307:. During her internship, she observed large proportions of blind patients at Harlem Hospital in comparison to patients at the Columbia University Eye Clinic. Prior to beginning her ophthalmology residency study at NYU in 1970, Bath was awarded a one-year fellowship from Columbia University to study and contribute to eye care services at Harlem Hospital. She began collecting data on blindness and visual impairment at Harlem Hospital, which did not have any ophthalmologists on staff. Her data and passion for improvement persuaded her professors from Columbia to begin operating on blind patients, without charge, at Harlem Hospital Center. Bath was proud to be on the Columbia team that performed the first eye surgery at Harlem Hospital in November 1969.
675:"Patricia’s Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight" by Michelle Lord; "Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery" by Ellen Labrecqua, and "The Doctor with an Eye for Eyes: The Story of Dr. Patricia Bath" by Julia Finley Mosca, which was cited by both the National Science Teachers Association and the Chicago Public Library's list of best children's books of the year. She is also the subject of a short play, "The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)" by Cynthia L. Cooper
449:
Bath's main humanitarian efforts are at the
American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness(AIPB). Co-founded in 1976 with Alfred Cannon, an American psychiatrist and community organizer, and Aaron Ifekwunigwe, a Nigerian-born pediatrician and human rights advocate, the organization was created on
376:
While at UCLA, Bath had wanted to pursue research, though being denied the grants and resources by the
National Institutes of Health and the National Eye Institute. It was then she had decided to look further for the best laboratories in the world, to support her plans for innovation in the world of
510:
Bath coined the term "laser phaco" for the process, short for laser photoablative cataract surgery, and developed the laser phaco probe, a medical device that improves on the use of lasers to remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses". Bath first had the idea for this type of
177:
Native
Americans. Throughout her childhood, Bath was often told by her parents to "never settle for less than best" and had been encouraged by their support of her education. Her mother, encouraging her dreams and love of science, had bought her her first chemistry set. By the time she had reached
674:
Bath has been honored by two of her universities. Hunter
College placed her in its "hall of fame" in 1988 and Howard University declared her a "Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine" in 1993. Several books for young people have been published about her life and work in science, including
381:
from clinical and administrative responsibilities and concentrate on research. She resigned her position as chair of ophthalmology and followed her research pursuits as visiting professor at centers of excellence in France, England and
Germany. In France, she served as visiting professor at the
369:
Program to provide advanced surgical treatment for blind patients. The program continues today as the KPRO and thousands of patients have had their eyesight restored with this innovative technology. Based on her research and achievements with keratoprosthesis, Bath was chosen to lead the first
228:
disease and tumor growth was a symptom. She had also discovered a mathematical equation that could be used to predict cancer cell growth. The head of the research program realized the significance of her findings and published them in a scientific paper. Her discoveries were also shared at the
428:
in 1976 after observations of epidemics rates of preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in the US as well as under-served populations in third-world countries. Community ophthalmology was described as a new discipline in medicine promoting eye health and blindness
357:
at UCLA. When asked who her mentor was, Bath responded by saying her relationship with family physician Cecil
Marquez inspired her to pursue this specific career. She was appointed assistant chief of the King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program in 1974, and was appointed chief in 1983.
465:
in 2005, where cataracts were the main cause of childhood blindness. In Africa, AIPB provided computers and other digital resources for visually impaired students, specifically at the
Mwereni School for the Blind in Tanzania and St. Oda School for the Visually Impaired in Kenya.
361:
At both institutions, Bath rose to the rank of associate professor. At UCLA, she founded the
Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program (OATP) in 1978. The graduates of the OATP are key personnel to provide screening, health education, and support for blindness prevention strategies.
400:
ophthalmology training program. Being a strong advocate for telemedicine, Bath had supported the innovation of virtual labs, as a part of the curriculum in ophthalmology residency training programs, to provide surgeons with more realistic experience, made possible by
405:. In an article written by Bath, in the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, she had proven that with better training and supervision in residency programs, students were able to achieve better results in their surgeries, leading to greater visual acuity.
