429:. The tribe at first sought to reclaim the 12-acre Nimrod Lot and the 8-acre Rocky Hill Lot in the city of Bridgeport, both sold off by the State of Connecticut in 1802 without the stipulated approval of both houses of Congress. In November, 1992, he advanced the claim to include the 19 3/4-acre Turkey Meadows Reservation in Trumbull. Concurrently, the tribe sued for the remainder of the 80-acre Golden Hill Reservation in Bridgeport. Within a few short weeks historic reservation lands in the towns of Milford, Orange, Woodbridge, Stratford, and Shelton were added; intent was made known to press claims in 24 state municipalities, comprising $ 44 billion worth of property and 640,000 defendants.
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government-to-government relationship. Seeing that this would virtually guarantee recognition of the
Paugussett and other state tribes, the Connecticut congressional delegation insisted on the insertion of a clause stipulating that tribes which have previously been denied federal recognition could not re-petition. In 2017, the Golden Hill Paugussett announced their intention to contest the "no second chance" rule as unconstitutional and said that they were working on another application for federal recognition.
401:, the site of the 1841-54 Turkey Meadows reservation. In 1875, he purchased a quarter-acre plot of land that contained a Paugussett burial ground; he used funds from the Golden Hill Tribal Fund to construct a house on it. He is referred to in local histories of the 1880s as the chief of the tribe. Prior to his death in 1886, Sherman turned the property over to the state overseer in trust for the Golden Hill tribe. The land was accepted by the State of Connecticut in that year as an official reservation.
57:
546:' rejection of the tribe's petition for federal recognition. The Golden Hill Paugusset had contended that, since they were a Native American nation, the state did not have the authority to deal with them on land sales or dispose of their land. Since the United States was formed, the federal government had reserved to itself authority over dealings with Native American nations and required approval by the Senate of any sale of Indian lands.
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selling Indian lands without the approval of the federal government. But he dismissed the case, pending resolution of the BIA's review of the
Paugusset petition for federal recognition. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the dismissal in 1999. Citing other cases, it noted that criteria for an Indian group's pursuit of land claims were not necessarily the same as for federal recognition.
558:(1916–2008), Chief Big Eagle - hereditary chief, died at age 92 in Trumbull. Beginning in the late 20th century, he encouraged revival of the Paugusset language. "It is a sacred obligation," says the Golden Hill Paugussett Chief, Big Eagle. "Indian people must keep their languages alive. If the language is not spoken, it must be made to live again."
507:
Together with providing documentation and working to regain tribal status, the
Paugusset filed land rights claims against the state, saying the state did not have the authority to manage or sell land on their behalf and had cost them the loss of substantial lands since colonial times. Lack of federal
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An overriding priority of Chief Quiet Hawk's administration was the quest for federal recognition. A grant for this purpose was obtained from the
Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1992. Another priority was to utilize modern technology to facilitate interaction among tribal members and
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The confusion about cultural identification as Native
Americans has affected other communities that have worked to demonstrate cultural continuity. Native American nations were used to absorbing people of other ethnicities and intermarried with neighbors. There has been disagreement among groups over
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In 1992, Chief Quiet Hawk filed a lawsuit claiming 80 acres in
Bridgeport, the site of Golden Hill, which the state had sold in 1802, as well as land in Trumbull and Orange. In 1993, the federal District Court judge Peter Dorsey concluded that Connecticut had violated the 1790 Non-Intercourse Act by
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Chief Big Eagle first submitted a request to the BIA in 1982 seeking federal recognition of the Golden Hill
Paugussett tribe. That request was not acted on or further pursued by the BIA. Early in 1990 Chief Big Eagle appointed Chief Quiet Hawk to pursue the quest for federal recognition and also to
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During the antebellum period, the
Paugussett and other Native Americans achieved a substantial degree of economic success. Many of the men worked on whaling ships and West Indies trading vessels, while many women residents worked as cooks and waitstaff on the steamboats plying Long Island Sound and
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While the state has gained considerable revenues from its share of income generated by the two major established casino resorts, Connecticut officials have been opposed to recognition of additional tribes and addition of gambling sites in the state. State officials lobbied the BIA in opposition to
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In 1993 the tribe made national headlines when it opened a tax-free cigarette shop on the
Colchester reservation, asserting its sovereignty in selling the product without taking taxes. An armed standoff with state police ensued that ended without violence when Chief Moon Face Bear (Kenneth Piper)
