299:
249:, moved in after the fighting started and began giving artillery support to the cavalry troops. When his commanding officer, Lieutenant Harry Hawthorne, was severely wounded he assumed command and, with another soldier, directed artillery fire and successfully cleared out a key position, a ravine "pocket", supposedly occupied by a number of the Sioux warriors. He and the second cannoneer remained under heavy fire during the battle, at one point causing a round to be knocked out of Weinert's hands as he was about to load, resulting in the gun carriage being riddled with bullets. The two continued manually moving the cannon with each discharge to move it into a better position until the end of the battle. For his actions, he received the
1028:
cites
Confederate effective strength of "just over 38,000," including A.P. Hill's division, which arrived in the afternoon. Priest, p. 343, cites 87,164 men present in the Army of the Potomac, with 53,632 engaged, and 30,646 engaged in the Army of Northern Virginia. Luvaas and Nelson, p. 302, cite 87,100 Union engaged, 51,800 Confederate. Harsh, Sounding the Shallows, pp. 201–202, analyzes the historiography of the figures, and shows that Ezra A. Carman (a battlefield historian who influenced some of these sources) used "engaged" figures; the 38,000 excludes Pender's and Field's brigades, roughly half the artillery, and forces used to secure objectives behind the line.
1038:
unmarked graves where they fell." McPherson, p. 129, gives ranges for the
Confederate losses: 1,546–2,700 dead, 7,752–9,024 wounded. He states that more than 2,000 of the wounded on both sides died from their wounds. Priest, p. 343, reports 12,882 Union casualties (2,157 killed, 9,716 wounded, 1,009 missing or captured) and 11,530 Confederate (1,754 killed, 8,649 wounded, 1,127 missing or captured). Luvaas and Nelson, p. 302, cite Union casualties of 12,469 (2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded, 1,043 missing or captured) and 10,292 Confederate (1,567 killed, 8,725 wounded for September 14–20, plus approximately 2,000 missing or captured).
106:
310:. Proponents claim that the engagement was in-fact a massacre and not a battle, due to the high number of killed and wounded Lakota women and children and the very one-sided casualty counts. Estimates of the Lakota losses indicate 150–300 killed, of which up to 200 were women and children. Additionally, as many as 51 were wounded. In contrast, the 7th Cavalry suffered 25 killed and 39 wounded, many being the result of friendly fire.
337:
1027:
Eicher, p. 363. Sears, p. 173, cites 75,000 Union troops, with an effective strength of 71,500, with 300 guns; on p. 296, he states that the 12,401 Union casualties were 25% of those who went into action and that McClellan committed "barely 50,000 infantry and artillerymen to the contest"; p. 389, he
1037:
Sears, pp. 294–96; Cannan, p. 201. Confederate casualties are estimates because reported figures include undifferentiated casualties at South
Mountain and Shepherdstown; Sears remarks that "there is no doubt that a good many of the 1,771 men listed as missing were in fact dead, buried uncounted in
371:
Deeds of Valor: From
Records in the Archives of the United States Government; how American Heroes Won the Medal of Honor; History of Our Recent Wars and Explorations, from Personal Reminiscences and Records of Officers and Enlisted Men who Were Rewarded by Congress for Most Conspicuous Acts of
1017:
Wert, p. 246, Eicher, p. 752. Lewis, p. 288, reports Union totals as 5,764 (569 killed, 3,425 wounded, 1,770 missing), Confederates 3,060 (1,860 killed and wounded, 1,200 prisoners). Kennedy, p. 323, reports 5,672 Union, 2,910 Confederate. The NPS battle summary reports 5,665 Union, 2,910
31:
325:. Respectively, Cedar Creek and Antietam involved 52,712 and 113,000 troops, suffering 8,674 and 22,717 casualties. Wounded Knee, however, involved 610 combatants and resulted in as many as 705 casualties (including non-combatants).