33:
450:
the principle that "eyesight was a basic human right." Through this organization, Bath spread eye care worldwide by providing newborns with free eye drops, vitamins, and vaccinations against diseases that can cause blindness, including
1579:"U.S. Ophthalmologist, Dr. Patricia E. Bath first defined the term community ophthalmology in her 1976 presentation to the American Public Health Association meeting in Miami, Florida." Source: Logan D. A. Williams, "Introduction",
416:
Based on her observations at Harlem
Hospital, Bath published the first scientific paper showing the higher prevalence of blindness among Blacks. Bath also found that African American people had eight times higher prevalence of
2090:
386:. In England, she served as visiting professor with Professor Emmony at the Loughborough Institute of Technology. In Germany, she served as visiting professor at the University of Free Berlin and the laser medical center.
2340:
281:, at the US Embassy in Belgrade. Bath graduated with honors from Howard University College of Medicine in 1968. She was awarded the Edwin Watson Prize for Excellence in Ophthalmology by her mentor, Lois A. Young.
609:
2011: Dr. Bath was interviewed for the
American Academy of Ophthalmology's Museum of Vision oral history collection that "preserves the memories and experiences of people whose lives are an inspiration."
1093:
Osmundsen, John S (August 31, 1959). "28 Science-Minded Teen-Agers Report on Summer of Research: Such Heady Stuff as the Metabolism of Tritiated Thymidine in Mice Fails to faze Special Yeshiva Group".
1294:
Aquavella J.; Bath, P.; Buxton, G.; Cardona, H.; Dohlman, C.; Farris, L.; Girard, L.; McNeil, J.; Polack, F.; Waring, G. and; Also, D. Willard.; Helmsen, R.; Binder, P.; Groden, L. and; Fogle, J.,
454:. Bath spent her time as director traveling the world performing surgeries, teaching and lecturing at colleges. Bath claims her "personal best moment" was while she was in North Africa and using
496:, a pioneer researcher in lasers and ophthalmology at Rothschild Eye Institute of Paris, and then at the Laser Medical Center in Berlin, where she was able to begin early studies in laser
2350:
2345:
888:
304:
1067:
795:
292:. She organized and led Howard University medical students in providing volunteer health care services to the Poor People's Campaign in Resurrection City in the summer of 1968.
668:
1387:
664:
515:
and patented in 1988, making her the first African-American woman to receive a patent for a medical purpose. The device — which quickly and nearly painlessly dissolves the
530:
Bath holds five patents in the United States. Three of Bath's five patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe. In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method for using pulsed
346:
2410:
2400:
689:
527:— is used internationally to treat the disease. Bath continued to improve the device and successfully restored vision to people who had been unable to see for decades.
137:. She was also the first African-American woman to serve on staff as a surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center. Bath was the first African-American woman doctor to receive a
373:
In 1983, Bath was appointed Chair of the KING-DREW-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program, becoming the first woman in the US to head an ophthalmology residency program.
2315:
2305:
1040:
1817:
1718:
746:
2405:
2395:
2330:
948:
2263:
1747:
637:
2018: New York Academy of Medicine John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Clinical Practice, for invention of laserphaco cataract surgery
2320:
2310:
511:
device in 1981, but did not apply for a patent until several years later. The device was completed in 1986 after Bath conducted research on lasers in
476:
In April 2019, Bath testified in a hearing called the "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation" at the
2300:
586:
350:
141:
for a medical purpose. A holder of five patents, she founded the non-profit American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness in Washington, D.C.
596:
1827:
1621:
1077:
1050:
904:
805:
339:
250:
2360:
1854:
258:
1719:"Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary"
1903:
2325:
2091:"Hispanic Federation President Jose CalderĂłn Inducted Into The Hunter College Hall of Fame by Hunter College President Jennifer J. Raab"
2415:
2335:
2168:
2117:
2102:
1611:
1018:
262:
2390:
2380:
2365:
2202:
1367:
694:
660:
130:
2258:
1995:
2355:
1943:
592:
2000: Smithsonian Museum's Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation included her in the Innovative Lives program
190:
2135:
1702:
288:, in 1968, caused Bath to dedicate herself to achieving one of the dreams of King, namely the empowerment of people through the
2385:
648:
473:. In 2009 she was on stage with President Obama, and was appointed to commission for digital accessibility to blind children.
