958:
1257:, the main concern of Paul's writings on Jesus' role, and salvation by faith, is the problem of the inclusion of gentile (Greek) Torah observers into God's covenant. The inclusion of Gentiles into early Christianity posed a problem for the Jewish identity of the early Christians. Many of the Jewish Christians were fully faithful religious Jews, only differing in their acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah. Observance of the Jewish commands, including circumcision, was regarded as a token of the membership of this covenant, and the early Jewish Christians insisted on keeping those observances. The new converts did not follow all "Jewish Law" and refused to be
1276:, considering it a great threat to his doctrine of salvation through faith in Jesus. For Paul, Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the gentiles from God's covenant. 'Dying for our sins' refers to the problem of gentile Torah-observers, who, despite their faithfulness, cannot fully observe commandments, including circumcision, and are therefore 'sinners', excluded from God's covenant. Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the gentiles from God's covenant, as indicated by Rom 3:21-26.
48:
2125:
Conception and Bodily
Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) p. 81; Thomas Sheehan, First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (New York: Random House, 1986) pp. 110, 118; Ulrich Wilckens, Resurrection translated A. M. Stewart (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew, 1977) p. 2; Hans Grass, Ostergeschen und Osterberichte, Second Edition (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1962) p. 96; Grass favors the origin in Damascus.
273:
916:
1338:
1611:
1862:) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr.
2124:
see
Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus—God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90; Oscar Cullmann, The Early church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 66; R. E. Brown, The Virginal
1562:
According to
Christopher Rowland, Pauline Christianity is the development of thinking about Jesus in a gentile missionary context. Rowland contends that "the extent of his influence on Christian thought has been overestimated", concluding that Paul did not materially alter Jesus' teachings.
1094:. Paul's beliefs were strongly rooted in the earliest Jewish Christianity, but they deviated from this Jewish Christianity in their emphasis on inclusion of the Gentiles into God's New Covenant and in his rejection of circumcision as an unnecessary token of upholding the Law.
1186:
For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the
Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that He appeared to Cephas, then to the
1570:
and the
Jerusalem Church's as essentially similar. According to Hurtado, this "work against the claims by some scholars that Pauline Christianity represents a sharp departure from the religiousness of Judean 'Jesus movements'."
1049:. Since the 18th century, a number of scholars have proposed that Paul's writings contain teachings that are different from the original teachings of Jesus and those of the earliest Jewish Christians, as documented in the
1301:
There was a slowly growing schism between
Christians and Jews, rather than a sudden split. Even though it is commonly thought that Paul established a Gentile church, it took centuries for a complete break to manifest.
1218:
and other notable NT scholars cited by them, writing with lived experience of the Jewish context, Paul did not replace Torah or
Halakha with Christ for Jewish believers, but simply taught gentiles that observing the
1286:
until 200 CE, which saw God's covenant with Israel as an act of grace of God. Observance of the Law is needed to maintain the covenant, but the covenant is not earned by observing the Law, but by the grace of God.
1496:
Some literary critics of
Christianity argue that Paul distorted the original and true faith, or claim that Christianity is largely his invention. The former include such secular commentators as the philosophers
1125:, used the phrase 'Christo-Paulinism' not only to indicate Paul's greater importance but also to distinguish between theological and ideological beliefs and the organization of the institutional Church.
1591:, influenced the debates which determined the dogma of early Christianity, thus elevating a Pauline interpretation of the Gospel, to the detriment of other interpretations (including those held by the
2994:
599:
1158:
The first
Christians were Jews. According to Paul and the author of the Acts of the Apostles, he initially persecuted those early Christians, but then converted, and, years later, was called to
1559:, and conservative Protestants, contend that Paul's writings were a legitimate interpretation of the Gospel. The idea that Paul invented Christianity is disputed by numerous Christian writers.
1128:
The expression is also used by modern
Christian scholars, such as John Ziesler and Christopher Mount, whose interest is in the recovery of Christian origins, and the importance of Paul for
1462:
Pauline Christianity was essentially based on Rome and made use of the administrative skills which Rome had honed. Its system of organization with a single bishop for each town was, in
1438:
1583:
use of the expressions "Pauline Christianity", "Paulism," or "Paulanity," refers to the idea that Paul's supporters, as a distinct group, had an undue influence on the
2263:
1535:. Tolstoy claims Paul was instrumental in the church's "deviation" from Jesus' teaching and practices, while Hennacy believed "Paul spoiled the message of Christ."