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or
Liberia. While this community consisted substantially of residents who identified as Paugussett, it included Natives from the Mahican, Shinnecock, Nehantic, and Munsee-Delaware nations as well. Freeman was followed by two of his sisters, Mary and Eliza, who built houses in 1848 that are still
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identified the builders as African Americans, the BIA disputed whether the sisters and Joel Freeman could be considered members of the Paugusset community. However, Charles Brilvitch, who ironically had authored the 1998 nomination, maintains that his African American identification was merely a
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On May 1, 1991, due to advancing age, Chief Big Eagle named his son, Aurelius H. Piper, Jr. (1945–2021), as Hereditary Chief of the Golden Hill Tribe. Known as Chief Quiet Hawk, Piper was an ex-Marine and former social worker who was then serving as executive director of American Indians for
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Subsequently, his son George Sherman (b. 1871) took over the leadership of the Golden Hill people; he lived on the reservation and led the people until his death in 1938. He was succeeded by his son Edward (1896–1974), who was known as "Chief Black Hawk." Meanwhile, Edward's sister, Ethel
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Opposition to federal recognition came from local residents who were opposed to proposed Golden Hill casino development in Bridgeport. Some scholars have attributed opposition to anti-Indigenous and anti-Black racism, noting the mixed-race heritage of many Golden Hill Paugussetts.
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In 2015, the Bureau of Indian Affairs revised the acknowledgment criteria, requiring petitioners to prove continuity only back to 1900 (rather than to the time of first contact) and accepting State recognition and the existence of tribal reservations as evidence of a continuing
339:. In 1802, the state-appointed tribal overseer sold Golden Hill. A replacement reservation was created at Turkey Meadows in Trumbull in 1841, but it was sold off in 1854. The last of Turkey Hill was also sold by the state in 1826 for the people's "own benefit".
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Chief Quiet Hawk died at age 76 on April 26, 2021. A vote of the tribal membership affirmed his succession by his brother Aureliuse H. Piper III, oldest surviving son of Chief Big Eagle, on November 14, 2022. Aureliuse is known as Chief Bear Eagle.
132:. Granted reservations in a number of towns in the 17th century, their land base was whittled away until they were forced to reacquire a small amount of territory in the 19th century. Today they retain a state-recognized reservation in the town of
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tongues in the coastal areas of the Atlantic. In addition to the Paugussett, Quiripi-speaking tribes included the Quinnipiack, Wampano, Unkechaug, Naugatuck, Mattabesic, and Schaghticoke. Quiripi has been extinct since at least the early 1800s.
409:(1916–2008) as "Chief Big Eagle" in 1959. Following the death of Chief Black Hawk in 1974, Piper (Chief Big Eagle) assumed full leadership of the tribe and took up residency on the Trumbull reservation. He obtained grants to purchase land in
351:'s history of the Golden Hill tribe, beginning in the 1820s a number of Paugussett, under the leadership of Joel Freeman, a Turkey Hill Indian from Derby, relocated to Bridgeport. They settled in the city's South End. The area became known as
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In a final determination in 1996, the Bureau of Indian Affairs denied recognition to the Golden Hill Paugussett. The tribe appealed under BIA provisions and submitted additional historic and genealogical documentation. They were denied
405:(1893–1993), was installed in 1933 as "Chieftess Rising Star". Ethel was active in the Pan-Indian movement and was a staunch advocate of Indian rights, fighting many battles in the courts of law and public opinion. She named her son
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Development, Inc. Immediately upon assuming leadership he launched the Golden Hill Indian Development Corporation, with the purpose of economic development of the reservation properties for the benefit of the tribal membership.
330:
Within a few years, the Paugussett had been divested by the colonists of the vast majority of their lands. A reservation was set aside in 1639 at Golden Hill, site of a spring sacred to the tribe, in present-day
371:
disputed whether the man who led the Ethiope-Liberia community was the same individual listed as a signatory on Turkey Hill Indian deeds. Because the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the
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in 1637, with the defeat of that nation. English settlers first arrived in Paugussett lands in 1638–39, establishing settlements in New Haven, Guilford, Milford, Stratford and Fairfield.
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In 2009, a state court dismissed a challenge to the tribe's status as Indians, refusing to eject members of the Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe from reservations in Trumbull and Colchester.
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in 2004. They succeeded in gaining a BIA review of both cases; after a change in political administrations, recognition of both tribes was revoked in 2005, actions without precedent.