2370:
1593:
169:. Her father inspired her love for culture and encouraged her to explore different cultures. Her mother was descended from
1969:
1295:
684:
656:
2295:
278:
205:
179:
640:
2018: Alliance for Aging research: Silver Innovator Award for contributions and research towards blindness prevention
631:"Firsts: Women Who Are Changing the World” for being the first to invent and demonstrate laserphaco cataract surgery
840:
354:
342:
289:
122:
2375:
254:
1928:
Ramati, Philip (September 30, 2006). "Accomplished doctor/inventor to be honored with Tubman's Shelia Award".
1433:
Bath, Patricia E. (June 1998). "Cataract Surgery Training of Residents in an Urban and Virtual Environment".
2035:
425:
392:
Bath served as a professor of ophthalmology at Howard University's School of Medicine and as a professor of
331:
234:
974:
719:
477:
397:
318:, from 1970 to 1973, the first African American to do so. She gave birth to her daughter, Eraka, in 1972.
300:
285:
213:
2226:
1228:
949:"Ground breaking African American female doctor says she had to 'shake off haters' on her way to success"
1407:
1117:
296:
166:
2061:
389:
In 1993, Bath retired from UCLA, which subsequently elected her the first woman on its honorary staff.
353:. She then began her career in Los Angeles, becoming the first woman ophthalmologist on the faculty at
153:, New York, Patricia Bath was the daughter of Rupert and Gladys Bath. Her father was an immigrant from
1877:
1541:
Kermode-Scott, Barbara (July 19, 2019). "Patricia Bath: ophthalmologist, inventor, and humanitarian".
615:
2013: Association of Black Women Physicians Lifetime Achievement Award for Ophthalmology Contributions
2290:
2285:
1994:
Association of Black Women Physicians. (2020). Virtual 39th Annual Charity and Scholarship Benefit. .
621:
2014: Howard University Charter Day Award for Distinguished Achievement in Ophthalmology and Medicine
493:
383:
266:
162:
1707:. Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration.
327:
315:
217:
134:
2075:"THE INVENTOR: Patricia Bath | First person to invent and demonstrate laserphaco cataract surgery"
2074:
534:
to remove cataracts, and in 2003 a patent for combining laser and ultrasound to remove cataracts.
1562:
1466:
434:
216:
studying connections between cancer, nutrition, and stress. In this summer program, led by Rabbi
209:
183:
91:
1996:
https://www.blackwomenphysicians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ABWP-2020-BOOK-updated-10-22.pdf
1846:
572:
1357:
2198:
2164:
1823:
1683:
1675:
1617:
1554:
1510:
1458:
1450:
1395:
1363:
1335:
1272:
1180:
1073:
1046:
1014:
982:
900:
801:
270:
201:
197:
158:
87:
1665:
1546:
1500:
1442:
1325:
1170:
497:
455:
366:
335:
82:
2114:
2136:"Black women will be inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the first time"
2121:
1419:
469:
Bath was recognized for her philanthropic work in the field of ophthalmology by President
923:
1198:
2103:"The 171st Anniversary Discourse & Awards and Annual Meeting of the Voting Fellows"
1594:
Blindness Prevention Through Program in Community Ophthalmology in Developing Countries
1505:
1488:
1263:
1175:
1158:
624:
2017: Medscape one of 12 "Women Physicians who Changed the Course of American Medicine"
524:
504:
246:
224:
residue on bacteria. Through this, she was able to conclude that cancer, itself, was a
170:
78:
1947:
1446:
1330:
1313:
643:
2021, it was announced that she would be one of the first two black women (along with
2279:
1566:
603:
501:
438:
430:
311:
126:
566:
Pulsed ultrasound method for fragmenting/emulsifying and removing cataractous lenses
2192:
1470:
1359:
The Doctor with an Eye for Eyes: The Story of Dr. Patricia Bath (Amazing Scientist)
644:
470:
393:
221:
118:
106:
102:
2158:
2005:
2003:
1904:"Patricia Bath Innovative Lives Presentation, February 17, 2000 and March 1, 2000"
573:
Combination ultrasound and laser method and apparatus for removing cataract lenses
326:
After completing her residency at NYU, Bath began a Corneal fellowship program at
1282:
1008:
133:. Bath was the first African-American to serve as a resident in ophthalmology at
1121:
274:
1773:
764:
208:
Scholarship while attending high school; this led her to a research project at
16:
First African American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical invention
1799:
565:
558:
551:
544:
531:
402:
378:
225:
1806:, issued May 17, 1988 (filed December 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019,
1679:
1600:, Amsterdam, Oxford CCIII International Congress of Ophthalmology, 1913–1915.
