologists 1569:Royal College of Pathologists 938:An instance of diagnosis via 264:Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 4551:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 4318:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 1850:and other of the biological 1731:positron emission tomography 727:, chemical, immunologic and 3332:Rollin, Bernard E. (2006). 3226:Annals of Internal Medicine 2782:(3rd ed.). Hong Kong: 2446:Arcolani, Giovanni (1542). 1461:American Dental Association 1207:interventional radiologists 489:Centers for Disease Control 135:and physiological disorders 6802: 3435:(Atlas in Human Pathology) 2038:plant disease epidemiology 1981: 1921: 1819: 1771:, networks, databases and 1752: 1695:magnetic resonance imaging 1594: 1440: 1370: 1310: 1256: 1231:magnetic resonance imaging 1167: 1109: 1052: 1012:that occupies much of the 1010:arteriovenous malformation 990: 942:, this high-magnification 927: 879: 811: 758: 704: 562:Medicine in medieval Islam 548:for a number of diseases. 530:Medicine in ancient Greece 476: 463: 451: 40: 36:Pathology (disambiguation) 29: 6309: 6217: 5684:Polymerase chain reaction 5644:Green fluorescent protein 5572: 5221:Earliest known life forms 4767: 4669: 3353:10.1007/s11017-006-9007-8 3083:Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 3013:10.1186/s41016-015-0006-3 2914:10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.41 2292:Oxford English Dictionary 2209:Speech–language pathology 715:) or anatomic pathology ( 508:, including those of the 53: 4505:Transplantation medicine 4396:Clinical neurophysiology 4313:Obstetric anesthesiology 4233:Interventional radiology 3993:Digestive system surgery 3277:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4 3049:10.1177/0300985813511132 2048:or other human utility. 2008:, virus-like organisms, 1431:antimicrobial resistance 5736:species discovery curve 4864:Response to environment 4376:Intensive care medicine 4350:Mass gathering medicine 4195:Maternal–fetal medicine 3885:Microbiological culture 3515:Principles of pathology 2963:10.1136/gut.2010.217182 2638:Robbins Basic Pathology 2109:Environmental pathology 1895:Pasteurella haemolytica 1699:medical ultrasonography 1565:General Medical Council 1499:conditions relevant to 1086:transbronchial biopsy, 896:post-mortem examination 788:, with megaloblastoid 554:those of the Byzantines 6369:Biological engineering 6209:Plant morphology terms 5813:Biological engineering 5495:Biological interaction 3968:Cardiothoracic surgery 3192:"Types of Oncologists" 2382:10.32074/1591-951X-261 1974: 1898: 1886:consistent with acute 1776: 1739:magnetoencephalography 1735:electroencephalography 1525: 1489:otorhinolaryngologists 1456: 1328: 1199:medical subspecialists 1186: 1125: 1064: 1017: 959: 891: 827: 796: 711:Anatomical pathology ( 673: 536:, for whom the modern 500: 493:Legionella pneumophila 34:. For other uses, see 18:Pathology as a science 6454:Developmental biology 6429:Computational biology 6409:Cellular microbiology 5898:Developmental biology 5873:Computational biology 5853:Cellular microbiology 5193:Mendelian inheritance 5105:Energy transformation 4619:Personalized medicine 4478:Reproductive medicine 4403:Occupational medicine 4357:Evolutionary medicine 3848:Diagnostic immunology 3673:Programmed cell death 3641:Liquefactive necrosis 2476:King, Lester (1991). 2452:World Digital Library 2421:Long, Esmond (1965). 2149:Medical jurisprudence 1965: 1873: 1856:pathological gambling 1762: 1753:Further information: 1749:Pathology informatics 1523: 1450: 1419:in situ hybridization 1320: 1285:medical technologists 1277:clinical microbiology 1177: 1119: 1062: 1000: 937: 889: 821: 768: 697:, and tissue types. 668: 582:British Royal Society 497:Legionnaire's disease 486: 6674:Reproductive biology 6559:Mathematical biology 6484:Evolutionary biology 6434:Conservation biology 6116:Reproductive biology 6003:Mathematical biology 5928:Evolutionary biology 5878:Conservation biology 5689:Two-hybrid screening 5659:Protein purification 5490:Biogeochemical cycle 5452:Internal environment 5100:Cellular respiration 4639:Traditional medicine 4599:Alternative medicine 4466:Addiction psychiatry 4280:Transfusion medicine 4275:Medical microbiology 4190:Gynecologic oncology 4042:Reproductive surgery 3843:Medical microbiology 3838:Transfusion medicine 3795:Immunohistochemistry 3745:Anatomical pathology 3636:Coagulative necrosis 3408:at Wikimedia Commons 3037:Veterinary Pathology 2729:Lett D (July 2007). 