2901:
2911:
25:
80:
is deeply rooted in
Chinese society. Traditionally, men dominated the family and society, while women were expected to be subservient to their fathers, husbands, and sons. However, over time, Chinese society has undergone tremendous changes, including the elevation of women's status and the gradual
183:
Men hold most of the major positions of power within the country, especially in the political and military spheres. However, with the decline of traditional practices through the 20th century, women have come to enjoy virtually equal economic power. This is especially true in the cities, where the
81:
dilution of traditional customs. In contemporary China, although men still dominate the political and military spheres, women have begun to gain almost equal economic power. However, some traditional attitudes and practices, such as forced abortions and social pressure on
224:, meaning "outside grandmother"). The paternal grandmother would be the one who was expected to live with grandchildren and assist in their care and raising. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, paternal and maternal grandmothers enjoy equal status.
117:
has been focused on preserving the traditional role of the father as the primary leader and decision maker of the family. In the hierarchy of traditional
Chinese cultural family life, the father and sons take prominence over the mother and daughters. A cliché of
1577:
132:. A woman was to be subordinate to her father in youth, her husband in maturity, and her son in old age. Familial relationships are prefixed, and family lifestyles and behaviors are constrained by social norms.
2214:
172:, a tradition of virtuous widowhood developed. Widows, even if widowed at a young age, would be expected not to remarry. Their virtuous names might be displayed on the arch at the entrance of the village.
153:
women must abide by: proper virtue, proper speech, proper countenance, proper merit. The "three subordinations and the four virtues" is a common four-character phrase throughout the imperial period.
2362:
276:
1470:
184:
social stigma of being a working woman is virtually nonexistent, although skepticism of unmarried, career-minded women is increasing. Although both genders face strong pressure to be
1814:
1509:
2503:
1617:
1542:
1428:
1433:
1492:
160:, when women played sports (polo) and were generally freer in fashion and conduct. Between the Tang and Song dynasties, a fad for little feet arose, and from the
2831:
2038:
254:
1696:
657:
933:
2876:
943:
1273:
652:
180:
Features of patriarchy in 20th and 21st century China are a combination of contemporary problems found even in the West and traditional
Chinese issues.
1612:
1597:
1497:
1354:
1312:
2856:
2367:
1518:
846:
583:
2219:
1607:
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348:
323:
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1854:
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434:
384:
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953:
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1317:
697:
916:
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2791:
1327:
1304:
1268:
1124:
1119:
150:
129:
122:, which is repeated throughout the tradition, is the familiar notion that men govern the outer world, while women govern the home.
2716:
2711:
2606:
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2065:
1602:
1258:
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2726:
2626:
2616:
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2033:
1777:
1706:
1263:
991:
958:
831:
639:
43:
2955:
2801:
2342:
1982:
346:
Chen, F. (2005). "Residential patterns of parents and their married children in contemporary China: A life course approach".
2666:
216:. This traditional preference for the paternal grandmother was reflected in the word referring to the paternal grandmother (
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2816:
2776:
2771:
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2741:
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1465:
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1253:
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105:
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202:
purposes; authorities have been accused of giving the women virtually no control over their bodies in this area.
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1948:
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1401:
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1170:
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1011:
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679:
239:
1624:
2950:
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1996:
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1877:
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1535:
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209:
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1725:
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291:
199:
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2240:
1943:
1892:
1830:
1552:
1389:
1377:
1367:
1136:
769:
569:
2169:
2117:
1977:
1772:
1747:
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1669:
1504:
1396:
1372:
1230:
712:
33:
2960:
2567:
2470:
2315:
2209:
2204:
2174:
2132:
2018:
1938:
1923:
1752:
1713:
1420:
1034:
938:
689:
264:
2910:
2357:
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2189:
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1967:
1955:
1864:
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1438:
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1061:
1056:
974:
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389:
365:
2416:
2408:
2122:
1989:
1960:
1918:
1847:
1804:
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1569:
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213:
145:
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2006:
2001:
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1809:
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996:
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903:
826:
781:
729:
619:
604:
596:
529:
481:
357:
234:
119:
156:
As for the historical development of
Chinese patriarchy, women's status was highest in the
2142:
2137:
2060:
2011:
1972:
1636:
1218:
1024:
911:
259:
188:, women who remain unmarried past the age of 25 are shamed by state media with the label
2543:
2475:
2398:
2245:
2199:
2184:
2179:
2162:
2147:
1933:
1288:
1283:
1213:
799:
522:
China's
Grandmothers: Gender, Family, and Ageing from Late Qing to Twenty-First Century
474:
China's
Grandmothers: Gender, Family, and Ageing from Late Qing to Twenty-First Century
244:
2929:
2904:
2508:
2255:
2089:
1928:
1730:
1051:
1039:
881:
742:
551:
503:
369:
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2433:
2305:
2270:
876:
871:
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856:
851:
841:
759:
754:
439:
169:
165:
161:
157:
114:
110:
101:
208:
regarding favoring the grandmother on the father's side persisted until after the
313:
195:
In addition, foot binding and arranged marriages have been virtually eradicated.