1558:
1454:
1399:
1339:
1276:
1112:
986:
458:, was able to restore the sight of a woman who been blind for over 30 years.
182:
scholar. This led to her cancer research earning a front-page feature in the
2254:
Laserphaco – Bath's website containing information relevant to the technique
2197:(21st Century Junior Library ed.). Cherry Lake Publishing. p. 24.
242:
2269:
1687:
1670:
1653:
1136:
261:
and became its first woman president in 1965. At Howard, she was awarded a
1462:
1184:
618:
2014: Alpha Kappa Alpha Presidential Award for Health and medical Sciences
32:
1527:
Bath, Patricia E. (October 1990). "Blacks at Greater Risk of Blindness,"
1514:
516:
462:
418:
174:
154:
975:"Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took On Blindness and Earned a Patent, Dies"
720:"Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took On Blindness and Earned a Patent, Dies"
523:, irrigates and cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of a new
451:
232:
In 1960, at the age of eighteen years old, Bath won a "Merit Award" of
1550:
1113:"Teen-age Scientist Is Named One of 'The Ten Young Women of the Year'"
338:
surgery (1973 to 1974). While a fellow, she was recruited by both the
2010:
512:
150:
138:
1774:"Dr. Patricia Bath remembers inventing the laser phaco probe pt. 1"
520:
1581:
Eradicating Blindness: Global Health Innovation from South Asia,
481:
1748:
Conversation Between Patricia Bath, MD and Eve Higginbotham, MD
229:
International Fifth Congress of Nutrition in the fall of 1960.
2341:
American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent
552:
Method and apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses
365:
While at UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Bath established the
125:, the first woman to lead a post-graduate training program in
1750:, Orlando, FL, October 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
1010:
Voices of Historical and Contemporary Black American Pioneers
480:
in Washington D.C. Bath discussed gender disparities in the
408:
Bath lectured internationally and authored over 100 papers.
121:
and humanitarian. She became the first female member of the
129:, and the first woman elected to the honorary staff of the
249:
in 1964. She then relocated to Washington, D.C. to attend
2253:
1908:
Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
1882:
Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
441:
to bring necessary eye care to under-served populations.
273:. The highlight of the award ceremony was the meeting of
424:
Based on her research, Bath pioneered the discipline of
117:(November 4, 1942 – May 30, 2019) was an American
1759:
Bath, P. E., "Laserphaco: an introduction and review,"
612:
2012: Tribeca Film Festival Disruptive Innovation Award
269:, in the summer of 1967, where her research focused on
265:
National Government Fellowship Award to do research in
1841:
1839:
1613:
Hidden No More: African American Women in STEM Careers
1386:
Group, Career Communications (October–November 1997).
305:
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
2105:, The New York Academy of Medicine, November 1, 2018.
1878:"Innovative Lives: The Right To Sight: Patricia Bath"
2115:"25th Annual Bipartisan Congressional Awards Dinner"
1704:
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
1489:"Rationale for a program in community ophthalmology"
1223:
1221:
1219:
1116:. Atlanta Daily World. Proquest. December 31, 1960.
765:"American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness"
749:, Google patent search. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
669:
Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
1804:
Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses
889:"Patricia Bath: Inventor of laser cataract surgery"
759:
757:
755:
665:
American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
545:
Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses
429:prevention through programs using methodologies of
98:
74:
58:
39:
23:
2270:American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness
1137:"Patricia Bath | The Black Inventor Online Museum"
1111:
1106:
1104:
382:Rothschilde Eye Institute of Paris with Director,
349:to co-found an ophthalmology residency program at
193:where both students excelled in science and math.
1637:"Dr. Patricia Bath's genius helped eye doctors".
1302:, September 1983, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 229–236.
1007:Farmer, Vernon L.; Shepherd-Wynn, Evelyn (2012).
