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there, several persons of his acquaintance came in to them at different times, and took notice of the numbers of persons they had seen in the street armed in the above manner .… About half an hour after eight the bells rung, which and his company took to be for fire; but they were told by the landlord of the house that it was to collect the mob. Mr. Gillespie upon this resolved to go home, and in his way met numbers of people who were running past him, of whom many were armed with clubs and sticks, and some with other weapons. At the same time a number of people passed by him with two fire-engines, as if there had been a fire in the town. But they were soon told that there was no fire, but that the people were going to fight the soldiers, upon which they immediately quitted the fire-engines, and swore they would go to their assistance. All this happened before the soldiers near the custom-house fired their muskets, which was not till half an hour after nine o'clock; and it that the inhabitants had formed, and were preparing to execute, a design of attacking the soldiers on that evening.
891:, a member of the governor's council and a vocal opponent of British colonial policy, along with Samuel Pemberton and Joseph Warren. It described the shooting and other lesser incidents that took place in the days before as unprovoked attacks on peaceful, law-abiding inhabitants and, according to historian Neal Langley York, was probably the most influential description of the event. The account which it provided was drawn from more than 90 depositions taken after the event, and it included accusations that the soldiers sent by Captain Preston had been deployed with the intention of causing harm. In the interest of minimizing impact on the jury pool, city leaders held back local distribution of the pamphlet, but they sent copies to other colonies and to London, where they knew that depositions were headed which Governor Hutchinson had collected. A second pamphlet entitled
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1006:, saying "his very look was enough to terrify any person" and that "with one hand took hold of a bayonet, and with the other knocked the man down." However, two witnesses contradict this statement, testifying that Attucks was 12–15 feet (3.7–4.6 m) away from the soldiers when they began firing, too far away to take hold of a bayonet. Adams stated that it was Attucks' behavior that, "in all probability, the dreadful carnage of that night is chiefly to be ascribed." He argued that the soldiers had the legal right to fight back against the mob and so were innocent. If they were provoked but not endangered, he argued, they were at most guilty of
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that they were, but that they would not fire unless he ordered it; he later stated in his deposition that he was unlikely to do so, since he was standing in front of them. A thrown object then struck
Private Montgomery, knocking him down and causing him to drop his musket. He recovered his weapon and angrily shouted "Damn you, fire!", then discharged it into the crowd although no command was given. Palmes swung his cudgel first at Montgomery, hitting his arm, and then at Preston. He narrowly missed Preston's head, striking him on the arm instead.
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died instantly: rope maker Samuel Gray, mariner James
Caldwell, and Crispus Attucks. Samuel Maverick, a 17-year old apprentice ivory turner, was struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd and died early the next morning. Irish immigrant Patrick Carr was shot in the abdomen, an inevitably fatal wound at that time, and died two weeks later. Apprentice Christopher Monk was seriously wounded; he was crippled and died in 1780, purportedly due to the injuries that he had sustained in the attack a decade earlier.
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729:, accompanied by Preston. They pushed their way through the crowd. Henry Knox took Preston by the coat and told him, "For God's sake, take care of your men. If they fire, you must die." Captain Preston responded "I am aware of it." When they reached Private White on the custom house stairs, the soldiers loaded their muskets and arrayed themselves in a semicircular formation. Preston shouted at the crowd, estimated between 300 and 400, to disperse.
907:, drawn mainly from the depositions of soldiers. Its account of affairs sought to blame Bostonians for denying the validity of Parliamentary laws. It also blamed the city's citizens for the lawlessness preceding the event, and claimed that they set up an ambush of the soldiers. As it was not published until well after the first pamphlet had arrived in London, it had a much smaller impact on the public debate there.
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948:, anciently. As the Evidence was, the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right. This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre, nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister, who caused them to be sent here. But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies.
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Mr. John
Gillespie, in his deposition, (No. 104) declares that, as he was going to the south end of the town, to meet some friends at a public house, he met several people in the streets in parties, to the number, as he thinks, of forty or fifty persons; and that while he was sitting with his friends
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instructed the jury, and Oliver specifically addressed Carr's testimony: "this Carr was not upon oath, it is true, but you will determine whether a man just stepping into eternity is not to be believed, especially in favor of a set of men by whom he had lost his life". Carr's testimony is one of the
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closely copied the image and is often credited as its originator. The engraving contained several inflammatory details. Captain
Preston is shown ordering his men to fire, and a musket is seen shooting out of the window of the customs office, which is labeled "Butcher's Hall". Artist Christian Remick
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There was a pause of uncertain length (eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes), after which the soldiers fired into the crowd. It was not a disciplined volley, since
Preston gave no orders to fire; the soldiers fired a ragged series of shots which hit 11 men. Three Americans
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The Boston
Massacre is considered one of the most significant events that turned colonial sentiment against King George III and British Parliamentary authority. John Adams wrote that the "foundation of American independence was laid" on March 5, 1770, and Samuel Adams and other Patriots used annual
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and outlandish Jack Tarrs" (sailors). He then stated, "And why we should scruple to call such a set of people a mob, I can't conceive, unless the name is too respectable for them. The sun is not about to stand still or go out, nor the rivers to dry up because there was a mob in Boston on the 5th of
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were hired by the town of Boston to handle the prosecution. The defense team believed it was advantageous for
Preston and the enlisted men to be tried separately and obtained such a separation. Preston was tried in late October 1770 and acquitted after the jury was convinced that he had not ordered
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The four civilians were tried on
December 13. The principal prosecution witness was a servant of one of the accused who made claims that were easily rebutted by defense witnesses. They were all acquitted, and the servant was eventually convicted of perjury, whipped, and banished from the province.
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reported that, had the troops not been removed, "they would probably be destroyed by the people—should it be called rebellion, should it incur the loss of our charter, or be the consequence what it would." The 14th was transferred to Castle Island without incident about a week later, with the 29th
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insults. Garrick then started poking
Goldfinch in the chest with his finger; White left his post, challenged the boy, and struck him on the side of the head with his musket. Garrick cried out in pain, and his companion Bartholomew Broaders began to argue with White, which attracted a larger crowd.
