Paul Georgescu - Knowledge

1467:" essay targeting directly Ion Barbu, which included negative comments on sampled poems, and how it was later revealed to him that this was a covert method to make Barbu's poetry somehow available to the general public. This, Călinescu writes, was a "cynical lesson" in how to use ideological texts as "a verbal package with a minimal content." In reference to Cioculescu and his potential arrest, Agopian cited Georgescu saying: "He had done nothing wrong, so he was still usable, we could not afford to lose a guy like Cioculescu just so we could have our prisons filled. Cioculescu's luck was that the idiots upstairs listened to me." The same commentator contends that, by not allowing his fellow critic to publish politicized texts, Georgescu may have intended to save his reputation. In addition, Călinescu cites Georgescu's reference to those writers who gave in to pressures and accepted to contribute 2378:, Simuţ argues: " are put to use into a signification which goes beyond simple gratuitousness; language is to Gabriel Dimancea a windscreen that emerges suddenly, like a wall, in front of those who seek pathways toward understanding him and uncovering his secret." The dense nature of the account, Simuţ believes, doubles as a pace-maintaining technique, to make up for the steadiness of the plot, to entertain by means of a "comedy of language", to illustrate the breakdown of intelligent behavior, and to blur the lines between real and imagined. He notes: "Loquacity is the illusion of action and engagement . The real and the fantastical short-circuit one another." 2505:("The Teachings of a Venerable Prose Writer from Bucharest to a Young Provincial Critic"). In his review of that year, Cristea-Enache called it "one of the most beautiful, most energizing and at the same time most impressive books I have read lately." Dimisianu sees in them proof of "how very human this 'devil' could prove himself to be, how full of warmth, how much troubled by his friend's troubles". Reflecting on Georgescu's fiction, Ioan Holban notes that, during Romania's transitional stage, Țăndărei came to resemble Huzurei more and more, especially after it became the center of a 2496:, a fact which caused several critics to react negatively. Hostility toward him was reportedly widespread in the literary community at the time of his death, which, in his 1989 obituary for the author, Nicolae Manolescu equated with ingratitude: "the 'trifles' of daily life have become essential in the biographies of aspiring writers." Manea also wrote: "plenty among Paul's former friends and admirers have enclosed themselves into an opaque conjectural silence, others have rushed in to 'cleanse' themselves of the unseasonable connection." Literary critic 1684:." Manea also wrote: "What struck about was the contradiction between the extraordinary mobility of spirit and the Affixed Idea. How did he pacify his disappointments and regenerate his militantism after having seen with his eyes, and his mind, and his heart the nightmarish masquerade of the totalitarian state?" He added: "The socialist tension between the 'conserved' ideal and the putrid reality maintained in those who gave up neither contempt nor complicity a sort of 1452:"are not the most 'purblind' of their time", their author being "on the side of valuable literature, as much as there was of that, against underachievements". Literary chronicler and translator Iulia Arsintescu thus believes that, for all problems they raise, Georgescu's earliest critical essays can still be considered "frequentable" (the category, Arsintescu believes, even stretches to include Georgescu's pronouncements on the controversial Socialist Realist 2322:, noting in particular Dimancea's refusal to engage in productive activities, his wantonness, and belief that sexual intercourse is too tiresome; however: "Gabriel Dimancea does not, after all, evolve in the sense of Goncharov's character, because he fights against himself. He becomes the intellectual of frustrated revolt, enduring only as a project—a revolt frustrated by the adverse meteorology. One could say—exaggerating a little, for the sake of 1325:, after a period during which the communist regime had denied him employment. The magazine was not allowed to host any of his articles in the periods before the state holidays, when any suspect or penitent author was unpublishable. Cioculescu had reportedly not realized the implications of this restriction, and, wanting to ensure continuity, contributed a festive piece on "socialist construction", sending it to the censor right before 2632:, and the censorship of the times, by depicting Vătăşescu's fascist uncle as having "immense intellectual radiance and fundamental moral honesty", while Mr. Leo himself is not "the hero without fear and beyond reproach". Manolescu concludes: "in the ideological duel, there is neither winner nor loser. The novelist's objective perspective is absolutely amazing if we are to consider the late 1980s, when 1922:, but may have expected a moment when the ideology would harness "his qualities, not just his flaws, in service of the much-imagined goal." Being frustrated in this expectation, Manea proposes, the former activist may have actually been radicalized further under Ceauşescu's rule, once confronted with the "morass which suffocated growing sections of the population, the misery, the fear, the 2489:, noting that the latter, a "very careful reader", used to underline selected passages in Georgescu's work, where he believed a deeper meaning was detectable. From the authors to have come into contact with Paul Georgescu, Ion Simuţ continued to consider himself the critic's disciple after his mentor died. A high school in Țăndărei was posthumously renamed in Paul Georgescu's honor. 2524:("The Critical History of Romanian Literature"). On the other side, the debate involved Dan C. Mihăilescu, who had earlier criticized other intellectuals for upholding a positive image of Georgescu the novelist while "neglect the other bio-bibliographic compartments of a cultural and political doctrinaire", defining it as "an error." Reviewing Manolescu's book for 1660:. He was, however, a man so extraordinary, that it was impossible to make an accusation of his militant Marxism. He was a Marxist, but he was not a Ceauşist." Also according to Agopian: "The ferocious Marxist that he was always supplanted by the mocking essayist born in the south of the country". Cernat, who compares Georgescu with his generation colleague, the 2037:. According to Arsintescu, this attitude unites Georgescu the critic with Georgescu the storyteller: "The link the spirit, the charm of a razor-sharp intelligence, the gigantic guffaw (fond? sarcastic?) behind which he gazes upon the world." In contrast to his ideological tenets, Georgescu the fiction author is perceived by many as a 1494:. Mihăilescu records several currents in interpreting Georgescu's relationship with the regime: "The generation colleagues and communist party comrades remember the writer's unshakable faith in the socio-political ideals of Trotskyism, in parallel with his non-extinguishable idiosyncrasy toward all things on the 2209:

experience ". Raicu adds: "The sense of abundant, diverse, life, of a fascinating materiality, endlessly harasses the habits of the bookish man, who lives among models and masterpieces as if in his element, and eventually fuses with them". Georgescu's works, alongside those of Norman Manea, were also

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argues, Georgescu "played along", transforming himself from a "not at all naïve or innocent critic and literary ideologue" into a person who acknowledged the change in perspective. According to Horasangian, Georgescu himself was "joking that 'Winter and summer are different things'—he probably always

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and the monikers he assigned to his friends and enemies alike. According to Dimisianu: "Granted, he was foul-mouthed, spiteful, always lashing out with his words, the creator of amusing nicknames that were quickly circulated in the literary milieus, and being that way also made him enemies, and even

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networks and 'wholesale' exchanges are being set up, politics are hotly debated, predictions are being made, investigations, chases take place, dramas are being consumed, people eat vigorously, and nubile girls are being sold (bought) ." The Huzurei narratives as a whole are thought by Cosaşu equal

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Georgescu's work as a novelist, largely independent from his political affiliations, endures as his most praised contribution. Norman Manea defines his older colleague as "an important and unmistakable writer, endures, like all important and unmistakable writers, regardless of their obsessions and

1906:. A similar story is told by Norman Manea, whom the regime pressured to leave Romania, which he eventually did in 1986. Cosaşu, who had by then grown disillusioned with communism, recalls having engaged his friend about the need to repent, a point Georgescu received with amusement, and, as a stated 1512:

editor, whom he calls "an evil and intolerant man, but with aspects of genuine generosity", was in essence "an intellectual Stalinist and, on top of it, sentimentally a Troskyist." He believes Georgescu to have been "hyper-intelligent", but argues that his cognitive skills were being harnessed "by

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and Agopian reserve favorable words for his literary taste, contrasting it with the cultural environment of the 1950s (which they define as the source of mediocrity). Călinescu records how, during meetings with his friends at Casa Capşa and in other contexts, Paul Georgescu refused to talk official

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notes, contributed to Baconsky being "blacklisted" by the cultural establishment. Cassian, who recalls that the book Georgescu reviewed was "my most proletkultist", and her attempt to recover from being marginalized by communist politicos, accuses the critic of having "compromised" her, of pursuing

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and a consecrated form of Marxism-Leninism. During the mid-1960s, Norman Manea writes, the emerging nationalist press attacked Georgescu as a "dogmatic", being joined in this effort by some "who had asserted themselves, like Georgescu, through more than a few compromises and collaborations". Also

1015:'s dissolution, the young journalist had written: "The critical spirit is the thermometer with which one can assess if a country's democracy is real or only verbal. The enemies of the critical spirit, and of irony, and of smiles are: stupidity, haughtiness and fascism." Manea, who argues that the 2500:

defines Georgescu as "a critic and a prose writer who should not be omitted by any serious work of literary history", while his colleague Cernat refers to Georgescu as "unfairly forgotten". Horasangian believes him to have been "completely forgotten", "ignored", and "taken out of the circuit."