690:List of African-American inventors and scientists
559:Laser apparatus for surgery of cataractous lenses
1742:
1740:
1159:"Health services and the Poor People's Campaign"
492:In 1986, Bath did research in the laboratory of
204:'s work in medicine, Bath applied for and won a
2351:David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA faculty
2272:– a nonprofit organization founded by Bath
2124:, Alliance for Aging Research, October 2, 2018.
2015:Dr. Patricia Bath – Just another WordPress site
377:ophthalmology. In 1986, Bath elected to take a
2346:American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent
2266:by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2011
2036:"The Distinguished Women of Alpha Kappa Alpha"
1902:Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (July 23, 2014).
1876:Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (March 3, 2005).
1654:"How should blindness in children be managed?"
742:
740:
253:. Her first year at Howard coincided with the
238:magazine for her contribution to the project.
2160:Patricia's Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight
412:Blindness studies and community ophthalmology
8:
1435:Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery
1034:
1032:
1030:
924:"Patricia Bath – Inventor, Doctor, educator"
847:. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
1482:
1480:
1163:Journal of the National Medical Association
634:2017: Hunter College Hall of Fame induction
882:
295:Bath returned to her Harlem community and
31:
20:
2163:. Sterling Children’s Books. p. 48.
1669:
1504:
1329:
1174:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
370:national keratoprosthesis study in 1983.
2411:21st-century African-American physicians
2401:20th-century African-American physicians
2259:Bath at the Black Inventor Online Museum
1351:
1349:
1135:Chamberlain, Gaius (November 26, 2012).
918:
916:
789:
787:
785:
587:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
303:, which had just become affiliated with
161:and the first black man to work for the
1069:African American Inventors and Pioneers
710:
655:Dr. Bath had also been a Fellow of the
2316:21st-century American women physicians
2306:20th-century American women physicians
1857:from the original on September 2, 2021
1610:Kennon, Caroline (December 15, 2017).
1415:
1405:
1381:
1379:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
500:, including her first experiment with
241:Bath received her Bachelor of Arts in
2227:"The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)"
2134:Scottie Andrew (September 28, 2021).
797:The Pride of African American History
251:Howard University College of Medicine
7:
887:Lambert, Laura (September 1, 2007).
794:Wilson, Donald; Jane Wilson (2003).
597:American Medical Women's Association
259:Student National Medical Association
2406:21st-century African-American women
2396:20th-century African-American women
1822:. Salariya Publishers. p. 57.
1746:American Academy of Ophthalmology,
1487:Bath, Patricia E. (February 1979).
1199:"Patricia Bath | Influential Women"
1072:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 45.
659:from 1976 to 1989, a fellow of the
589:'s Black Woman of Achievement Award
220:, Bath had studied the effects of
189:Patricia and her brother attended
14:
2331:African-American women physicians
1763:, Vol 3, no. 2 (1988), pp. 75–82.
1701:President, United States (2009).
1652:Bowman, R. J. C. (October 2005).
1312:Green, Andrew (August 10, 2019).
1045:. Capstone Press. pp. 9–13.
973:Genzlinger, Neil (June 4, 2019).
718:Genzlinger, Neil (June 4, 2019).
695:List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters
661:American Academy of Ophthalmology
2321:21st-century American physicians
2311:20th-century American physicians
1970:"Dr. Patricia Bath – Laserphaco"
1847:"Patricia E. Bath, January 1999"
1583:Springer, August 20, 2018, p. 9.
351:Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital
191:Charles Evans Hughes High School
178:high school, Bath was already a
2301:20th-century American inventors
2194:Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery
1946:. March 9, 2017. Archived from
1944:"Museum of Vision: Biographies"
1930:McClatchy-Tribune Business News
1592:Bath, Patricia E. (May 1978). "
649:National Inventors Hall of Fame
69:San Francisco, California, U.S.
2231:NPX: National New Play Network
1066:Williams, James Henry (2011).
1042:African-American Inventors III
484:and lack of female inventors.
1:
1616:. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
1447:10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80118-1
1331:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31684-8
1296:"Keratoprosthesis Conference"
899:. Marshall Cavendish: 69–74.
845:Changing the Face of Medicine
663:, as well as a member of the
310:Bath served her residency in
2011:"Honors – Dr. Patricia Bath"
1392:U.S. Black Engineer & IT
1356:Mosca, Julia Finley (2017).