1047:
Brown, p. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the
Indians were carefully counted." Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Big
316:
The Army has also been criticized more generally for the seemingly disproportionate number of Medals of Honor awarded in connection with the battle. For comparison, 20 Medals were awarded at
Wounded Knee, 21 at the
279:
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company E, 1st U.S. Artillery. Place and date: At
Wounded Knee Creek, S. Dak., 29 December 1890. Entered service at: Baltimore, Md. Birth: Germany. Date of issue: 24 March 1891.
999:
Whitehorne, p. 15. The NPS battle summary lists Union strength of 31,945. Cullen, p. 111, states 35,000 Union effectives, including 10,000 cavalry. Salmon, p. 368, and
Kennedy, p. 319, state 32,000 Union.
1165:
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256:
More recent reports have shown that unarmed civilians were hiding in the ravine, and that "Weiner's firing inflicted terrible damage, undoubtedly killing and wounding many women and children."
981:
Green, Jerry (1994). "The Medals of
Wounded Knee". Nebraska State Historical Society, also available in Nebraska History #75, pp. 200–208. Nebraska State Historical Society History.
1140:
1008:
Whitehorne, p. 17. The NPS battle summary and
Kennedy, p. 319, list Confederate strength of 21,000. Cullen, p. 112, states 18,000 Confederate effectives, including 4,000 cavalry.
350:
313:
Calvin Spotted Elk, direct descendant of Chief Spotted Elk killed at Wounded Knee, launched a petition to rescind medals from the soldiers who participated in the battle.
717:
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Fighting Men of the Indian Wars: A Biographical Encyclopedia of the Mountain Men, Soldiers, Cowboys, and Pioneers Who Took Up Arms During America's Westward Expansion
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Taking the place of his commanding officer who had fallen severely wounded, he gallantly served his piece, after each fire advancing it to a better position.
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in November 1886 (claiming to be 21 because he was underage). He was assigned to Battery E of the 1st U.S. Artillery and became a
888:"Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information". Footnote.com. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
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There have been several attempts by various parties to rescind the Medals of Honor awarded in connection with the
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along with four other artillerymen. He was discharged in 1895, and served again from 1898 until 1899.
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Owens, Ronald J. (2004) Medal of Honor: Historical facts and figures. Turner Publishing Company
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718:"Soldiers got Medals of Honor for massacring Native Americans. This bill would take them away"
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for gallantry at what was then called the Battle of Wounded Knee, but now commonly called the
681:
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Voices of the American West: The Settler And Soldier Interviews of Eli S. Ricker, 1903-1919
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Guardians of the Republic: a history of the noncommissioned officer corps of the U.S. Army
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Confederate. Salmon, p. 372, reports Union "almost 5,700", Confederate "almost 3,000."
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The Politics of Hallowed Ground: Wounded Knee and the Struggle for Indian Sovereignty
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111:
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on January 19, 1919, at the age of 49. He is one of two MOH recipients, along with
242:
195:
560:. Vol. 2. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2006. (pg. 289)
438:
Above and Beyond: A History of the Medal of Honor from the Civil War to Vietnam
1083:
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Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890: The Wars for the Pacific Northwest
332:
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in order to apprehend weapons from his band. His unit, consisting of four
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on July 15, 1869. He later emigrated to the United States and joined the
184:
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Bravery on the Battle-field, on the High Seas and in Arctic Explorations
190:(July 15, 1869 – January 19, 1919) was an American soldier in the
900:"Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre". Retrieved December 9, 2014.
407:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2001. (pg. 130-131)
302:
Mass Grave for the Dead Lakota After the Engagement at Wounded Knee
297:
755:
Medal of Honor recipient Gravesites In The State of Massachusetts
427:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1979. (pg. 1020)
540:. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. (pg. 221-222)
520:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2001. (pg. 392)
580:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing, 2006. (pg. 292)
962:"No Medals for massacre: Close the Open Wound of Wounded Knee"
864:"No Medals for Massacre: Close the Open Wound of Wounded Knee"
460:. Glenside, Pennsylvania: Seniram Publishing, 1988. (pg. 400)
977:
975:
654:. Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Vermont, 2008. (pg. 155-156)
37:
Deeds of Valor: How America's Heroes Won the Medal of Honor
480:. Stillwater, Oklahoma: Barbed Wire Press, 1991. (pg. 35)
425:
Medal of Honor recipients, 1863-1978, 96th Cong., 1st sess
374:. Vol. 2. Detroit: Perrien-Keydel Company, 1906. (pg. 325)
237:
when, on the morning of December 29, 1890, members of the
896:
894:
500:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. (pg. 392)
1065:. Vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
839:"The Wounded Knee medals of honor should be rescinded"
1166:
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
1136:
American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor
387:. Dundee, Illinois: Crossroads Communications, 1999.