1902:". Călinescu notes that, although himself dissatisfied with life under Ceauşescu, Georgescu was "angered" by news that his former employee had defected and settled in the United States, and had come to see Călinescu's action as determined by his distant kinship with nationalist philosopher 1541:, Baconsky, Dumitrescu, Jebeleanu, Bogza, and Cohmălniceanu, among those who actively helped his generation, as "writers and literary critics who had initially paid a toll to proletkultism, and were silently parting with it, returning to literature, to actual criticism". At that stage, 1275:". Writing in 2002, Florin Mihăilescu reviewed the Congress report, concluding: "Thus, the replacement of aesthetic judgment with ideological control becomes glaring, spectacular and almost unimaginable, especially coming from a critic of unquestionable acuteness, as is Paul Georgescu." 1998:

Paul Georgescu's receptive chronicles and critical pronouncements on literature, often written from a maverick perspective, have themselves raised questions. In a 2008 interview, Norman Manea himself stated having been "shocked" to learn that Georgescu considered him a successor to

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piece with philosophical undertones, is rated by Bedros Horasangian "an exceptional prose piece, perhaps the best to have been written by Paul Georgescu". Horasangian commends its "exceptional stylistic refinement", and notes that the eponymous dish is to Georgescu what the

2574:", but argued that his pronouncements on Noica were unfair. To Manolescu's claim that "no Romanian intellectual from the communist years was more conflicting than Noica", Dan C. Mihăilescu replied with counterexamples of communist supporters (Georgescu, Crohmălniceanu, 2094:

According to Manea, Georgescu's literary universe took on a definitive form only in the late 1960s or early 1970s. Georgescu's narratives of the period drew their themes from, and often consciously imitated, a diversity of literary sources. Commentators emphasize that

483:, whose disagreements with the PCR leadership made the latter withdraw him from public life and assign him the honorary position of magazine director. Georgescu, who took over for Stancu as editor, published articles in the other venues of the Socialist Realist press: 2406:. According to literary chronicler Ioan Holban, the Huzurei setting is "a desolate place, stupefied by the torpor, with squeamish people always sweaty from the heat, moving idly from one tavern to another and devoting themselves to that almighty goddess that is the 1641:". He also saw a psychological benefit to writing: " defends us internally, provides us with internal force. Wise guys manage things easily, but let's not envy them: they shall never know the great joys we experience through work. They are all poor human beings." 1585:, contributing the preface to a 1967 complete edition of Maiorescu's essays. The piece focused on Maiorescu's expansion of the "art for art's sake" principle, his belief that truth and beauty were opposed to each other, and his move from the rejection of literary 1554:

recalled: "Paul Georgescu had a saying he used when I was asking him with half-irony: 'Mr. Paul, how was it possible that you wrote so badly in the years of dogmatism?'. 'Forget that, dear—he would say—the problem is that I couldn't tell I was writing badly'."

1704:, Georgescu was one of the intellectuals who, after the liberalization episode, were involved in the large debates over the interpretation of history and the nature of Romanian culture. In this interpretation, he stood among those who protected the ideals of 1333:, who befriended Georgescu after that date, nevertheless notes that the critic made a point of specifying that he had saved Cioculescu's life by preventing his arrest over political grounds, and that he had been responsible for allowing him to publish again. 2330:

Maltezi, whose steady questioning of the schoolteacher's revolutionary ideas and repeated distractions contribute to Dimancea's growing acceptance of inactivity, failure and moral dissolution. Against the summer-enhanced steadiness of regular life in the

2410:. This is only a first impression, for Huzurei is 'the living citadel' of its time , grouping, in between its ridiculous houses and streets, a diverse world, caught in the midst of a struggle over power and money: crimes are being committed, intrigues, 1679:

Having been introduced to Georgescu during the final stage of the critic's career, Manea retold one of his confessions from the time: "I suppose what you heard about me is that I am a Stalinist. I'm not a Stalinist, Mr. Norman, know that. I was with

1286:. In his recollections, first published in 1998, Călinescu wrote: "In 1957-1958, I could see with my own eyes how the magazine's editor in chief, Paul Georgescu, was in the printing house, adding the political clichés and the daily slogans into the 520:

Paul Georgescu assumed a first-hand position in directing and promoting a young generation of writers during 1952, when he became one of the main lecturers at the newly founded School of Literature, a Writers' Union venture. In 1954, Georgescu hired

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of the Antonescu regime, said to have been because he had given shelter to a Soviet spy. He was, according to legend, sentenced to death by the authorities before turning nineteen, but managed to evade execution. His later friend and fellow author

1784:. Paul Georgescu's contemporaries describe his enduring passion for ideological conflict. He believed Romanian literature itself to have been shaped by the conflict between two stances, both exemplified by 19th century authors: on one hand, the 272:

the work of 19th and early 20th century writers. While admired for his contribution to fiction and his lifelong promotion of anti-dogmatic literature, Georgescu remains controversial for his political affiliations and his early participation in

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and Ion Luca Caragiale, and noted that he had never before taken this into consideration. Radu Petrescu reported being surprised by Georgescu's belief to have discerned far-reaching references to the political and cultural context in his novel

2394:, Georgescu was creating a new cycle, with a focus on Huzurei. The narrator Miron Perieţeanu, himself a fictional version of Georgescu, tells the successive stories of Ioan, Luca, Matei and Marcu (names based on the Romanian versions for the 1479:", his older friend saw no link between the ideology and Socialist Realist guidelines, and never pressured him to write "for the party", while Dimisianu discusses Georgescu's "generosity" and "warmth" in respect to his friends and disciples. 2623:

In what Manolescu describes as an "exceptional" part of the latter book, Ţoiu turns the party into political confrontation, opposing Leo to the younger Babis Vătăşescu, who has just discovered his family's past involvement with the fascist

988:, stood out for compensating "the everyday banality and void", not just through literature, but also through the "collective explosion" of ideology. Călinescu, who recalls having once been "fascinated" by Georgescu, defines him as a "human 2501:

Cristea-Enache adds that, with time, "our, how should I put it?, indecent indifference shadowing the name and bibliography of an important writer who is no longer among us". The Georgescu-Simuţ correspondence was published in 2000 as

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to the point where that child becomes determined to try it, and concluding: "That's what you communists are doing, by always telling poets not to imitate Ion Barbu, 'don't follow up on Ion Barbu's poetry, be very careful because it's

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By the late 1970s, Georgescu had entered his most fecund stage as a prose writer, regularly publishing his novels at one-year intervals. At the same time, his life and career were being changed by disease. He had a malformation of the

31: 980:(a small minority), united by a common hatred of democracy." A differing opinion is held by Norman Manea, who argues that, among the writers born in the same period, Georgescu and a few others, including the far right philosophers 620:, which lampooned his fellow Socialist Realist author Dumitriu. Eventually, ideological disagreements with the communist apparatus made his colleagues subject him to a censure vote, and Georgescu was removed from his position at 255:

novelist, among the first postmodernists on the local scene, and, although physically impaired, one of the most prolific Romanian authors of the late 20th century. His main works of the time, including the critically acclaimed

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definition, which he claimed to have outlined for the benefit of his fellow critic Manolescu, good criticism is characterized by how "structural obsessions" and "affixed ideas" that helped it avoid being "washed out into the

1529:'s arrival to power, an event which signaled the start of relative liberalization together with the open encouragement of nationalism, Georgescu responded to the official policies. Dimisianu mentions Georgescu, together with 1418:" during the 1950s, while Călinescu believes that his fellow critic "despised" Romanian communist leader Gheorghiu-Dej while respecting "the system which had patronized", before the PCR refused De-Stalinization and accepted 1104:" who had failed to rally with "combative poetry"; Baconsky, whom, he argued, made recourse to "a high-flown style", used by the author to cover his "unfamiliarity with life and lack of ideas"; and Baconsky's colleague at 1813:

under Ceaușescu, and ridiculed its tactics by circulating political jokes and gossip. He reportedly made no secret of his antipathy for Ceauşescu himself. In parallel, he believed Romania had to choose between the

593:, Georgescu is occasionally credited with having launched Stănescu by welcoming him among the prominent poets of his day. He is believed to have had a similar role in the careers of Matei Călinescu and Călinescu's 1942:

made some regard him as a malevolent, corrosive spirit. He was not." He reportedly braved the authorities by branding the Ceauşescu regime a revival of the Iron Guard, and habitually referred to the PCR leader as

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Former protégé Agopian assessed that, as late as the 1980s, Paul Georgescu had "the aura of an inffalible critic." The new parameters of his criticism became evident in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Before the

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and others. With them and others, Georgescu took part in campaigns to verify the commitment various writers maintained toward Socialist Realist guidelines. In one such case, occurring in 1952–1953, he joined the

1310:. Georgescu took a personal part in condemning and marginalizing Negoiţescu (who was ultimately arrested in 1961), describing him as a "reactionary" author who had failed in adopting "the judicious attitude". 996:". These traits, he argues, made the censor an exponent of the "perverted form" and "deceitful fanaticism" he believes characterized all communist potentates, and, through extension, advocates of "the other 2530:

magazine, he reproached the author being too lenient on authors whose public image was affected by their association with the communist regime or the communist ideology, and of being too dismissive of

656:, Romanian Socialist Realism came to an end. During that stage, although hostile to the new leadership, Georgescu adapted to the requirements, a change exemplified by his 1967 collection of essays, 3320: 2636:

saw print." Critic and essayist Ioana Macrea-Toma also notes Georgescu's depiction in Ţoiu's novel, believing it to constitute the author's "retaliation", and noting that both Georgescu and

800:. According to his friend Manea, "the assault of diseases and age", coupled with resentment from Ceauşescu's "functionaries of the Dogma", had physically isolated Georgescu from his peers. 1879:, as well as his publicized and purposefully ambiguous definition of the younger author as a "national writer", but also recounts that the critic was moved to tears by Preda's 1980 death. 1565:

put an end to liberalization, Georgescu joined a new wave of anthologists and commentators openly engaged in the recovery of modernism, or calling for artistic innovation (among them were

815:") saw print in 1980 and 1982 respectively. The former earned him the Writers' Union Prize for Prose in 1981, a ceremony which, due to his declining health, he could not attend in person. 2249:). Dan C. Mihăilescu, who recalls the novella was "famous", also judges it to be one of the "peaks" in Georgescu's writing career, while Arsintescu deems the piece "sensational", and the 2485:

countries had discovered Georgescu's under-appreciated novels by accident, and had soon after become his devotees. Among Georgescu's early admirers, Horasangian lists himself and author