2209:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"
577:
1645:
1584:
1223:
covenant as righteous among the nations was sufficient (along with faith in Christ), to merit a share in the world to come. This was a view shared by the
624:
3444:
3429:
957:
944:
740:
646:
2728:
Transforming teaching for mission : educational theory and practice : the 2014 proceedings of the Association of Professors of Missions
546:
427:
422:
1250:, "the problems with which he wrestles in his letters were probably typical of many which were facing the Christian sect during this period".
3291:
3258:
3038:
2614:
414:
1106:, the term "Pauline Christianity" first came into use in the 20th century among scholars who proposed different strands of thought within
1243:
13 teaches the obligations of a righteous gentile under the Noachide covenant, with Romans 14-15 expansive commentary on dietary ethics.
3449:
2861:
Wie schreven het Nieuwe Testament werkelijk? Feiten, mythen en motieven. (Who Wrote the New Testament? The Making of the Christian Myth)
675:
111:
1630:
1012:
450:
445:
106:
62:
1348:
3434:
3397:
3376:
3360:
3339:
3314:
3241:
3224:
3207:
3186:
3160:
3140:
3103:
2904:
2877:
2822:
2775:
2736:
2028:
1919:
593:
458:
81:
2886:
869:
350:
76:
1795:
909:
779:
541:
1279:
Paul insists that salvation is received by the grace of God; according to Sanders, this insistence is in line with Judaism of
3439:
2646:
2580:
618:
239:
3424:
2691:"The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D. 306 to 814"
2420:
1777:
1418:
There are considerable differences of scholarly opinion concerning how far Paul did in fact influence Christian doctrine.
1179:
745:
206:
2641:. Waterloo, Ont., Canada: Published for the Canadian Corp. for Studies in Religion by Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
1854:, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (
1675:
1153:
1195:
that the essential Jewishness of Paul's Christian perspective has been underplayed. In Davies' view, Paul replaced the
1680:
1556:
1456:
1258:
1133:
1038:
937:
784:
30:
2662:
Campbell, William (2005). "Perceptions of Compatibility Between Christianity and Judaism in Pauline Interpretation".
2090:(OUP 2001) Zielsler comments "Pauline Christianity is the earliest for which we have direct documentary evidence..."
2938:
2925:
1695:
1028:
181:
96:
1360:
1045:, relies heavily on Pauline theology and beliefs and considers them to be amplifications and explanations of the
864:
272:
161:
121:
101:
1517:, also agree with this interpretation, but hold much more positive opinions about Paul's theological influence.
1426:
809:
630:
588:
432:
116:
91:
86:
1859:
1835:
1762:
1855:
3263:
3145:
3129:
2942:
2476:
This deviation begins from the times of the Apostles and especially from that hankerer after mastership Paul
1843:
1660:
1434:
1413:
1401:
1321:
1042:
834:
819:
769:
604:
404:
392:
373:
171:
2815:
James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls
3022:
2892:
Christian Origins: An Account of the Setting and Character of the Most Important Messianic Sect of Judaism
1650:
1452:
930:
893:
885:
829:
799:
636:
609:
337:
176:
3030:
2257:
1936:
1544:
1506:
1266:
1240:
824:
814:
713:
71:
1831:
1823:
1543:
Christians themselves disagree as to how far there was tension between Paul and the Jerusalem Church.
