962:,â in an effort to stymie abusive practices. Others used the concept to rationalize planter rule, claiming themselves sovereigns of their households who provided for all constituent members, and demanding their loyalty and labor in return. Drawing on the Roman precedent in this way, these planters claimed that their enslaved laborers were their âdependents,â who ultimately benefitted from the paternalistic ordering of the household. Southern newspapers and print media repeatedly promoted this idea in order to square the intrinsic brutality that defined the institution of slavery with the democratic ideals the nation was supposedly founded on, often developing this paternalistic ideology to irrational heights and ignoring the contradictions that it masked. This paternalistic ideology persisted after the legal abolition of slavery, as white employers and political leaders in the South attempted to maintain a hierarchical socioeconomic class status over formerly enslaved persons, as well as women and poor laborers, whom they viewed as âdependents,â thereby expanding the Roman household model of
384:
994:, women were âmost celebratedâ for their roles as mothers and wives, but also participated in independent market activity and in communal defense. As a sizable proportion of enslaved people transported to the New World in the trans-Atlantic trade originated from Akan, MandĂ©, and Igbo societies, some historians have noted a connection between the matrilineal elements of these West African cultures and the centrality of women and mothers in enslaved peoplesâ family units. These alternative modes of structuring household and family life among enslaved people threatened some plantersâ intentions to serve as the solely acknowledged
1705:
504:
therefore fell to the head of the household and no other. As well as observance of common rites and festivals (including those marked by domestic rites), each family had its own unique internal religious calendarâmarking the formal acceptance of infant children, coming of age, marriages, deaths and
337:
extended and modified the laws in relation to intermarriage between social classes and inheritance. Compliance was rewarded and exceptional public duty brought exemption, but dictatorial compulsion was deeply unpopular and quite impractical. The laws were later softened in theory and practise, but
149:
and to the broader community. He had a duty to father and raise healthy children as future citizens of Rome, to maintain the moral propriety and well-being of his household, to honour his clan and ancestral gods and to dutifully participateâand if possible, serveâin Rome's political, religious and
859:) as a means of forming communal bonds among the enslaved, these unions were only recognized within the household and carried no legal bearing outside of the household. The children that resulted from these unions were themselves enslaved and considered the legal property of their motherâs owner.
942:
maintained honor and status within their communities by fulfilling both the material and spiritual needs of all members of the household, including enslaved persons. This included providing for the food, clothing, shelter, education, and baptism of enslaved persons. When they reneged on these
161:
In the Roman tradition, the term has appeared mostly in legal texts, and to a lesser extent, in literary texts. In both types of discourses, the term has been most commonly used to refer to the âestate owner,â a title considered conceptually separate from his familial relations.
746:
weakened, and rights that theoretically existed were no longer enforced or insisted upon. The power over life and death was abolished, the right of punishment was moderated and the sale of children was restricted to cases of extreme necessity. Under
Emperor
318:. Rome's survival required that citizens produce children. That could not be left to individual conscience. The falling birth rate was considered a marker of degeneracy and self-indulgence, particularly among the elite, who were supposed to set an example.
943:
obligations, the law code considered them to forfeit their right to ownership of their enslaved, leading in some cases to disputes between paternal heads of household over the status of enslaved persons whom they each claimed to have âraised.â
790:âas a purposeful choice, intended to mitigate the harsh connotations that the act of slaveholding conferred onto heads of households and expanding the applicability of the term to non-enslaved members of the household. As a semantic term,
539:
over his wife depended on the form of marriage between them. In the Early
Republic, a wife was "handed over" from the legal control of her father to the legal control of (the father of) her husband in the form of marriage
969:
The patriarchal mode of slavery that
Southern U.S. and Caribbean slaveowners attempted to establish often clashed with the familial structures enslaved people themselves constructed. Some of these family structures had
817:
held authority, they were recognized as distinct from family members (wives, children, and grandchildren). Despite these distinctions, what all members of the household shared was their subjecthood to the authority, or
718:
held sole rights to its disposal and sole responsibility for the consequences, including personal forfeiture of rights and property through debt. Those who lived in their own households at the time of the death of the
906:
wielded over members of the immediate family as strictly gendered, i.e., male. Nonetheless, historians and legal scholars have often overlooked this exception to the rule that allowed some women
1473:
Tristan Stubbs, "A 'continual exercise of our
Patience and Economy': The Structure of Oversight, Patriarchism, and Dependence in Pre-Revolutionary Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia" in M
838:
wielded complete and separate authority over members of their households, including their enslaved laborers. In cases of adjudicating legal transgressions committed by enslaved persons,
1874:
934:
to recognize servant laborers and enslaved persons as members of the domestic household, roughly equal in status to family members given their subjecthood to the authority of the
1163:
Galinsky, 130â2. Augustus couched the changes and similar ones as a restoration of traditional values. In one debate, he reiterated a "misogynistic" address of 131 BCE by the
794:
thus connoted heads of household who were thought to combine the affective tenderness of a father with the stern coercion of a slaveowner in ordering their households.