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Amid tense relations between the civilians and the soldiers, a mob formed around a
British sentry and verbally abused him. He was eventually supported by seven additional soldiers, led by Captain Thomas Preston, who were hit by clubs, stones, and snowballs. Eventually, one soldier fired, prompting
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On March 27, the eight soldiers, Captain Preston, and four civilians were indicted for murder; the civilians were in the Customs House and were alleged to have fired shots. Bostonians continued to be hostile to the troops and their dependents. General Gage was convinced that the troops were doing
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The crowd continued to press around the soldiers, taunting them by yelling "Fire!", by spitting at them, and by throwing snowballs and other small objects. Innkeeper Richard Palmes was carrying a cudgel, and he came up to Preston and asked if the soldiers' weapons were loaded. Preston assured him
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hours of deliberation. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter because there was overwhelming evidence that they had fired directly into the crowd. The jury's decisions suggest that they believed that the soldiers had felt threatened by the crowd but should have delayed firing. The
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The Part I took in Defence of Cptn. Preston and the Soldiers, procured me Anxiety, and Obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most gallant, generous, manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life, and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country. Judgment of Death against
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called out to Captain-Lieutenant John Goldfinch, accusing him of refusing to pay a bill due to Garrick's master. Goldfinch had settled the account the previous day, and ignored the insult. Private White called out to Garrick that he should be more respectful of the officer, and the two exchanged
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Daniel Calfe declares, that on Saturday evening the 3rd of March, a camp-woman, wife to James McDeed, a grenadier of the 29th, came into his father's shop, and the people talking about the affrays at the ropewalks, and blaming the soldiers for the part they had acted in it, the woman said, "the
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was the commander of the troops, and he did not offer to move them. The town meeting became more restive when it learned of this; the council changed its position and unanimously ("under duress", according to Hutchinson's report) agreed to request the troops' removal. Secretary of State
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further illustrated the crumbling relationship between Britain and its colonies. Five years passed between the massacre and outright war, and Neil York suggests that there is only a tenuous connection between the two. It is widely perceived as a significant event leading to the
536:, and he was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House. In April 1768, he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America instructing them to dissolve any colonial assemblies that responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also ordered Massachusetts Governor
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furthered the attack on crown officials by complaining that customs officials were abandoning their posts under the pretense that it was too dangerous for them to do their duties; one customs official had left Boston to carry Hutchinson's gathered depositions to London.
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The trial of the eight other soldiers opened on November 27, 1770. Adams told the jury to look beyond the fact that the soldiers were British. He referred to the crowd that had provoked the soldiers as "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes, and molattoes, Irish
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was summoned to the scene and was forced by the movement of the crowd into the council chamber of the state house. From its balcony, he was able to minimally restore order, promising that there would be a fair inquiry into the shootings if the crowd dispersed.
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As the evening progressed, the crowd around Private White grew larger and more boisterous. Church bells were rung, which usually signified a fire, bringing more people out. More than 50 Bostonians pressed around White, led by a mixed-race former slave named
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The crowd moved away from the immediate area of the custom house but continued to grow in nearby streets. Captain Preston immediately called out most of the 29th Regiment, which adopted defensive positions in front of the state house. Acting Governor
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A: He told me... he was a native of Ireland, that he had frequently seen mobs, and soldiers called upon to quell them... he had seen soldiers often fire on the people in Ireland, but had never seen them bear half so much before they fired in his
640:, and his funeral was described as one of the largest of the time in Boston. The killing and subsequent media coverage inflamed tensions, with groups of colonists looking for soldiers to harass, and soldiers also looking for confrontation.
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Hutchinson immediately began investigating the affair, and Preston and the eight soldiers were arrested by the next morning. Boston's selectmen then asked him to order the troops to move from the city out to Castle William on
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on March 5, 1770, in which nine British soldiers shot several of a crowd of three or four hundred who were harassing them verbally and throwing various projectiles. The event was heavily publicized as "a massacre" by leading
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A: About four o'clock in the afternoon, preceding the night on which he died, and he then particularly said, he forgave the man whoever he was that shot him, he was satisfied he had no malice, but fired to defend himself.
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were an anonymous series of newspaper articles which chronicled the clashes between civilians and soldiers in Boston, feeding tensions with its sometimes exaggerated accounts, but those tensions rose markedly after
612:, to send "such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston", and the first of four British Army regiments began disembarking in Boston on October 1, 1768. Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, but the
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more harm than good, so he ordered the 29th Regiment out of the province in May. Governor Hutchinson took advantage of the on-going high tensions to orchestrate delays of the trials until later in the year.
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hand-colored some prints. Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face, matching descriptions of Attucks; others show no black victim. The image was published in the
973:, pleading for him to work on the case. Adams was already a leading Patriot and was contemplating a run for public office, but he agreed to help in the interest of ensuring a fair trial. He was joined by
985:, whose chief duty was to investigate the jury pool, and by Paul Revere, who drew a detailed map of the bodies to be used in the trial. Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and private attorney
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version of events, for example, characterized the massacre as part of an ongoing scheme to "quell a Spirit of Liberty", and harped on the negative consequences of quartering troops in the city.
713:, throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon. White had taken up a somewhat safer position on the steps of the Custom House, and he sought assistance. Runners alerted
1098:) to encourage public sentiment toward independence. Christopher Monk was the boy who was wounded in the attack and died in 1780, and his memory was honored as a reminder of British hostility.
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and circulated widely, and it became an effective anti-British editorial. The image of soldiers in red uniforms and wounded men with red blood was hung in farmhouses throughout New England.
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The government was determined to give the soldiers a fair trial so that there could be no grounds for retaliation from the British and so that moderates would not be alienated from the
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Boston's chief customs officer Charles Paxton wrote to Hillsborough for military support because "the Government is as much in the hands of the people as it was in the time of the
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717:, the officer of the watch at the nearby barracks. According to his report, Preston dispatched a non-commissioned officer and six privates from the grenadier company of the
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Original printing of a reply to "A Short Narrative…", supplying several depositions, including that of Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson, which were left out of the Narrative.
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419:. Eight soldiers, one officer, and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder, and they were defended in court by attorney, and future U.S. president,
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to discuss the affair. The governor's council was initially opposed to ordering the troop withdrawal, and Hutchinson explained he did not have the authority to
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from 1713 to 1776; the cobblestone circle is labeled "Site of the Boston Massacre", but the Boston Massacre occurred nearby on what now is a busy Boston street.
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was a 19-year old bookseller who later served as a general in the revolution; he came upon the scene and warned White that, "if he fired, he must die for it."
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following shortly after, leaving the governor without effective means to police the town. The first four victims were buried with ceremony on March 8 in the
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the others to fire without an order by Preston. The gunfire instantly killed three people and wounded eight others, two of whom later died of their wounds.
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soldiers were in the right;" adding, "that before Tuesday or Wednesday night they would wet their swords or bayonets in New England people's blood."
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The shooting became known as the Boston Massacre to all people in the colonies and as The Incident on King Street to the people of Great Britain.
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to other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement, and called for a boycott of merchants importing the affected goods.
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published in 1763 that "a few persons in power" were promoting political projects "for keeping the people poor in order to make them humble."
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1168:. Artwork was produced commemorating the massacre, changing the color of a victim's skin to black to emphasize Attucks' death. In 1888, the
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Patrick Carr's deathbed account of the event also played a role in exonerating the eight defendants of murder charges. The testimony of
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634:, "a young lad about eleven Years of Age", was killed by a customs employee on February 22, 1770. Seider's death was covered in the
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William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-Century African American Abolitionist, Historian, Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832–1874
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Fitz, Karsten (2005). "Commemorating Crispus Attucks: Visual Memory and the Representations of the Boston Massacre, 1770–1857".
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and imported in the colonies. Colonists objected that the Acts were a violation of the natural, charter, and constitutional
790:'s oldest burial grounds. Patrick Carr, the fifth and final victim, died on March 14 and was buried with them on March 17.