2442:
1839:
1393:
1054:
764:
750:
665:
572:
499:
1827:
47:
1729:
1640:
1616:
1520:
1498:
1247:
1001:
794:
789:
774:
755:
690:
685:
478:
131:
3060:
3044:
2986:
2962:
2239:
1982:
1966:
1733:
1118:
1107:
993:
898:
880:
839:
655:
474:
368:
358:
232:
156:
3200:
Contours of Pauline Theology: A Radical New Survey on the Influences of Paul's Biblical Writings
1510:
1430:
3298:
Polemic of the Pastorals: A Sociological Examination of the Development of Pauline Christianity
1896:"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"
3393:
3372:
3356:
3335:
3310:
3287:
3254:
3237:
3220:
3203:
3182:
3156:
3136:
3099:
3052:
3034:
2978:
2970:
2954:
2900:
2873:
2818:
2771:
2732:
2642:
2610:
2576:
2443:"Articles - People Who Have Understood Paul is Anti-Christ's Teachings - Oneness - True Faith"
2231:
2034:
2024:
2012:
2004:
1974:
1941:
1915:
1895:
1670:
1665:
1596:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1446:
1381:
1050:
1046:
731:
670:
437:
3014:
3108:
3092:
2946:
2913:
2698:
2671:
2223:
2020:
1958:
1954:
1819:
1502:
1473:
1389:
1296:
1273:
1254:
1215:
1175:
1149:
1091:
1087:
1062:
1016:
1008:
1004:
641:
582:
560:
489:
409:
363:
201:
151:
126:
58:
38:
2810:
2606:
Jesus Have I Loved, but Paul?: A Narrative Approach to the Problem of Pauline Christianity
2000:
1716:
1469:
1441:
and who contended that Catholic Christianity was a synthesis of the views of Paul and the
1129:
1114:
2726:
1472:
wrote widely on a theory of Christian origins that sees a fundamental opposition between
1235:(with the except of the element of faith in Christ), but denied by (mostly gentile born)
1587:. It is also sometimes used to refer to the notion that certain bishops, especially the
1019:, but they deviated from this Jewish Christianity in their emphasis on inclusion of the
3165:
2690:
1635:
1485:
1309:
1211:
1137:
1103:
1078:
Pauline Christianity or Pauline theology, also called "Paulism" or "Paulanity", is the
804:
680:
494:
285:
256:
3418:
3328:
3319:
3303:
3280:
3179:
Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity
3064:
2990:
2765:
2488:
1903:
1685:
1625:
1528:
1459:
viewed the distinction abhorred by the Ebionites as positive and essential doctrine.
1397:
1317:
1262:
1058:
328:
323:
225:
2703:
2243:
3365:
3246:
3229:
3212:
3118:
2783:
2352:
1514:
1388:. This thesis is founded on differences between the views of Paul and the earliest
1204:
1192:
1083:
1024:
997:
920:
536:
531:
520:
342:
297:
166:
20:
1488:, Jesus' brother, on the other. This has been seen as reviving Baur's hypothesis.
3369:
What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?
2890:
2604:
2570:
1239:
who taught conversion to Judaism as a requisite for salvation. For example, his
2467:
1822:, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. pp. 316–320. Harris cites
1567:
1524:
1481:
1463:
1422:
1159:
969:, Texas). Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary.
3409:
2408:
2208:
1935:
Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.).
1732:, a professor of German rather than of theology or history, whose view is that
3174:
2950:
1962:
1866:), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."
1851:
1690:
1606:
1592:
1580:
1509:
are based upon his moral objections to Paul's thought. Other writers, such as
1232:
1178:, verses 3–5 (plus possible additional verses). Probably originating from the
1032:
859:
509:
307:
3048:
2982:
2958:
2675:
2038:
2009:
Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme
1978:
1970:
2934:
2917:
1911:
1610:
1477:
1442:
1320:, using only a version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew, known as the
1313:
1236:
1224:
1015:
traditionally attributed to him. Paul's beliefs were rooted in the earliest
2235:
1359:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
3169:
Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
3123:
By the Renewing of Your Minds: The Pastoral Function of Christian Doctrine
2227:
2051:
Tabor, James D., Paul and Jesus: How the Apostle Transformed Christianity
1380:
Paul had a strong influence on early Christianity, transmuting Jesus the
1305:
1220:
1079:
1020:
514:
3268:
The Legend and the Apostle : The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon
1986:
2966:
1655:
1200:
1182:, the antiquity of the creed has been noted by many biblical scholars:
1122:
966:
726:
526:
312:
3353:
Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics
3026:
2796:
The New Perspective on Paul. Manson Memorial Lecture, 4 November 1982
2016:
1950:
1907:
1228:
721:
504:
16:
Form of Christianity developed from the doctrines of the Apostle Paul
2639:
Anti-Judaism in early Christianity. Volume 2, Separation and polemic
2508:
David Wenham, "Paul: Follower of Jesus or Founder of Christianity?"
1433:
whose view was widely influential, Paul was utterly opposed to the
3332:
Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion
3088:
Revelation and Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Christianity
3056:
1385:
1196:
1171:
956:
302:
264:
2005:"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"
1174:
about Jesus' death and resurrection which Paul probably used was
2974:
2896:
1937:"Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29"
1588:
1261:, as circumcision was considered repulsive during the period of
2918:"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West"
2834:
The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors
1396:
and his own writings. In this view, Paul is to be taken as pro-
1272:
Paul objected strongly to the insistence on keeping all of the
1000:
which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by the
1331:
3346:
The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth
2843:
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
2397:(Library of Pauline Studies; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2001).