958:. Some planters employed the concept as a legal protectionary measure, instructing renters to whom they âhired outâ their enslaved laborers to âtreatâ them âas good
509:
would gather to offer sacrifice(s) to the gods for the protection and fertility of fields and livestock. All such festivals and offerings were presided over by the
244:, and there could be only one holder of that office within a household. He was responsible for its well-being, reputation and legal and moral propriety. The entire
1761:
2303:
2345:
2333:
870:. This definition included both enslaved people working in field settings and those living in the domestic household and working in direct service of the
751:, a father who killed his son was stripped of both his citizenship and all its attendant rights, had his property confiscated and was permanently exiled.
2392:
284:
probably involved the most senior members of his own household, especially his wife, and, if necessary, his peers and seniors within his extended clan (
129:. In Roman family law, the term "Patria potestas" (Latin: âpower of a fatherâ) refers to this concept. He held legal privilege over the property of the
340:
809:â authority from their capacity to hold dominion over enslaved persons. While both enslaved people and the estate itself were considered part of the
2308:
828:. By the second century, A.D., the distinction between family members and enslaved persons residing in the same household had lessened, even as the
3680:
2318:
714:
while he lived. Legally, any property acquired by individual family members (sons, daughters or slaves) was acquired for the family estate: the
3625:
2313:
2047:
1167:
35:
325:
compelled marriage upon men and women within specified age ranges and remarriage on the divorced and bereaved within certain time limits. The
3595:
2420:
1947:
1674:
1652:
776:
and, thus, from the legal relationship between slaveowners and their enslaved laborers rather than that between fathers and children. Since
3685:
3560:
2713:
3711:
2266:
1937:
1171:
327:
3605:
2365:
1932:
1927:
1903:
1754:
1689:
1637:
1622:
846:, including the ability to absolve the enslaved of any wrongdoing, trying them by jury, or sentencing them to capital punishments.
383:
3721:
3620:
2293:
1942:
1869:
69:
was the oldest living male in a household, and could legally exercise autocratic authority over his extended family. The term is
1152:
990:, exhibited some matrilineal lines and generally reserved powerful positions of political and household authority for women. In
805:
came to be understood as oneâs capacity to own property. However, in Roman law, this was considered a distinct dimension of the
1886:
1819:
2640:
2565:
2323:
1023:
1718:
441:
has been interpreted as the essential, heritable spirit (or divine essence, or soul) and generative power that suffused the
158:
through ancient right. In practice, the extreme form of this right was seldom exercised. It was eventually limited by law.
3706:
3136:
1115:
154:
was expected to be a good citizen. In theory at least, he held powers of life and death over every member of his extended
2976:
2580:
2032:
1747:
731:) even if they were only in their teens. Children "emancipated" by a pater familias were effectively disinherited. If a
237:
3675:
500:
might intervene if the observation of sacra privata was lax or improper). The responsibility for funding and executing
3716:
3600:
3359:
2415:
2298:
1844:
606:. The survival of congenitally disabled adults, conspicuously evidenced among the elite by the partially-lame Emperor
739:, his children were entitled to an equal share of his estate. If a will was left, children could contest the estate.
926:
to structure the legal, cultural, and social relationships between slaveowners and enslaved people. The law code of
3635:
3299:
3191:
2961:
2733:
2555:
2463:
2328:
2271:
3655:
2748:
2703:
2630:
2550:
2498:
2488:
2440:
1787:
138:
3256:
3166:
2675:
2655:
2650:
2635:
2588:
2528:
2483:
2285:
649:
634:
526:
134:
3665:
3645:
3585:
3575:
3565:
2971:
2660:
2560:
2540:
2455:
2445:
2150:
2090:
1782:
1250:
618:
1559:
Exchanging Our
Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South
3670:
3660:
3610:
3590:
3404:
3379:
3344:
3226:
2951:
2598:
2360:
1891:
174:
62:
3640:
3570:
3394:
3146:
2946:
2941:
2738:
2645:
2570:
2533:
2518:
2493:
2473:
2375:
768:
referred to âa body of slaves,â and did not refer to wives and children. The classical legal concept of
522:
189:, the slaves of a rural estate) living under the same roof. That meaning later expanded to indicate the
31:
1585:
Slavery, Fatherhood, and
Paternal Duty in African American Communities over the Long Nineteenth Century
1475:
asters of
Violence The Plantation Overseers of Eighteenth-Century Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia
3650:
3615:
3304:
3294:
3171:
3071:
2996:
2861:
2824:
2200:
1864:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1007:
971:
625:
provided, however, that if a child had been sold as a slave three times, he was no longer subject to
586:
had the right to take legal action on her own behalf but not to administer legal matters for others.