2423:History of Pathology 2287:"-pathy, comb. form" 2139:List of pathologists 2024:. Damage caused by 1972:tobacco mosaic virus 1924:Veterinary pathology 1918:Veterinary pathology 854:immunohistochemistry 832:integumentary system 707:Anatomical pathology 701:Anatomical pathology 601:natural philosophers 506:historical societies 382:anatomical pathology 353:conditions (such as 272:(M.B.B.S./M.B.Ch.B.) 178:Glossary of medicine 83:Anatomical pathology 6786:Branches of biology 6459:Ecological genetics 6303:Branches of biology 5903:Ecological genetics 5614:Gel electrophoresis 5604:Genetic engineering 5557:Population dynamics 5467:Reproductive system 4661:History of medicine 4644:Veterinary medicine 4451:Preventive medicine 4303:Adolescent medicine 4145:Infectious diseases 3800:Electron microscopy 3768:Molecular pathology 3646:Gangrenous necrosis 3578:Cellular adaptation 3313:on October 24, 2013 2747:10.1503/cmaj.070881 2119:Etiology (medicine) 1934:veterinary practice 1743:electrocardiography 1729:techniques such as 1719:medical photography 1597:Diagnostic medicine 1577:pediatric pathology 1558:laboratory medicine 1493:speech pathologists 1373:Molecular pathology 1367:Molecular pathology 1293:automated analysers 1142:electron microscopy 1138:transplant surgeons 1055:Pulmonary pathology 1049:Pulmonary pathology 952:cardiac amyloidosis 858:electron microscopy 682:Biomedical research 655:diagnostic medicine 479:History of medicine 320:medical specialties 187: 107:molecular pathology 50: 6750:History of biology 6684:Structural biology 6669:Relational biology 6494:Generative biology 6489:Freshwater biology 6230:Biology portal 6126:Structural biology 6111:Relational biology 5938:Generative biology 5933:Freshwater biology 5731:mark and recapture 5679:Restriction enzyme 5472:Respiratory system 5427:Circulatory system 5354:Epidermis (botany) 4609:Molecular oncology 4566:Doctor of Medicine 4556:Master of Medicine 4473:Radiation oncology 4345:Emergency medicine 4298:Addiction medicine 4265:Clinical chemistry 4260:Clinical pathology 4052:Transplant surgery 4010:Orthopedic surgery 3988:Colorectal surgery 3828:Clinical chemistry 3820:Clinical pathology 3805:Immunofluorescence 3773:Forensic pathology 3753:Surgical pathology 3661:Fibrinoid necrosis 3249:2018-06-02 at the 3178:2008-02-28 at the 3156:2007-06-30 at the 2902:Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2807:Wilson LB (1905). 2786:Press. p. 2. 2716:"Dermatopathology" 2676:"Dermatopathology" 2199:Precision medicine 1975: 1970:infected with the 1899: 1893:, possibly due to 1852:cognitive sciences 1781:health informatics 1777: 1727:functional imaging 1636:infectious disease 1618:, the practice of 1605:Infectious disease 1526: 1457: 1427:immunofluorescence 1329: 1322:Clinical chemistry 1259:Clinical pathology 1253:Clinical pathology 1195:general internists 1187: 1170:Surgical pathology 1164:Surgical pathology 1146:immunofluorescence 1126: 1122:polycystic kidneys 1065: 1018: 960: 892: 882:Forensic pathology 876:Forensic pathology 850:immunofluorescence 837:dermatopathologist 828: 824:malignant melanoma 802:cytocentrifugation 797: 745:forensic pathology 737:surgical pathology 674: 588:to coin the word " 501: 410:forensic pathology 386:clinical pathology 252:Doctor of Medicine 245:Education required 111:surgical pathology 95:forensic pathology 87:clinical pathology 6768: 6767: 6689:Synthetic biology 6569:Molecular biology 6424:Cognitive biology 6269: 6268: 6131:Synthetic biology 6013:Molecular biology 5868:Cognitive biology 5744: 5743: 5570: 5569: 5261:Natural selection 5042:Organic compounds 4939:Scientific method 4929:Emergent property 4870:Hierarchy of life 4840:Energy processing 4727: 4726: 4561:Master of Surgery 4525: 4524: 4510:Tropical medicine 4456:Prison healthcare 4371:Hospital medicine 4335:Disaster