351:
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
911:"The 110th Anniversary of the Wounded Knee Massacre"
440:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985. (pg. 83)
751:"Photo of Grave site of MOH Recipient Paul Weinert"
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194:who served with the 1st U.S. Artillery during the
670:Register of Enlistments in the US Army, 1798-1914
369:Beyer, Walter F. and Oscar Frederick Keydel, ed.
778:"A Hero for Heroes, Milton's Edward A. Gisburne"
626:"Military Times Hall of Valor: Paul H. Weinert"
578:Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West
558:The Native Peoples of North America: A History
35:Paul H. Weinert as appearing in O.F. Keydel's
812:United States Army Center of Military History
8:
1141:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
198:. He was one of twenty men who received the
716:Epstein, Kayla; Horton, Alex (2019-11-28).
241:surrounded the camp of the Sioux chieftain
16:United States Army Medal of Honor recipient
782:Milton Historical Society - Milton Sampler
29:
18:
652:American Artillery and the Medal of Honor
496:Gonzalez, Mario and Elizabeth Cook-Lynn.
385:Terror on the Plains: A Clash of Cultures
1088:Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients
960:Joseph Huff-Hannon (February 12, 2013).
362:
698:
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682:"The American Tragedy at Wounded Knee"
423:Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs.
1176:Native American genocide perpetrators
1161:German-born Medal of Honor recipients
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837:Dana Lone Hill (February 18, 2013).
630:Awards and Citations: Medal of Honor
458:A Portrait of the Stars and Stripes
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1151:People from Milton, Massachusetts
1146:Military personnel from Frankfurt
538:The Last Days of the Sioux Nation
776:Fall, William P. (Spring 2007).
603:MOH Recipients: Indian Campaigns
335:
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624:Army Times Publishing Company.
599:"MOH Citation for Paul Weinert"
814:. June 8, 2009. Archived from
1:
784:. MiltonHistoricalSociety.org
749:Sterner, C. Douglas (1999).
597:Sterner, C. Douglas (1999).
214:Paul H. Weinert was born in
1156:United States Army soldiers
804:"Medal of Honor recipients"
233:Weinert was present at the
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239:7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment
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1061:Jensen, Richard E., ed.
680:Kortenhof, Kurt (2023).
133:1886 - 1895, 1898 - 1899
275:Medal of Honor citation
697:Cite journal requires
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1126:German mass murderers
436:Manning, Robert, ed.
319:Battle of Cedar Creek
308:Wounded Knee Massacre
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261:Milton, Massachusetts
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204:Wounded Knee Massacre
165:Wounded Knee Massacre
130:Years of service
78:Milton, Massachusetts
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808:Indian War Campaigns
516:Cozzens, Peter, ed.
1171:Pine Ridge Campaign
936:"Wagner...Part Two"
870:. February 12, 2013
868:The Huffington Post
632:. MilitaryTimes.com
556:Johansen, Bruce E.
224:Baltimore, Maryland
757:. HomeofHeroes.com
650:Zabecki, David T.
605:. HomeofHeroes.com
403:Fisher, Ernest F.
323:Battle of Antietam
304:
265:Edward A. Gisburne
220:United States Army
216:Frankfurt, Germany
151:1st U.S. Artillery
124:United States Army
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536:Utley, Robert M.
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357:References
100:Allegiance
51:1869-05-28
730:0190-8286
284:Citation:
210:Biography
192:U.S. Army
58:Frankfurt
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848:March 1,
822:June 29,
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329:See also
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824:2009
790:2010
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