492:
rather than the state) and "unofficial" (not a rite of state office or magistracy, though the state
3580:
3429:
3231:
3101:
3051:
2370:
1967:
1710:
1451:
edited by Kwame
Anthony Appiah and Martin Bunzl (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 254.
922:
Outside of the Roman context, various slavery regimes in world history have adopted the concept of
910:(usually wealthy and of the upper socioeconomic stratum of society) to attain legal recognition as
784:
as the basis of the concept of âhead of householdââover the alternative Latin word for slaveowner,
777:
1140:) and relations during and before the Imperial period. Limited preview available via Google Books
3726:
3630:
3354:
3161:
3016:
2956:
2876:
2819:
2683:
1919:
1898:
434:
402:
3269:
1403:, edited by Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 347.
1017:
866:(roughly translated as âequipmentâ) of the household to highlight the service they provided the
563:
had become rare, and a woman legally remained part of her birth family, under the hand of their
1464:(Chapel Hill: UNC Press, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 2019), 324.
853:
permitted enslaved individuals in their households to establish quasi-marital unions (known as
356:
and the increasing intrusion of the state into the juridical and executive independence of the
3264:
3116:
2871:
2831:
2809:
2017:
1685:
1670:
1648:
1633:
1618:
801:
from the early classical period onwards, the minimum qualification for assuming the status of
333:
3329:
3289:
3221:
3156:
3081:
3076:
2848:
2771:
2718:
2513:
2508:
2397:
2256:
2205:
2165:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2037:
1984:
1977:
1962:
1957:
1881:
1809:
1541:, edited by Edward J. Cashin and Glenn T. Eskew (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001).
1141:
987:
983:
947:
843:
344:
remained. Its public magistrates now legally over-rode the traditional rights of the family
92:
88:
3424:
3236:
3216:
3176:
3111:
3061:
3056:
2931:
2881:
2789:
2623:
2603:
2523:
1972:
1797:
1527:
Charleston in Black and White: Race and Power in the South After the Civil Rights
Movement
1413:
1384:
Charleston in Black and White: Race and Power in the South After the Civil Rights
Movement
1050:
786:
1075:
Patria potestas, EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, inc., March 30, 2016,
268:). He was also obliged to observe the constraints imposed by Roman custom and law on all
1488:
The Press and Slavery in America, 1791-1859: The Melancholy Effect of Popular Excitement
272:. His decisions should be obtained through counsel, consultation and consent within the
3479:
3121:
2856:
2804:
2776:
2723:
2708:
2688:
2503:
2478:
2435:
2425:
2251:
2225:
2155:
2140:
2105:
2065:
1826:
1113:, "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household,"
1110:
557:
331:
severely penalised adulterous wives and any husbands who tolerated such behaviour. The
3700:
3011:
2981:
2896:
2430:
2407:
2220:
2075:
2060:
2007:
1814:
595:
249:
233:
106:
1274:
A History of Women in the West, Volume I, From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints
3489:
3349:
2794:
2743:
2698:
2693:
2545:
2355:
2241:
2185:
2180:
2070:
1952:
1836:
1770:
1164:
1076:
855:
637:
of his sons and daughters; however, an edict of Emperor Augustus provided that the
548:
means "with hand"). If the man divorced his wife, he or his father had to give the
194:
133:, and varying levels of authority over his dependents: these included his wife and
1438:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 122-153, esp. 122-130, 135-139, 149-153.
1425:, edited by Marta V. Vicente and Luis R. Cortega (London: Routledge, 2017), 17-36.
950:, slaveowning planters developed a rhetorical defense of slavery as a benevolent,
890:, though jurists decided on a case-by-case basis whether to extend the status of
445:
and each of its members. As the singular, lawful head of a family derived from a
3284:
2906:
2728:
2618:
2012:
991:
982:
and composed of individual âclans or lineages,â descended from a single mother.