medicine 4325:Aviation medicine 4140:Hospital medicine 4047:Surgical oncology 4032:Pediatric surgery 4026: 3973:Endocrine surgery 3898: 3897: 3865:Mass spectrometry 3404:Media related to 2793:978-0-89189-581-7 2647:978-1-4160-2973-1 2487:978-0-8018-4057-9 2432:978-0-486-61342-0 2325:978-1-4160-3121-5 2246:978-0-7020-7212-3 2144:Medical diagnosis 1952:companion animals 1860:pathological liar 1809:Quality assurance 1797:Digital pathology 1755:Digital pathology 1701:(or ultrasound), 1538:medical licensing 1453:geographic tongue 1425:, antibody-based 1383:molecular biology 1333:white blood cells 1035:punch skin biopsy 905:medical doctorate 661:General pathology 439:derives from the 417:medical diagnosis 400:), organs (as in 336:pathophysiologies 296: 295: 183: 182: 32:Karger Publishers 16:(Redirected from 6793: 6414:Chemical biology 6296: 6289: 6282: 6273: 6259: 6258: 6249: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6204:Ecological terms 5858:Chemical biology 5719:Field techniques 5592: 5578: 5437:Digestive system 5432:Endocrine system 5005:Chemical element 4964:Biology journals 4860:Self-replication 4815: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4731: 4717: 4716: 4707: 4697: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4381:Medical genetics 4366:General practice 4243:Nuclear medicine 4118:Gastroenterology 4074:Vascular surgery 4024: 3951: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3785:Gross processing 3651:Caseous necrosis 3501: 3494: 3487: 3478: 3403: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3371:. Archived from 3338: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3309:. Archived from 3303: 3297: 3296: 3260: 3254: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3188: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2925: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2855: 2844: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2616: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2266: 2258: 2230: 2094:Causal inference 2082: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2022:parasitic plants 1723:nuclear medicine 1632:cancerous masses 1532:-training after 1501:speech phonology 1485:dental pathology 1243:gastrointestinal 918:forensic science 814:Dermatopathology 808:Dermatopathology 678:medical practice 538:Hippocratic Oath 468: 467: 454: 453: 421:medical research 301:is the study of 224:Activity sectors 188: 143: 121: 91:dermatopathology 58: 51: 21: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6738: 6699:Systems biology 6664:Quantum biology 6305: 6300: 6270: 6265: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6199:Botanical terms 6182: 6181: 6180: 6141:Systems biology 6106:Quantum biology 5740: 5714: 5596: 5586: 5579: 5566: 5476: 5457:Muscular system 5414: 5408: 5399:Vascular tissue 5346: 5340: 5280: 5241:History of life 5202: 5183:Gene regulation 5178:Gene expression 5149: 5066: 4973: 4804: 4763: 4758: 4728: 4723: 4665: 4654:Chief physician 4587: 4532: 4521: 4515:Travel medicine 4500:Sports medicine 4483:Sexual medicine 4423:Palliative care 4418:Pain management 4362:Family medicine 4340:Diving medicine 4286: 4214: 4176: 4169: 4085: 4078: 4037:Plastic surgery 3983:General surgery 3963:Cardiac surgery 3944: 3942: 3934: 3929: 3899: 3894: 3853:Immunopathology 3833:Hematopathology 3814: 3739: 3510: 3505: 3473: 3395: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3251:Wayback Machine 3241: 3237: 3220:(17 May 2013). 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3180:Wayback Machine 3168: 3164: 3158:Wayback Machine 3149: 3145: 3138: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3034: 3033: 3029: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2847:EFCC Newsletter 2842: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2652: 2648: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2544:(10): 975–988. 2535: 2534: 2530: 2509:(10): 1179–88. 