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In 2006, a federal district court judge dismissed the Golden Hill Paugussett's 14-year-old lawsuit claiming lands in Orange, Trumbull and Bridgeport, based on the federal
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No. CR21-57349 (May 3, 1996), that the tribe did not have exemption from the state requirement to collect taxes on sales of cigarettes as it was not federally recognized.
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The governor, Congressional delegation, and private property owners later mounted challenges and conducted lobbying to reverse the federal recognition granted to the
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an interpretation of the term "mulatto," which has a primary association of African-European mixed race but has frequently been applied to other people of colour.
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While the history of the Paugusset people began long before the European encounter, the early written records are European accounts. Their language, called
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on their lands, some tribes have gained significant revenue for welfare, education, and development from gambling revenues, including two in Connecticut.
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Around 1857 William Sherman (1825–1886), a whaler by trade withdrew from the Liberia community and settled in the village of Nichols Farms in the Town of
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While the Paugusset did not have early direct contact with Europeans, they came in contact with other Native Americans who did, and were exposed to the
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along the coast and the amount of cleared land attested to both a long period of occupation and a high degree of social organization among the people.
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Only one individual named "Joel Freeman" was recorded in Census and vital records of the state of Connecticut during this period. Nevertheless, the
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Initiated by Chief Big Eagle, the Paugussett originally had claimed legal rights to 700,000 acres (2,800 km) of land running from
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the Hudson River. Two churches, a Masonic lodge, resort hotel, school and other community institutions were built in the village.
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for the community in 1978 and 1980. This land was granted formal reservation status by the state legislature in 1981.
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prior to the arrival of European colonists. They are among the five tribes recognized by the state. They were denied
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In September, 1992, Quiet Hawk filed a lawsuit to reclaim lands taken from the tribe in violation of the federal
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The 100-member tribe lives primarily in urban areas of Southwestern Connecticut due to the minuscule size of its
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964:"The Common Sense of Anti-Indian Racism: Reactions to Mashantucket Pequot Success in Gaming and Acknowledgment"
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Falls Mountain gorge on the Housatonic River, site of a seventeenth-century Paugussett fishing village/site.
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in 2004. Since the legislative changes that have enabled federally recognized tribes to establish gambling
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Charles W. Brilvitch (2007). A History of Connecticut's Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe. The History Press.
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564:(1945–2021), Chief Quiet Hawk - appointed by his father, Big Eagle, to succeed him as Chief of Chiefs.
299:, which was used for ritual purposes. The men fished in both fresh and salt water. The size of midden
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The tribe was made up of four primary sub-groups, the Paugussett Proper in what is present-day
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1108:"Revisions to Regulations on Federal Acknowledgment of Indian Tribes (25 CFR 83 or "Part 83")"
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693:"Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgement of the Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe"
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228:, and from Long Island Sound inland for as far as they could navigate by canoe on the
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62:
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A History of the Old Town of Stratford and City of Bridgeport Connecticut, Volume 1
93:
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Gale Courey Toensing, "Schaghticoke Tribal Nation Seeks to Regain Rightful Status"
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mistaken attempt to interpret the term "coloured" used in documents of the period
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agreed to close the shop. In the resulting state court case, the court ruled in
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in 1633–35, which caused many deaths. They learned of the English and allies'
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Connecticut statutes recognize five tribes: (1) Golden Hill Paugussett, (2)
933:"Recognition, Antiracism & Indigenous Futures: A View from Connecticut"
662:"CGS § 47-59a Connecticut Indians; citizenship, civil rights, land rights"
151:, an Algonguian-speaking nation who historically occupied much of western
2545:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
2075:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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1059:"Connecticut Indians Denied Tribal Status, Dimming 3rd Casino's Chances"
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1084:"Federal Recognition Changes Leave Connecticut Tribes Out in the Cold"
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335:. Another reservation was established at Turkey Hill in present-day
189:, where the tribe has a second 106-acre (0.43 km) reservation.
27:
State-recognized Native American tribe in Connecticut, United States
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recognition has deprived them of automatic standing in such suits.
388:
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199:
136:, and have an additional reservation acquired in 1978 and 1980 in
1130:"Golden Hill Paugussetts say they will try for recognition again"
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Hayden, Lisa (August 12, 1993). "PAUGUSSETTS CLOSE SMOKE SHOP".
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Historically, the Paugussett occupied a region from present-day
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border. The Paugusset have since dropped these large claims.