979:
975:
951:
689:
679:
603:
117:
1326:
Richard P. Saller, "'Familia, Domus,' and the Roman Conception of the Family,"
1170:
on marriage as necessary to Rome's survival. Limited preview via Google Books:
17:
3509:
3449:
3414:
3206:
3141:
3131:
3026:
2911:
2799:
2382:
2350:
2095:
2022:
1854:
1849:
1700:
1539:
Paternalism in a Southern City: Race, Religion, and Gender in Augusta, Georgia
673:
430:
1727:
894:
to them in their capacity as slaveowners. In general, however, the status of
3539:
3534:
3494:
3419:
3389:
3369:
3246:
3186:
3096:
3046:
3041:
2966:
2926:
2814:
2784:
2593:
2468:
2261:
2145:
2120:
1999:
1434:
Debra Blumenthal, "Enemies or Extended Family? Slaves in the Household," in
1046:
878:
780:, Roman writers and jurists have interpreted ancient writersâ invocation of
736:
622:
320:
295:
112:
73:
for "father of the family" or the "owner of the family estate". The form is
671:
and the slaves, but some of the duties were recognized not by the original
256:
had a duty to exemplify, enjoin and, if necessary, enforce, so within the
3499:
3484:
3474:
3459:
3374:
3364:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3211:
3126:
3006:
2991:
2921:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2866:
2665:
2246:
2210:
2100:
2027:
1859:
927:
820:
607:
291:
221:
78:
74:
1529:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 15-34, esp. 16.
1436:
Enemies and Familiars: Slavery and Mastery in Fifteenth-Century Valencia
1151:
Parkin & Pomeroy, 72â80. Limited preview available via Google Books
3519:
3514:
3504:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3399:
3384:
3201:
3196:
3181:
3151:
3106:
3086:
3066:
3021:
2753:
2608:
2387:
2195:
2190:
2080:
748:
695:
420:
352:. The principate shows a clear trend towards the erosion of individual
145:
moderated his authority and determined his responsibilities to his own
1739:
1462:
Caribbean New Orleans: Empire, Race, and the Making of a Slave Society
3529:
3409:
3339:
3279:
3274:
3241:
3001:
2986:
2936:
2916:
2338:
2215:
2110:
1647:, Oxford University Press (American Philological Association), 2004.
1137:
1012:
862:
Roman legal sources often recognized enslaved people as part of the
1356:, edited by Malcolm Todd (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004), 282.
1317:, edited by William Smith (London: Walton and Maberly, 1859), 1041.
3314:
3036:
2763:
2055:
549:
416:
382:
199:
70:
1490:(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2016), esp. 53-56.
610:, demonstrates that personal choice was exercised in the matter.
3524:
3091:
3031:
2613:
1989:
446:
425:
396:
207:
might own one or several homes. All members and properties of a
1743:
1503:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), esp. 143-298, 505-534.
2085:
1421:
Sex, Lies and Paternity Suits in Fifteenth-Century Spain," in
248:
was expected to adhere to the core principles and laws of the
177:
was conceived of as an economic and juridical unit or estate:
1449:
Buying Freedom: The Ethics and Economics of Slave Redemption,
797:
As Roman jurists began to articulate the legal conception of
772:
as âhead of householdâ derived from this early conception of
1477:(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2018), 10-11.
1423:
Women, Texts and Authority in the Early Modern Spanish World
1386:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 16.
457:
through his pious fulfillment of ancestral obligations. The
1501:
Deliver Us From Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South
1230:
The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of the Roman World
699:, which would emerge only in a latter period of Roman law.
882:(âof their own power,â and not under the authority of any
648:(children of the family) could include the biological and
1352:
Lindsay Allason-Jones, "The Family in Roman Britain," in
930:, for example, adopted the classical Roman conception of
1682:
Augustus and the family at the birth of the Roman Empire
1572:
Ar'n't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South
1643:
Frier, Bruce W., McGinn, Thomas A.J., and Lidov, Joel,
1587:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2020), 253.
1561:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998)
1447:
Kwame Anthony Appiah, "What's Wrong with Slavery?" in
1395:
Jonathan Edmonson, "Slavery and the Roman Family," in
886:) possessed the legal right to own enslaved people as
667:
also had a series of extra duties: duties towards the
1736:
Olga Tellegen-Couper, "A Short History of Roman Law".
1574:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1985), 106-108.
1343:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 41-42.
582:) but had a male guardian appointed to them. A woman
219:
as a microcosm of the Roman state. In Roman law, the
137:, certain other relatives through blood or adoption,
1373:(London: Joseph Butterworth and Son, 1824), 340-341.
314:). As such, he was responsible for the entire Roman
229:
was official but distinct from that of magistrates.