2914:
2127:
1044:
1029:
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794:
789:
737:
136:
405:
2300:
1208:
1019:
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361:
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73:
66:
62:
315:
Mencius and
Masculinities: Dynamics of Power, Morality, and Maternal Thinking
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533:
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125:
2480:
198:
There is also the issue of forced abortions in China, especially for
85:(women who remain unmarried past the age of 25), remain a challenge.
69:
is not exclusive to
Chinese culture and exists all over the world.
592:
561:
2563:
565:
383:
Tatlow, Didi
Christian; Forsythe, Michael (20 February 2015).
18:
106:
Gender inequality in China § Confucianism and gender
277:
List of
Chinese administrative divisions by gender ratio
76:
cultural phenomenon. From Confucianism to modern times,
385:"In China's Modern Economy, a Retro Push Against Women"
16:
Era in which male dominance in China was hugely present
406:"BBC News - China's 'leftover women', unmarried at 27"
149:, advice on how women should behave. She outlines the
2855:
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780:
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603:
168:became more and more common for the elite. In the
435:"The Peculiar History of Foot Binding in China"
102:Confucianism § Women in Confucian thought
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577:
255:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
8:
32:It has been suggested that this article be
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2225:
1911:
1662:
1350:
1346:
1007:
979:
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65:in Chinese society and culture, although
61:refers to the history and prevalence of
404:Magistad, Mary Kay (20 February 2013).
304:
1519:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
433:Schiavenza, Matt (16 September 2013).
72:Patriarchy in China is a historically
349:Population Research and Policy Review
7:
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467:
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2215:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
14:
1510:Political Consultative Conference
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2900:
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2296:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
2291:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
271:Selection of children by gender:
220:) and the maternal grandmother (
23:
2286:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
1483:Political parties and movements
847:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
832:Northern and Southern dynasties
312:Joanne D. Birdwhistell (2007).
94:Confucianism and Imperial China
1:
49:Proposed since February 2024.
1588:Ministry of National Defense
927:Chinese Communist Revolution
454:Fong, Mei (5 January 2016).
2941:Marriage in Chinese culture
2251:Flowers of the Four Seasons
2236:Four Treasures of the Study
1855:Water supply and sanitation
1583:Central Military Commission
1578:Outline of military history
1328:Province-level subdivisions
282:Female infanticide in China
2977:
2591:Gender inequality in Asia
1524:Primary stage of socialism
1466:National People's Congress
934:People's Republic of China
526:Cambridge University Press
520:Lary, Diana (2022-04-30).
478:Cambridge University Press
472:Lary, Diana (2022-04-30).
250:Gender inequality in China
99:
39:Gender inequality in China
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2521:
1914:
1665:
1349:
1274:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
982:
362:10.1007/s11113-004-6371-9
2657:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2449:Catholic Church in China
1593:People's Liberation Army
1560:One country, two systems
240:Marriage in modern China
2281:Four Pillars of Destiny
2066:Regional discrimination
1488:Chinese Communist Party
210:Chinese Communist Party
139:, the female historian
2034:Science and technology
1707:Special economic zones
959:persecution of Uyghurs
887:Century of humiliation
292:Missing women of China
2956:Cultural anthropology
2241:Four Great Inventions
1625:People's Armed Police
534:10.1017/9781009064781
486:10.1017/9781009064781
100:Further information:
2832:United Arab Emirates
2220:World Heritage Sites
1748:Foreign aid received
1456:Environmental policy
1254:Environmental policy
1249:Environmental issues
176:20th century onwards
130:three subordinations
2859:limited recognition
2466:History of religion
2461:Freedom of religion
2316:Four Pests campaign
