969:
1268:, the main concern of Paul's writings on Jesus' role, and salvation by faith, is the problem of the inclusion of gentile (Greek) Torah observers into God's covenant. The inclusion of Gentiles into early Christianity posed a problem for the Jewish identity of the early Christians. Many of the Jewish Christians were fully faithful religious Jews, only differing in their acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah. Observance of the Jewish commands, including circumcision, was regarded as a token of the membership of this covenant, and the early Jewish Christians insisted on keeping those observances. The new converts did not follow all "Jewish Law" and refused to be
1287:, considering it a great threat to his doctrine of salvation through faith in Jesus. For Paul, Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the gentiles from God's covenant. 'Dying for our sins' refers to the problem of gentile Torah-observers, who, despite their faithfulness, cannot fully observe commandments, including circumcision, and are therefore 'sinners', excluded from God's covenant. Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the gentiles from God's covenant, as indicated by Rom 3:21-26.
59:
2136:
Conception and Bodily
Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) p. 81; Thomas Sheehan, First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (New York: Random House, 1986) pp. 110, 118; Ulrich Wilckens, Resurrection translated A. M. Stewart (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew, 1977) p. 2; Hans Grass, Ostergeschen und Osterberichte, Second Edition (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1962) p. 96; Grass favors the origin in Damascus.
284:
927:
1349:
1622:
1873:) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr.
2135:
see
Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus—God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90; Oscar Cullmann, The Early church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 66; R. E. Brown, The Virginal
1573:
According to
Christopher Rowland, Pauline Christianity is the development of thinking about Jesus in a gentile missionary context. Rowland contends that "the extent of his influence on Christian thought has been overestimated", concluding that Paul did not materially alter Jesus' teachings.
1105:. Paul's beliefs were strongly rooted in the earliest Jewish Christianity, but they deviated from this Jewish Christianity in their emphasis on inclusion of the Gentiles into God's New Covenant and in his rejection of circumcision as an unnecessary token of upholding the Law.
1197:
For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the
Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that He appeared to Cephas, then to the
1581:
and the
Jerusalem Church's as essentially similar. According to Hurtado, this "work against the claims by some scholars that Pauline Christianity represents a sharp departure from the religiousness of Judean 'Jesus movements'."
1060:. Since the 18th century, a number of scholars have proposed that Paul's writings contain teachings that are different from the original teachings of Jesus and those of the earliest Jewish Christians, as documented in the
1312:
There was a slowly growing schism between
Christians and Jews, rather than a sudden split. Even though it is commonly thought that Paul established a Gentile church, it took centuries for a complete break to manifest.
1229:
and other notable NT scholars cited by them, writing with lived experience of the Jewish context, Paul did not replace Torah or
Halakha with Christ for Jewish believers, but simply taught gentiles that observing the
1297:
until 200 CE, which saw God's covenant with Israel as an act of grace of God. Observance of the Law is needed to maintain the covenant, but the covenant is not earned by observing the Law, but by the grace of God.
1507:
Some literary critics of
Christianity argue that Paul distorted the original and true faith, or claim that Christianity is largely his invention. The former include such secular commentators as the philosophers
1136:, used the phrase 'Christo-Paulinism' not only to indicate Paul's greater importance but also to distinguish between theological and ideological beliefs and the organization of the institutional Church.
1602:, influenced the debates which determined the dogma of early Christianity, thus elevating a Pauline interpretation of the Gospel, to the detriment of other interpretations (including those held by the
3005:
610:
1169:
The first
Christians were Jews. According to Paul and the author of the Acts of the Apostles, he initially persecuted those early Christians, but then converted, and, years later, was called to
1570:, and conservative Protestants, contend that Paul's writings were a legitimate interpretation of the Gospel. The idea that Paul invented Christianity is disputed by numerous Christian writers.
1139:
The expression is also used by modern
Christian scholars, such as John Ziesler and Christopher Mount, whose interest is in the recovery of Christian origins, and the importance of Paul for
1473:
Pauline Christianity was essentially based on Rome and made use of the administrative skills which Rome had honed. Its system of organization with a single bishop for each town was, in
1449:
1594:
use of the expressions "Pauline Christianity", "Paulism," or "Paulanity," refers to the idea that Paul's supporters, as a distinct group, had an undue influence on the
2274:
1546:. Tolstoy claims Paul was instrumental in the church's "deviation" from Jesus' teaching and practices, while Hennacy believed "Paul spoiled the message of Christ."