2572:
Pauline Christianity : Luke-Acts and the legacy of Paul
1850:
writes: "At this point the apostle takes the pen from his
1086:
which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by
3149:
The Apostle of the Heretics: Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion
3019:
The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity
2852:
Battered & Bruised: All the Women of the Old Testament
3284:
The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters
3081:
Christianity at Corinth: The Quest for the Pauline Church
2353:"The Pauline Epistles. - Appendix to the Companion Bible"
1191:
There has been widespread acknowledgement of the view of
2287:
2285:
2101:
Pauline Christianity – Luke, Acts and the Legacy of Paul
1736:
and that Christianity was in good part invented by Paul.
3410:
The History of the Origins of Christianity. Saint Paul.
2075:
Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia
1449:, the Tübingen position has been generally abandoned.
1356:
1312:, wrote in the latter half of the 2nd century that the
3275:
Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul
3217:
The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity
1466:'s view, the means by which it obtained its hegemony.
3234:
Christ's Body in Corinth: The Politics of a Metaphor
1421:
According to the 19th-century German theologian and
2535:
Machen, J. Gresham. "The Origin of Paul's Religion"
1874:
1872:
1767:, Direction, Spring 2015 · Vol. 44 No. 1 · pp. 4–15
1117:(1891–1937), who stressed the similarities between
2411:St. Paul versus St. Peter: A Tale of Two Missions
2391:St. Paul versus St. Peter: A Tale of Two Missions
1041:, which is rooted in the first centuries of the
1184:
965:, 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection,
2517:L. Michael White, "From Jesus to Christianity"
1539:Criticism of the "Pauline Christianity" thesis
1392:, and also between the picture of Paul in the
2340:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
938:
233:
8:
3251:A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters
2262:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1889:
1887:
1797:E.P. Sanders and the New Perspective on Paul
2194:
1646:Development of the Christian biblical canon
1848:Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians
945:
931:
565:
251:
240:
226:
25:
2702:
2395:Paul and the Competing Mission in Corinth
1110:, wherein Paul was a powerful influence.
1031:as an unnecessary token of upholding the
2767:A Concise History of the Catholic Church
2146:
2556:
2544:
2276:
2216:The Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2182:
2134:
2112:
1812:
1778:"CIRCUMCISION - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
1754:
1708:
654:
263:
37:
3151:, in Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David,
2255:
2170:
3000:from the original on 24 December 2021
1764:The New Perspective on Paul in Review
1566:Hurtado notes that Paul regarded his
7:
3270:Philadelphia: Westminster Press 1983
3096:An Introduction to the New Testament
3079:Adams, Edward and Horrell, David G.
2731:. Wilmore, Ky.: First Fruits Press.
2315:
2303:
2291:
2158:
1902:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.).
1878:
1585:formation of the canon of scripture
3323:Paul the Law and the Jewish People
2077:, Volume 1, ABC–CLIO, 2003, p. 595
1631:Authorship of the Pauline epistles
1144:Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles
14:
2603:Kirk, J. R. Daniel (2012-01-01).
3133:The Theology of Paul the Apostle
2836:, Society of Biblical Literature
2575:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–21.
2328:Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi
1609:
1336:
914:
271:
46:
3445:Christian theological movements
2526:F. F. Bruce, "Paul & Jesus"
2407:Steven C. Muir (26 June 2000).
963:Saint Paul Writing His Epistles
910:Outline of Bible-related topics
3430:Catholic theology and doctrine
2850:Ide, Arthur Frederick (1993),
2569:Mount, Christopher N. (2002).
2207:Hodges, Frederick, M. (2001).
2013:Novum Testamentum, Supplements
1291:Split with Jewish Christianity
619:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
3390:Pauline Christianity, Revised
3383:Paul: The Mind of the Apostle
3114:Theological Studies #26, 1965
3013:Wilken, Robert Louis (2013).
2870:Christianity: An Introduction
2689:Zukowski, Jean (2009-01-01).
2421:Review of Biblical Literature
2023:. pp. 210–211, 246–247.
1898:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.).