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in the colonies. The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Acts by sending a petition to
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572:, on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling. Bostonians were already angry because the captain of
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7 Leadership Lessons of the American Revolution: The Founding Fathers, Liberty, and the Struggle for Independence
850:. Both sides published pamphlets that told strikingly different stories, and which were principally published in
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in memory of the men killed in the massacre, and the five victims were reinterred in a prominent grave in the
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were enacted in the Thirteen Colonies, placing tariffs on a variety of common items that were manufactured in
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since 1768 in order to support crown-appointed officials and to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation.
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1164:, a black abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of
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on King Street (today known as State Street). A wigmaker's apprentice, approximately 13 years old, named
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Ritter, Kurt W (1977). "Confrontation as Moral Drama: the Boston Massacre in Rhetorical Perspective".
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Anonymous pamphlets were published describing the event from significantly different perspectives.
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York, Neil Longley (2009). "Rival Truths, Political Accommodation, and the Boston 'Massacre'".
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promised an inquiry, but they reformed the next day, prompting the withdrawal of the troops to
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1187:. The Old State House, the massacre site, and the Granary Burying Ground are part of Boston's
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An oration delivered April 2d, 1771, at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston
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to relieve White with fixed bayonets. The soldiers were Corporal William Wemms and Privates
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those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the
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would not oppose his appointment, and by Loyalist Robert Auchmuty. They were assisted by
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As if an Enemy's Country: the British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution
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at the trial of the soldiers, at Founders Online website. (Retrieved 10 December 2017.)
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Depictions, reports, and propaganda about the event heightened tensions throughout the
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Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts, Hillsborough instructed General
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to direct the Massachusetts House to rescind the letter. The house refused to comply.
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Reid, John Phillip (1974). "A Lawyer Acquitted: John Adams and the Boston Massacre".
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2140:"A few bloody noses" : the realities and mythologies of the American Revolution
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was published under the auspices of the Boston town meeting, principally written by
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In the days and weeks following the incident, a propaganda battle was waged between
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and given reduced sentences. The two found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to
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3032:"Revolution in Boston? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail"
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exception to the inadmissibility of hearsay evidence in United States legal code.
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From Loyalist to Founding Father: the Political Odyssey of William Samuel Johnson
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The jury agreed with Adams' arguments and acquitted six of the soldiers after 2
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On the evening of March 5, Private Hugh White stood on guard duty outside the
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A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
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asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act. The House also sent the
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Hutchinson's depositions were eventually published in a pamphlet entitled
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4115:
2899:
Walett, Francis (September 1950). "James Bowdoin, Patriot Propagandist".
2995:
2360:
1183:
The massacre is reenacted annually on March 5 under the auspices of the
2622:
The Fate of a Nation: The American Revolution Through Contemporary Eyes
1089:
American Revolutionary War § Background and political developments
3940:
Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3181:
2920:
871:, and he depicted the event in an engraving. Silversmith and engraver
423:. Six of the soldiers were acquitted; the other two were convicted of
5057:
2489:
Original printing of the report of a committee of the town of Boston.
851:
847:
787:
685:
652:
A variation of Revere's famous engraving, produced just prior to the
476:
460:
384:
215:
100:
69:
2928:
Wheeler, William Bruce; Becker, Susan Becker; Glover, Lorri (2011).
3165:
2912:
5130:
1160:
The massacre was remembered in 1858 in a celebration organized by
1139:
1118:
argues that Boston was full of "class anger". He reports that the
925:
914:
818:
805:, suggesting that the colonists planned the attack on the soldiers
675:
663:
647:
451:
580:
local sailors; they began to riot, and customs officials fled to
5242:
4832:
4735:
4471:
3341:
2497:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
995:
867:
was an engraver and half-brother of celebrated portrait painter
4444:
3410:
2930:
Discovering the American Past: A Look at the Evidence: To 1877
965:
cause. Several lawyers refused to defend Preston due to their
672:
showing a more chaotic scene than most earlier representations
4063:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
3406:
5335:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
3346:
1911:
Ross, Jane (April 1975). "Paul Revere – Patriot Engraver".
1206:
Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)
532:
had recently been appointed to the newly created office of
1227:"The Incident on King Street: the Boston Massacre of 1770"
3137:. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press.
438:, notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere.
2453:
A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston
905:
A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston
562:
in May 1768. On June 10, 1768, customs officials seized
2957:
Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877
2841:
Ross, Betsy McCaughey; McCaughey, Elizabeth P. (1980).
688:, where those killed in the Boston Massacre were buried
2714:
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789
725:, John Carroll, William McCauley, William Warren, and
411:
The crowd eventually dispersed after acting governor
1191:, connecting sites important in the city's history.
5327:
5270:
5241:
5205:
5176:
5153:
5129:
5056:
5031:
5006:
4997:
4953:
4924:
4864:
4831:
4789:
4759:
4734:
4725:
4683:
4652:
4628:
4591:
4551:
4500:
4486:
4261:
4172:
4071:
3953:
3888:
3839:
3676:
3645:
3514:
1650:
1648:
344:
319:
296:
269:
250:
221:
211:
203:
164:
150:
141:
115:
95:
77:
41:
3096:
2740:
2235:Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Bristol.
922:defended the soldiers, six of whom were acquitted.
3358:Massachusetts Historical Society Massacre Exhibit
3347:Boston National Historical Park Official Website
2716:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1049:Q: When had you the last conversation with him?
1248:The American Past: A Survey of American History
1233:. St. Mary's University of San Antonio, Texas.
1037:
937:
793:
587:
2393:. The Freedom Trail Foundation. Archived from
4456:
3867:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams
3653:United States presidential election 1788–1789
3422:
3005:The Boston Massacre: a History with Documents
2619:Cumming, William P.; Rankin, Hugh F. (1975).
2495:Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2
2493:Adams, John (1962). Butterfield, L.H. (ed.).
483:, an important shipping town, and along with
8:
3913:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace
2683:Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775
1793:
1791:
1742:
1740:
1704:
1702:
1489:
1487:
1261:Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda
3821:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson
3603:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779
2747:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2596:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
930:The March 12, 1770 newspaper report in the
568:, a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant
400:. British troops had been stationed in the
5003:
4731:
4497:
4463:
4449:
4441:
3429:
3415:
3407:
3372:
2870:A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere
1166:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
999:March that attacked a party of soldiers."
956:, on the third anniversary of the massacre
826:'s engraving that served as the basis for
55:
38:
5371:1770 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
5340:Mass racial violence in the United States
3847:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
2959:. New York: Associated University Press.
2818:. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
2372:
2370:
1969:
1967:
1573:"Account of the trial of Captain Preston"
854:in a bid to influence opinion there. The
764:, while colonists held a town meeting at
5421:Massachusetts in the American Revolution
3945:United First Parish Church and gravesite
3767:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
2476:A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre
1421:
1419:
885:A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre
551:responded by sending the 50-gun warship
3103:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
3066:A People's History of the United States
2845:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2564:. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
2093:A People's History of the United States
1621:
1619:
1217:
1044:Q: Was he apprehensive of his danger?