2503:Human Pathology 2500: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2259: 2247: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2194:Pathophysiology 2080:Medicine portal 2078: 2073: 2071: 2064: 2057: 2054: 1986: 1984:Plant pathology 1980: 1978:Plant pathology 1930: 1922:Main articles: 1920: 1868: 1824: 1822:Psychopathology 1818: 1816:Psychopathology 1757: 1751: 1711:tactile imaging 1662:Medical imaging 1611: 1609:Medical imaging 1595:Main articles: 1593: 1518: 1445: 1439: 1375: 1369: 1337:red blood cells 1315: 1313:Hematopathology 1309: 1307:Hematopathology 1301:Immunopathology 1261: 1255: 1172: 1166: 1114: 1112:Renal pathology 1108: 1106:Renal pathology 1057: 1051: 1031:medical imaging 995: 989: 932: 926: 914:physical trauma 884: 878: 816: 810: 778:erythroleukemia 776:from a case of 763: 757: 709: 703: 663: 522:Hellenic period 481: 475: 429: 402:renal pathology 394:hematopathology 283: 281: 246: 225: 213: 212:Occupation type 141: 119: 99:hematopathology 61: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6799: 6797: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6773: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6554:Marine biology 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6364:Bioinformatics 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6243: 6233: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5998:Marine biology 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:Bioinformatics 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5639:DNA microarray 5636: 5634:DNA sequencing 5631: 5626: 5624:Centrifugation 5621: 5619:Chromatography 5616: 5611: 5609:Transformation 5606: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5520:Climate change 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5462:Nervous system 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5394:Vascular plant 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Microevolution 5248: 5246:Macroevolution 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5140:Photosynthesis 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095:Cell signaling 5092: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4978:Chemical basis 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4944:Taxonomic rank 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4924:Reductionistic 4921: 4867: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4780: 4771:Introduction ( 4768: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4711: 4701: 4691: 4681: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4592:Related topics 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4541:Medical school 4537: 4535: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4495:Sleep medicine 4492: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4308:Anesthesiology 4305: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4238:Neuroradiology 4235: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175:Obstetrics and 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4057:Trauma surgery 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4020:Otolaryngology 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3946:subspecialties 3936: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3875:Flow cytometry 3872: 3870:Chromatography 3867: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790:Histopathology 3787: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3396: 3394: 3393:External links 3391: 3389: 3388: 3347:(4): 285–304. 3324: 3298: 3255: 3235: 3209: 3183: 3171:Reglementation 3162: 3143: 3137:978-0721690032 3136: 3118: 3070: 3043:(2): 341–350. 3027: 2986: 2957:(3): 397–411. 2937: 2908:(5): 251–265. 2888: 2867: 2830: 2813:J Am Med Assoc 2799: 2792: 2770: 2721: 2707: 2689: 2667: 2646: 2628: 2579: 2528: 2493: 2486: 2468: 2438: 2431: 2413: 2376:(2): 185–188. 2356: 2331: 2324: 2306: 2289:. OED Online. 