1280:
1180:Jerusalem apostolic community
746:Historical-grammatical method
207:Apostles in the New Testament
3193:The Gospel According to Paul
2868:McGrath, Alister E. (2006),
2764:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004),
2725:Burrows, William R. (2014).
1807:Citations to printed sources
1676:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
1439:Acts was late and unreliable
1154:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
988:), otherwise referred to as
3112:Does the NT call Jesus God?
2863:, Uitgeverij Ankh-Hermes bv
2704:10.32597/dissertations/174/
2637:Wilson, Stephen G. (1986).
2062:History of the Early Church
1761:Stephen Westerholm (2015),
1734:Jesus was a mythical figure
1681:Proto-orthodox Christianity
1557:Assyrian Church of the East
1445:church in Jerusalem. Since
1437:, based upon his view that
1134:Christian reconstructionism
1039:Proto-orthodox Christianity
3466:
3450:Hellenism and Christianity
2939:Cambridge University Press
2926:Harvard Theological Review
1728:Among the most radical is
1696:Paul the Apostle and women
1411:
1294:
1147:
741:Allegorical interpretation
18:
3125:, Oxford University Press
2951:10.1017/S0017816000024779
2859:Mack, Burton L. (1997) ,
2794:Dunn, James D.G. (1982),
2788:Paul and Rabbinic Judaism
1963:10.1163/15685365-12341488
1900:The Early Christian World
1531:, believe Paul distorted
1351:toward certain viewpoints
162:Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
3435:1st-century Christianity
3264:MacDonald, Dennis Ronald
3086:Bockmuehl, Markus N. A.
2872:, Blackwell Publishing,
2832:Finlan, Stephen (2004),
2804:The Partings of the Ways
2676:10.1163/1568515054388137
2495:. Hennacy. p. 475.
2393:(London: SCM, 1994) and
1749:Citations to web-sources
1427:Ferdinand Christian Baur
1069:Definition and etymology
1027:and in his rejection of
631:Novum Testamentum Graece
433:Composition of the Torah
19:Not to be confused with
3191:Griffith-Jones, Robin.
2943:Harvard Divinity School
2841:Hurtado, Larry (2005),
2664:Biblical Interpretation
1844:Joseph Barber Lightfoot
1661:New Perspective on Paul
1453:Ultradispensationalists
1414:New Perspective on Paul
1322:Gospel of the Ebionites
1043:history of Christianity
3273:Mount, Christopher N.
2222:(Fall 2001): 375–405.
2073:James Leslie Houlden,
1782:jewishencyclopedia.com
1651:Hyperdispensationalism
1189:
1119:Primitive Christianity
1057:, and the rest of the
1013:New Testament writings
970:
894:Criticism of the Bible
637:Documentary hypothesis
3440:Christian terminology
3351:Westerholm, Stephen.
3031:Yale University Press
2497:Paul and the Churches
2228:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
1894:Klutz, Todd (2002) .
1318:apostate from the law
1267:Eastern Mediterranean
1241:epistle to the Romans
1166:Inclusion of Gentiles
960:
647:NT textual categories
3425:Pauline Christianity
3296:Pietersen, Lloyd K.
3286:Fortress Press 1975
2887:Rowland, Christopher
2802:Dunn, James (1991),
2790:2d ed., London, 1965
2306:, p. 88–89, 92.
2099:Mount, Christopher,
2088:Pauline Christianity
1914:. pp. 178–190.
1860:2 Thessalonians 3:17
1836:2 Thessalonians 3:17
1715:In a wider meaning "
1575:As a pejorative term
1568:Christological views
1521:Christian anarchists
1476:on one side and the
1394:Acts of the Apostles
1316:rejected Paul as an
990:Gentile Christianity
974:Pauline Christianity
961:Artist depiction of
594:Internal consistency
500:Samaritan Pentateuch
212:Pauline Christianity
2378:Lost Christianities
2330:(Eng trans. 1873–5)
1856:2 Thessalonians 2:2
1691:Paul and Gnosticism
1641:Christian anarchism
1617:Christianity portal
1499:Friedrich Nietzsche
1390:Jewish Christianity
1384:into the universal
1357:improve the article
1274:Jewish commandments
1248:Christopher Rowland
1017:Jewish Christianity
428:New Testament canon
423:Old Testament canon
351:Chapters and verses
3033:. pp. 37–46.
3015:"Divisions Within"
2609:. Baker Academic.
2389:See, for example,
2279:, p. 174-175.