772:the troops to move. Lieutenant Colonel
3930:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
3342:The Boston Massacre Historical Society
1201:List of massacres in the United States
1002:Adams also described the former slave
3222:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3220:The Boston Massacre: A Family History
3191:Southern Speech Communication Journal
2657:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2132:
2130:
2109:"Black Lives and the Boston Massacre"
2103:
2101:
1289:
1287:
1285:
7:
5411:Massacres committed by Great Britain
3701:United States Department of the Navy
3627:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)
2321:
2212:"Boston Massacre Historical Society"
1040:Q: Were you Patrick Carr's surgeon?
4479:in the history of the United States
3740:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act
3472:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
3464:Vice President of the United States
3369:, stagers of the annual reenactment
2417:"Massacre Reenactment Registration"
1083:Contribution to American Revolution
5426:Massacres in the Thirteen Colonies
5302:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
3363:Boston Massacre investigative game
3007:. New York: Taylor & Francis.
2743:Origins of the American Revolution
2456:. London: B. White. 1770. p.
1710:Origins of the American Revolution
977:after Quincy was assured that the
969:leanings, so he sent a request to
25:
5290:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
4180:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song
4050:Adams House at Harvard University
3154:American Journal of Legal History
2932:. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
2874:University of Massachusetts Press
1467:"Remembering the Boston Massacre"
610:Commander-in-Chief, North America
27:1770 shooting by British soldiers
5022:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
4892:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
4805:New York anti-abolitionist riots
4691:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
4424:
4423:
3801:State of the Union Address (1797
3480:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
3277:
2815:The Hub: Boston Past and Present
2514:. Beverly, MA: Applewood Books.
1952:York, "Rival Truths", pp. 73–74.
1840:York, "Rival Truths", pp. 59–60.
1373:From Loyalist to Founding Father
1308:From Loyalist to Founding Father
1225:Zavala, Cesar (March 24, 2017).
5139:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
3352:Adams' Argument for the Defense
2984:Massachusetts Historical Review
2593:The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson
2242:(SJC 9824) 452 Mass. 236 (2008)
834:, depicting the Boston Massacre
4222:American Philosophical Society
3935:Presidents House, Philadelphia
3903:Adams National Historical Park
3852:Adams Papers Editorial Project
3831:Federal judiciary appointments
3615:Staten Island Peace Conference
3453:President of the United States
3293:New International Encyclopedia
2680:Knollenberg, Bernhard (1975).
1066:earliest recorded uses of the
145:Five American colonists killed
18:Patrick Carr (Boston Massacre)
1:
5376:1770 in the Thirteen Colonies
5296:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
4567:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
3526:Braintree Instructions (1765)
3030:Young, Alfred (Spring 2003).
2310:Discovering the American Past
2238:Commonweslth v. Ralph Nesbitt
524:Massachusetts Circular Letter
481:Province of Massachusetts Bay
402:Province of Massachusetts Bay
5366:1770 crimes in North America
4934:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
4910:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
4662:Gloucester County Conspiracy
4228:Gazette of the United States
3586:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
3268:Resources in other libraries
2479:. London: W. Bingley. 1770.
2260:York, "Rival Truths", p. 85.
2251:York, "Rival Truths", p. 84.
2056:York, "Rival Truths", p. 81.
1982:York, "Rival Truths", p. 75.
1973:York, "Rival Truths", p. 74.
1961:York, "Rival Truths", p. 77.
1943:York, "Rival Truths", p. 72.
1934:York, "Rival Truths", p. 70.
1875:York, "Rival Truths", p. 68.
1819:York, "Rival Truths", p. 66.
1810:York, "Rival Truths", p. 64.
1772:York, "Rival Truths", p. 63.
1734:York, "Rival Truths", p. 61.
620:Regiments of Foot remained.
227:Montgomery and Kilroy found
134:and the pardon of his killer
4915:Philadelphia nativist riots
4644:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
4572:New York Conspiracy of 1741
4055:Mount Adams (New Hampshire,
3987:Jefferson Memorial pediment
3564:Declaration of Independence
3530:
3492:Second Continental Congress
3392:Site of the Boston Massacre
3069:. New York: HarperCollins.
3003:York, Neil Longley (2010).
2812:O'Connor, Thomas H (2001).
2625:. New York: Phaidon Press.
2510:Allison, Robert J. (2006).
5442:
5406:Financial District, Boston
5163:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
5114:Marais des Cygnes massacre
5108:Battles of Franklin's Fort
4961:1811 German Coast uprising
4638:Philadelphia Election riot
3733:Naturalization Act of 1798
3711:United States Marine Corps
3504:First Continental Congress
3323:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2297:Exploring American History
1279:. Retrieved April 28, 2020
1129:
1086:
516:rights of British subjects
445:
68:of the Boston Massacre in
30:For the 2013 bombing, see
29:
5232:New York City draft riots
5215:New York City Police riot
5197:Detroit race riot of 1863
4397:
4119:(1997 documentary series)
3559:Lee Resolution (seconded)
3444:
3395:
3385:Locations along Boston's
3383:
3375:
3263:Resources in your library
3203:10.1080/10417947709372339
3133:Hinderaker, Eric (2017).
2901:The New England Quarterly
1101:Later events such as the
465:Province of Massachusetts
383:) was a confrontation in
349:
324:
301:
274:
265:
54:
46:
5256:Cincinnati riots of 1855
4939:1831 Snow Town race riot
4856:Cincinnati riots of 1841
4851:Cincinnati riots of 1836
4846:Cincinnati riots of 1829
3898:Early life and education
3053:10.1525/tph.2003.25.2.17
2779:Uzelac, Constance Porter
2686:. New York: Free Press.
2558:Archer, Richard (2010).
1681:As If an Enemy's Country
1560:As if an Enemy's Country
1534:As if an Enemy's Country
1277:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1170:Boston Massacre Monument
1146:Boston Massacre Monument
1024:convicted soldiers pled
241:Remaining accused found
105:Massachusetts Bay Colony
5251:Cincinnati riot of 1853
4185:Adams' personal library
4148:(2006 documentary film)
3772:Navy Department Library
3762:Slave Trade Act of 1800
3745:Marine Hospital Service
3728:Alien and Sedition Acts
3723:Mississippi Organic Act
3706:Commerce Protection Act
3536:Continental Association
3531:Boston Massacre defense
2137:Harvey, Robert (2003).
1991:Adams and Butterfield,
893:Additional Observations
680:A grave marker for the
479:was the capital of the
381:Incident on King Street
83:; 254 years ago
32:Boston Marathon bombing
5386:18th century in Boston
5168:Baltimore riot of 1861
4966:Nat Turner's Rebellion
4886:Philadelphia race riot
4775:Abolition Riot of 1836
4769:Ursuline Convent riots
4190:American Enlightenment
4146:John and Abigail Adams
4127:(2002 animated series)
3752:Bankruptcy Act of 1800
3552:Thoughts on Government
3308:Encyclopedia Americana
3218:Zabin, Serena (2020).