203:(house or home) but was legally distinct from it: a
3548:
3442:
3255:
2847:
2840:
2762:
2674:
2579:
2454:
2406:
2284:
2234:
2173:
2164:
2046:
1998:
1918:
1835:
1796:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1514:
The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders
842:exhibited equivalent jurisdiction as that of local
556:of the wife's former family. By the Late Republic,
480:Roman religious law defined the religious rites of
215:: his legal, social and religious position defined
1719:George Long, "Patria Potestas", in William Smith,
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1632:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
1617:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
1305:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 2-3.
710:and could not themselves acquire the rights of a
602:to ensure that "obviously deformed" infants were
477:to his childrenâwhether by blood or by adoption.
1371:Being a Delineation of the State in Point of Law
1077:https://www.britannica.com/topic/patria-potestas
902:because Roman law recognized the authority that
433:as ancestral shades of the departed, and by the
27:Oldest living male in an ancient Roman household
948:plantation slavery in the antebellum U.S. South
1367:The Slavery of the British West India Colonies
683:, specially directed to foreigners, or by the
1755:
914:through their ownership of enslaved persons.
8:
1724:London, John Murray, 1875, pp. 873â875.
978:of the Gold Coast, for example, was largely
641:could not withhold that permission lightly.
1721:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
764:The original classical Roman definition of
2844:
2170:
1802:
1762:
1748:
1740:
1630:Religions of Rome: Volume 2, a sourcebook
1315:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
742:Over time, the absolute authority of the
125:within the community of his own extended
91:), whereas in classical Latin the normal
954:based on the ancient Roman model of the
659:Because of their extended rights (their
617:had the power to sell his children into
461:was therefore owed a reciprocal duty of
264:) allowed him powers of life and death (
1035:
1615:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History
1397:The Cambridge World History of Slavery
1185:(Julians) of Julius Caesar. See Beard
706:remained under the authority of their
505:burials. In rural estates, the entire
36:Head of the household (disambiguation)
1596:John Hearne, "Landscape With Faces,"
1419:Sclaves Molt Fortes, Senyors Invalts:
1297:
1295:
1211:, vol. 1, 49: citing Cato the Elder,
1066:, Oxford University Press, 2004, p486
898:could not be fully extended to women
429:. The latter were represented by the
407:The domestic responsibilities of the
276:, which were decisions by committee (
7:
1665:Parkin, Tim, & Pomeroy, Arthur,
1628:Beard, M., Price, S., North, J.,
1613:Beard, M., Price, S., North, J.,
423:) and the ancestral gods of his own
1667:Roman Social History, a Sourcebook,
1660:Growing up Fatherless in Antiquity,
986:, while more often organized along
928:fifteenth-century Valencian society
633:had the power to approve or reject
211:were subject to the authority of a
54:
1658:Huebner, S. R, Ratzan, D. M. eds.
1516:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982).
1417:§798. See also Debra Blumenthal, "
1232:, p. 45. Usborne Publishing, 2002.
727:over their respective households (
328:Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis
181:originally meant the group of the
25:
1662:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
1525:Steve Estes, "Pater Familias" in
1049:genitive form that survived into
966:to the level of broader society.
1733:New York, Robert Appleton, 1913.
1703:
141:, freedmen and slaves. The same
1401:The Ancient Mediterranean World
1341:The Freedman in the Roman World
972:roots in West African societies
415:) to his "household gods" (the
306:. Augustus was not only Rome's
121:) established the power of the
30:For the 2003 Italian film, see
1645:A Casebook on Roman Family Law
1600:47, no. 1 (March 2001): 61-62.
1330:38, no. 4 (Winter, 1984): 343.
1079:. Access Date: April 11, 2018
1064:A Casebook on Roman Family Law
1024:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
663:, literally "long hand"), the
411:included his priestly duties (
260:Republican law and tradition (
1:
95:genitive singular ending was
77:in Latin, preserving the old
2334:Frontiers and fortifications
1354:A Companion to Roman Britain
1219:, vol. 2, 141, source 6.3a.)
1154:(accessed 24 September 2009)
938:. As a consequence of this,
150:social life. In effect, the
2393:Decorations and punishments
1062:Frier, B.W., McGinn, T.A.,
723:succeeded to the status of
570:Women emancipated from the
469:. He in his turn conferred
453:embodied and expressed its
34:. For the modern term, see
3743:
3712:Family law in ancient Rome
3300:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1875:historiography of the fall
778:the early classical period
520:
400:
394:
387:Bronze genius depicted as
197:, which might include the
29:
3681:External wars and battles
1805:
1778:
1119:, 94, no. 2 (Apr., 1999).
1053:in this fixed expression.
1022:â perennial 1864 book by
952:paternalistic institution
832:also weakened over time.