1039:Henderson, Susan K. (1998).
1013:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 21–22.
685:Timeline of women in science
657:American College of Surgeons
461:With AIPB, Bath traveled to
2361:Fellows of Optica (society)
2062:"Medscape: Medscape Access"
1271:(7): 55. February 4, 2002.
800:. AuthorHouse. p. 25.
599:induction into Hall of Fame
507:using human eye bank eyes.
279:United States Supreme Court
206:National Science Foundation
180:National Science Foundation
157:, a newspaper columnist, a
2432:
2326:African-American inventors
1261:"Modern Black Inventors".
647:) to be inducted into the
347:Charles R. Drew University
2336:American ophthalmologists
2191:Labrecqua, Ellen (2017).
2120:January 12, 2019, at the
1598:Excerpts Media Series 442
1529:Archives of Ophthalmology
554:" issued December 1, 1998
421:as a cause of blindness.
355:Jules Stein Eye Institute
343:Jules Stein Eye Institute
123:Jules Stein Eye Institute
30:
2391:American women academics
2381:American women inventors
2366:Howard University alumni
1761:Ophthalmic Laser Therapy
1723:www.judiciary.senate.gov
1362:. The Innovation Press.
893:Inventors and Inventions
575:", issued April 8, 2003.
255:Civil Rights Act of 1964
145:Early life and education
2356:Women vision scientists
2157:Lord, Michelle (2020).
1851:St. George's University
1816:Stewart, David (2005).
1157:Mazique, E. C. (1968).
769:blindnessprevention.org
561:", issued July 6, 1999.
426:community ophthalmology
332:corneal transplantation
277:, chief justice of the
196:Inspired by the French
2416:Poor People's Campaign
2386:Women ophthalmologists
1671:10.1038/sj.eye.6701988
1229:"Lessons I've Learned"
841:"Dr. Patricia E. Bath"
571:U.S. patent 6544254, "
568:, issued July 4, 2000.
564:U.S. patent 6083192, "
557:U.S. patent 5919186, "
550:U.S. patent 5843071, "
547:", issued May 17, 1988
543:U.S. patent 4744360, "
478:Senate Office Building
398:St. Georges University
301:Harlem Hospital Center
290:Poor People's Campaign
286:Martin Luther King Jr.
214:Harlem Hospital Center
2371:Hunter College alumni
1388:"1997 Women of Color"
396:and ophthalmology at
284:The assassination of
257:. She co-founded the
1819:What's the Big Idea?
1641:. February 12, 2017.
1639:Philadelphia Tribune
538:List of U.S. patents
267:Belgrade, Yugoslavia
163:New York City Subway
1800:US Patent 4,744,360
1780:. November 29, 2012
1283:pdf at google books
1235:. September 7, 2016
1233:The Ophthalmologist
330:, which focused on
328:Columbia University
316:New York University
135:New York University
131:UCLA Medical Center
53:New York City, U.S.
2296:People from Harlem
2042:. January 15, 2016
1976:. January 19, 2017
1798:Patricia E. Bath,
1778:The History Makers
1531:, 108, pp. 1377–8.
1418:has generic name (
1095:The New York Times
979:The New York Times
435:community medicine
210:Yeshiva University
2225:Cooper, Cynthia.
2093:, Hunter College.
2040:The Shadow League
1829:978-1-904642-56-5
1664:(10): 1037–1043.