1672:, also notes that their main difference between them was the political choices as reflected in their individual works: while Georgescu continued to ridicule "bourgeois conventions", the 1187:

was refusing to enforce it. In Tismăneanu's view, the stance adopted by Georgescu and his colleagues, together with their silence during the repressive measures adopted following the

1914:. For Manea, the critic's refusal to make a complete break with communism was explained by a number of factors. According to the novelist, Georgescu was by then well-informed of the 4897: 2390:("a new novel every year"). According to Iulia Arsintescu, their quality declined as their author became "plagued by an illness that was harder and harder to bear." Beginning with 2598:

Georgescu's impact on literary life was also reflected by his portrayals in fiction. According to Manea, Marin Preda modeled more than one of his characters on Paul Georgescu. In

725:. He helped Simuţ publish his contributions in Bucharest journals, personally intervening with editors. He was in the meantime engaged in a rivalry with some main figures of the 2012:. Arguing that, for all his intent of escaping daily pressures through literature, "a real flight is never truly possible", Petrescu concluded: "After all, it could be like ." 1027:. At the end of this process, the writer assesses, concepts such as those praised by Georgescu in his 1946 text became "irrelevant, if not also ridiculous, absurd, grotesque." 1348:

restaurant, and defiantly questioned the logic and effectiveness of censorship. Barbu's argument compared the regime with parents who fuss over the possibility of their child

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the most dogmatic and brutal form of stupidity." He also writes that episodes such as the promotion of Barbu's poetry through virulent criticism define "aberrant, downright

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literature, preferring them over the revival of nationalist and traditionalist literature in Ceauşescu's Romania. He became interested in the works of a new subversive and

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has also drawn the critical interest. Citing the book as a prime example, Dan C. Mihăilescu called its author "a monster of brilliant loquacity". Commenting on the use of

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during the early 1950s, the editor was "prudent", keeping "underneath the dreary ashes of an apparent conformism, the lively embers of his ideals." Ţoiu sees Georgescu,

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The degree to which Georgescu's involvement with Socialist Realism affected his work, beyond a surface level, is judged minor by several commentators. Matei Călinescu,

1656:, " break with dogmatism manifested itself only on a strictly aesthetic level", while Agopian stated: "Paul Georgescu used to work for the PCR's C C, where he was a 1370:

literature while openly discussing his admiration for foreign writers whose aesthetic choices or open rejection of Stalinism had made them unpublishable behind the

4977: 2602:, Nicolae Manolescu identifies characters based on Georgescu in two contemporary novels. One of these fictional figures is Ion Mincu, a minor presence in Preda's 1444:

The distance Georgescu took from the official tenets reflected on his literary choices, a process which ended with his own marginalization. In the 1989 obituary,

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As author of fiction, Paul Georgescu had a small but dedicated following. Iulia Arsintescu recounts that, like her, a select few readers from Romania and other

2446:, it may be the only such work in Romanian literature (Manolescu also wonders if there are any such writings in other national segments of modern literature). 2079:). The writer himself spoke of "modern prose" as determined by a goal "to rehabilitate regular life, composed from a number of actions, not just one, in which 4287: 4942: 4937: 4867: 1995:("Ass-licker"). He integrated such names in his regular speech, creating a secret system of references that his closest friends were required to learn. 1644:

Georgescu's political options remained with the far left, and explicitly with Trotskyism. This process, Cosașu writes, made Georgescu "a multi-faceted

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Controversies surrounding Georgescu and his fellow communist literary figures resurfaced in late 2008, when Nicolae Manolescu published the synthesis

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Such confrontational stances were reportedly reflected in his regular activities: according to Cosașu, Georgescu reacted to the power regained by the

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as having paid their "entrance to the circus", as well as his belief that "keeping a private diary today is the equivalent of a denunciation." In

1652:, who "had fought to bring into power a system which he justified, while despising virtually all of its officials". According to literary critic 1227:", which meant discussing the work of past authors independent of their social context. He called attention to supposed attempts at reviving the 884:

In 1984, Georgescu finished the first of his novels having for a common setting Huzurei (a joking allusion to his native Țăndărei, stemming from

2276:, a volume identified by Dan C. Mihăilescu as the second "peak" among Georgescu's contributions. In this narrative, the protagonist's dreams of 1550:' French newspapers and magazines". During a 2004 interview, reflecting on the value of literature produced under communism, literary historian 2348: 437:, he also advanced hierarchically to the position of lecturer at the University of Bucharest Faculty of Letters. A member of the newly created 4922: 4872: 4852: 4807: 4789: 2790: 2139: 612:

was officially condemned as "escapism" by Crohmălniceanu. In 1957, he further upset communist decision-makers by agreeing to publish article

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rhetoric and conclusions into the texts of non-communist authors he reviewed for publishing, in particular those of philosopher and critic

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had by then also proven itself "a ferocious enemy of democracy and the critical spirit", believes Georgescu was using "the great ideas" of

2604: 2352: 1871: 4150: 2616:("Falling into the World", 1987), a physically disabled communist who plays host to the lionized literary society of Bucharest during a 2442:

and George Călinescu. In Arsintescu's view, these echoes are blended to create "an entirely new and utterly modern novel." According to

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Conflicts with other sections of the Socialist Realist cultural establishment surfaced in the 1950s, when the tolerance of modernism by

1340:, a modernist from Lovinescu's circle, whose political opinions and artistic tenets had made him virtually unpublishable. According to 1290:

of Tudor Vianu's weekly articles." Călinescu focuses on one such instance, when Georgescu was reportedly so angered by a Vianu text on

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volume itself "excellent". The recollection aspect in Georgescu's prose was also present in other writings of the period, including

1298:), that he called him "bourgeois pig" and modified the piece to contain "five or six ritualistic expressions in the wooden tongue". 2980: 2399: 2326:—that his revolution (interior and social) is postponed by the torpor." This process is reflected in Dimancea's conversations with 1504:, the aficionado of literary backstairs, the artisan of cabals compromising the entire realm of old aristocrats, the 'dictator' at 447:

at the 1956 Writers' Union Congress, during which the Communist Party, using Stalinist rhetoric, condemned the cultural aspects of

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all that becomes an aggravating circumstance with Noica?" He agreed that Manolescu had a liberty of interpretation, based on his "

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over this type of ideological differences, and how he showed contempt the radical nationalist discourse promoted by Eugen Barbu's

1756:), and of many younger figures who were just making their debut on the literary scene. This community, Martin notes, resisted the 4862: 3379: 2218:

in discussing the main topic of Georgescu's narratives: "A dynamic rationale facing a world lacking in dynamism, almost inert."

1831:, for which he had to be hospitalized in the late 1960s. The writer also records how Georgescu had ceased his collaboration with 1302:

also recalled that his own relationship with Georgescu cooled when the latter discovered that Țoiu was frequenting banned author

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Georgescu progressively earned recognition as an author just as he was largely withdrawn from public life. The 1973 short story

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writers were themselves grouped under the "postmodern" label. Radu Cosaşu notes that, although he considered himself one of the

1211:, calling attention to writers whose work, he argued, had strayed away from Socialist Realist guidelines and into "formalism", " 4967: 4227: 2103:, was an important inspiration for several of his works. He is also commonly believed to have been stimulated by the novels of 274: 4882: 759:, which also hosted writers diverging from the PCR-imposed course, were "never refused". He also published two other novels: 701:

Georgescu continued to play an important part in launching the careers of young writers. Beginning 1969, he helped novelist

4566: 4917: 2493: 2127:. In parallel, Radu Petrescu believed his fellow novelist to have been "all to evident" inspired by the interwar novelist 2087:

exist only rarely, or where several non-coincident interferences coexist." Reportedly, he defined literature itself as a "

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Literary historian Florin Mihăilescu includes him among the "most vigilant ideological censors", a category also grouping

533:. Among the other essayists specialized in literary criticism who were promoted by Georgescu as head of the magazine were 78: 4651: 4484: 232:. Sidelined over his own incompatibility with the Socialist Realist dogma, and returning to public life during the 1960s 4912: 1423: 1207:) on literary matters. At the Union Congress of 1956, Georgescu voiced the official condemnation of De-Stalinization in 1188: 460: 438: 392: 380: 171: 3524: 1741: 4892: 4842: 4456: 4232: 3591: 3393: 1199:

maintain a grip on the Writers' Union. A particularly controversial text Paul Georgescu wrote for a May 1956 issue of

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regime and those of communism irritated Georgescu, who once told him: "Given your biography, you should be with us."

931:, the funeral ceremony was interrupted in the hope that more people would turn up. Columnist and literary historian 4902: 4826: 4799: 4284: 2403: 1160:

intellectuals associated with the regime during the 1950s. The researcher emphasizes their failure to join the pro-

943:, voicing a call for moderation in assessing his colleague's career. A final volume of the Huzurei series, titled 4877: 2386:

Georgescu was especially prolific in the final part of his career, when he reputedly identified with the slogan

1068: 491: 3045: 2514: 1080:

for their earlier reviews. In early 1953, during the ideological crisis provoked by the death of Soviet leader

755:'s direction, took a certain distance from the official line. According to Manea, Georgescu's contributions to 333: 191: 2214:, who documented the extent of self-referential and intransitive prose in Romanian postmodernism. Manea cites 1839: 1546:

knew, just like Leonte Răutu, who, the more vigilant he was (or appeared), the more intensely he was reading '

4464: 4240: 3458: 3401: 2542:

had come to respect. Mihăilescu asked: "Does one wish to turn into alleviating circumstance for the likes of

1669: 1530: 1426:). Cosaşu also argues that Georgescu's own image as a "Stalinist" came from his refusal to equate Soviet and 866: 4781: 3883:"Simţeam nevoia unei evadări într-o zonă în care se mai putea strecura feeria" (interview with Nina Cassian) 3274: 2782: 2340: 1947: 1665: 1621: 1609: 1597:

called the study "excellent", commenting that it "has restored many truths about the great critic 's work."