2278: 2245: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099:Cell (biology) 2096: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2069: 2066:Biology portal 2053: 2050: 1982:Main article: 1979: 1976: 1928:Animal testing 1919: 1916: 1912:phytopathology 1867: 1864: 1828:mental illness 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1765:slide scanning 1750: 1747: 1592: 1589: 1534:medical school 1517: 1514: 1473:salivary gland 1467:, infectious, 1441:Main article: 1438: 1435: 1423:DNA sequencing 1415:DNA microarray 1371:Main article: 1368: 1365: 1311:Main article: 1308: 1305: 1257:Main article: 1254: 1251: 1203:dermatologists 1168:Main article: 1165: 1162: 1110:Main article: 1107: 1104: 1053:Main article: 1050: 1047: 993:Neuropathology 991:Main article: 988: 987:Neuropathology 985: 980:frozen section 940:histopathology 930:Histopathology 928:Main article: 925: 924:Histopathology 922: 880:Main article: 877: 874: 862:flow cytometry 812:Main article: 809: 806: 786:multinucleated 759:Main article: 756: 753: 705:Main article: 702: 699: 690:medical school 662: 659: 646:Rudolf Virchow 526:ancient Greece 477:Main article: 474: 471: 428: 425: 406:oral pathology 398:histopathology 378:non-infectious 347:cardiomyopathy 318:inter-related 294: 293: 284: 279: 276: 275: 274: 273: 267: 261: 255: 247: 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 226: 223: 220: 219: 214: 211: 208: 207: 206: 205: 202: 197: 193: 192: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 152:blood analysis 144: 137: 136: 122: 115: 114: 103:histopathology 79: 75: 74: 67: 63: 62: 59: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6798: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634:Phylogenetics 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6529:Human biology 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419:Chronobiology 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6394:Biotechnology 6392: 6390: 6389:Biostatistics 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6262: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6242: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Phylogenetics 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Human biology 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5863:Chronobiology 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Biotechnology 5836: 5834: 5833:Biostatistics 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Belt transect 5724: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674:Southern blot 5672: 5670: 5669:Northern blot 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5577: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:Immune system 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Ground tissue 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:Phylogenetics 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231:Genetic drift 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Nucleic acids 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:Chemical bond 4998: 4996: 4995:Carbohydrates 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4720: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4624:Public health 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4604:Allied health 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4528: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Oral medicine 4411: 4409: 4408:Ophthalmology 4406: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:Cytopathology 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4210:Urogynecology 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4113:Endocrinology 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758:Cytopathology 3756: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3702:Accumulations 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571:Wound healing 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3378:on 2020-10-08 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3218:Allen Frances 3213: 3210: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3089:(4): 379–83. 