2261:Four Classic Novels
1873:Automotive industry
1753:Foreign aid program
1444:Pro-democratisation
939:Cultural Revolution
265:Straight man cancer
59:Patriarchy in China
2373:Population history
2353:Internal migration
1968:Harmonious Society
1843:Telecommunications
1800:Standard of living
1719:Online advertising
1471:Standing Committee
390:The New York Times
212:'s victory in the
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2922:
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2516:
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2323:
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1900:
1888:Shipping industry
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1618:Strategic Support
1493:General Secretary
1478:National security
1461:Foreign relations
1415:
1414:
1336:
1335:
1299:
1298:
1002:Natural disasters
969:
968:
922:Chinese Civil War
917:Republic of China
892:Taiping Rebellion
765:Spring and Autumn
670:Foreign relations
543:978-1-009-06478-1
495:978-1-009-06478-1
325:978-0-7914-8038-0
287:Abortion in China
214:Chinese Civil War
206:Traditional norms
146:Lessons for Women
56:
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2599:Sovereign states
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2427:Tibetan Buddhism
2422:Chinese Buddhism
2276:Four Holy Beasts
2226:
2078:Social relations
2007:Standard Chinese
2002:Chinese language
1912:
1697:Economic history
1663:
1642:Maritime Militia
1351:
1347:
1318:Border crossings
1313:Baseline islands
1008:
980:
944:Tiananmen Square
827:Sixteen Kingdoms
635:Military history
610:
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572:
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309:
235:Chinese marriage
190:"leftover women"
83:"leftover women"
47:
27:
26:
19:
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2975:
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2936:Chinese culture
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2872:Northern Cyprus
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2513:
2485:
2403:
2363:Life expectancy
2320:
2224:
2104:
2024:Public holidays
2012:Written Chinese
1997:Intellectualism
1949:Sex trafficking
1897:
1859:
1819:
1648:
1564:
1411:
1402:Nationality law
1385:Law enforcement
1363:Judicial system
1332:
1295:
1269:Nature reserves
1259:Protected areas
1225:
1196:Water resources
1159:
1068:
1006:
965:
949:Economic reform
912:1911 Revolution
898:
862:Jin (1115–1234)
776:
724:
684:
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260:Plastic surgery
230:
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120:classical texts
113:conceptions of
108:
96:
91:
52:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2958:
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2951:Women in China
2948:
2946:Gender in Asia
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2246:Four Gentlemen
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2238:
2232:
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2229:Fours of China
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2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
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2016:
2015:
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2009:
1999:
1994:
1993:
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1970:
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1963:
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1941:
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1878:Civil aviation
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1824:Infrastructure
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1778:Semiconductors
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1758:Historical GDP
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1536:Vice President
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1264:National parks
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1244:Climate policy
1241:
1239:Climate change
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1145:Central Plains
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1016:
1014:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Extreme points
989:
983:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
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963:
962:
961:
956:
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2029:Rural society
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822:Jin (266–420)
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200:sex selection
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128:outlined the
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45:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2827:Turkmenistan
