428:
121:
100:
355:, the only way he could become an officer without formal qualifications. According to Elphick, had Heenan's illegitimacy been known, it would have prevented him becoming an officer. He was able to join the reserve by presenting his baptism certificate, along with a certificate signed by his school headmaster, stating that Heenan was capable of performing the duties of an officer. This was endorsed by the commander of Cheltenham College's OTC.
88:
185:
523:
purposes not capable of being defended. Elphick added that Heenan "must have passed on much helpful information pre-war and he pushed the rate of aircraft destruction along a bit after the war began". Elphick also says that word of Heenan's actions spread quickly among
British Commonwealth officers, which had a significant effect on morale.
33:
466:
Heenan was caught during an air raid. "When we discovered he wasn't in the slit trenches with us we became suspicious," Tavender reported. "We went to his quarters and discovered a radio, which was still warm. That was the last we saw of him. He was arrested." The
Japanese air raids were assisted by
522:
some personnel and aircraft. Elphick suggests that the
British Commonwealth air forces would have been defeated without Heenan's help; their aircraft in Malaya were inadequate compared to the Japanese and airfields in northern Malaya had been located in positions that were for all intents and
534:
in
Singapore were requesting the removal of Heenan's name. His date of death on the memorial, 15 February 1942, was reportedly a standard date assigned to all Commonwealth personnel officially listed as missing during the Battle of Singapore.
459:, and who served in the AIL unit with Heenan, said the Japanese aircraft always seemed to know the correct recognition codes, despite the fact that they were changed every 24 hours. By 10 December, the Japanese had destroyed most of the
233:. With the defeat of the British imminent, Heenan had mocked the guards, saying he would soon be free, while they would be the prisoners. In response, British military police shot him and dumped his body into the harbour.
382:. According to Elphick, this was a device commonly used to get unsatisfactory officers away from prestigious frontline regiments. However, Heenan later returned to the 16th Punjabs, but to a different battalion.
370:. After six months' training with a British regiment, Heenan was not accepted by any Indian Army regiments. He had to do an additional six months with another British regiment before being accepted by the
1134:
294:
In 1922, the
Carrolls moved to England, and Anne Stanley went with them. Mrs Carroll died a few years later, and Bernard Carroll, who was an accountant, married Anne. From 1923 to 1926, Patrick was a
502:
to decide who would ... Heenan, it is alleged he was taken to the dockside, where a sergeant executed him with a single pistol shot to the back of the head. The body was then dumped in the harbour.
1179:
1144:
327:, due largely to his impressive physique. According to Elphick, Heenan was unpopular with other students at Cheltenham and was often in trouble with school authorities. Although he joined the
736:
SUPPLEMENTARY RESERVE OF OFFICERS. INFANTRY. Bedfs. & Herts. E.—Patrick
Stanley Vaughan HEENAN (late Cadet Serjt., Cheltenham Coll. Contgt., Jun. Div., O.T.C:) to be 2nd Lt. 5th Apr. 1933
1159:
1189:
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362:
into the
Supplementary Reserve. In 1935, Heenan was transferred to the British Indian Army, with the service number 547/AI. His parents' address at this time was recorded as
1154:
1139:
490:. Within days, it became clear that the battle was being won by the Japanese. In the words of journalist and author Lynette Silver (whose main source is Elphick):
1169:
275:
teams in the 1880s and 1890s. There is no conclusive evidence that George Heenan was
Patrick's father, or that George and Anne ever married. However, Patrick was
255:. His birth certificate recorded her maiden name as his surname, and did not include any information about his father. A year later, both mother and son moved to
817:
375:
1174:
314:, in a stream of students preparing for military careers. Although he was then 16 years old, at Cheltenham he was put in classes with pupils as young as 13.
897:
853:
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By 13 February Heenan had become very cocky, taunting his guards ... that he would soon be free and they would be prisoners. It appears that ...
946:
1129:
884:
486:
Heenan remained in custody at
Singapore for several weeks. The Japanese gradually drove the Allies out of Malaya, and on 8 February they
889:
776:
527:
483:
in
January 1942. He does not seem to have been formally sentenced, but the normal sentence for treason by British officers was death.
1050:
956:
935:
863:
1009:
319:
1094:
518:
Military historian Brian P. Farrell believes that Heenan could not have done decisive damage to the Allies but probably cost
771:
988:
448:
427:
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331:(OTC) at Cheltenham, Heenan did not gain any formal qualifications; because of this, he was not able to be admitted to
421:
32:
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417:
317:
Accounts of his time at Sevenoaks and Cheltenham show Heenan to have been a poor student and – in the words of the
456:
379:
159:
905:
1149:
869:
237:
562:
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323:— a "gloomy, resentful misfit disliked by other pupils". He nevertheless excelled at sports, especially
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Heenan's mother, Anne Stanley (born 1882), was not married at the time of her son's birth at
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radio transmissions made by Heenan. Among other espionage equipment, he reportedly had a
479:— which was disguised as a typewriter. Heenan was sent to Singapore, and was reportedly
404:
for training. Following the completion of air liaison training, Heenan was stationed at
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93:
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366:, Surrey, England. He was put on the Indian Army's Unattached List, and was sent to
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236:
According to Heenan's biographer, Peter Elphick, these events were suppressed by
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367:
268:
1018:
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In 1938–39, Heenan took a six-month "long leave" (an Indian Army tradition) in
1003:
586:
468:
412:, northern Malaya, in June 1941. It was in this area that most of the British
405:
335:
officer training, when he left school at the age of 19. Heenan instead joined
240:
852:
Docker, Edward; Silver, Lynette (1997). "Scapegoats for the Bloody Empire".