1864:pelikois grammasin
1820:Harris, Stephen L.
1227:and taught in the
1108:Early Christianity
1047:teachings of Jesus
1002:Hellenistic-Jewish
971:
899:Biblical authority
780:Capital punishment
656:Biblical criticism
625:Rahlfs' Septuagint
329:New Testament (NT)
324:Old Testament (OT)
157:Apocalypse of Paul
145:Related literature
59:Pauline literature
3388:Ziesler, John A.
3307:Jesus and Judaism
3292:978-1-56338-039-6
3259:978-1-60899-793-0
3146:Dunn, James D. G.
3109:Brown, Raymond E.
3093:Brown, Raymond E.
3040:978-0-300-11884-1
2941:on behalf of the
2914:Stendahl, Krister
2616:978-1-4412-3625-8
2493:The Book of Ammon
2060:Lietzmann, Hans,
1942:Novum Testamentum
1671:Pauline privilege
1666:Pauline mysticism
1553:Oriental Orthodox
1447:Adolf von Harnack
1429:, founder of the
1378:
1377:
1051:canonical gospels
955:
954:
770:Conspiracy theory
699:
698:
438:Mosaic authorship
250:
249:
3457:
3344:Theissen, Gerd.
3130:Dunn, James D.G.
3126:
3119:Charry, Ellen T.
3068:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2922:
2909:
2882:
2864:
2855:
2854:, Monument Press
2846:
2837:
2828:
2811:Eisenman, Robert
2806:
2798:
2780:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2472:Church and State
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2417:
2404:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2294:, p. 91–92.
2289:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2195:Bokenkotter 2004
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2115:, p. 79-80.
2110:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2021:Brill Publishers
2001:Seifrid, Mark A.
1997:
1991:
1990:
1955:Brill Publishers
1932:
1926:
1925:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1817:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1533:Jesus' teachings
1503:Bertrand Russell
1474:Paul the Apostle
1373:
1370:
1364:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1297:Jewish Christian
1285:
1282:
1255:Krister Stendahl
1216:Paula Fredriksen
1207:, with Christ..
1176:1 Corinthians 15
1162:among Gentiles.
1150:Jewish Christian
1088:Paul the Apostle
1063:Epistle of James
978:Pauline theology
947:
940:
933:
921:Bible portal
919:
918:
917:
642:Synoptic problem
566:
561:Biblical studies
490:Dead Sea scrolls
451:Petrine epistles
446:Pauline epistles
275:
252:
242:
235:
228:
202:Paul the Apostle
50:
26:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3166:Ehrman, Bart D.
3153:Paul and Gnosis
3117:
3076:
3074:Further reading
3071:
3041:
3012:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2885:
2880:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2778:
2763:
2757:Printed sources
2754:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2661:
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2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2447:www.wizanda.com
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2357:levendwater.org
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:ed. F. L. Cross
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:, p. n.49.
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2031:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1832:Colossians 4:18
1818:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1794:Jordan Cooper,
1793:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1577:
1545:Roman Catholics
1541:
1494:
1470:Michael Goulder
1457:E. W. Bullinger
1431:Tübingen school
1416:
1410:
1408:Scholarly views
1374:
1368:
1365:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1299:
1293:
1283:
1210:In the view of
1168:
1156:
1146:
1130:paleo-orthodoxy
1115:Antonio Gramsci
1113:Marxist writer
1100:
1076:
1071:
951:
915:
913:
912:
904:
903:
890:
876:
854:
846:
845:
844:
760:
736:
709:
701:
700:
695:
614:
598:
587:
563:
553:
552:
551:
484:
483:
464:
463:
459:Johannine works
455:
419:
399:
398:
395:and development
382:
381:
380:
347:
333:
319:
292:
291:
246:
217:
216:
197:
196:
187:
186:
172:Paul and Thecla
147:
146:
137:
136:
112:2 Thessalonians
107:1 Thessalonians
67:
66:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3404:External links
3402:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3381:Wilson, A. N.
3379:
3363:
3349:
3342:
3329:Sanders, E. P.
3326:
3320:Sanders, E. P.
3317:
3304:Sanders, E. P.
3301:
3294:
3281:Pagels, Elaine
3278:
3271:
3261:
3244:
3227:
3210:
3198:Holland, Tom.
3196:
3189:
3172:
3163:
3143:
3135:Eerdmans 1997
3127:
3115:
3106:
3090:
3084:
3075:
3072:
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2760:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2737:
2717:
2681:
2670:(3): 298–316.