2792:Saudi Arabia
2444:Christianity
2434:Confucianism
2394:Urbanization
2330:Demographics
2306:Gang of Four
2271:Four Symbols
2170:Martial arts
2055:
1944:Prostitution
1831:Architecture
1685:Central bank
1553:Vice Premier
1505:United front
1434:Constitution
1390:Penal system
1368:Human rights
1305:Subdivisions
1143: /
1139: /
1062:Southwestern
1057:Northwestern
760:Western Zhou
708:Yellow River
658:1949–present
521:
473:
455:
449:
440:The Atlantic
438:
428:
416:. Retrieved
409:
399:
388:
378:
353:
347:
341:
329:. Retrieved
314:
307:
270:
269:
221:
217:
204:
197:
194:
182:
179:
170:Ming dynasty
166:foot binding
162:Song dynasty
158:Tang dynasty
155:
151:four virtues
144:
134:
124:
115:filial piety
109:
97:
71:
58:
57:
48:
37:
2915:Asia portal
2857:States with
2777:Philippines
2717:South Korea
2712:North Korea
2607:Afghanistan
2210:Variety art
2205:Tea culture
2133:Calligraphy
2118:Archaeology
1978:Food safety
1773:Gold mining
1675:Aquaculture
1670:Agriculture
1630:Coast Guard
1397:Naming laws
1231:Environment
1219:South China
698:Paleolithic
690:Prehistoric
648:before 1912
137:Han dynasty
2961:Patriarchy
2930:Categories
2837:Uzbekistan
2812:Tajikistan
2727:Kyrgyzstan
2707:Kazakhstan
2627:Bangladesh
2617:Azerbaijan
2471:Irreligion
2368:Statistics
2338:Emigration
2301:Four Wangs
2190:Philosophy
2175:Mass media
2158:Literature
2056:Patriarchy
2019:Propaganda
1939:Corruption
1924:Censorship
1714:E-commerce
1421:Government
1214:East China
1186:Waterfalls
1132:Peninsulas
1100:Grasslands
299:References
143:wrote the
78:patriarchy
67:patriarchy
2877:Palestine
2802:Sri Lanka
2797:Singapore
2677:Indonesia
2358:Languages
2311:Four Olds
2266:Four arts
2153:Libraries
2083:Structure
2046:Sexuality
1983:incidents
1956:Education
1865:Transport
1741:Renewable
1736:Petroleum
1531:President
1498:Politburo
1451:Elections
1439:Democracy
1407:Terrorism
1155:Volcanoes
1137:Northeast
1115:Mountains
1025:Northeast
975:Geography
882:High Qing
703:Neolithic
675:Dynasties
653:1912–1949
644:Economic
613:Overviews
552:248187455
504:248187455
456:One Child
414:. Beijing
111:Confucian
2905:Category
2867:Abkhazia
2817:Thailand
2772:Pakistan
2752:Mongolia
2747:Maldives
2742:Malaysia
2642:Cambodia
2544:Category
2417:Buddhism
2409:Religion
2386:Post-90s
2379:Post-80s
2123:Archives
1990:HIV/AIDS
1961:Literacy
1919:Abortion
1848:Internet
1805:Taxation
1788:Textiles
1768:Chemical
1763:Industry
1692:Currency
1570:Military
1378:in Tibet
1342:Politics
1279:Wildlife
1191:Wetlands
954:COVID-19
782:Imperial
680:Monarchs
640:Language
625:Timeline
597:articles
418:29 March
411:BBC News
370:71709934
228:See also
164:onwards
141:Ban Zhao
2842:Vietnam
2757:Myanmar
2737:Lebanon
2667:Georgia
2622:Bahrain
2612:Armenia
2528:Outline
2491:Symbols
2348:Eunuchs
2195:Smoking
2143:Cuisine
2110:Culture
2100:Welfare
2071:Suicide
2039:history
1907:Society
1836:Housing
1810:Tourism
1795:Poverty
1680:Banking
1658:Economy
1637:Militia
1548:Premier
1150:Valleys
1110:Islands
1095:Deserts
1085:Canyons
1073:Terrain
1052:Western
1040:Central
1012:Regions
997:Geology
987:Borders
730:Ancient
713:Yangtze
620:History
605:History
331:31 July
222:waizumu
186:married
135:In the
126:Mencius
89:History
44:Discuss
2887:Taiwan
2822:Turkey
2787:Russia
2722:Kuwait
2702:Jordan
2692:Israel
2652:Cyprus
2637:Brunei
2632:Bhutan
2549:Portal
2504:Emblem
2499:Anthem
2481:Taoism
2163:Poetry
2138:Cinema
2061:Racism
1973:Health
1726:Energy
1702:Reform
1613:Rocket
1598:Ground
1323:Cities
1209:Yellow
1181:Rivers
1171:Canals
1125:passes
1120:ranges
904:Modern
595:
550:
540:
502:
492:
368:
322:
104:, and
34:merged
2847:Yemen
2807:Syria
2782:Qatar
2762:Nepal
2697:Japan
2672:India
2662:Egypt
2647:China
2535:Index
2476:Islam
2399:Women
2200:Sport
2185:Names
2180:Music
2148:Dance
1934:Crime
1815:Trade
1783:Steel
1289:Flora
1284:Fauna
1204:Bohai
1200:Seas
1176:Lakes
1164:Water
1141:North
1105:Hills
1090:Caves
1045:South
1030:North
743:Shang
593:China
548:S2CID
500:S2CID
366:S2CID
36:with
2767:Oman
2732:Laos
2687:Iraq
2682:Iran
2509:Flag
2090:Time
1883:Rail
1731:Coal
1603:Navy
1373:LGBT
1080:Bays
1020:East
877:Qing
872:Ming
867:Yuan
857:Song
852:Liao
842:Tang
755:Zhou
748:Late
718:Liao
538:ISBN
490:ISBN
420:2013
333:2013
320:ISBN
218:zumu
2128:Art
1608:Air
1355:Law
837:Sui
810:Han
805:Wei
795:Han
790:Qin
738:Xia
530:doi
482:doi
358:doi
42:. (
2932::
815:Wu
546:.
536:.
512:^
498:.
488:.
464:^
437:.
408:.
387:.
364:.
354:24
352:.
192:.
2583:e
2576:t
2569:v
2388:"
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585:e
578:t
571:v
554:.
532::
506:.
484::
458:.
443:.
422:.
393:.
372:.
360::
335:.
46:)
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