1623:978-1-5345-6243-1
1551:10.1136/bmj.l4768
1203:Influential Women
1079:978-1-4568-4000-6
1052:978-1-56065-698-2
906:978-0-7614-7763-1
807:978-1-4107-2873-9
580:Honors and awards
494:Danièle Aron-Rosa
445:Humanitarian work
384:Daniele Aron-Rosa
271:pediatric surgery
263:Children's Bureau
245:from Manhattan's
202:Albert Schweitzer
198:Nobel Peace Prize
115:Patricia Era Bath
112:
111:
88:Howard University
25:Patricia Era Bath
2423:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2131:
2125:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1974:Disruptor Awards
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:on March 9, 2017
1940:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1813:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1673:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1493:J Natl Med Assoc
1484:
1475:
1474:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1309:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1258:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
920:
911:
910:
884:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
812:
811:
791:
780:
779:
777:
775:
761:
750:
747:Patricia E. Bath
744:
735:
734:
732:
730:
715:
498:cataract surgery
456:keratoprosthesis
367:Keratoprosthesis
336:keratoprosthesis
218:Moses D. Tendler
65:
50:November 4, 1942
49:
47:
35:
21:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2376:Women in optics
2276:
2275:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2122:Wayback Machine
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1725:. April 3, 2019
1717:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1404:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1314:"Patricia Bath"
1311:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1021:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
922:
921:
914:
907:
886:
885:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
815:
808:
793:
792:
783:
773:
771:
763:
762:
753:
745:
738:
728:
726:
717:
716:
712:
703:
681:
606:'s Sheila Award
582:
540:
490:
447:
414:
324:
159:merchant seaman
147:
119:ophthalmologist
103:Ophthalmologist
86:
75:Alma mater
70:
67:
63:
54:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2248:External links
2246:
2244:
2243:
2217:
2203:
2183:
2170:978-1454931379
2169:
2149:
2126:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2067:
2053:
2027:
1999:
1987:
1961:
1935:
1920:
1894:
1868:
1835:
1828:
1808:
1791:
1765:
1752:
1736:
1710:
1693:
1644:
1629:
1622:
1602:
1585:
1572:
1533:
1520:
1476:
1441:(6): 727–729.
1425:
1375:
1368:
1345:
1324:(10197): 464.
1304:
1287:
1246:
1215:
1190:
1169:(4): 332–333.
1149:
1127:
1100:
1085:
1078:
1058:
1051:
1026:
1020:978-0313392252
1019:
999:
965:
940:
912:
905:
858:
813:
806:
781:
751:
736:
724:New York Times
709:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
680:
677:
653:
652:
641:
638:
635:
632:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
600:
593:
590:
581:
578:
577:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
539:
536:
489:
486:
446:
443:
413:
410:
323:
320:
247:Hunter College
185:New York Times
171:African slaves
149:Born 1942, in
146:
143:
110:
109:
100:
96:
95:
79:Hunter College
76:
72:
71:
68:
66:(aged 76)
60:
56:
55:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2428:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2206:
2204:9781634721806
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2142:September 28,
2137:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:9781943147311
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1000:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
966:
954:
950:
944:
941:
929:
928:Biography.com
925:
919:
917:
913:
908:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
859:
846:
842:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
814:
809:
803:
799:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
770:
766:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
725:
721:
714:
711:
708:
707:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:Time Magazine
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
579:
574:
570:
567:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
541:
537:
535:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
506:
505:photoablation
503:
502:excimer laser
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
467:
464:
459:
457:
453:
444:
442:
440:
439:ophthalmology
436:
432:
431:public health
427:
422:
420:
411:
409:
406:
404:
399:
395:
390:
387:
385:
380:
374:
371:
368:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
312:ophthalmology
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
236:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
186:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:ophthalmology
124:
120:
116:
108:
104:
101:
99:Occupation(s)
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
77:
73:
61:
57:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2193:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2159:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2129:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1938:
1929:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1850:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1499:(2): 145–8.
1496:
1492:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1416:|last1=
1408:cite journal
1391:
1358:
1321:
1320:(Obituary).
1317:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1268:
1262:
1237:. Retrieved
1232:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1130:
1094:
1088:
1068:
1061:
1041:
1009:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
978:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
927:
896:
892:
851:February 25,
849:. Retrieved
844:
796:
772:. Retrieved
768:
729:February 14,
727:. Retrieved
723:
713:
705:
704:
673:
654:
645:Marian Croak
628:
529:
509:
491:
475:
471:Barack Obama
468:
460:
448:
423:
415:
407:
394:telemedicine
391:
388:
375:
372:
364:
360:
325:
309:
294:
283:
240:
235:Mademoiselle
233:
231:
222:streptomycin
195:
184:
148:
114:
113:
107:humanitarian
64:(2019-05-30)
62:May 30, 2019
18:
2291:2019 deaths
2286:1942 births
2236:January 13,
2210:January 13,
2176:January 13,
1097:. Proquest.