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Map of the Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation resrvation.
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culture. The women cultivated varieties of staple crops:
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A History of Connecticut's Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe
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pursue the land claims in the state of Connecticut.
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433:to strengthen community bonds and spiritual focus.
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38:
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871:"Stand-off at Golden Hill Paugussett smoke shop"
614:"Effect of State Recognition of an Indian Tribe"
212:by lexicographers, was one of numerous Eastern
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1052:
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902:"Structure, Ideology, and Tribal Governments"
825:A History of the Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe
819:
817:
8:
2615:State-recognized tribes in the United States
1308:History of Bridgeport and Vicinity, Volume 1
1172:"Chief Of Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe Dies"
1024:
1022:
1020:
750:"Challenge to Paugussett heritage dismissed"
589:. Boston Globe. Associated Press. 2008-08-06
587:"Aurelius Piper, chief of Connecticut tribe"
33:
2595:American Indian reservations in Connecticut
1194:"Federal judge tosses Paugussett land suit"
1031:"Another Chance for Golden Hill Paugussett"
488:recognition of the Golden Hill Paugussett.
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1110:. US Department of Interior. June 29, 2015
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691:Bureau of Indian Affairs (2004-06-21).
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483:State opposition to federal recognition
356:standing. They have been listed in the
347:According to Bridgeport City Historian
251:; the Pequonnock, along the coast; the
2605:Native American history of Connecticut
1300:. Fairfield County Historical Society.
185:. Several members presently reside in
177:-acre (0.0010 km) reserve in the
2610:Native American tribes in Connecticut
1161:, 31 May 2011, accessed 17 March 2013
699:. United States. pp. 34388–34393
7:
2532:Paucatuck Eastern Pequot reservation
550:Notable Golden Hill Paugusett people
358:National Register of Historic Places
49:Regions with significant populations
34:Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation
1223:"Paugussett tribal chief, 92, dies"
612:Christopher Reinhart (2002-02-07).
2516:Golden Hill Paugussett reservation
2135:Municipalities and communities of
2061:Golden Hill Paugussett reservation
1401:Municipalities and communities of
25:
2585:African–Native American relations
962:Cramer, Renee Ann (Spring 2006).
931:Den Ouden, Amy E. (Spring 2018).
1366:History of Trumbull, Connecticut
1350:
1192:Gregory B. Hladky (2006-12-06).
1057:Raymond Hernandez (2004-06-15).
993:Hermes, Katherine (March 2007).
55:
2522:Mashantucket Pequot reservation
1128:Radelat, Ana (April 24, 2017).
1082:Harriet Jones (June 29, 2015).
869:Margaret Pearce (12 Aug 1993).
143:They descend from the historic
2138:New London County, Connecticut
1251:Libby, Sam (18 October 1998).
633:, (4) Eastern Pequot, and (5)
441:Challenge over cigarette sales
1:
1404:Fairfield County, Connecticut
1273:Charles W. Brilvitch (2007).
454:Quest for federal recognition
374:Mary and Eliza Freeman Houses
2358:Conning Towers-Nautilus Park
1305:George Curtis Waldo (1917).
1229:. 2008-08-05. Archived from
995:"Review: [Untitled]"
900:Bee, Robert L. (Fall 1999).
748:Daniel Tepfer (2009-10-20).
385:Restoration of the land base
1253:"Tribes to Revive Language"
1174:. WTIC News. Archived from
326:Golden Hill and Turkey Hill
2641:
842:, pp. 11--12, 27--36.
724:. Tempo Star. p. 94.
497:Schaghticoke Tribal Nation
2550:
2194:
2149:
2080:
1470:
1415:
999:The New England Quarterly
827:, The History Press, 2007
529:Eastern Litchfield County
527:and extending North into
104:
92:
78:
53:
43:
1029:Sam Libby (1999-12-12).
968:Law & Social Inquiry
544:Bureau of Indian Affairs
369:Bureau of Indian Affairs
307:Encroachment by settlers
2600:Colchester, Connecticut
1885:Sacred Heart University
1136:. Hartford, Connecticut
411:Colchester, Connecticut
187:Colchester, Connecticut
138:Colchester, Connecticut
44:Enrolled members: 100
2201:
1477:
1294:Samuel Orcutt (1886).
1178:on September 25, 2008.
881:on September 19, 2006.
664:. State of Connecticut
616:. State of Connecticut
562:Aurelius H. Piper, Jr.