2955:Woods, Thomas (2008).
2868:Triber, Jayne (1998).
2775:Wesley, Dorothy Porter
2649:Fischer, David Hackett
2216:www.bostonmassacre.net
1231:StMU Research Scholars
1178:Granary Burying Ground
1157:
1055:
983:Sampson Salter Blowers
959:
935:
923:
835:
798:
784:Granary Burying Ground
715:Captain Thomas Preston
689:
682:Granary Burying Ground
673:
661:
626:Journal of Occurrences
592:
472:
306:Captain Thomas Preston
64:, a 1770 engraving by
5261:Battle of Fort Fizzle
5191:Detroit brothel riots
5084:Pottawatomie massacre
4613:War of the Regulation
4577:Battle of Golden Hill
4313:Thomas Boylston Adams
3982:John Adams Courthouse
3908:John Adams Birthplace
3691:Quasi War with France
3632:Treaty of Paris, 1783
3282:Texts on Wikisource:
2739:Miller, John (1959).
2391:"The Boston Massacre"
1143:
929:
918:
869:John Singleton Copley
822:
719:29th Regiment of Foot
679:
667:
651:
495:of pre-Revolutionary
475:In the 18th century,
463:, the capital of the
455:
345:Casualties and losses
5314:Southern bread riots
5227:Buffalo riot of 1862
5102:Battle of Osawatomie
5096:Battle of Fort Titus
5090:Battle of Black Jack
4841:1792 Cincinnati riot
4674:Chesapeake rebellion
4601:Culpeper's Rebellion
4109:The Adams Chronicles
3541:Petition to the King
3288:Boston Massacre, The
3040:The Public Historian
2771:Nell, William Cooper
2537:Antal, John (2013).
2397:on November 25, 2011
2113:The American Scholar
2045:The Fate of a Nation
1925:Walett, pp. 330–333.
1371:Ross and McCaughey,
1306:Ross and McCaughey,
1035:is reprinted below:
990:the troops to fire.
127:Occupation of Boston
5401:Disasters in Boston
5391:American Revolution
5120:Battle of the Spurs
5078:Sacking of Lawrence
4978:Baltimore bank riot
4904:Lombard Street riot
4561:Leisler's Rebellion
4403:← George Washington
4286:Abigail Adams Smith
4241:American Revolution
4235:The American Museum
4080:Profiles in Courage
3992:U.S. Postage stamps
3977:John Adams Building
3787:Midnight Judges Act
3757:Indiana Organic Act
3099:The Boston Massacre
2787:Black Classic Press
2710:Middlekauff, Robert
2512:The Boston Massacre
2419:. Bostonian Society
2378:The Boston Massacre
2335:William Cooper Nell
2284:The Boston Massacre
2201:, pp. 285–286, 298.
1913:Early American Life
1694:The Boston Massacre
1521:The Boston Massacre
1508:The Boston Massacre
1495:The Boston Massacre
1259:Martin J. Manning,
1172:was erected on the
1162:William Cooper Nell
1150:Adolph Robert Kraus
832:The Bloody Massacre
694:Boston Custom House
656:, which emphasizes
558:, which arrived in
448:American Revolution
255:Montgomery, Kilroy:
62:The Bloody Massacre
49:American Revolution
4811:Flour riot of 1837
4619:Battle of Alamance
4583:1788 doctors' riot
4510:1689 Boston revolt
4417:Thomas Jefferson →
4410:Thomas Jefferson →
4210:First Party System
4088:American Primitive
3793:Marbury v. Madison
3716:Convention of 1800
3591:Treaty of Alliance
2654:Paul Revere's Ride
2143:. Overlook Press.
2115:. December 3, 2018
1899:Paul Revere's Ride
1158:
987:Robert Treat Paine
936:
924:
836:
690:
674:
662:
654:American Civil War
632:Christopher Seider
534:Colonial Secretary
501:British Parliament
473:
207:Montgomery, Kilroy
132:Christopher Seider
81:March 5, 1770
5416:Massacres in 1770
5396:Conflicts in 1770
5348:
5347:
5323:
5322:
5221:Dead Rabbits riot
5186:1849 Detroit riot
5144:Portland Rum Riot
4993:
4992:
4880:Fries's Rebellion
4874:Whiskey Rebellion
4780:Broad Street Riot
4721:
4720:
4668:Bacon's Rebellion
4515:Boston bread riot
4438:
4437:
4325:Charles Adams Sr.
4292:John Quincy Adams
4164:(2024 miniseries)
4156:(2015 miniseries)
4111:(1976 miniseries)
3966:List of memorials
3782:Treaty of Tripoli
3777:Treaty of Tellico
3574:Committee of Five
3405:
3404:
3396:Succeeded by
3367:Bostonian Society
3244:Library resources
3135:Boston's Massacre
3110:978-0-393-31483-0
3076:978-0-06-019448-2
3014:978-0-415-87348-2
2966:978-0-7614-7746-4
2939:978-0-495-79984-9
2883:978-1-55849-139-7
2852:978-0-231-04506-3
2825:978-1-55553-474-5
2796:978-1-57478-019-2
2785:. Baltimore, MD:
2723:978-0-19-516247-9
2693:978-0-02-917110-3
2664:978-0-19-508847-2
2632:978-0-7148-1644-9
2603:978-0-674-64160-0
2571:978-0-19-538247-1
2521:978-1-933212-10-4
1886:A True Republican
1655:A Short Narrative
1385:A Short Narrative
1360:A True Republican
1334:A True Republican
1273:"Boston Massacre"
1185:Bostonian Society
1112:violent rebellion
1068:dying declaration
1059:Edmund Trowbridge
1026:benefit of clergy
774:William Dalrymple
743:Thomas Hutchinson
668:An 1868 print by
597:A Short Narrative
530:Lord Hillsborough
493:Thirteen Colonies
436:Thirteen Colonies
413:Thomas Hutchinson
369:
368:
365:
364:
340:
339:
292:
291:
16:(Redirected from
5433:
5004:
4822:Astor Place Riot
4732:
4607:Cary's Rebellion
4542:Shays' Rebellion
4498:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4442:
4427:
4426:
4361:Susanna Boylston
4351:(great-grandson)
4345:(great-grandson)
4339:(great-grandson)
4251:Founding Fathers
4200:Federalist Party
4140:2008 miniseries)
3620:Conference House
3608:Continental Navy
3507:
3495:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3456:
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3424:
3417:
3408:
3376:Preceded by
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2387:
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2365:
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2349:American Studies
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1237:
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1152:, on display in
1107:Boston Tea Party
1094:commemorations (
1022:
1021:
1017:
975:Josiah Quincy II
957:
860:
806:
600:
584:for protection.