1084:, Georgescu joined other communist activists in the cultural field in endorsing the condemnation of earlier 993: 846: 252: 104: 3504: 2628:. Also according to Manolescu, the book evades the official "stencil" of Socialist Realist writers such as 2497: 1112:, whose satirical works, he contended, popularized "unhealthy aspects". Such comments, literary researcher 545:(the latter of whom he also encouraged to become a short story writer). By 1957, he was also in touch with 3906: 2245: 1184: 1125: 1101: 1036: 859:, with having established his reputation on the literary scene. Georgescu also took a sympathetic view of 502: 452: 4660: 4159: 4000: 3730: 3600: 855: 690: 4710: 3678: 3454: 2746: 2038: 1705: 1542: 1463:

and Georgescu's promotion of modernism and young poetry. He notes how, in 1958, the editor published a "

1415: 1271:", Georgescu called for a literary criticism subjected to "the sacred cause of our people, constructing 928: 215: 179: 142: 4701: 4614: 4034: 3150: 2989: 2933: 1676:

Simionescu, whose "incompatibility with the Party's ideology was irremediably total forgave nothing."

1498:. The literary generations of the '50-'80 years remember the opportunistic-cynical figure of the party 1483: 1366: 1220: 1153: 874: 861: 534: 430: 4595: 3512: 2865: 2297: 1551: 1329:. According to Călinescu, Georgescu "purely and simply exploded" when presented with the text. Writer 992:", discussing his stance as a "peculiar combination of formal partisan religiosity and undissimulated 598: 162:; November 7, 1923 – October 15, 1989) was a Romanian literary critic, journalist, fiction writer and 4952: 4947: 4739: 3107: 3081: 3053: 3033: 2609: 2567: 2492:

Georgescu's legacy and influence as an essayist and author of fiction remained marginal in Romania's

2042: 1927: 1903: 1629: 1526: 1341: 1314: 1299: 1291: 1250: 1165: 747: 710: 688:

was itself a victim of the liberalization climate, and, in 1968, was closed down to be replaced with

649: 617: 554: 553:

proofreader. At that stage, Călinescu recalls, Georgescu developed a fondness for both him the young

522: 506: 475: 469: 434: 237: 228: 175: 134: 4619: 4021: 3316: 3155: 3049: 2969: 2526: 2421: 2272:

veteran who is absorbed by the fate of his fellow human beings. Dimancea is also the protagonist of

2211: 2050: 1955: 1781: 1777: 1733: 1330: 1048: 1040: 842: 538: 4571: 4489: 4280: 3463: 3325: 2942: 2668: 2579: 2510: 2438:, Georgescu was building on old novelistic themes, borrowing his characters directly from works by 2416: 2309: 2149: 2104: 2068: 1967: 1863:, whom he allegedly suspected of having joined the nationalist circles after publishing the novels 1753: 1745: 1701: 1570: 1044: 972:

judges his older colleague "a pretty typical intellectual for his generation, polarized between a

570: 558: 542: 441:, Georgescu was first elected to the head bureau of its Prose Section in October 1952. He was also 219: 2285: 2184:. Cosaşu recalls that his older colleague would seek inspiration directly in the pages of Joyce's 2138:

Particularly during the 1960s, Georgescu blended these sources with influences from the trends of

1399: 1063: 705:

establish himself on the local scene. Between 1976 and 1986, Georgescu was in correspondence with

637: 624:. Călinescu, who records both his disgruntlement and the definition he gave to his new condition: 265: 4773: 3674: 2742: 2539: 2455: 2450:

notes that the fiction also blends the real and the imagined, being, together with Horasangian's

2411: 2356: 2332: 2120: 2096: 2076: 1988: 1963: 1819: 1800: 1765: 1757: 1729: 1721: 1713: 1472: 1224: 1208: 1113: 1073: 1012: 878: 714: 582: 456: 396: 369: 364: 309:, his father having set up practice as a physician. From early on, he was alarmed by the rise of 295: 241: 58: 4676: 2347:. Simuţ believes the events in the novel may refer to 1926, the "political parenthesis" between 2055: 1850: 1845: 1336:

His role in the censorship process reportedly earned Georgescu personally the hostility of poet

1117:"an indication from the Party , coupled with his own well-known cynicism", and of resorting to " 969: 924: 837: 546: 299: 223: 54: 4822: 3584: 2215: 1937:

As a reflection of his participation in disputes, Georgescu became notorious for his sarcastic

1601: 1486:

notes, gravitate around the perception that Georgescu discreetly criticized Stalinism from the

1459:

Matei Călinescu places stress on the relationship between the enforcement of PCR directives at

706: 4803: 4785: 4764: 4743: 4725: 4705: 4692: 4321: 3918: 3516: 2786: 2617: 2506: 2443: 2439: 2301: 2277: 2268:

introduces the character Gabriel Dimancea, a schoolteacher, journalist, aspiring novelist and

2116: 1749: 1725: 1605: 1590: 1566: 1445: 1303: 1181: 1149: 1024: 932: 772: 421: 412: 384: 203: 167: 158: 130: 4143: 1865: 291: 50: 4222: 3321:" 'A fost o mare bucurie a mea să descopăr şi să inventez lumi'. Interviu cu Ştefan Agopian" 3278: 2973: 2656: 2587: 2531: 2395: 2327: 2239: 2161: 2153: 2112: 2064: 2060: 1828: 1737: 1625: 1547: 1464: 1383: 1295: 1279: 1177: 1169: 897: 785: 726: 448: 138: 4025: 4760: 4655: 4468: 4291: 4244: 4154: 3995: 3882: 3595: 3405: 3383: 3112: 3086: 2984: 2753: 2648: 2464: 2398:). The events in these novels also take place during the early 20th century, covering the 2261: 2186: 2169: 2046: 2000: 1712:, in the company of other communists dissatisfied with the official line (Crohmălniceanu, 1709: 1487: 1430: 1379: 1254: 1145: 1089: 4325: 2774: 2193:

In Georgescu's novels, the strictly fictional was often found side by side with concrete

1574: 1192: 823:, was also published in 1982. At that time, Georgescu was cultivating some apolitical or 426: 207: 4446: 3988: 3041: 3021: 2660: 2652: 2629: 2583: 2547: 2543: 2459: 2313: 2157: 2124: 2100: 2004: 1789: 1673: 1538: 1453: 1407: 1391: 1387: 1242: 1161: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1023:

to entice the"fascination" of intellectuals, thus withdrawing support from the idea of

870: 824: 752: 738: 734: 695: 653: 574: 566: 526: 510: 480: 233: 3376: 4836: 3037: 3029: 3025: 2575: 2288:. According to Ion Simuţ, the volume ranks with other "epic episodes set against the 2194: 2177: 2144: 2084: 2072: 1972: 1931: 1911: 1899: 1810: 1761: 1717: 1514: 1375: 1345: 1259: 1232: 1173: 1081: 981: 965: 525:, at the time a student and later known for his scholarly works on 19th century poet 485: 388: 373: 341: 199: 2503:Învăţăturile unui venerabil prozator bucureştean către un tânăr critic din provincie 2029:

A main characteristic of Paul Georgescu's fiction is its evolution at the margin of

718: 4717: 4442: 3683: 2758: 2551: 2486: 2482: 2198: 2165: 2160:. He was at the time taking his examples from "engaged authors" such as Sartre and 2128: 1887: 1685: 1681: 1578: 1561: 1438: 1427: 1371: 1349: 1287: 1228: 1216: 1196: 1109: 1097: 1016: 961: 923:

toppled communism. He was buried on the outskirts of Bucharest, at the cemetery in

820: 722: 702: 633: 578: 562: 356: 337: 329: 325: 303: 187: 183: 4591: 2427: 2053:

to have been Romania's "first postmodernist", whose contributions came before the

1689: 1306:–this, Țoiu claimed, explains why he was no longer given permission to publish in 363:, and this sympathy is known to have surfaced in his later years. Georgescu was a 1930:, the young novelist recorded how his allusive comparisons between crimes of the 1203:

reaffirmed that the Communist Party had a moral duty to exercise its "guidance" (

4587: 4562: 4218: 3249:

Călinescu & Vianu, p.149, 306; Dimisianu & Elvin, p.91, 93; Manea, p.215

2637: 2571: 2563: 2447: 2339:, depicting in particular Dimancea's growing fear toward the political agitator 2305: 2269: 2181: 2173: 1860: 1833: 1824: 1769: 1653: 1617: 1534: 1419: 1411: 1283: 1268: 1264: 1058: 985: 828: 730: 602: 586: 497: 419:

section, an office which reportedly led literary circles to perceive him as the

251:

During the final part of his life, Paul Georgescu became especially known as an

195: 1882:

In parallel, his encouragement of conflict intertwined with his definitions of

4648: 4296: 3283: 3057: 2625: 2559: 2555: 2344: 2323: 1918:

and other crimes of communism, as well as of comparisons they raised with the

1876: 1855: 1815: 1807: 1773: 1594: 1586: 1495: 1491: 1468: 1434: 1223:". In this context, the ideologue spoke of fellow critics who adopted "vulgar 1118: 1085: 1052: 997: 893: 443: 400: 360: 314: 245: 166:

political figure. Remembered as both a main participant in the imposition of

4680: 2535: 2371: 2293: 1919: 1797: 1785: 1649: 1638: 1613: 1337: 1318: 1272: 1157: 1129: 1096:, Georgescu gave negative reviews to several young writers of the day: poet 973: 909: 819:("The Ages of Reason"), a book of interviews Paul Georgescu granted to poet 793: 664:("Descending"). In parallel, he published two collections of short stories: 352: 306: 211: 163: 74: 30: 3588: 3279:"Nu există cultură formată numai din genii" (interview with Ştefan Agopian) 2026:

political options." He adds: " a hero of the book, not of the Revolution."