556:Aurelius H. Piper, Sr.
394:
320:war against the Pequot
205:
119:Golden Hill Paugussett
2620:Trumbull, Connecticut
2200:
1476:
1279:. The History Press.
493:Eastern Pequot Nation
399:Trumbull, Connecticut
392:
203:
183:Trumbull, Connecticut
100:Related ethnic groups
2563:United States portal
2093:United States portal
1720:Fairfield University
1664:Candlewood Lake Club
720:(1975). "Politics".
2527:Mohegan reservation
2508:Indian reservations
1670:Candlewood Orchards
823:Charles Brilvitch,
627:Mashantucket Pequot
469:federal recognition
157:federal recognition
106:Mashantucket Pequot
35:
2590:Algonquian peoples
2556:Connecticut portal
2202:
2086:Connecticut portal
2053:Indian reservation
1930:Stratford Downtown
1478:
1358:Connecticut portal
1257:The New York Times
1134:Connecticut Mirror
906:Human Organization
811:, pp. 19--22.
799:, pp. 16--17.
787:, pp. 13--14.
775:, pp. 26--27.
651:, pp. 11--12.
635:Schaghticoke tribe
503:Land rights claims
427:Nonintercourse Act
395:
343:Ethiope or Liberia
206:
79:English, formerly
2572:
2571:
2448:Groton Long Point
2102:
2101:
1675:Candlewood Shores
1659:Candlewood Knolls
1644:Brookfield Center
1318:978-1-144-35927-8
1286:978-1-59629-296-3
857:978-1-59629-296-3
731:978-0-448-13506-9
513:Orange/Woodbridge
495:in 2002, and the
407:Aurelius H. Piper
349:Charles Brilvitch
115:
114:
16:(Redirected from
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2433:Burnett's Corner
2408:Poquonock Bridge
2272:North Stonington
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1333:Official website
1322:
1311:. S. J. Clarke.
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1227:Norwich Bulletin
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1200:. Archived from
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59:
58:
39:Total population
36:
21:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2575:
2574:
2573:
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2562:
2555:
2546:
2536:
2502:
2424:
2417:
2334:
2311:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2066:
2047:
2029:
2000:Greenfield Hill
1986:
1979:
1955:Trumbull Center
1880:Route 7 Gateway
1820:Noroton Heights
1705:Darien Downtown
1654:Candlewood Isle
1624:Bigelow Corners
1600:
1582:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1356:
1351:
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1198:Orange Bulletin
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1080:
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1067:
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1048:
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1037:
1028:
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1018:
1008:
1006:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
899:
898:
894:
884:
868:
867:
863:
850:
846:
838:
831:
822:
815:
807:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
773:Orcutt, v1 1886
771:
767:
758:
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592:
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571:
552:
505:
485:
456:
448:State v. Piper,
443:
419:
387:
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328:
309:
198:
173:
169:
168:
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126:Native American
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54:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2638:
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2072:
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2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2043:Little Danbury
2039:
2037:
2031:
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2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
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1997:
1991:
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1795:Mamanasco Lake
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63:United States
52:
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37:
19:
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2483:Preston City
2438:Graniteville
2373:Mashantucket
2157:
2060:
1910:South Wilton
1750:Indian Field
1735:Greens Farms
1715:East Village
1700:Daniels Farm
1423:
1307:
1296:
1275:
1259:. p. 6.