578:were independent by law (
552:and the wife back to the
298:co-opted the traditional
1241:Frier et al., pp. 88â90.
729:pater familias sui iuris
527:Marriage in ancient Rome
296:the morality of marriage
3722:Latin words and phrases
3676:RomanâIranian relations
2151:Optimates and populares
918:Historical applications
266:vitae necisque potestas
3686:Civil wars and revolts
2952:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2599:Conflict of the Orders
1958:Legislative assemblies
1251:Pauline Schmitt Pantel
1136:case-law definitions (
392:
3395:Simplicius of Cilicia
3147:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2376:Siege in Ancient Rome
1985:Executive magistrates
1730:Catholic Encyclopedia
998:of their households.
523:Women in ancient Rome
521:Further information:
386:
310:but also its father (
61:), was the head of a
32:Pater Familias (film)
3707:Ancient Roman titles
3405:Stephanus Byzantinus
3310:Eusebius of Caesaria
3172:Sidonius Apollinaris
2862:Ammianus Marcellinus
2201:Tribune of the plebs
1570:Deborah Gray White,
1168:Metellus Macedonicus
1008:Bonus pater familias
323:maritandis ordinibus
3581:Distinguished women
3232:Velleius Paterculus
3072:Nicolaus Damascenus
3052:Marcellus Empiricus
2441:Republican currency
1711:Ancient Rome portal
1684:, Routledge, 2003.
1598:Caribbean Quarterly
1303:Medieval Households
1116:Classical Philology
465:cult by his entire
193:as the basic Roman
105:always had to be a
3355:Phlegon of Tralles
3162:Seneca the Younger
2636:Naming conventions
2366:Personal equipment
1899:Later Roman Empire
1557:Michael A. Gomez,
1339:Henrik Mouritsen,
946:In the context of
656:and his siblings.
403:Genius (mythology)
393:
294:'s legislation on
47:, also written as
3694:
3693:
3656:Pontifices maximi
3438:
3437:
3295:Diogenes Laërtius
3117:Pliny the Younger
2872:Asconius Pedianus
2832:Romance languages
2704:Civil engineering
2446:Imperial currency
2319:Political control
2280:
2279:
1914:
1913:
1675:978-0-415-42675-6
1669:Routledge, 2007.
1653:978-0-19-516186-1
1111:Richard P. Saller
988:patrilineal lines
849:While some Roman
844:civil magistrates
693:, especially the
687:, the law of the
341:quaestio perpetua
334:Lex Papia Poppaea
16:(Redirected from
3734:
3646:Magistri equitum
3561:Cities and towns
3554:
3480:Constantinopolis
3290:Diodorus Siculus
3222:Valerius Maximus
3157:Seneca the Elder
3077:Nonius Marcellus
2845:
2398:Hippika gymnasia
2361:Infantry tactics
2267:Consular tribune
2257:Magister equitum
2206:Military tribune
2171:
2131:Pontifex maximus
2126:Princeps senatus
2116:Magister militum
1882:Byzantine Empire
1803:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1728:"Roman Law", in
1713:
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1583:Libra R. Hilde,
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1060:
1054:
1040:
1019:The Ancient City
813:unit over which
677:but only by the
650:adopted children
594:The laws of the
473:and the duty of
391:(1st century AD)
100:
93:first declension
89:Latin declension
86:
56:
21:
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3717:Fathers' rights
3697:
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3544:
3434:
3270:AĂ«tius of Amida
3251:
3237:Verrius Flaccus
3217:Valerius Antias
3177:Silius Italicus
3112:Pliny the Elder
3057:Marcus Aurelius
2932:Cornelius Nepos
2882:Aurelius Victor
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2604:Secessio plebis
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836:Patres familias
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488:(funded by the
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2106:Vigintisexviri
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2066:Cursus honorum
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1213:On Agriculture
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1189:, vol 1, 67â8.
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646:filii familias
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401:Main article:
395:Main article:
389:pater familias
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304:pater familias
280:). The family
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2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Deforestation
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Siege engines
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Establishment
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:Extraordinary
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Promagistrate
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Twelve Tables
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:0-415-30959-X
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:0-521-45646-0
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:0-521-31682-0
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:James Oakes,
1509:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:Steve Estes,
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1198:Severy, 9â10.
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:, 18â20, for
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:Severy, 9â10.