1508:, the man always in Leonte Răutu's shadow". In Matei Călinescu's view, the 2284:

induced by the intense summer heat of Platoneşti, a fictional town in the

1278:

According to Matei Călinescu, Paul Georgescu made special efforts to push

4752: 4451: 3388: 2375: 2289: 2108: 2080: 1923: 1895: 1891: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1500: 1354: 1212: 1020: 977: 936: 832: 812: 416: 2671:"), a novel by the Romanian-born French author Miron Bergmann. A former 2513:

scandal pitting United Kingdom authorities against members of the local

729:

tendency, who were traditionally closer to the Ceauşescu regime: Preda,

467:("Critical Essays", 1957 and 1958). In March 1954, he was co-founder of 4688: 3914: 2644: 2336: 2318: 2034: 1981: 1907: 1793: 1661: 1476: 1326: 1237: 1001: 892:—lit. "The More than Perfect", after a term most commonly used for the 797: 673: 318: 310: 261: 112: 2107:. Other Romanian authors who influenced Georgescu, or whose style was 796:, which greatly reduced his mobility, and he developed a tendency for 4330: 2407: 2281: 2234: 2088: 2030: 1980:("Toasted Gown"), in turn a word-by-word translation of the humorous 1883: 1875:(1980). Manea cites Georgescu's portrayals of Preda as a promiscuous 1395: 1005: 989: 269: 120: 108: 2647:

names, Georgescu, Cosaşu, Dumitriu, and fellow writers Eugen Barbu,

2041:, whose reinterpretation of traditional themes reaches the stage of 713:

of the day had assigned to a schoolteacher's position in the remote

4064: 4062: 3213: 3211: 841:, playing a special part in the promotion of their representatives 4461: 4237: 3398: 1915: 1823:

according to Manea, Georgescu's fear that Ceauşescu would endorse

681: 116: 16:

Romanian literary critic, journalist, fiction writer and communist

3338:

Călinescu & Vianu, p.336, 338; Dimisianu & Elvin, p.93-94

399:

thus lists him in the "first generation of creators, tailors and

218:, but also published young nonconformist authors, beginning with 3507:, "Paul Georgescu - Ion Simuţ. Manualul criticului literar", in 3347:

Călinescu & Vianu, p.306; Dimisianu & Elvin, p.91, 93-94

1313:

For comparison, Matei Călinescu also cites the case of academic

1062:

editors in their campaign to silence criticism of debutant poet

919:

Paul Georgescu died in October 1989, some two months before the

789: 332:, the future writer is believed to have joined the then-illegal 4778:

Literatura în totalitarism. Vol. II: Bătălii pe frontul literar

3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3227: 3225: 3223: 1764:

promoted with acquiescence from the regime, by such figures as

1604:, Georgescu defined himself as "an analyst", and his books as " 4231:, Nr. 378-379, December 2008-January 2009, republished by the 3528: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3169: 3167: 3165: 1946:("The Captain", a title associated with the Iron Guard leader 1938: 3725: 2168:. Among the other international authors, Georgescu preferred 1624:." Basing himself on an interpretation of French philosopher 473:, inaugurated as a Romanian equivalent to the Soviet Union's 1966:", but also "Little Soldier"). He also casually referred to 3941: 3939: 676:", 1973), the latter of which featured his acclaimed story 391:

at a cultural level in general, and the establishment of a

1859:. Georgescu had an increasingly hostile relationship with 336:(PCR) as an adolescent, and reportedly fought against the 4056:

Călinescu & Vianu, p.149; Dimisianu & Elvin, p.93

3886: 88:

literary critic, journalist, novelist, short story writer

4528: 4526: 3153:, "Spiritul critic în 1989 - Începînd cu sfîrşitul", in 2111:

by Georgescu, include Camil Petrescu and Ion Luca's son

1991:, and included his reference to an unnamed colleague as 549:, future critic and novelist, whom he first employed as 479:. The new publication was initially led by aging writer 244:

and clandestinely cultivated the prohibited ideology of

3962: 3960: 1886:

in relation to communist justice. In his dialogue with

359:

line, the young activist may have been appreciative of

1357:

poetry'. They will start to seek me out and read me."

1128:, Georgescu stood alongside Crohmălniceanu, Baconsky, 960:

Paul Georgescu's literary career, begun shortly after

411:

In the 1950s, Georgescu became an activist of the PCR

264:

in Summer"), deal with urban and suburban life on the

968:, was marked by the ideological debates of the time. 513:, he contributed the sporadic literary chronicles at 351:). Although affiliated with a party which followed a 240:, he became openly adverse to Ceaușescu's variety of 4796:

Literatura şi artele în România comunistă. 1948-1953

2570:, playful structure, clearly hostile to nationalist 1433:, and from his claim that Stalin "has saved all the 1317:, who was given conditional approval for publishing 741:. During that time, he ended his collaboration with 4378: 4376: 4352:

Călinescu & Vianu, p.150; Manea, p.206-207, 221

4285:"Cultura română între comunism şi naţionalism (II)" 3612: 3610: 947:("Meanwhile"), was published posthumously in 1990. 660:("The Necessary Plurality"), and by his 1968 novel 126: 100: 92: 84: 64: 37: 21: 3705:Dimisianu & Elvin, p.93; Manea, p.88, 201, 215 2800: 2798: 2415:in value to some of their acclaimed predecessors: 1088:guidelines on the basis of guidelines provided by 2257:, whose eponymous protagonist is his own father. 1245:, making similar claims about the legacy of post- 628:("writer in residence"). His editorial office at 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 2640:had reserves about seeing the volume published. 951:Literary criticism and ideological contributions 581:. Although the group soon after migrated toward 4399: 4397: 4255: 4253: 3794: 3792: 3642: 3640: 853:("Tache de Velvet"), published by Georgescu in 849:. Agopian credits the review of his 1981 novel 4598:, January 9, 2008; retrieved February 15, 2009 4199:Călinescu & Vianu, p.149-150; Manea, p.210 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 767:("Doctor Poenaru", 1976), followed in 1977 by 4898:Academic staff of the University of Bucharest 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4592:"Un roman retro despre identitatea americană" 4276: 4274: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3020:Selajan, p.154. Selejan's list also includes 2675:staff member, Bergmann had defected in 1964. 1593:as an aesthetic model. Georgescu's colleague 1344:, Barbu came up to the critic in Bucharest's 835:generation of writers, collectively known as 8: 4714:Romanian edition, Summer 2008, p. 90-95 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2454:("Waiting Room", 1987), compatible with the 1910:, sarcastically compared with belief in the 1608:analyses". Using the Marxist terminology of 4640: 4638: 4326:"Constantin Ţoiu, romancier şi memorialist" 3577: 3575: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3110:, "Ce roman, viaţa lui Zaharia Stancu", in 3100: 3098: 3096: 2868:, May 15, 2003; retrieved February 18, 2009 2862:"Un scriitor uitat (?) şi o faptă bună (!)" 2770: 2768: 2608:; the other is Mr. Leo, the protagonist of 1482:The positive accounts, conservative critic 383:, and before the official establishment of 4343:Călinescu & Vianu, p.150; Manea, p.206 3834:Selejan, p.149, 154, 193-194, 197-199, 349 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3002:Călinescu & Vianu, p.150; Manea, p.210 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2164:, resenting the independent road taken by 1263:review. Defining such interpretations as " 1235:tenets of the 19th century literary group 459:". His texts, offering endorsement to the 29: 18: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3655:Dimisianu & Elvin, p.93; Manea, p.215 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2197:elements. The recipe was noted by critic 1987:. Other nicknames were structured around 792:; in old age, his limbs were affected by 561:, as well as with their literary friends 202:regime. During the first twenty years of 182:, he began his career in politics during 4928:Romanian World War II resistance members 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4146:Literatura Română în timpul comunismului 3377:"Constantin Ţoiu şi poetica amintirilor" 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 1581:). He was also revisiting the legacy of 387:, Paul Georgescu took an active part in 4617:, "Cronicarul în cumpăna istoriei", in 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 1176:and Vitner, all of whom had called for 2335:, the novel sets the rising threat of 2033:, which many times implies a humorous 1422:(implicitly marginalizing Georgescu's 900:—, it was followed two years later by 372:writes that " had been in danger of a 298:on the Bărăgan (presently included in 4978:Matei Basarab National College alumni 4708:, "Dialog. Generaţie şi creaţie", in 2404:World War I occupation of the country 904:("The Nature of Things"), in 1987 by 157: 7: 4963:20th-century Romanian civil servants 4908:Romanian Communist Party politicians 4736:De la proletcultism la postmodernism 2779:Trecute vieţi de fanți și de birlici 2600:Istoria critică a literaturii române 2538:thinker of the interwar period whom 2522:Istoria critică a literaturii române 2210:case studies for literary historian 771:(titled after the common word for a 3989:"Negoiţescu ameninţat cu evacuarea" 2458:techniques used by American author 2280:contrast with the immovability and 1890:, Georgescu dismissively qualified 1628:, he also expressed his belief in " 1490:camp, and was a covert adherent to 1294:(lacking the obligatory mention of 597:companions, as well as in those of 4943:Romanian writers with disabilities 4938:Prisoners and detainees of Romania 3679:"Candoare şi viclenie sub tiranie" 3625:Manea, p.202-203, 209-210, 214-215 3392:, Nr. 10/2005, republished by the 2063:, Georgescu rejected works by the 865:authors such as Radu Petrescu and 461:Romanian Socialist Realist current 14: 4868:Romanian male short story writers 4455:, Nr. 9/2008; republished by the 2477:Influence and posthumous disputes 1475:'s account, although a "dogmatic 1124:According to political scientist 873:, of independent literary critic 763:("Before the Silence", 1975) and 4973:20th-century Romanian memoirists 4933:Romanian prisoners and detainees 4223:"M.H.S. și Comedia Lumii pe Dos" 4104:Călinescu & Vianu, p.287-288 4086:Călinescu & Vianu, p.306-307 4068:Călinescu & Vianu, p.149-150 4047:Călinescu & Vianu, p.147-148 3770:Călinescu & Vianu, p.148-149 3356:Călinescu & Vianu, p.336-337 3217:Călinescu & Vianu, p.146-147 2762:, Vol. II, Nr. 94, November 2005 2312:. Simuţ likens the narrative to 2099:, a main figure in 19th century 1700:According to literary historian 1241:through the works of its leader 668:("The Ages of Youth", 1967) and 4958:20th-century Romanian novelists 3084:, "Cea dintâi zi la Capşa", in 964:and during the early stages of 788:and was already walking with a 433:. After a restructuring of the 4113:Dimisianu & Elvin, p.93-94 3687:, Vol. II, Nr. 82, August 2005 2665:Tinereţea unui comisar politic 2605:Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni 2140:20th century French literature 1872:Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni 1066:, condemning his own magazine 1011:In 1946, two years before the 709:, an aspiring critic whom the 1: 4827:Museum of Romanian Literature 4447:"Conversaţii cu Norman Manea" 3892:; retrieved February 22, 2009 2938:"Descumpănit și fără plăcere" 1648:" with a secret sympathy for 1612:, he argued: "Destiny is the 1414:as advocating "the utopia of 1402:, one of his subordinates at 393:local Socialist Realist trend 159:[ˈpa.uldʒe̯orˈdʒesku] 79:Socialist Republic of Romania 4873:Romanian short story writers 4853:Romanian literary historians 4122:Călinescu & Vianu, p.306 4095:Călinescu & Vianu, p.308 3975:Călinescu & Vianu, p.146 3786:Călinescu & Vianu, p.148 3752:Călinescu & Vianu, p.150 3240:Călinescu & Vianu, p.314 3231:Călinescu & Vianu, p.149 877:, and of modernist novelist 616:("The Incomparable One") by 403:of the new literary order." 4685:Amintiri în dialog. Memorii 4457:Romanian Cultural Institute 4233:Romanian Cultural Institute 4131:Dimisianu & Elvin, p.91 3911:Stalinism pentru eternitate 3589:"Vipie, zăpuşeală şi zăduf" 3417:Dimisianu & Elvin, p.95 3394:Romanian Cultural Institute 3205:Dimisianu & Elvin, p.93 3173:Dimisianu & Elvin, p.94 3159:, Nr. 9(48), September 2008 379:During the early stages of 348:Romania during World War II 286:Early life and World War II 190:groups and the underground 174:and a patron of dissenting 4994: 4391:Manea, p.212-214, 218- 219 3825:Selejan, p.38-40, 199, 256 2747:"Paulgeorgescianul 'Mda' " 2366:The narrative language of 2222:From the early stories to 2205:as much as the intimately 2049:. Thus, he is believed by 1622:socio-historical structure 1156:as one of the few genuine 745:and began contributing to 652:and the onset of relative 648:With the rise to power of 395:in particular. Researcher 4888:Socialist realism writers 4858:Romanian magazine editors 4848:Romanian literary critics 4623:, Nr. 1(52), January 2009 4493:, Nr. 97-98, January 2002 3476:Manea, p.208-210, 216-217 2785:, Bucharest, 2008, p.94. 2494:post-communist transition 1950:), while his moniker for 439:Writers' Union of Romania 321:perspective in reaction. 302:). Both his parents were 186:, when he sided with the 28: 4649:"Un roman autobiografic" 4575:, Nr. 157, February 2003 4172:F. Mihăilescu, p.125-126 3945:F. Mihăilescu, p.108-109 3046:Miron-Radu Paraschivescu 2946:, Nr. 295, November 2005 2374:and the accumulation of 2296:" southerners: Agopian, 1521:The liberalization years 1100:, whom he argued was a " 827:authors of modernist or 334:Romanian Communist Party 192:Romanian Communist Party 4863:Romanian male novelists 4724:, Polirom, Iaşi, 2004. 4300:, Nr. 660, October 2002 3467:, Nr. 90, November 2001 3134:F. Mihăilescu, p.96-112 3125:Selejan, p.148-149, 353 2341:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 1948:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 1670:Mircea Horia Simionescu 1610:dialectical materialism 1531:Miron-Radu Parashivescu 888:, or "wanton"). Titled 867:Mircea Horia Simionescu 636:, himself succeeded by 155:Romanian pronunciation: 105:experimental literature 4968:20th-century essayists 2246:In Search of Lost Time 2131:, particularly in his 1742:Ștefan Augustin Doinaș 1696:Ceaușescu-era disputes 1632:". In Georgescu's own 1394:. According to a late 1185:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 927:. According to writer 589:-based rival magazine 313:groups, primarily the 290:Georgescu was born in 4883:Censorship in Romania 4757:Junimea şi junimismul 4711:Lettre Internationale 4370:Manea, p.211-212, 216 3917:, Iaşi, 2005, p.187. 3843:Selejan, p.45-49, 136 3540:Manea, p.210, 216-217 3509:Concert de deschidere 3505:Daniel Cristea-Enache 3329:, Nr. 310, March 2006 2498:Daniel Cristea-Enache 2400:1907 peasants' revolt 2392:Mai mult ca perfectul 1926:." A survivor of the 1827:terror resulted in a 1361:Contradictory aspects 976:(the majority) and a 916:("Glass Partition"). 890:Mai mult ca perfectul 803:The acclaimed novels 626:scriitor la domiciliu 495:and the PCR platform 407:Political preeminence 206:, Georgescu assisted 194:in opposition to the 180:postmodern literature 4923:People from Țăndărei 4918:Romanian Trotskyists 4567:"Ce nu se vede" (II) 4532:F. Mihăilescu, p.280 4148:de Alex. Ştefănescu" 3966:F. Mihăilescu, p.109 3954:F. Mihăilescu, p.108 3816:F. Mihăilescu, p.313 3287:, Nr. 803, July 2005 3275:Gabriela Adameşteanu 3054:Cicerone Theodorescu 1928:Holocaust in Romania 1792:; on the other, the 1525:Progressively after 1292:Renaissance humanism 1195:and his subordinate 1189:Hungarian Revolution 1166:Miron Constantinescu 1092:. In his pieces for 751:daily, which, under 658:Polivalenţa necesară 476:Literaturnaya Gazeta 463:, were published as 425:of chief ideologues 4913:Romanian dissidents 4802:, Bucharest, 2010. 