2220:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"
588:
1656:
1595:
1234:
covenant as righteous among the nations was sufficient (along with faith in Christ), to merit a share in the world to come. This was a view shared by the
635:
3455:
3440:
968:
955:
751:
657:
2739:
Transforming teaching for mission : educational theory and practice : the 2014 proceedings of the Association of Professors of Missions
557:
438:
433:
1261:, "the problems with which he wrestles in his letters were probably typical of many which were facing the Christian sect during this period".
3302:
3269:
3049:
2625:
425:
1117:, the term "Pauline Christianity" first came into use in the 20th century among scholars who proposed different strands of thought within
1254:
13 teaches the obligations of a righteous gentile under the Noachide covenant, with Romans 14-15 expansive commentary on dietary ethics.
3460:
2872:
Wie schreven het Nieuwe Testament werkelijk? Feiten, mythen en motieven. (Who Wrote the New Testament? The Making of the Christian Myth)
686:
122:
1641:
1023:
461:
456:
117:
73:
1359:
3445:
3408:
3387:
3371:
3350:
3325:
3252:
3235:
3218:
3197:
3171:
3151:
3114:
2915:
2888:
2833:
2786:
2747:
2039:
1930:
604:
469:
92:
2897:
880:
361:
87:
1806:
920:
790:
552:
1290:
Paul insists that salvation is received by the grace of God; according to Sanders, this insistence is in line with Judaism of
3450:
2657:
2591:
629:
250:
3435:
2702:"The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D. 306 to 814"
2431:
1788:
1429:
There are considerable differences of scholarly opinion concerning how far Paul did in fact influence Christian doctrine.
1190:
756:
217:
2652:. Waterloo, Ont., Canada: Published for the Canadian Corp. for Studies in Religion by Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
1865:, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (
1686:
1164:
1206:
that the essential Jewishness of Paul's Christian perspective has been underplayed. In Davies' view, Paul replaced the
1691:
1567:
1467:
1269:
1144:
1049:
948:
795:
41:
2673:
Campbell, William (2005). "Perceptions of Compatibility Between Christianity and Judaism in Pauline Interpretation".
2101:(OUP 2001) Zielsler comments "Pauline Christianity is the earliest for which we have direct documentary evidence..."
2949:
2936:
1706:
1039:
192:
107:
1371:
1056:, relies heavily on Pauline theology and beliefs and considers them to be amplifications and explanations of the
875:
283:
172:
132:
112:
1528:, also agree with this interpretation, but hold much more positive opinions about Paul's theological influence.
1437:
820:
641:
599:
443:
127:
102:
97:
1870:
1846:
1773:
1866:
3274:
3156:
3140:
2953:
2487:
This deviation begins from the times of the Apostles and especially from that hankerer after mastership Paul
1854:
1671:
1445:
1424:
1412:
1332:
1053:
845:
830:
780:
615:
415:
403:
384:
182:
2826:
James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls
3033:
2903:
Christian Origins: An Account of the Setting and Character of the Most Important Messianic Sect of Judaism
1661:
1463:
941:
904:
896:
840:
810:
647:
620:
348:
187:
3041:
2268:
1947:
1555:
1517:
1277:
1251:
835:
825:
724:
82:
1842:
1834:
1554:
Christians themselves disagree as to how far there was tension between Paul and the Jerusalem Church.
2453:
1850:
1404:
1065:
775:
761:
676:
583:
510:
1838:
58:
1740:
1651:
1627:
1531:
1509:
1258:
1012:
805:
800:
785:
766:
701:
696:
489:
142:
3071:
3055:
2997:
2973:
2250:
1993:
1977:
1744:
1129:
1118:
1004:
909:
891:
850:
666:
485:
379:
369:
243:
167:
3211:
Contours of Pauline Theology: A Radical New Survey on the Influences of Paul's Biblical Writings
1521:
1441:
3309:
Polemic of the Pastorals: A Sociological Examination of the Development of Pauline Christianity
1907:"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"
3404:
3383:
3367:
3346:
3321:
3298:
3265:
3248:
3231:
3214:
3193:
3167:
3147:
3110:
3063:
3045:
2989:
2981:
2965:
2911:
2884:
2829:
2782:
2743:
2653:
2621:
2587:
2454:"Articles - People Who Have Understood Paul is Anti-Christ's Teachings - Oneness - True Faith"
2242:
2045:
2035:
2023:
2015:
1985:
1952:
1926:
1906:
1681:
1676:
1607:
1563:
1559:
1543:
1457:
1392:
1061:
1057:
742:
681:
448:
3025:
3119:
3103:
2957:
2924:
2709:
2682:
2234:
2031:
1969:
1965:
1830:
1513:
1484:
1400:
1307:
1284:
1265:
1226:
1186:
1160:
1102:
1098:
1073:
1027:
1019:
1015:
652:
593:
571:
500:
420:
374:
212:
162:
137:
69:
49:
2821:
2617:
Jesus Have I Loved, but Paul?: A Narrative Approach to the Problem of Pauline Christianity
2011:
1727:
1480:
1452:
and who contended that Catholic Christianity was a synthesis of the views of Paul and the
1140:
1125:
2737:
1483:
wrote widely on a theory of Christian origins that sees a fundamental opposition between
1246:(with the except of the element of faith in Christ), but denied by (mostly gentile born)
1598:. It is also sometimes used to refer to the notion that certain bishops, especially the
1030:, but they deviated from this Jewish Christianity in their emphasis on inclusion of the
3176:
2701:
1646:
1496:
1320:
1222:
1148:
1114:
1089:
Pauline Christianity or Pauline theology, also called "Paulism" or "Paulanity", is the
815:
691:
505:
296:
267:
3429:
3339:
3330:
3314:
3291:
3190:
Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity
3075:
3001:
2776:
2499:
1914:
1696:
1636:
1539:
1470:
viewed the distinction abhorred by the Ebionites as positive and essential doctrine.