933:October 28,
275:Earl Warren
2280:Categories
2077:, Firsts,
1318:The Lancet
701:References
532:ultrasound
488:Inventions
403:3D imaging
379:sabbatical
46:1942-11-04
2264:Interview
2020:March 21,
1954:March 24,
1913:March 24,
1887:March 24,
1784:March 21,
1680:1476-5454
1567:199609085
1559:0959-8138
1545:: l4768.
1455:0886-3350
1400:1088-3444
1340:0140-6736
1277:0021-5996
1208:April 19,
1122:491214922
992:March 24,
987:0362-4331
958:March 11,
243:chemistry
226:catabolic
200:laureate
2118:Archived
1855:Archived
1688:16304582
1118:ProQuest
953:ABC News
679:See also
667:and the
517:cataract
463:Tanzania
419:glaucoma
297:interned
175:Cherokee
167:motorman
155:Trinidad
1506:2537323
1471:7409725
1463:9642577
1185:5661208
1176:2611562
1142:May 10,
519:with a
452:measles
2201:
2167:
2046:May 9,
1980:May 9,
1861:May 9,
1826:
1729:May 9,
1686:
1678:
1620:
1565:
1557:
1515:423288
1513:
1503:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1398:
1394:: 42.
1366:
1338:
1300:Cornea
1275:
1239:May 9,
1183:
1173:
1120:
1076:
1049:
1017:
985:
903:
804:
774:May 9,
627:2017:
604:Tubman
602:2006:
595:2001:
585:1995:
513:Berlin
322:Career
151:Harlem
139:patent
2138:. CNN
1563:S2CID
1467:S2CID
706:Notes
521:laser
165:as a
2238:2022
2212:2022
2199:ISBN
2178:2022
2165:ISBN
2144:2021
2079:Time
2048:2020
2022:2021
1982:2020
1956:2021
1915:2021
1889:2021
1863:2020
1824:ISBN
1786:2021
1731:2020
1684:PMID
1676:ISSN
1618:ISBN
1555:ISSN
1511:PMID
1459:PMID
1451:ISSN
1420:help
1396:ISSN
1364:ISBN
1336:ISSN
1273:ISSN
1241:2020
1210:2017
1181:PMID
1144:2020
1074:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1015:ISBN
994:2021
983:ISSN
960:2021
935:2015
901:ISBN
853:2011
802:ISBN
776:2020
731:2024
525:lens
482:STEM
437:and
345:and
340:UCLA
334:and
212:and
173:and
92:M.D.
83:B.A.
59:Died
40:Born
1666:doi
1658:Eye
1596:",
1547:doi
1543:BMJ
1501:PMC
1443:doi
1326:doi
1322:394
1269:101
1264:Jet
1171:PMC
314:at
299:at
2282::
2229:.
2038:.
2013:.
2002:^
1972:.
1906:.
1880:.
1853:.
1849:.
1838:^
1802:,
1776:.
1739:^
1721:.
1682:.
1674:.
1662:19
1660:.
1656:.
1561:.
1553:.
1509:.
1497:71
1495:.
1491:.
1479:^
1465:.
1457:.
1449:.
1439:24
1437:.
1412::
1410:}}
1406:{{
1390:.
1378:^
1348:^
1334:.
1316:.
1298:,
1267:.
1249:^
1231:.
1218:^
1201:.
1179:.
1167:60
1165:.
1161:.
1103:^
1029:^
981:.
977:.
951:.
926:.
915:^
895:.
891:.
861:^
843:.
816:^
784:^
767:.
754:^
739:^
722:.
671:.
433:,
105:,
2240:.
2214:.
2180:.
2146:.
2081:.
2064:.
2050:.
2024:.
1984:.
1958:.
1932:.
1917:.
1891:.
1865:.
1832:.
1788:.
1733:.
1690:.
1668::
1626:.
1569:.
1549::
1517:.
1473:.
1445::
1422:)
1402:.
1372:.
1342:.
1328::
1285:)
1281:(
1279:.
1243:.
1212:.
1187:.
1146:.
1124:.
1082:.
1055:.
1023:.
996:.
962:.
937:.
909:.
897:1
855:.
810:.
778:.
733:.
651:.
187:.
94:)
90:(
85:)
81:(
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