1256:
1246:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1226:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1197:
1176:the original
1166:
1158:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1133:
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1102:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1007:. Retrieved
1005:(1): 153–155
1002:
998:
988:
976:. Retrieved
974:(2): 313–341
971:
967:
957:
945:. Retrieved
940:
936:
926:
914:. Retrieved
912:(3): 285–294
909:
905:
895:
886:
879:the original
874:
864:
847:
824:
804:
792:
780:
768:
757:. Retrieved
753:
721:
718:Eisner, Will
712:
701:. Retrieved
696:
666:. Retrieved
656:
644:
624:
618:. Retrieved
591:. Retrieved
541:
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118:
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94:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
2488:Quaker Hill
2478:Poquetanuck
2473:Oswegatchie
2468:Norwichtown
2463:Lords Point
2443:Greeneville
2425:communities
2363:Gales Ferry
2325:Jewett City
2153:County seat
1987:communities
1890:Sail Harbor
1845:Plattsville
1745:Hawleyville
1710:Dodgingtown
1639:Branchville
1419:County seat
1140:October 23,
1009:October 22,
978:October 22,
947:October 22,
916:October 22,
301:shell heaps
273:New Milford
181:section of
163:Present day
153:Connecticut
130:Connecticut
67:Connecticut
2625:Paugussett
2579:Categories
2498:Uncasville
2393:Old Mystic
2353:Colchester
2330:Stonington
2297:Stonington
2222:Colchester
2183:New London
2160:New London
2035:Ghost town
2025:Silvermine
2015:Mill Plain
2005:Hattertown
1895:Sandy Hook
1875:Rock Ridge
1865:Ridgefield
1840:Pemberwick
1810:New Canaan
1800:Mill Plain
1775:Lakes West
1770:Lakes East
1765:Knollcrest
1725:Georgetown
1680:Cannondale
1629:Bogus Hill
1548:Ridgefield
1528:New Canaan
1498:Brookfield
1444:Bridgeport
1426:Bridgeport
1267:References
1237:2010-08-06
1208:2010-08-06
1114:2015-07-02
1093:2015-07-02
1068:2010-08-06
1040:2010-08-06
943:(2): 27–38
759:2023-06-13
703:2010-08-06
668:2015-07-02
620:2010-08-06
593:2010-08-07
531:up to the
417:Leadership
333:Bridgeport
269:Weantinock
267:; and the
230:Housatonic
226:West Haven
214:Algonquian
149:Paugussett
81:Paugussett
2541:Footnotes
2493:Taftville
2413:Waterford
2403:Pawcatuck
2368:Long Hill
2307:Waterford
2302:Voluntown
2267:Montville
2227:East Lyme
2071:Footnotes
1915:Southport
1900:Saugatuck
1870:Riverside
1860:Ridgebury
1785:Long Hill
1755:Inglenook
1740:Greenwich
1730:Glenville
1685:Coleytown
1614:Ball Pond
1558:Stratford
1518:Greenwich
1513:Fairfield
859:. page 12
722:Odd Facts
525:Greenwich
265:Southbury
234:Naugatuck
159:in 2004.
147:speaking
128:tribe in
83:(Quiripi)
74:Languages
18:Paugusset
2317:Boroughs
2277:Old Lyme
2237:Griswold
2232:Franklin
1995:Aspetuck
1950:Topstone
1945:Tokeneke
1835:Oronoque
1830:Old Hill
1790:Lordship
1634:Botsford
1573:Westport
1563:Trumbull
1464:Stamford
1344:See also
1338:Timeline
937:Daedalus
875:Native-L
316:epidemic
313:smallpox
261:Woodbury
253:Potatuck
236:rivers.
134:Trumbull
88:Religion
2453:Hanover
2383:Niantic
2292:Sprague
2282:Preston
2252:Ledyard
2247:Lebanon
2188:Norwich
2020:Nichols
1925:Stepney
1920:Staples
1905:Sherman
1815:Noroton
1695:Cos Cob
1596:Newtown
1588:Borough
1553:Sherman
1543:Redding
1538:Newtown
1459:Shelton
1454:Norwalk
1449:Danbury
631:Mohegan
519:though
473:casinos
353:Ethiope
297:tobacco
281:fishing
277:farming
257:Newtown
249:Shelton
241:Milford
222:Norwalk
210:Quiripi
196:History
179:Nichols
172:⁄
145:Quiripi
110:Mohegan
2458:Jordan
2378:Mystic
2348:Baltic
2257:Lisbon
2242:Groton
2217:Bozrah
2178:Groton
2170:Cities
2010:Mianus
1965:Weston
1935:Tashua
1805:Murray
1619:Bethel
1578:Wilton
1568:Weston
1523:Monroe
1508:Easton
1503:Darien
1493:Bethel
1436:Cities
1315:
1283:
855:
728:
629:, (3)
295:, and
293:squash
291:, and
60:
2423:Other
2388:Noank
2287:Salem
2209:Towns
1985:Other
1690:Compo
1649:Byram
1485:Towns
569:Notes
337:Derby
289:beans
245:Derby
121:is a
2340:CDPs
2262:Lyme
1606:CDPs
1313:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1142:2021
1088:WNPR
1011:2021
980:2021
949:2021
918:2021
853:ISBN
726:ISBN
285:corn
279:and
263:and
247:and
232:and
117:The
941:147
883:in
523:to
515:in
271:in
255:in
224:to
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