4784:, Bucharest, 2008. 4763:, Bucharest, 1998. 4742:, Constanţa, 2002. 4734:Florin Mihăilescu, 4722:Plicuri şi scrisori 4572:Observator Cultural 4490:Observator Cultural 4485:"Despre roman (II)" 4181:Ornea, p.28, 33, 38 3907:Vladimir Tismăneanu 3464:Observator Cultural 3375:Ioana Macrea-Toma, 3326:Observator Cultural 2943:Observator Cultural 2669:Political Commissar 2540:national communists 2511:illegal immigration 2361:National Peasantist 2150:Alain Robbe-Grillet 1968:Alain Robbe-Grillet 1754:Alexandru Paleologu 1730:political prisoners 1630:literary relativism 1437:" during and after 1180:at a time when PCR 1126:Vladimir Tismăneanu 1037:Ovid Crohmălniceanu 935:signed Georgescu's 921:Romanian Revolution 912:"), and in 1988 by 529:, to a position at 503:Ovid Crohmălniceanu 4893:Postmodern writers 4843:Romanian essayists 4654:2010-04-12 at the 4467:2011-09-02 at the 4290:2011-04-27 at the 4243:2011-09-02 at the 4153:2009-04-09 at the 4035:Academia Caţavencu 3994:2012-02-26 at the 3987:Ștefăniță Regman, 3594:2011-07-28 at the 3455:Bedros Horasangian 3404:2011-09-02 at the 3382:2012-02-18 at the 3182:Selejan, p.193-194 2990:Academia Cațavencu 2983:2009-07-24 at the 2860:Iulia Arsintescu, 2752:2021-12-29 at the 2663:are characters in 2550:, Paul Georgescu, 2546:, Crohmălniceanu, 2456:historical fiction 2436:Solstiţiu tulburat 2425:and Marin Preda's 2357:Alexandru Averescu 2351:regimes, when the 2343:and his embryonic 2333:Kingdom of Romania 2328:estate leaseholder 2121:Alexandru Odobescu 2097:Ion Luca Caragiale 2077:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 1820:national communism 1801:Ion Luca Caragiale 1758:ethnic nationalism 1543:Bedros Horasangian 1221:art for art's sake 1074:Anatol E. Baconsky 1006:national-socialism 929:Bedros Horasangian 809:Solstiţiu tulburat 711:educational system 666:Vîrstele tinereţii 583:Anatol E. Baconsky 517:(beginning 1953). 431:Iosif Chişinevschi 365:political prisoner 242:national communism 59:Kingdom of Romania 4903:Romanian atheists 4808:978-973-50-2773-5 4794:Cristian Vasile, 4790:978-973-23-1961-1 4782:Cartea Românească 4702:Gabriel Dimisianu 4615:Dan C. Mihăilescu 4462:România Culturală 4412:Manea, p.210, 212 4322:Nicolae Manolescu 4238:România Culturală 3399:România Culturală 3191:Vasile, p.278-279 3151:Mircea A. Diaconu 2934:Dan C. Mihăilescu 2813:Manea, p.202, 206 2791:978-973-23-1977-2 2783:Cartea Românească 2667:("The Youth of a 2507:human trafficking 2452:Sala de aşteptare 2444:Nicolae Manolescu 2440:Duiliu Zamfirescu 2316:'s classic work, 2292:", in novels by " 2278:social revolution 2133:Vîrsele tinereţii 2117:Duiliu Zamfirescu 1904:Mircea Vulcănescu 1726:Silvian Iosifescu 1591:Romanian folklore 1589:to the praise of 1567:Alexandru Ivasiuc 1527:Nicolae Ceauşescu 1484:Dan C. Mihăilescu 1450:Încercări critice 1446:Nicolae Manolescu 1416:liberal socialism 1367:Gabriel Dimisianu 1315:Şerban Cioculescu 1182:general secretary 1154:Nicolae Tertulian 1150:Mihail Petroveanu 1025:liberal democracy 933:Nicolae Manolescu 902:Natura lucrurilor 875:Dan C. Mihăilescu 862:Târgovişte School 847:Mircea Cărtărescu 817:Vîrstele raţiunii 761:Înainte de tăcere 680:(named after the 650:Nicolae Ceauşescu 535:Gabriel Dimisianu 465:Încercări critice 413:Central Committee 385:Communist Romania 381:Soviet occupation 238:Nicolae Ceaușescu 204:Communist Romania 168:Socialist Realism 148: 147: 131:Socialist Realism 127:Literary movement 4985: 4878:Romanian censors 4821: 4665: 4661:România Literară 4647:Adriana Bittel, 4646: 4642: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4612: 4599: 4596:Editura LiterNet 4586: 4582: 4576: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4541:Manea, p.216-217 4539: 4533: 4530: 4521: 4518: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4430:Manea, p.211-213 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4382:Manea, p.217-218 4380: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4361:Manea, p.208-209 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4320: 4316: 4301: 4278: 4269: 4268:Manea, p.207-208 4266: 4260: 4257: 4248: 4217: 4213: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4160:România Literară 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4028:România Literară 4020: 4016: 4005: 4001:România Literară 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3904: 3893: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3787: 3784: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3761:Manea, p.204-205 3759: 3753: 3750: 3735: 3731:România Literară 3723: 3719: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3673: 3669: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3635: 3634:Manea, p.201-202 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3616:Manea, p.202-203 3614: 3605: 3601:România Literară 3583: 3579: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3525:available online 3513:Editura LiterNet 3502: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3453: 3449: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3374: 3370: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3315: 3311: 3288: 3273: 3269: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3218: 3215: 3206: 3203: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3160: 3148: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3116:, September 1998 3106: 3102: 3091: 3080: 3076: 3061: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2976:România Literară 2968: 2964: 2947: 2932: 2928: 2869: 2866:Editura LiterNet 2859: 2855: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804:Manea, p.206-207 2802: 2793: 2772: 2763: 2741: 2737: 2588:Mihail Sadoveanu 2580:George Călinescu 2532:Constantin Noica 2515:Romani community 2417:George Călinescu 2396:Four Evangelists 2349:National Liberal 2298:Ştefan Bănulescu 2255:Doctorul Poenaru 2195:autobiographical 2154:Jean-Paul Sartre 2113:Mateiu Caragiale 2105:George Călinescu 2069:Honoré de Balzac 2016:Fiction writings 1829:mental breakdown 1626:Jean-Paul Sartre 1616:tension between 1552:Alex. Ştefănescu 1506:Viaţa Românească 1431:totalitarianisms 1424:internationalism 1296:Marxist humanism 1280:Marxist-Leninist 1209:Romanian culture 1178:De-Stalinization 1170:Mihail Davidoglu 1094:Viaţa Românească 1069:Viaţa Românească 1031:Communist censor 1013:Romanian Kingdom 941:România Literară 898:Romanian grammar 856:România Literară 851:Tache de catifea 786:vertebral column 765:Doctorul Poenaru 757:România Literară 691:România Literară 644:1960s transition 632:was assigned to 599:Ştefan Bănulescu 559:Nichita Stănescu 492:Viaţa Românească 449:De-Stalinization 435:education system 307:ethnic Romanians 220:Nichita Stănescu 216:local literature 161: 156: 71: 68:October 15, 1989 48:November 7, 1923 47: 45: 33: 19: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4833: 4832: 4819: 4816: 4761:Editura Minerva 4740:Editura Pontica 4677:Matei Călinescu 4673: 4668: 4656:Wayback Machine 4644: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4613: 4602: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4531: 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2043:meta-literature 2023: 2018: 1851:Adrian Păunescu 1710:cosmopolitanism 1698: 1600:In a letter to 1523: 1510:Gazeta Literară 1488:Left Opposition 1461:Gazeta Literară 1404:Gazeta Literară 1380:Arthur Koestler 1363: 1342:Valeriu Râpeanu 1323:Gazeta Literară 1308:Gazeta Literară 1300:Constantin Țoiu 1255:Eugen Lovinescu 1201:Gazeta Literară 1164:initiatives of 1146:Eugen Jebeleanu 1090:Georgy Malenkov 1033: 970:Matei Călinescu 958: 956:Early militancy 953: 781: 686:Gazeta Literară 646: 630:Gazeta Literară 622:Gazeta Literară 618:Constantin Ţoiu 610:Gazeta Literară 595:Gazeta Literară 551:Gazeta Literară 547:Matei Călinescu 531:Gazeta Literară 523:Valeriu Râpeanu 507:Sergiu Fărcăşan 470:Gazeta Literară 409: 328:circles during 300:Ialomița County 288: 283: 229:Gazeta Literară 224:Matei Călinescu 154: 73: 69: 55:Ialomița County 49: 43: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 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L. Doctorow 2422:Bietul Ioanide 2383: 2380: 2359:confronts the 2353:People's Party 2314:Ivan Goncharov 2242:is to Proust ( 2226: 2220: 2212:Liviu Petrescu 2158:existentialism 2125:Mihai Eminescu 2101:Romanian humor 2083:and explosive 2051:Ştefan Agopian 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2005:Camil Petrescu 1956:Nicolae Dragoş 1790:Mihai Eminescu 1782:Dan Zamfirescu 1778:Mihai Ungheanu 1750:Ion Negoițescu 1734:Nicolae Balotă 1732:of communism ( 1697: 1694: 1674:anti-communist 1539:Zaharia Stancu 1522: 1519: 1454:Alexandru Toma 1408:Titus Popovici 1388:Ignazio Silone 1362: 1359: 1331:Ștefan Agopian 1304:Ion Negoițescu 1243:Titu Maiorescu 1162:liberalization 1142:Gheorghe Haupt 1138:Petru Dumitriu 1134:Geo Dumitrescu 1049:Traian Șelmaru 1041:Nicolae Moraru 1032: 1029: 957: 954: 952: 949: 871:Mircea Ciobanu 843:Ştefan Agopian 825:anti-communist 780: 777: 773:New Year's Eve 753:Octavian Paler 748:România Liberă 739:Titus Popovici 735:Petru Dumitriu 696:Geo Dumitrescu 654:liberalization 645: 642: 614:Incomparabilul 575:Modest Morariu 567:Nicolae Breban 539:Ştefan Cazimir 527:Mihai Eminescu 511:Petru Dumitriu 481:Zaharia Stancu 455:" and "vulgar 422:éminence grise 408: 405: 287: 284: 282: 279: 234:liberalization 210:in exercising 151:Paul Georgescu 146: 145: 128: 124: 123: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 72:(aged 65) 66: 62: 61: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 23:Paul Georgescu 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4990: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4828: 4824: 4820:(in Romanian) 4818: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4769:973-21-0562-3 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:973-9224-63-6 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4731: 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3664: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3604:, Nr. 29/2007 3603: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3582:(in Romanian) 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3529:LiterNet site 3526: 3522: 3521:973-8475-67-8 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452:(in Romanian) 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3373:(in Romanian) 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314:(in Romanian) 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272:(in Romanian) 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3105:(in Romanian) 3101: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3079:(in Romanian) 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:Radu Boureanu 3027: 3026:Aurel Baranga 3023: 3017: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2967:(in Romanian) 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931:(in Romanian) 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858:(in Romanian) 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740:(in Romanian) 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 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2183: 2179: 2178:Marcel Proust 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2162:André Malraux 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2145:Nouveau Roman 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2091:of nuances". 