487:and present-day
351:
350:
326:
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287:Mob of colonists
276:
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186:William McCauley
91:
89:
84:
59:
39:
21:
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5361:Boston Massacre
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5319:
5266:
5237:
5201:
5172:
5149:
5125:
5066:Bleeding Kansas
5052:
5047:Charleston riot
5041:Lager Beer Riot
5027:
5016:Squatters' riot
4989:
4972:Blackburn Riots
4949:
4920:
4860:
4827:
4785:
4755:
4717:
4697:Stono Rebellion
4679:
4648:
4624:
4587:
4547:
4536:Boston Massacre
4491:
4482:
4469:
4439:
4434:
4393:
4383:daughter-in-law
4375:(second cousin)
4319:George W. Adams
4257:
4168:
4154:Sons of Liberty
4072:Popular culture
4067:
4034:President Adams
4001:(1783 painting)
3998:Treaty of Paris
3949:
3890:
3884:
3873:Founders Online
3835:
3672:
3641:
3569:May 15 preamble
3546:United Colonies
3517:
3516:Founding of the
3510:
3498:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3459:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3401:
3390:
3381:
3379:Old State House
3318:Boston Massacre
3315:
3303:Boston Massacre
3300:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3251:
3249:Boston Massacre
3247:
3240:
3230:
3217:
3188:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3129:
3127:Further reading
3111:
3093:Zobel, Hiller B
3091:
3077:
3059:
3034:
3029:
3015:
3002:
2981:
2967:
2954:
2940:
2927:
2898:
2884:
2872:. Amherst, MA:
2867:
2853:
2840:
2826:
2811:
2797:
2769:
2755:
2738:
2724:
2708:
2694:
2679:
2665:
2647:
2633:
2618:
2604:
2588:Bailyn, Bernard
2586:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2536:
2522:
2509:
2492:
2473:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2368:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:Wheeler et al,
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2271:Boston Massacre
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2199:Boston Massacre
2196:
2192:
2186:Boston Massacre
2183:
2179:
2173:Boston Massacre
2170:
2166:
2151:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2080:Boston Massacre
2077:
2073:
2067:Boston Massacre
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2032:Boston Massacre
2029:
2025:
2019:Boston Massacre
2016:
2012:
2006:Boston Massacre
2003:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1864:Boston Massacre
1861:
1857:
1851:Boston Massacre
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1761:Boston Massacre
1758:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1723:Boston Massacre
1720:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1668:Boston Massacre
1665:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1640:Boston Massacre
1637:
1633:
1627:Boston Massacre
1624:
1617:
1611:Boston Massacre
1608:
1604:
1598:Boston Massacre
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1547:Boston Massacre
1544:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1465:Andrews, Evan.
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1246:Joseph Conlin,
1245:
1241:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1197:
1138:
1128:
1114:that followed.
1091:
1085:
1080:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1004:Crispus Attucks
979:Sons of Liberty
958:
952:
913:
897:Short Narrative
858:
817:
808:
800:
757:
752:
723:Hugh Montgomery
711:Crispus Attucks
658:Crispus Attucks
646:
602:
594:
538:Francis Bernard
520:King George III
503:in the 1760s.
497:British America
457:Old State House
450:
444:
431:on their hand.
373:Boston Massacre
361:
356:
336:
331:
315:
314:
309:
288:
283:
257:
179:Hugh Montgomery
146:
137:
111:
109:British America
87:
85:
82:
73:
42:Boston Massacre
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5439:
5437:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5278:Erie Gauge War
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5010:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4944:Dorr Rebellion
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4712:Pine Tree Riot
4709:
4700:
4694:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4597:
4595:
4593:North Carolina
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4484:
4483:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4355:John Adams Sr.
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Federalist Era
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4125:Liberty's Kids
4121:
4113:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3971:Adams Memorial
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3843:
3841:
3840:Other writings
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3457:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3313:
3298:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:External links
3236:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3215:
3197:(1): 114–136.
3186:
3166:10.2307/845085
3160:(3): 189–207.
3149:
3144:978-0674048331
3143:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3109:
3089:
3075:
3057:
3027:
3013:
3000:
2979:
2965:
2952:
2938:
2925:
2913:10.2307/361420
2907:(3): 320–338.
2896:
2882:
2865:
2851:
2838:
2824:
2809:
2795:
2767:
2753:
2736:
2722:
2706:
2692:
2677:
2663:
2645:
2631:
2616:
2602:
2584:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2534:
2520:
2507:
2490:
2471:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2408:
2382:
2366:
2355:(3): 463–484.
2339:
2326:
2314:
2312:, pp. 101–102.
2301:
2288:
2275:
2273:, pp. 301–302.
2262:
2253:
2244:
2228:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2149:
2126:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2069:, pp. 243–265.
2058:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2021:, pp. 220–221.
2010:
1997:
1984:
1975:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1833:
1829:A Fair Account
1821:
1812:
1803:
1787:
1774:
1765:
1752:
1736:
1727:
1714:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1644:
1631:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1510:, pp. 185–186.
1499:
1483:
1457:
1444:
1442:, pp. 208–210.
1440:Glorious Cause
1431:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1281:
1265:
1252:
1239:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1127:
1126:Commemorations
1124:
1120:Boston Gazette
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1038:
950:
932:Boston Gazette
912:
909:
878:Boston Gazette
856:Boston Gazette
830:'s engraving,
816:
813:
803:A Fair Account
801:—Excerpt from
792:
756:
753:
751:
748:
727:Matthew Kilroy
698:Edward Garrick
670:Alonzo Chappel
645:
642:
637:Boston Gazette
595:—Excerpt from
586:
582:Castle William
508:Townshend Acts
446:Main article:
443:
440:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
357:
355:Minor injuries
354:
347:
346:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
332:
329:
322:
321:
317:
316:
310:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
284:
279:
272:
271:
267:
266:
263:
262:
252:
248:
247:
246:
245:
239:
233:lesser offense
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:Four civilians
195:
193:Matthew Kilroy
190:
189:William Warren
187:
184:
181:
176:
173:
171:Thomas Preston
166:
162:
161:
152:
148:
147:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
128:
125:
123:Townshend Acts
119:
117:
113:
112:
99:
97:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
60:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5438:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5308:Morrisite War
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5284:Bloody Monday
5282:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:Anti-Rent War
4814:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4761:Massachusetts
4758:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4502:Massachusetts
4499:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4337:John Q. Adams
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1577:law2.umkc.edu
1574:
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1438:Middlekauff,
1435:
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1428:
1425:Knollenberg,
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:Knollenberg,
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:Knollenberg,
1393:
1390:
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1345:Knollenberg,
1342:
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1319:Knollenberg,
1316:
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1189:Freedom Trail
1186:
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1179:
1175:
1174:Boston Common
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1154:Boston Common
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:Freedom Trail
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1103:Gaspee Affair
1099:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1036:
1034:
1033:John Jeffries
1029:
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889:James Bowdoin
886:
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833:
829:
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807:
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797:
791:
789:
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780:
779:Andrew Oliver
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Castle Island
755:Investigation
754:
749:
747:
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738:
734:
730:
728:
724:
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561:
560:Boston Harbor
557:
556:
550:
547:." Commodore
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:In 1768, the
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:New York City
486:
482:
478:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
441:
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432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Castle Island
414:
409:
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403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
378:
377:Great Britain
374:
358:
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352:
348:
343:
333:
328:
327:
323:
318:
313:
308:
307:
300:
295:
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282:
281:29th Regiment
278:
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273:
268:
264:
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253:
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244:
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230:
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196:
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185:
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175:William Wemms
174:
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133:
129:
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98:
94:
80:
76:
72:in March 1770
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5072:Wakarusa War
4926:Rhode Island
4898:Buckshot War
4866:Pennsylvania
4750:Bellevue War
4703:
4630:Pennsylvania
4535:
4527:
4521:Knowles Riot
4488:Colonial era
4476:civil unrest
4422:
4408:
4401:
4379:Louisa Adams
4373:Samuel Adams
4349:Brooks Adams
4263:Adams family
4233:
4226:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3996:
3961:Bibliography
3877:
3865:
3858:
3791:
3686:Inauguration
3598:Board of War
3581:Model Treaty
3551:
3399:Faneuil Hall
3391:
3384:
3335:James Lovell
3321:
3306:
3291:
3258:Online books
3248:
3219:
3194:
3190:
3157:
3153:
3134:
3098:
3065:
3061:Zinn, Howard
3047:(2): 17–41.