440:
401:
311:
288:
214:
61:
439:
lined up at Tengah, Singapore, before flying north to their new base at
400:. He was transferred to an Indian Army Air Liaison Unit and was sent to
1004:"Heenan, Patrick Stanley Vaughan (1910–1942), army officer and traitor"
455:
on 8 December. Sydney Tavender, chairman of the Cotswold branch of the
443:, Kedah. Heenan was attached to the squadron at Alor Star in late 1941.
276:
272:
256:
210:
324:
409:
386:
363:
263:(1855–1912). The older Heenan is described by some sources as an
340:
303:
659:
657:
1099:
Royal Australian Naval Communications Branch Association
1089:
An article about the Traeger Transceiver, with pictures.
855:
Fabulous Furphies – 10 Great Myths from Australia's Past
267:, although he seems to have had a long association with
571:(suspected British spy for Germany during World War II)
526:
By 1998, the families of other personnel listed on the
1135:
British Indian Army personnel who were court-martialed
951:. Stroud, Gloucs, UK: Tempus Publishing. p. 146.
627:
975:
Ch. 7, n.19: The paper trail in archival records is
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623:
621:
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983:
War Diary Appendix Z.1, 10 December 1941; WO172/33,
682:
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374:. He reportedly performed well in a skirmish on the
287:, Burma, in 1912. Patrick's mother then worked as a
772:"Casualty Details: Heenan, Patrick Stanley Vaughan"
167:
150:
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132:
112:
81:
67:
51:
39:
23:
1180:People executed by the British military by firearm
1145:Executed British collaborators with Imperial Japan
1002:
987:War Diary, 12, 19, 23–24 December 1941;CAB106/53,
271:, including selection for regional representative
283:, with the surname Heenan. George Heenan died at
928:Odd Man Out, the Story of the Singapore Traitor
16:British Indian Army officer and espionage agent
1160:Military history of Malaya during World War II
1095:"Patrick Heenan's Radio and the Flying Doctor"
583:(American spy for Germany during World War II)
1190:People convicted of spying for Imperial Japan
902:Fall of Singapore 60th Anniversary Conference
858:. Burra Creek, NSW: Sally Milner Publishing.
818:"Japanese spy listed on British war memorial"
589:(American spy for Germany in the early 1940s)
565:(British spy for Germany during World War II)
8:
1165:Indian Army personnel killed in World War II
1013:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
991:history, ch. 4; CAB106/86, Maltby Despatch;
922:, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2002.
898:"Cover-ups and the Singapore Traitor Affair"
663:
547:(American spy for Japan during World War II)
948:The Defence and Fall of Singapore 1940–1942
351:In the early 1930s, Heenan applied for the
229:by his wardens while in custody during the
577:(British double agent during World War II)
506:Elphick also says that Heenan was shot at
31:
20:
1043:Singapore 1942, Britain's Greatest Defeat
498:took matters into their own hands. After
1155:Military of Singapore under British rule
811:
809:
426:
329:Junior Division, Officers Training Corps
201:(29 July 1910 – 13 February 1942) was a
1010:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
926:Elphick, Peter; Smith, Michael (1994).
648:
631:
603:
1140:Extrajudicial killings in World War II
1069:"The Pedal Radio of the Great Outback"
766:
764:
686:
339:, a trading company with interests in
1170:People educated at Cheltenham College
559:(American spy for Japan in the 1930s)
553:(American spy for Japan in the 1930s)
7:
392:During 1941, as fears of a Japanese
1175:People educated at Sevenoaks School
995:, Wild Papers, 66/227/1, Wild notes
896:Elphick, Peter (28 November 2001).
890:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
378:, but was later transferred to the
930:(2nd ed.). Trafalgar Square.
777:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
528:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
14:
424:squadrons in Malaya were based.
396:grew, Heenan's unit was sent to
320:Dictionary of National Biography
209:who was supposedly convicted of
183:
119:
98:
86:
757:. 1 February 1935. p. 773.
163:300 Air Liaison Section, Malaya
734:. 4 April 1933. p. 2287.
199:Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan
25:Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan
1:
1067:Begbie, Richard (July 1999).
816:Marsh, Alec (13 April 1998).