2654:
2647:
2629:
2615:
2595:
2581:
2561:
2559:, p. 160.
2549:
2547:, p. 194.
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2489:Hennacy, Ammon
2480:
2459:
2434:
2399:
2382:
2376:Ehrman, Bart:
2369:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2281:
2269:
2199:
2187:
2185:, p. 174.
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2137:, p. 196.
2127:
2117:
2105:
2092:
2086:Ziesler John,
2079:
2066:
2053:
2044:
2029:
1992:
1927:
1920:
1883:
1868:
1824:Galatians 6:11
1811:
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1688:
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1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Biblical canon
1633:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1604:
1601:
1589:Bishop of Rome
1576:
1573:
1540:
1537:
1505:. Nietzsche's
1493:
1490:
1409:
1406:
1382:Jewish messiah
1376:
1375:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1310:bishop of Lyon
1292:
1289:
1284: 200 BCE
1212:Daniel Boyarin
1167:
1164:
1145:
1142:
1138:restorationism
1104:Hans Lietzmann
1099:
1096:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1061:, such as the
953:
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708:Interpretation
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569:
564:
559:
558:
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554:
550:
549:
544:
542:English Bibles
539:
534:
529:
524:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
495:Masoretic Text
492:
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182:Prayer of Paul
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177:Peter and Paul
174:
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84:
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57:
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55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
35:
34:
33:of articles on
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
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3428:
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3423:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:0-19-826459-3
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:0-8028-4445-6
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:Wright, N. T.
3364:
3362:
3361:0-8028-4809-5
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:0-8006-1899-8
3337:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:0-8006-2061-5
3312:
3308:
3305:
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3299:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:Kim, Yung Suk
3245:
3243:
3242:0-8006-6285-7
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:Kim, Yung Suk
3228:
3226:
3225:0-06-015582-5
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:Maccoby, Hyam
3211:
3209:
3208:1-85792-469-X
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:0-19-284201-3
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
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3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:9789004316690
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:0-8028-3844-8
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:0-385-24767-2
3101:
3097:
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3089:
3085:
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3078:
3077:
3073:
3066:
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3049:j.ctt32bd7m.8
3046:
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2960:
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2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2916:(July 1963).
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:9780281041107
2902:
2898:
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2893:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:1-4051-0899-1
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2848:
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2824:0-670-86932-5
2820:
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2812:
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2805:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:0-385-50584-1
2773:
2770:, Doubleday,
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2740:
2738:9781621711582
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2695:Dissertations
2692:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
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2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2197:, p. 19.
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2147:Stendahl 1963
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2103:, Brill, 2002
2102:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2064:Vol. 1 p. 206
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2030:90-04-09521-7
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
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1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
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1944:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1921:9781032199344
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:, p. 25.
1880:
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1686:Law of Christ
1684:
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1639:
1637:
1634:
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1629:
1627:
1626:Antinomianism
1624:
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1529:Ammon Hennacy
1526:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
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1369:November 2021
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1345:This article
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1253:According to
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1246:According to
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1059:New Testament
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3018:
3002:. Retrieved
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2814:
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2795:
2787:
2784:W. D. Davies
2766:
2742:. Retrieved
2727:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2694:
2684:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2638:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2605:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2571:
2564:
2557:Hurtado 2005
2552:
2545:Rowland 1985
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2468:Tolstoy, Leo
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:(OUP) p 175
2377:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2277:McGrath 2006
2272:
2258:cite journal
2247:. Retrieved
2219:
2215:
2202:
2190:
2183:McGrath 2006
2178:
2173:, p. 2.
2166:
2154:
2142:
2135:Rowland 1985
2130:
2120:
2113:Hurtado 2005
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
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2069:
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2056:
2047:
2008:
1995:
1946:
1940:
1930:
1899:
1863:
1847:
1828:Romans 16:22
1815:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1772:
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1757:
1724:
1711:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1542:
1519:
1515:Alain Badiou
1511:Slavoj Žižek
1495:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1425:philosopher
1420:
1417:
1402:Romanization
1379:
1366:
1346:
1304:
1300:
1278:
1271:
1252:
1245:
1209:
1205:Law of Moses
1193:W. D. Davies
1190:
1185:
1169:
1157:
1127:
1112:
1101:
1092:his writings
1084:Christianity
1077:
1037:
1029:circumcision
1025:New Covenant
1009:his writings
1005:Apostle Paul
998:Christianity
996:and form of
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:
962:
853:Perspectives
714:Hermeneutics
629:
617:
537:Luther Bible
532:Gothic Bible
521:Vetus Latina
519:
475:Translations
415:Hebrew canon
343:Antilegomena
338:Deuterocanon
211:
167:Acts of Paul
41:in the Bible
21:Paulicianism
3175:Elsner, Jas
3155:BRILL 2016
3004:12 February
2945:: 199–215.