1085:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Mandé society
981:
977:
973:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
874:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
822:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:Roman context
759:
754:
752:
750:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
682:
681:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
598:required the
597:
596:Twelve Tables
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
528:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
503:
502:sacra privata
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:sacra privata
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
398:
390:
385:
379:
375:
371:
368:As priest of
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
338:the imperial
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
322:
317:
313:
312:pater patriae
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Twelve Tables
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Roman citizen
230:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
169:
165:
163:
159:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
108:
107:Roman citizen
104:
99:
94:
90:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
51:
50:paterfamilias
46:
45:
37:
33:
19:
3626:Institutions
3490:Leptis Magna
3443:Major cities
3350:Philostratus
3137:Quadrigarius
2957:Rufus Festus
2820:Contemporary
2541:Romanization
2464:Architecture
2071:Collegiality
1920:Constitution
1771:Ancient Rome
1729:
1720:
1681:
1666:
1659:
1644:
1629:
1614:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1181:Such as the
1177:
1159:
1147:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1084:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1042:
1038:
1018:
995:
992:Igbo society
976:Akan society
968:
963:
959:
955:
945:
939:
935:
931:
923:
921:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
876:Roman women
875:
871:
867:
863:
861:
854:
850:
848:
839:
835:
834:
829:
825:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
796:
791:
785:
781:
773:
769:
765:
763:
743:
741:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
701:
694:
688:
684:
678:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
653:
645:
643:
638:
630:
626:
614:
612:
604:put to death
599:
593:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
564:
558:
553:
545:
541:
536:
532:
530:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
438:
424:
412:
408:
406:
388:
377:
373:
369:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
339:
332:
326:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:, which the
245:
241:
231:
226:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
167:
160:
155:
151:
146:
142:
130:
126:
122:
116:
111:
102:
97:
83:
66:
63:Roman family
58:
49:
48:
43:
42:
40:
3621:Geographers
3305:Dioscorides
3285:Cassius Dio
2907:Cassiodorus
2810:Renaissance
2416:Agriculture
2388:Auxiliaries
2329:Engineering
2166:Magistrates
2018:Citizenship
2013:Mos maiorum
1948:Late Empire
1254: [
1215:, in Beard
980:matrilineal
888:instrumenta
864:instrumenta
856:contubernia
690:Magistratus
680:ius gentium
661:longa manus
431:di parentes
262:mos majorum
195:social unit
143:mos majorum
118:mos majorum
3701:Categories
3510:Mediolanum
3450:Alexandria
3415:Themistius
3380:Porphyrius
3207:Tertullian
3142:Quintilian
3132:Propertius
3027:Lactantius
2977:Fulgentius
2912:Censorinus
2734:Sanitation
2719:Metallurgy
2676:Technology
2641:Demography
2589:Patricians
2556:Spectacles
2514:Literature
2509:Hairstyles
2346:Technology
2096:Praefectus
2048:Government
2038:Litigation
2023:Auctoritas
1968:Centuriate
1855:Principate
1850:Pax Romana
1810:Foundation
1399:, Vol. I:
1369:, Vol. I,
1030:References
674:ius civile
531:The legal
494:pontifices
360:under its
81:ending in
3727:Paternity
3666:Quaestors
3596:Empresses
3586:Dynasties
3576:Dictators
3551:and other
3540:Volubilis
3535:Vindobona
3495:Londinium
3420:Theodoret
3390:Procopius
3370:Polyaenus
3345:Pausanias
3247:Vitruvius
3192:Symmachus
3187:Suetonius
3097:Petronius
3082:Obsequens
3047:Macrobius
3042:Lucretius
2967:Frontinus
2942:Eutropius
2927:Columella
2877:Augustine
2867:Appuleius
2815:Neo-Latin
2790:Classical
2781:Versions
2689:Aqueducts
2631:Patronage
2551:Sexuality
2524:Mythology
2499:Education
2489:Cosmetics
2314:Campaigns
2309:Structure
2262:Decemviri
2121:Imperator
1820:overthrow
1276:, p. 133.
1272:, (ed.)