3088: 3084: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2214:Telepathology 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:tobacco plant 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882:has revealed 1881: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803:Telepathology 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1774: 1773:telepathology 1770: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:neuromuscular 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:multiplex PCR 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:bodily fluids 1374: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1214:tissue sample 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:nephrologists 1131: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:bronchoscopic 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1061: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1014:parietal lobe 1011: 1007: 1006:cross-section 1004: 999: 994: 986: 984: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 931: 923: 921: 919: 915: 911: 906: 901: 897: 888: 883: 875: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 841:dermatologist 838: 833: 825: 820: 815: 807: 805: 803: 794: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772: 767: 762: 761:Cytopathology 755:Cytopathology 754: 752: 750: 746: 742: 741:cytopathology 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:United States 714: 708: 700: 698: 696: 691: 687: 683: 679: 672: 667: 660: 658: 656: 652: 647: 642: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:Enlightenment 567: 563: 559: 558:Classical Era 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 498: 494: 490: 485: 480: 472: 470: 466: 460: 459: 448: 445: 442: 441:Ancient Greek 438: 434: 426: 424: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390:cytopathology 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:psychological 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 292: 288: 285: 277: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 249: 248: 242: 237: 234: 230: 227: 221: 218: 215: 209: 203: 200: 199: 198: 194: 189: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 116: 113: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 57: 52: 44: 37: 33: 19: 6679:Sociobiology 6659:Protistology 6624:Photobiology 6619:Pharmacology 6613: 6609:Parasitology 6604:Paleontology 6584:Neuroscience 6564:Microbiology 6474:Epidemiology 6444:Cytogenetics 6404:Cell biology 6384:Biosemiotics 6374:Biomechanics 6354:Biogeography 6349:Biochemistry 6344:Bacteriology 6339:Astrobiology 6121:Sociobiology 6101:Protistology 6066:Photobiology 6061:Pharmacology 6053:Parasitology 6048:Paleontology 6028:Neuroscience 6008:Microbiology 5918:Epidemiology 5888:Cytogenetics 5848:Cell biology 5828:Biosemiotics 5818:Biomechanics 5798:Biogeography 5793:Biochemistry 5788:Bacteriology 5783:Astrobiology 5707: 5700: 5693: 5664:Western blot 5654:Enzyme assay 5629:Cell culture 5530:Conservation 5415:and function 5413:Animal form 5347:and function 5120:Fermentation 4898:Organ system 4856:Reproduction 4834:Properties ( 4629:Rural health 4614:Nanomedicine 4249: 4165:Rheumatology 4096: / 4015:Hand surgery 4000:Neurosurgery 3860:Enzyme assay 3706: 3701: 3690:Karyorrhexis 3666:Myocytolysis 3656:Fat necrosis 3561:Inflammation 3549:Hemodynamics 3542:Pathogenesis 3507: 3474: 3380:. Retrieved 3373:the original 3344: 3340: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3311:the original 3301: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3238: 3225: 3212: 3200:. Retrieved 3186: 3170: 3165: 3146: 3127: 3121: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2858:. Retrieved 2846: 2833: 2819:(23): 1737. 2816: 2812: 2802: 2779: 2773: 2741:(3): 240–1. 2738: 2734: 2724: 2710: 2692: 2679: 2670: 2637: 2631: 2599:(1): 42–55. 2596: 2592: 2582: 2541: 2538:Medical Care 2537: 2531: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2477: 2471: 2460:. Retrieved 2454:(in Latin). 2451: 2441: 2422: 2416: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2347:. Retrieved 2315: 2309: 2297:. Retrieved 2290: 2281: 2235: 2228: 2204:Spectroscopy 2189:Pathogenesis 2179:Parasitology 2159:Microbiology 2114:Epidemiology 2042:horticulture 2010:phytoplasmas 1987: 1943:epidemiology 1931: 1900: 1894: 1848:neuroscience 1825: 1785: 1778: 1715:thermography 1707:elastography 1683:pathogenesis 1660: 1652:parasitology 1640:epidemiology 1612: 1581: 1562: 1527: 1458: 1399:epidemiology 1387:biochemistry 1376: 1330: 1262: 1239:skin lesions 1219: 1209:. Often an 1188: 1179:Brain biopsy 1158:interstitium 1127: 1102:conditions. 