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067:greats (from 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:postmodernist 2036: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2010:Matei Iliescu 2006: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978:Rochie-Friptă 1975: 1974: 1973:Nouveau Roman 1970:, the French 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1932:Ion Antonescu 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912:Last Judgment 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:vegetarianism 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1818:'s return as 1817: 1812: 1811:secret police 1809: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1788:and emphatic 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:protochronism 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Adrian Marino 1743: 1739: 1738:Ovidiu Cotruș 1735: 1731: 1728:), of former 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:Mircea Martin 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:Leiba Trotsky 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:psycho-social 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Adrian Marino 1568: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1515:schizophrenic 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:André Malraux 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:galley proofs 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1257:, founder of 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:Alexandru Jar 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:Joseph Stalin 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:Mihai Novicov 1042: 1038: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:Mircea Eliade 979: 975: 971: 967: 966:communization 963: 955: 950: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863: 858: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 778: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 692: 687: 683: 682:Oriental dish 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 643: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571:Grigore Hagiu 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:Nicolae Velea 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499: 494: 493: 488: 487: 486:Contemporanul 482: 478: 477: 472: 471: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423: 418: 414: 406: 404: 402: 401:propagandists 398: 394: 390: 389:communization 386: 382: 377: 375: 374:court-martial 371: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349: 343: 342:Ion Antonescu 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 317:, adopting a 316: 312: 308: 305: 301: 297: 293: 285: 280: 278: 276: 271: 268:, creatively 267: 266:Bărăgan Plain 263: 259: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 217: 214:control over 213: 209: 205: 201: 200:Ion Antonescu 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 172:Romanian form 169: 165: 160: 152: 144: 143:Postmodernism 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 40: 36: 32: 27: 20: 4795: 4777: 4756: 4735: 4721: 4718:Norman Manea 4709: 4684: 4664:, Nr. 7/2005 4659: 4632:Manea, p.217 4628: 4618: 4580: 4570: 4555: 4550:Manea, p.203 4546: 4537: 4520:Manea, p.221 4502:Manea, p.220 4498: 4488: 4476: 4460: 4450: 4443:Marta Petreu 4435: 4426: 4421:Manea, p.211 4417: 4408: 4403:Manea, p.205 4387: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4329: 4295: 4264: 4259:Manea, p.210 4236: 4226: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4158: 4145: 4144:"Dezbatere: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4077:Manea, p.209 4073: 4052: 4043: 4033: 4027: 4004:, Nr. 6/2008 3999: 3980: 3971: 3950: 3929: 3910: 3887: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3807:Manea, p.207 3803: 3798:Manea, p.206 3766: 3757: 3734:, Nr. 7/2008 3729: 3701: 3696:Manea, p.215 3692: 3684:Dilema Veche 3682: 3651: 3646:Manea, p.204 3630: 3621: 3599: 3549:Manea, p.216 3545: 3536: 3508: 3472: 3462: 3413: 3397: 3387: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3324: 3282: 3245: 3236: 3187: 3178: 3154: 3130: 3121: 3111: 3085: 3016: 3011:Manea, p.202 3007: 2998: 2988: 2975: 2941: 2809: 2778: 2775:Horia Gârbea 2759:Dilema Veche 2757: 2672: 2664: 2642: 2633: 2622: 2613: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2552:Nina Cassian 2525: 2521: 2519: 2502: 2491: 2487:Florin Mugur 2483:Eastern Bloc 2480: 2463: 2451: 2435: 2433: 2426: 2420: 2412:drug traffic 2391: 2387: 2385: 2367: 2365: 2363:opposition. 2317: 2273: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2206: 2202: 2199:Lucian Raicu 2192: 2185: 2166:Albert Camus 2143: 2137: 2132: 2129:Anton Holban 2115:, alongside 2093: 2054: 2028: 2024: 2009: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1959: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1888:Florin Mugur 1881: 1870: 1864: 1854: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1805: 1699: 1692:blindness." 1690:megalomaniac 1686:narcissistic 1678: 1666:experimental 1643: 1634:metaphorical 1599: 1582: 1579:Eugen Simion 1562:April Theses 1560: 1557: 1524: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1481: 1460: 1458: 1449: 1443: 1439:World War II 1403: 1400:Eugen Campus 1372:Iron Curtain 1364: 1350:masturbating 1335: 1322: 1319:philological 1312: 1307: 1277: 1258: 1246: 1236: 1233:neoclassical 1229:conservative 1217:subjectivism 1204: 1200: 1197:Mihai Beniuc 1193:Leonte Răutu 1123: 1110:Mircea Zaciu 1105: 1098:Nina Cassian 1093: 1077: 1067: 1064:Eugen Frunză 1057: 1034: 1017:Soviet Union 1010: 962:World War II 959: 944: 940: 918: 913: 905: 901: 889: 885: 883: 860: 854: 850: 836: 821:Florin Mugur 816: 808: 804: 802: 782: 768: 764: 760: 756: 746: 742: 723:Bihor County 703:Norman Manea 700: 694:, edited by 689: 685: 677: 669: 665: 661: 657: 647: 638:Tiberiu Utan 634:Aurel Mihale 629: 625: 621: 613: 609: 607: 594: 590: 579:Petre Stoica 563:Cezar Baltag 550: 530: 519: 514: 496: 490: 484: 474: 468: 464: 442: 427:Leonte Răutu 420: 410: 378: 345: 330:World War II 326:anti-fascist 324:Involved in 323: 304:middle-class 289: 257: 253:experimental 250: 236:enforced by 227: 208:Leonte Răutu 188:anti-fascist 184:World War II 150: 149: 70:(1989-10-15) 4953:1989 deaths 4948:1923 births 4774:Ana Selejan 4759:, Vol. II, 4588:Paul Cernat 4563:Paul Cernat 4219:Paul Cernat 4190:Ornea, p.28 3675:Radu Cosaşu 3090:, June 2001 3022:Maria Banuş 2743:Radu Cosaşu 2638:Eugen Barbu 2572:metaphysics 2568:enlightened 2564:rationalist 2548:Maria Banuş 2448:Paul Cernat 2382:Final works 2306:Marin Preda 2302:Fănuş Neagu 2270:World War I 2260:Set in the 2182:James Joyce 2174:Franz Kafka 2156:'s Marxist 2061:neorealists 1989:obscenities 1985:robe grillé 1976:author, as 1869:(1975) and 1861:Marin Preda 1786:pessimistic 1770:Eugen Barbu 1766:Paul Anghel 1722:Paul Cornea 1714:Savin Bratu 1706:Europeanism 1654:Paul Cernat 1618:temperament 1614:dialectical 1535:Marin Preda 1473:Radu Cosaşu 1448:noted that 1435:capitalists 1428:Nazi German 1420:nationalism 1412:Belu Zilber 1392:Paul Valéry 1321:studies in 1284:Tudor Vianu 1265:reactionary 1225:sociologism 1119:ad hominems 1114:Ana Selejan 1000:religions — 986:Emil Cioran 879:Virgil Duda 829:avant-garde 811:("Troubled 779:Final years 731:Eugen Barbu 603:Marin Preda 457:sociologism 397:Ana Selejan 370:Radu Cosaşu 340:-supported 4837:Categories 4671:References 4297:Revista 22 3726:"Țăndărei" 3284:Revista 22 3058:Ion Vitner 3038:Dan Deşliu 2626:Iron Guard 2594:In fiction 2560:Edgar Papu 2556:Gellu Naum 2372:word plays 2368:Vara baroc 2345:Iron Guard 2324:paraphrase 2294:Wallachian 2274:Vara baroc 2224:Vara baroc 2085:dénouement 2073:Émile Zola 2056:Optzecişti 1840:Luceafărul 1825:neofascist 1816:Iron Guard 1808:Securitate 1796:and often 1774:Edgar Papu 1718:Vera Călin 1595:Zigu Ornea 1587:patriotism 1492:Trotskyism 1469:propaganda 1465:Zhdanovist 1376:André Gide 1346:Casa Capşa 1260:Sburătorul 1086:proletkult 1053:Ion Vitner 945:Între timp 925:Străuleşti 894:pluperfect 869:, of poet 838:Optzecişti 805:Vara baroc 727:neorealist 444:rapporteur 361:Trotskyism 315:Iron Guard 275:censorship 258:Vara baroc 246:Trotskyism 139:Neorealism 85:Occupation 44:1923-11-07 4800:Humanitas 4681:Ion Vianu 3585:Ion Simuţ 2645:anagramed 2536:far right 2428:Moromeţii 2376:metaphors 2240:madeleine 2233:, a part- 2216:Ion Simuţ 2109:pastiched 2003:novelist 1993:Linge Cur 1964:Tree Frog 1944:Căpitanul 1920:Holocaust 1877:alcoholic 1846:Săptămîna 1798:absurdist 1794:sarcastic 1650:anarchism 1639:Black Sea 1602:Ion Simuț 1575:Sașa Pană 1517:forms ." 1501:kulturnik 1338:Ion Barbu 1273:socialism 1269:bourgeois 1251:modernist 1205:îndrumare 1191:, helped 1158:left-wing 1130:Geo Bogza 1102:formalist 974:far right 794:ankylosis 707:Ion Simuţ 555:modernist 453:formalism 353:Stalinist 281:Biography 270:parodying 226:, in his 212:Stalinist 198:-aligned 176:modernist 164:communist 135:Modernism 96:1944–1989 75:Bucharest 4753:Z. Ornea 4706:B. Elvin 4652:Archived 4465:Archived 4452:Apostrof 4288:Archived 4241:Archived 4228:Cuvântul 4151:Archived 3992:Archived 3592:Archived 3515:, 2004. 3402:Archived 3389:Apostrof 3380:Archived 2981:Archived 2750:Archived 2290:Dog Days 2266:Revelion 2251:3 nuvele 2081:suspense 2001:interwar 1952:Scînteia 1924:demagogy 1896:altruism 1892:idealism 1834:Scînteia 1658:martinet 1646:Leninist 1620:and the 1548:rightist 1355:decadent 1247:Junimist 1213:idealism 1059:Scînteia 1021:Humanism 994:cynicism 978:far left 937:obituary 813:Solstice 775:party). 769:Revelion 743:Scînteia 674:Novellas 670:3 nuvele 662:Coborînd 515:Scînteia 498:Scînteia 417:Agitprop 355:and pro- 344:regime ( 292:Țăndărei 51:Țăndărei 4829:profile 4689:Polirom 3915:Polirom 3888:Memoria 3885:at the 3527:at the 3459:"Pilaf" 2634:Căderea 2465:Ragtime 2462:in his 2337:fascism 2319:Oblomov 2203:bookish 2201:: "the 2187:Ulysses 2065:realist 2035:subtext 1982:homonym 1960:Răcănel 1954:editor 1908:atheist 1866:Delirul 1856:Flacăra 1668:author 1662:fantasy 1583:Junimea 1477:Marxist 1327:May Day 1267:" and " 1253:critic 1238:Junimea 1219:", or " 1002:fascism 998:secular 914:Geamlîc 910:Pontics 906:Pontice 833:lyrical 798:obesity 719:Ţeţchea 715:commune 501:. 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