1408:
1328:
1273:
1069:
339:
334:
236:
2714:
2254:
3376:
3257:
3240:
3223:
3129:
2794:
2363:
1525:
1399:. This thesis is founded on differences between the views of Paul and the earliest
1215:
1203:
1094:
1035:
1008:
931:
547:
542:
531:
353:
308:
177:
31:
1499:, Jesus' brother, on the other. This has been seen as reviving Baur's hypothesis.
3380:
What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?
2901:
2615:
2581:
1250:
who taught conversion to Judaism as a requisite for salvation. For example, his
2478:
1833:, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. pp. 316–320. Harris cites
1578:
1535:
1492:
1474:
1433:
1170:
980:, Texas). Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary.
17:
3420:
2419:
2219:
1946:
Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.).
1743:, a professor of German rather than of theology or history, whose view is that
3185:
2961:
1973:
1877:), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."
1862:
1701:
1617:
1603:
1591:
1520:
are based upon his moral objections to Paul's thought. Other writers, such as
1243:
1189:, verses 3–5 (plus possible additional verses). Probably originating from the
1043:
870:
520:
318:
3059:
2993:
2969:
2686:
2049:
2020:
Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme
1989:
1981:
2945:
2928:
1922:
1621:
1488:
1453:
1331:, using only a version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew, known as the
1324:
1247:
1235:
1026:
traditionally attributed to him. Paul's beliefs were rooted in the earliest
2246:
1370:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
3180:
Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
3134:
By the Renewing of Your Minds: The Pastoral Function of Christian Doctrine
2238:
2062:
Tabor, James D., Paul and Jesus: How the Apostle Transformed Christianity
1391:
Paul had a strong influence on early Christianity, transmuting Jesus the
1316:
1231:
1090:
1031:
525:
3279:
The Legend and the Apostle : The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon
1997:
2977:
1666:
1211:
1193:, the antiquity of the creed has been noted by many biblical scholars:
1133:
977:
737:
537:
323:
3364:
Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics
3037:
2807:
The New Perspective on Paul. Manson Memorial Lecture, 4 November 1982
2027:
1961:
1918:
1239:
732:
515:
27:
Form of Christianity developed from the doctrines of the Apostle Paul
2650:
Anti-Judaism in early Christianity. Volume 2, Separation and polemic
2519:
David Wenham, "Paul: Follower of Jesus or Founder of Christianity?"
1444:
whose view was widely influential, Paul was utterly opposed to the
3343:
Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion
3099:
Revelation and Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Christianity
3067:
1396:
1207:
1182:
967:
313:
275:
2016:"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"
1185:
about Jesus' death and resurrection which Paul probably used was
2985:
2907:
1948:"Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29"
1599:
1272:, as circumcision was considered repulsive during the period of
2929:"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West"
2845:
The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors
1407:
and his own writings. In this view, Paul is to be taken as pro-
1283:
Paul objected strongly to the insistence on keeping all of the
1011:
which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by the
1342:
3357:
The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth
2854:
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
2408:(Library of Pauline Studies; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2001).