463:aircraft in northern Malaya.
259:with a mining engineer named
1130:British Indian Army officers
1034:UK public library membership
291:for a family named Carroll.
225:of World War II. Heenan was
471:transmitter operated by an
422:Royal New Zealand Air Force
306:, and in 1927 proceeded to
1206:
945:Farrell, Brian P. (2005).
664:Docker & Silver (1997)
418:Royal Australian Air Force
394:invasion of Southeast Asia
353:Army Supplementary Reserve
55:13 February 1942 (aged 31)
1001:Stearn, Roger T. (2004).
530:World War II memorial at
488:attacked Singapore Island
457:Far East Prisoners of War
380:Indian Army Service Corps
77:
30:
1073:Antique Radio Classified
1045:. Singapore: Talisman.
496:British military police
431:Circa 8 February 1941.
1093:Eagles, James (2005).
1019:10.1093/ref:odnb/76003
803:, Brisbane, 6 May 1992
563:Norman Baillie-Stewart
444:
1105:on 16 September 2006.
1041:Warren, Alan (2002).
551:John Semer Farnsworth
514:Effects and aftermath
473:alphanumeric keyboard
430:
261:George Charles Heenan
133:Years of service
72:Execution by shooting
989:11th Indian Division
918:Published online by
882:Published online by
557:Harry Thompson (spy)
372:16th Punjab Regiment
253:Reefton, New Zealand
238:British Commonwealth
155:16th Punjab Regiment
46:Reefton, New Zealand
1185:People from Reefton
830:on 8 September 2004
823:The Daily Telegraph
532:Kranji War Cemetery
477:Traeger Transceiver
437:No. 62 Squadron RAF
376:North-West Frontier
231:Battle of Singapore
207:British Indian Army
127:British Indian Army
68:Cause of death
754:The London Gazette
731:The London Gazette
545:Velvalee Dickinson
445:
435:Mark I bombers of
308:Cheltenham College
160:Army Service Corps
1032:(Subscription or
581:William Colepaugh
196:
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1101:. Archived from
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985:III Indian Corps
972:
970:
965:on 28 March 2007
961:. Archived from
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904:. Archived from
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868:. Archived from
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826:. Archived from
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800:The Courier-Mail
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481:court-martialled
449:invaded Thailand
447:Japanese forces
433:Bristol Blenheim
358:In 1933, he was
300:Sevenoaks School
265:Irish republican
241:military censors
223:Battle of Malaya
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180:Battle of Malaya
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520:No. 62 Squadron
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475:— similar to a
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1061:External links
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1103:the original
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1081:. Retrieved
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1024:10 September
1022:. Retrieved
1008:
979:, WO172/18,
974:
967:. Retrieved
963:the original
947:
927:
920:Four Corners
919:
910:. Retrieved
906:the original
901:
885:Four Corners
883:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
854:
846:Bibliography
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
821:
798:
794:
782:. Retrieved
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743:
735:
729:
720:
708:. Retrieved
703:
694:
569:Arthur Owens
525:
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360:commissioned
357:
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333:British Army
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175:World War II
168:Battles/wars
43:29 July 1910
18:
1125:1942 deaths
1120:1910 births
749:"No. 34129"
726:"No. 33927"
269:New Zealand
221:during the
1114:Categories
1083:16 October
1036:required.)
969:16 October
912:16 October
876:16 October
784:16 October
710:16 October
594:References
587:Tyler Kent
469:morse code
406:Alor Setar
247:Early life
82:Allegiance
441:Alor Star
402:Singapore
289:governess
136:1932–1942
62:Singapore
539:See also
277:baptised
227:executed
213:, after
113:Service/
108:as a spy
892:, 2002.
834:6 March
312:day boy
310:, as a
296:boarder
273:cricket
211:treason
205:in the
203:captain
158:Indian
145:Captain
1049:
1030:
955:
934:
862:
780:. 2015
706:. 2015
461:Allied
453:Malaya
398:Malaya
325:boxing
215:spying
182:
124:
115:branch
103:
91:
599:Notes
410:Kedah
408:, in
387:Japan
368:India
364:Cheam
257:Burma
219:Japan
1085:2015
1047:ISBN
1026:2007
971:2015
953:ISBN
932:ISBN
914:2015
878:2015
860:ISBN
836:2007
786:2015
712:2015
451:and
420:and
341:Asia
304:Kent
285:Pauk
217:for
151:Unit
141:Rank
52:Died
40:Born
1079:(7)
1015:doi
993:IWM
977:PRO
302:in
298:at
1116::
1097:.
1077:16
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1007:.
973:.
900:.
888:,
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808:^
774:.
763:^
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728:.
702:.
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656:^
639:^
606:^
510:.
416:,
389:.
343:.
243:.
60:,
1087:.
1055:.
1028:.
1017::
940:.
916:.
880:.
838:.
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714:.
689:.
666:.
651:.
634:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