1096:inflammation 1066: 1039:neuropathies 1027:neurosurgery 1019: 964:human tissue 961: 893: 829: 798: 782:erythroblast 716: 713:Commonwealth 712: 710: 675: 643: 606:microbiology 598: 586:Robert Hooke 502: 492: 456: 446: 436: 430: 414: 370:pathogenesis 367: 362: 342: 310: 298: 297: 140:Significant 118:Significant 81: 78:Subdivisions 69: 6729:Xenobiology 6724:Virophysics 6694:Systematics 6649:Primatology 6594:Ornithology 6534:Ichthyology 6519:Herpetology 6514:Gerontology 6479:Epigenetics 6439:Cryobiology 6329:Agrostology 6319:Aerobiology 6314:Abiogenesis 6261:WikiProject 6171:Xenobiology 6166:Virophysics 6136:Systematics 6091:Primatology 6038:Ornithology 5978:Ichthyology 5963:Herpetology 5958:Gerontology 5923:Epigenetics 5883:Cryobiology 5773:Agrostology 5763:Aerobiology 5758:Abiogenesis 5595:Laboratory 5442:Homeostasis 5345:Plant form 5168:Epigenetics 5090:Cell theory 4990:Amino acids 4969:Common name 4959:Peer review 4934:Mechanistic 4699:Wikiproject 4488:Venereology 4433:Neonatology 4330:Dermatology 4185:Gynaecology 4177:gynaecology 4160:Pulmonology 3978:Eye surgery 3940:Specialties 3714:Hemosiderin 3595:Hyperplasia 3590:Hypertrophy 3566:Cell damage 3433:humpath.com 3271:(1): 4–12. 2370:Pathologica 1876:post-mortem 1874:This field 1840:psychiatric 1691:radiography 1585:pharmacists 1509:oral cavity 1481:soft tissue 1465:odontogenic 1349:lymph nodes 1345:bone marrow 1289:biophysical 978:, although 846:skin biopsy 771:bone marrow 725:microscopic 594:germ theory 566:Renaissance 534:Hippocrates 510:Middle East 363:pathologist 355:psychopathy 309:. The word 239:Description 186:Pathologist 169:Pathologist 43:Corner case 6775:Categories 6714:Toxicology 6709:Teratology 6654:Proteomics 6639:Physiology 6579:Neontology 6544:Lipidology 6539:Immunology 6509:Geobiology 6469:Embryology 6449:Dendrology 6379:Biophysics 6359:Biogeology 6187:Glossaries 6156:Toxicology 6151:Teratology 6096:Proteomics 6081:Physiology 6023:Neontology 5988:Lipidology 5983:Immunology 5953:Geobiology 5913:Embryology 5893:Dendrology 5823:Biophysics 5803:Biogeology 5597:techniques 5552:Microbiome 5379:Plant stem 5271:Speciation 5216:Adaptation 5145:Prokaryote 5125:Metabolism 5085:Cell cycle 4916:> 4912:> 4908:> 4906:Population 4904:> 4900:> 4896:> 4892:> 4888:> 4884:> 4880:> 4876:> 4852:Regulation 4836:Adaptation 4461:Psychiatry 4447:(PM&R) 4440:Phlebology 4428:Pediatrics 4255:Anatomical 4220:Diagnostic 4200:Obstetrics 4150:Nephrology 4135:Hematology 4130:Geriatrics 4123:Hepatology 4108:Cardiology 4098:Immunology 3880:Blood bank 3723:Lipofuscin 3719:Lipochrome 3695:Karyolysis 3624:Cell death 3605:Metaplasia 3382:2019-12-17 3317:October 3, 2462:2014-03-02 2255:1043350646 2221:References 2164:Microscopy 2134:Immunology 2124:Hematology 2046:human diet 2034:vertebrate 1888:haemolytic 1866:Non-humans 1832:psychology 1678:physiology 1648:immunology 1505:swallowing 1469:epithelial 1391:proteomics 1361:infiltrate 1281:hematology 1265:laboratory 1223:ultrasound 1183:stereotaxy 1150:glomerulus 1069:neoplastic 944:micrograph 910:toxicology 749:laboratory 651:physiology 578:microscopy 374:infectious 328:human cell 282:employment 191:Occupation 166:Specialist 160:microscopy 156:dissection 126:infectious 6781:Pathology 6629:Phycology 6614:Pathology 6599:Osteology 6589:Nutrition 6549:Mammalogy 6524:Histology 6071:Phycology 6057:Pathology 6043:Osteology 6033:Nutrition 5993:Mammalogy 5968:Histology 5709:in silico 5585:Research 5562:Resources 5535:Ecosystem 5525:Community 5510:Biosphere 5422:Breathing 5304:Eukaryote 5286:Diversity 5236:Gene flow 5208:Evolution 5115:Eukaryote 5027:Molecules 4918:Biosphere 4914:Ecosystem 4910:Community 4882:Organelle 4777:Evolution 4649:Physician 4533:education 4391:Neurology 4386:Narcology 4250:Pathology 4228:Radiology 4103:Angiology 4067:Andrology 3735:Steatosis 3678:Apoptosis 3615:Glandular 3600:Dysplasia 3532:Neoplasia 3527:Infection 3508:Pathology 3406:Pathology 3065:206510903 2656:cite book 2605:0899-8280 2390:1591-951X 2349:5 October 2263:cite book 2129:Histology 2018:nematodes 1994:oomycetes 1948:livestock 1891:pneumonia 1836:neurology 1703:endoscopy 1687:radiology 1670:biometric 1624:resection 1550:residency 1530:specialty 1341:platelets 1273:chemistry 1023:neurology 870:neoplasms 793:chromatin 729:molecular 546:prognosis 542:diagnosis 520:. 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