3044:
3038:
3004:
2987:
2983:
2956:
2929:
2904:
2900:
2869:
2842:
2814:
2782:
2742:
2713:
2682:
2653:
2621:
2592:
2560:
2543:. Casemate.
2539:
2511:
2494:
2475:
2452:
2437:Young, p. 20
2433:
2423:November 21,
2421:. Retrieved
2411:
2401:November 21,
2399:. Retrieved
2395:the original
2385:
2377:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2333:Nell et al,
2329:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2286:, pp. 46–47.
2283:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2237:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2139:
2117:. Retrieved
2112:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1978:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1476:February 20,
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1429:, pp. 76–78.
1426:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1182:
1159:
1132:Massacre Day
1119:
1100:
1096:Massacre Day
1092:
1072:
1063:Peter Oliver
1056:
1039:
1030:
1012:
1008:manslaughter
1001:
992:
960:
938:
931:
904:
902:
896:
892:
884:
882:
877:
865:Henry Pelham
863:
855:
837:
831:
824:Henry Pelham
815:Media battle
809:
802:
799:
794:
769:
766:Faneuil Hall
758:
739:
735:
731:
707:
691:
635:
624:
622:
603:
596:
593:
588:
573:
570:John Hancock
563:
554:
542:
528:
505:
485:Philadelphia
474:
469:colonial era
433:
425:manslaughter
410:
406:
398:Samuel Adams
380:
372:
370:
311:
304:
297:Lead figures
261:of the thumb
254:
237:manslaughter
183:John Carroll
159:manslaughter
61:
47:Part of the
36:
5280:(1853–1854)
5193:(1855–1859)
5068:(1854–1861)
5024:(1851–1856)
4946:(1841–1842)
4882:(1799–1800)
4876:(1791–1794)
4818:(1839–1845)
4799:Eggnog riot
4615:(1765–1771)
4563:(1689–1691)
4544:(1786–1787)
4517:(1710–1713)
4481:(1607–1865)
4367:Elihu Adams
4343:Henry Adams
4090:(1969 play)
4058:Washington)
3494:(1775–1778)
3482:(1782–1788)
3474:(1785–1788)
3466:(1789–1797)
3455:(1797–1801)
1831:, pp. 14–15
1148:, built by
1116:Howard Zinn
873:Paul Revere
828:Paul Revere
606:Thomas Gage
549:Samuel Hood
467:during the
394:Paul Revere
360:Five killed
142:Resulted in
130:Killing of
66:Paul Revere
5381:1770 riots
5355:Categories
5008:California
4387:first lady
4333:(grandson)
4327:(grandson)
4321:(grandson)
4300:presidency
4288:(daughter)
4135:(2001 book
4133:John Adams
4103:1972 film)
4043:John Adams
4016:John Adams
3973:(proposed)
3918:Peacefield
3696:XYZ Affair
3678:Presidency
3438:John Adams
3333:(1771) by
1642:, 198–200.
1451:O'Connor,
1212:References
1156:since 1889
1130:See also:
1087:See also:
1042:A: I was.
971:John Adams
954:John Adams
920:John Adams
703:Henry Knox
578:impressing
442:Background
421:John Adams
375:(known in
243:not guilty
88:1770-03-05
4999:1849–1865
4984:Snow Riot
4744:Honey War
4727:1789–1849
4493:1776–1789
4369:(brother)
3646:Elections
3637:Diplomacy
3211:0361-8269
3174:0002-9319
3119:243696768
3023:695944958
2990:: 57–95.
2975:302384920
2948:664324291
2892:171052850
2861:479827879
2834:248309644
2763:180556929
2732:496757346
2673:263430392
2580:313664751
2485:510892519
2466:535966548
2322:Zinn 1980
2299:, p. 149.
2221:April 25,
2188:, p. 294.
2175:, p. 291.
2119:April 23,
2082:, p. 269.
2043:Cumming,
2034:, p. 268.
2008:, p. 220.
1897:Fischer,
1866:, p. 229.
1853:, p. 228.
1801:, p. 161.
1785:, p. 159.
1763:, p. 205.
1750:, p. 158.
1725:, p. 201.
1712:, p. 395.
1692:Allison,
1629:, p. 197.
1613:, p. 196.
1582:April 23,
1562:, p. 191.
1549:, p. 194.
1536:, p. 190.
1519:Allison,
1493:Allison,
1057:Justices
844:Loyalists
786:, one of
750:Aftermath
576:had been
553:HMS
545:Stamp Act
204:Convicted
116:Caused by
5207:New York
5178:Michigan
5155:Maryland
5033:Illinois
4791:New York
4654:Virginia
4553:New York
4429:Category
4363:(mother)
4357:(father)
4246:patriots
4162:Franklin
4117:Liberty!
3889:Life and
3500:Delegate
3488:Delegate
3095:(1970).
3085:42420960
3063:(1980).
2996:40345980
2805:50673509
2781:(2002).
2712:(2007).
2651:(1994).
2590:(1974).
2530:66392877
2503:19993300
2380:, p. 46.
2361:41158169
2159:54927034
2095:, p. 67.
2047:, p. 24.
1995:, p. 79.
1915:: 34–37.
1888:, p. 80.
1884:Triber,
1797:Bailyn,
1781:Bailyn,
1746:Bailyn,
1708:Miller,
1679:Archer,
1558:Archer,
1532:Archer,
1523:, p. 12.
1455:, p. 56.
1413:, p. 76.
1387:, p. 17.
1375:, p. 93.
1362:, p. 63.
1358:Triber,
1349:, p. 63.
1336:, p. 66.
1332:Triber,
1323:, p. 56.
1310:, p. 94.
1297:, p. 54.