2409:"Review of
2171:Finlan 2004
1957:: 373–391.
1840:Philemon 19
1730:G. A. Wells
1597:Marcionites
1525:Leo Tolstoy
1480:Christians
1464:Bart Ehrman
1259:circumcised
1160:proselytise
1023:into God's
751:Inspiration
589:Historicity
547:by language
479:manuscripts
97:Philippians
3419:Categories
3057:2012021755
2845:, Eerdmans
2817:. Viking.
2648:088920196X
2582:9004124721
2249:2007-07-24
1852:amanuensis
1744:References
1581:pejorative
1523:, such as
1507:criticisms
1492:Distortion
1412:See also:
1349:unbalanced
1295:See also:
1233:Maimonides
1201:Jewish law
1187:twelve,...
1148:See also:
1074:Definition
1033:Mosaic Law
1011:and those
756:Literalism
666:Historical
573:Archeology
510:Septuagint
405:Authorship
393:Authorship
102:Colossians
63:Authorship
3065:160590164
3023:New Haven
2991:170331485
2983:803348474
2959:1475-4517
2935:Cambridge
2316:Dunn 1991
2304:Mack 1997
2292:Mack 1997
2159:Dunn 1982
2039:0167-9732
1979:0048-1009
1971:1568-5365
1912:Routledge
1478:Jerusalem
1443:Judaizing
1435:disciples
1361:talk page
1328:Influence
1314:Ebionites
1237:Judaizers
1225:Pharisees
1170:An early
1098:Etymology
992:, is the
986:Paulanity
881:Inerrancy
691:Canonical
686:Redaction
578:Artifacts
359:Apocrypha
288:and books
122:2 Timothy
117:1 Timothy
92:Ephesians
87:Galatians
3121:(1999),
2995:Archived
2975:09003793
2889:(1985),
2813:(1997).
2491:(1970).
2470:(1882).
2244:29580193
2236:11568485
2003:(1992).
1987:24735868
1904:New York
1879:Ide 1993
1717:catholic
1603:See also
1593:Gnostics
1455:such as
1423:Hegelian
1306:Irenaeus
1221:noachide
1090:through
1080:theology
1053:, early
1021:Gentiles
1007:through
994:theology
830:Violence
815:Serpents
805:Prophecy
800:Muhammad
515:Peshitta
505:Targumim
257:a series
255:Part of
195:See also
132:Philemon
31:a series
29:Part of
3253:. 2011
2967:1508631
2452:May 30,
2427:25 July
2362:May 30,
1846:in his
1656:Jesuism
1549:Eastern
1355:Please
1347:may be
1265:of the
1123:Marxism
982:Paulism
967:Houston
870:Quranic
865:Islamic
860:Gnostic
835:Warfare
825:Slavery
765:Alcohol
727:Midrash
671:Textual
527:Vulgate
313:Ketuvim
308:Nevi'im
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1386:savior
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1199:, the
980:(also
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775:Ethics
732:Pardes
722:Pesher
676:Source
605:Places
600:People
583:Dating
410:Dating
364:Jewish
298:Tanakh
286:Canons
259:on the
72:Romans
3392:1990
3371:1997
3355:2003
3334:1977
3309:1987
3236:2008
3219:1986
3202:2004
3195:2004.
3181:1998
3098:1997
3061:S2CID
3045:JSTOR
2998:(PDF)
2987:S2CID
2963:JSTOR
2933:(3).
2921:(PDF)
2416:(PDF)
2240:S2CID
2212:(PDF)
1983:JSTOR
1967:eISSN
1949:(4).
1703:Notes
1486:James
1482:Peter
1197:Torah
1172:creed
1082:and
840:Women
790:Humor
610:Names
303:Torah
265:Bible
127:Titus
3394:ISBN
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3373:ISBN
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3348:2004
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3325:1983
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