908:sui iuris
900:sui iuris
879:sui iuris
824:, of the
737:intestate
635:marriages
623:Roman law
584:sui iuris
580:sui iuris
346:concilium
321:Lex Julia
278:consilium
236:held the
113:Roman law
3671:Tribunes
3661:Praetors
3611:Generals
3591:Emperors
3500:Lugdunum
3485:Eboracum
3475:Carthage
3460:Aquileia
3375:Polybius
3365:Plutarch
3335:Libanius
3325:Josephus
3320:Herodian
3212:Tibullus
3127:Priscian
3102:Phaedrus
3062:Manilius
3007:Jordanes
2992:Hydatius
2922:Claudian
2902:Catullus
2892:Boëthius
2887:Ausonius
2805:Medieval
2777:Alphabet
2749:Theatres
2724:Numerals
2709:Concrete
2699:Circuses
2666:Bagaudae
2656:Adoption
2651:Marriage
2624:Assembly
2529:Religion
2504:Folklore
2484:Clothing
2479:Calendar
2436:Currency
2426:Commerce
2324:Strategy
2286:Military
2272:Triumvir
2252:Dictator
2247:Interrex
2226:Governor
2211:Quaestor
2174:Ordinary
2156:Province
2146:Tetrarch
2136:Augustus
2101:Vicarius
2091:Officium
2028:Imperium
1978:Plebeian
1938:Republic
1860:Dominate
1827:Republic
1788:Timeline
1043:Familias
1002:See also
821:potestas
608:Claudius
590:Children
572:potestas
561:marriage
546:cum manu
542:cum manu
533:potestas
308:princeps
300:potestas
292:Augustus
282:consilia
270:potestas
222:potestas
135:children
79:genitive
3641:Legions
3601:Fiction
3571:Consuls
3566:Climate
3520:Ravenna
3515:Pompeii
3505:Lutetia
3470:Bononia
3465:Berytus
3455:Antioch
3430:Zosimus
3425:Zonaras
3400:Sozomen
3385:Priscus
3360:Photius
3202:Terence
3197:Tacitus
3182:Statius
3167:Servius
3152:Sallust
3107:Plautus
3087:Orosius
3067:Martial
3022:Juvenal
2997:Hyginus
2982:Gellius
2841:Writers
2772:History
2754:Thermae
2744:Temples
2694:Bridges
2661:Slavery
2609:Equites
2581:Society
2561:Theatre
2534:Deities
2494:Cuisine
2474:Bathing
2456:Culture
2431:Finance
2408:Economy
2299:Borders
2294:History
2196:Tribune
2191:Praetor
2081:Legatus
2076:Emperor
1963:Curiate
1933:Kingdom
1928:History
1904:History
1887:decline
1845:History
1815:Kingdom
1798:History
1783:Outline
1608:Sources
1328:Phoenix
1134:familia
1047:archaic
932:familia
811:familia
787:dominus
774:familia
766:familia
755:Slavery
749:Hadrian
696:Praetor
652:of the
619:slavery
544:(Latin
535:of the
507:familia
490:familia
482:familia
467:familia
421:Penates
370:familia
358:familia
316:familia
302:of the
274:familia
258:familia
246:familia
232:Only a
225:of the
217:familia
209:familia
205:familia
191:familia
179:familia
168:familia
156:familia
147:familia
139:clients
131:familia
127:familia
75:archaic
3651:Nomina
3636:Legacy
3616:Gentes
3553:topics
3549:Lists
3530:Smyrna
3410:Strabo
3340:Lucian
3330:Julian
3280:Arrian
3275:Appian
3265:Aelian
3242:Vergil
3017:Justin
3002:Jerome
2987:Horace
2972:Fronto
2962:Florus
2937:Ennius
2917:Cicero
2897:Caesar
2795:Vulgar
2619:Tribes
2546:Romans
2356:Legion
2339:castra
2216:Aedile
2186:Censor
2181:Consul
2141:Caesar
2111:Lictor
2033:Status
1973:Tribal
1953:Senate
1943:Empire
1837:Empire
1773:topics
1688:
1673:
1651:
1636:
1621:
1289:, 199.
1287:et al.
1285:Frier
1217:et al.
1209:et al.
1207:Beard
1187:et al.
1165:censor
1138:Ulpian
1130:et al.
1128:Frier
1045:is an
1013:Kyrios
974:. The
702:Adult
629:. The
498:censor
471:genius
463:genius
455:genius
449:, the
439:Genius
437:cult.
435:genius
378:genius
238:status
183:famuli
166:Roman
101:. The
65:. The
3315:Galen
3257:Greek
3227:Varro
3037:Lucan
2849:Latin
2764:Latin
2739:Ships
2729:Roads
2714:Domes
2646:Women
2594:Plebs
2519:Music
2061:Forum
2056:Curia
1270:]
1183:Julli
735:died
721:pater
708:pater
704:filii
669:filii
574:of a
559:manus
550:dowry
417:Lares
362:pater
200:domus
187:servi
185:(the
87:(see
71:Latin
3631:Laws
3606:Film
3525:Roma
3092:Ovid
3032:Livy
2800:Late
2614:Gens
2571:Wine
2383:Navy
2351:Army
1990:SPQR
1892:fall
1870:fall
1686:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1619:ISBN
644:The
613:The
525:and
517:Wife
496:and
447:gens
443:gens
426:gens
419:and
397:Gens
376:and
374:gens
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