1250:, p. 133
1195:See also
1105:and the
967:Loyalist
951:—
840:Patriots
644:Incident
616:and the
429:branding
392:such as
390:Patriots
259:Branding
251:Sentence
155:Shooting
96:Location
5328:Related
4528:Liberty
4173:Related
3826:Cabinet
3502:to the
3490:to the
3365:by the
3326:. 1921.
3311:. 1920.
3296:. 1905.
2702:1416300
2641:1510269
2612:6825524
2445:Sources
2295:Woods,
2269:Zobel,
2197:Zobel,
2184:Zobel,
2171:Zobel,
2078:Zobel,
2065:Zobel,
2030:Zobel,
2017:Zobel,
2004:Zobel,
1862:Zobel,
1849:Zobel,
1759:Zobel,
1721:Zobel,
1666:Zobel,
1638:Zobel,
1625:Zobel,
1609:Zobel,
1596:Zobel,
1545:Zobel,
1506:Zobel,
1471:HISTORY
1453:The Hub
1263:, p. 33
1018:⁄
996:teagues
963:Patriot
946:Witches
942:Quakers
895:on the
565:Liberty
512:Britain
379:as the
335:300–400
270:Parties
231:on the
222:Verdict
212:Charges
165:Accused
86: (
5316:(1863)
5310:(1862)
5304:(1859)
5298:(1858)
5292:(1857)
5286:(1855)
5271:Others
5263:(1863)
5234:(1863)
5223:(1857)
5217:(1857)
5146:(1855)
5122:(1859)
5116:(1856)
5110:(1856)
5104:(1856)
5098:(1856)
5092:(1856)
5086:(1856)
5080:(1856)
5074:(1855)
5058:Kansas
5049:(1864)
5043:(1855)
5018:(1850)
4986:(1835)
4980:(1835)
4974:(1833)
4968:(1831)
4954:Others
4917:(1844)
4906:(1842)
4900:(1838)
4894:(1838)
4888:(1834)
4824:(1849)
4807:(1834)
4801:(1826)
4782:(1837)
4771:(1834)
4752:(1840)
4746:(1839)
4714:(1772)
4708:(1772)
4706:affair
4704:Gaspee
4699:(1739)
4693:(1689)
4684:Others
4676:(1730)
4670:(1677)
4664:(1663)
4640:(1742)
4621:(1771)
4609:(1711)
4603:(1677)
4579:(1770)
4538:(1770)
4532:(1768)
4530:affair
4523:(1747)
4046:(1963)
4037:(1941)
4028:(1874)
4019:(1799)
4010:(1799)
3954:Legacy
3554:(1776)
3506:(1774)
3246:about
3226:
3209:
3182:845085
3180:
3172:
3141:
3117:
3107:
3083:
3073:
3021:
3011:
2994:
2973:
2963:
2946:
2936:
2921:361420
2919:
2890:
2880:
2859:
2849:
2832:
2822:
2803:
2793:
2761:
2751:
2730:
2720:
2700:
2690:
2671:
2661:
2639:
2629:
2610:
2600:
2578:
2568:
2547:
2528:
2518:
2501:
2483:
2464:
2376:York,
2359:
2337:, 515.
2282:York,
2157:
2147:
2091:Zinn,
1799:Ordeal
1783:Ordeal
1748:Ordeal
1683:, 196.
1670:, 191.
1600:, 195.
1427:Growth
1411:Growth
1398:Growth
1347:Growth
1321:Growth
1295:Growth
1078:Legacy
911:Trials
859:'s
852:London
848:Boston
788:Boston
686:Boston
574:Romney
555:Romney
477:Boston
461:Boston
385:Boston
320:Number
229:guilty
216:Murder
101:Boston
70:Boston
5131:Maine
4472:Riots
4315:(son)
4309:(son)
4025:Adams
4007:Adams
3891:homes
3816:1800)
3178:JSTOR
3035:(PDF)
2992:JSTOR
2917:JSTOR
2357:JSTOR
1993:Diary
1901:, 24.
1657:, 11.
1497:, 11.
1400:, 75.
1047:life.
770:order
312:None
5243:Ohio
4833:Ohio
4736:Iowa
4474:and
4275:wife
4096:1776
4041:USS
4032:USS
4023:USS
4014:USS
4005:USS
3811:1799
3806:1798
3668:1800
3663:1796
3658:1792
3224:ISBN
3207:ISSN
3170:ISSN
3139:ISBN
3115:OCLC
3105:ISBN
3081:OCLC
3071:ISBN
3019:OCLC
3009:ISBN
2971:OCLC
2961:ISBN
2944:OCLC
2934:ISBN
2888:OCLC
2878:ISBN
2857:OCLC
2847:ISBN
2830:OCLC
2820:ISBN
2801:OCLC
2791:ISBN
2759:OCLC
2749:ISBN
2728:OCLC
2718:ISBN
2698:OCLC
2688:ISBN
2669:OCLC
2659:ISBN
2637:OCLC
2627:ISBN
2608:OCLC
2598:ISBN
2576:OCLC
2566:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2526:OCLC
2516:ISBN
2499:OCLC
2481:OCLC
2462:OCLC
2425:2011
2403:2011
2223:2020
2155:OCLC
2145:ISBN
2121:2020
1696:, x.
1584:2020
1478:2020
1144:The
1134:and
1061:and
842:and
623:The
618:29th
614:14th
396:and
371:The
151:Type
78:Date
4296:son
3461:1st
3450:2nd
3320:".
3305:".
3290:".
3199:doi
3162:doi
3049:doi
2909:doi
1010:.
944:or
846:in
684:in
459:in
235:of
5357::
3205:.
3195:42
3193:.
3176:.
3168:.
3158:18
3156:.
3113:.
3079:.
3045:25
3043:.
3037:.
3017:.
2988:11
2986:.
2969:.
2942:.
2915:.
2905:23
2903:.
2886:.
2876:.
2855:.
2828:.
2799:.
2789:.
2777:;
2773:;
2757:.
2726:.
2696:.
2667:.
2635:.
2606:.
2574:.
2524:.
2460:.
2369:^
2353:50
2351:.
2214:.
2153:.
2129:^
2111:.
2100:^
1966:^
1790:^
1739:^
1701:^
1647:^
1618:^
1575:.
1486:^
1469:.
1418:^
1284:^
1275:,
1229:.
1180:.
608:,
157:,
107:,
103:,
4490:/
4464:e
4457:t
4450:v
3430:e
3423:t
3416:v
3316:"
3301:"
3286:"
3232:.
3213:.
3201::
3184:.
3164::
3147:.
3121:.
3087:.
3055:.
3051::
3025:.
2998:.
2977:.
2950:.
2923:.
2911::
2894:.
2863:.
2836:.
2807:.
2765:.
2734:.
2704:.
2675:.
2643:.
2614:.
2582:.
2553:.
2532:.
2505:.
2487:.
2468:.
2458:3
2427:.
2405:.
2363:.
2324:.
2240:.
2225:.
2161:.
2123:.
1586:.
1480:.
1020:2
1016:1
330:8
90:)
34:.
20:)
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