2583:
Pauline Christianity : Luke-Acts and the legacy of Paul
1861:
writes: "At this point the apostle takes the pen from his
1097:
which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by
3160:
The Apostle of the Heretics: Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion
3030:
The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity
2863:
Battered & Bruised: All the Women of the Old Testament
3295:
The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters
3092:
Christianity at Corinth: The Quest for the Pauline Church
2364:"The Pauline Epistles. - Appendix to the Companion Bible"
1202:
There has been widespread acknowledgement of the view of
2298:
2296:
2112:
Pauline Christianity – Luke, Acts and the Legacy of Paul
1747:
and that Christianity was in good part invented by Paul.
3421:
The History of the Origins of Christianity. Saint Paul.
2086:
Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia
1460:, the Tübingen position has been generally abandoned.
1367:
1323:, wrote in the latter half of the 2nd century that the
3286:
Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul
3228:
The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity
1477:'s view, the means by which it obtained its hegemony.
3245:
Christ's Body in Corinth: The Politics of a Metaphor
1432:
According to the 19th-century German theologian and
2546:
Machen, J. Gresham. "The Origin of Paul's Religion"
1885:
1883:
1778:, Direction, Spring 2015 · Vol. 44 No. 1 · pp. 4–15
1128:(1891–1937), who stressed the similarities between
2422:St. Paul versus St. Peter: A Tale of Two Missions
2402:St. Paul versus St. Peter: A Tale of Two Missions
1052:, which is rooted in the first centuries of the
1195:
976:, 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection,
2528:L. Michael White, "From Jesus to Christianity"
1550:Criticism of the "Pauline Christianity" thesis
1403:, and also between the picture of Paul in the
2351:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
949:
244:
8:
3262:A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters
2273:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1900:
1898:
1808:E.P. Sanders and the New Perspective on Paul
2205:
1657:Development of the Christian biblical canon
1859:Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians
956:
942:
576:
262:
251:
237:
36:
2713:
2406:Paul and the Competing Mission in Corinth
1121:, wherein Paul was a powerful influence.
1042:as an unnecessary token of upholding the
2778:A Concise History of the Catholic Church
2157:
2567:
2555:
2287:
2227:The Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2193:
2145:
2123:
1823:
1789:"CIRCUMCISION - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
1765:
1719:
665:
274:
48:
3162:, in Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David,
2266:
2181:
3011:from the original on 24 December 2021
1775:The New Perspective on Paul in Review
1577:Hurtado notes that Paul regarded his
7:
3281:Philadelphia: Westminster Press 1983
3107:An Introduction to the New Testament
3090:Adams, Edward and Horrell, David G.
2742:. Wilmore, Ky.: First Fruits Press.
2326:
2314:
2302:
2169:
1913:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.).
1889:
1596:formation of the canon of scripture
3334:Paul the Law and the Jewish People
2088:, Volume 1, ABC–CLIO, 2003, p. 595
1642:Authorship of the Pauline epistles
1155:Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles
25:
2614:Kirk, J. R. Daniel (2012-01-01).
3144:The Theology of Paul the Apostle
2847:, Society of Biblical Literature
2586:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–21.
2339:Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi
1620:
1347:
925:
282:
57:
3456:Christian theological movements
2537:F. F. Bruce, "Paul & Jesus"
2418:Steven C. Muir (26 June 2000).
974:Saint Paul Writing His Epistles
921:Outline of Bible-related topics
3441:Catholic theology and doctrine
2861:Ide, Arthur Frederick (1993),
2580:Mount, Christopher N. (2002).
2218:Hodges, Frederick, M. (2001).
2024:Novum Testamentum, Supplements
1302:Split with Jewish Christianity
630:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
3401:Pauline Christianity, Revised
3394:Paul: The Mind of the Apostle
3125:Theological Studies #26, 1965
3024:Wilken, Robert Louis (2013).
2881:Christianity: An Introduction
2700:Zukowski, Jean (2009-01-01).
2432:Review of Biblical Literature
2034:. pp. 210–211, 246–247.
1909:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.).
1291:
1191:Jerusalem apostolic community
757:Historical-grammatical method
218:Apostles in the New Testament
3204:The Gospel According to Paul
2879:McGrath, Alister E. (2006),
2775:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004),
2736:Burrows, William R. (2014).
1818:Citations to printed sources
1687:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
1450:Acts was late and unreliable
1165:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
999:), otherwise referred to as
3123:Does the NT call Jesus God?
2874:, Uitgeverij Ankh-Hermes bv
2715:10.32597/dissertations/174/
2648:Wilson, Stephen G. (1986).
2073:History of the Early Church
1772:Stephen Westerholm (2015),
1745:Jesus was a mythical figure
1692:Proto-orthodox Christianity
1568:Assyrian Church of the East
1456:church in Jerusalem. Since
1448:, based upon his view that
1145:Christian reconstructionism
1050:Proto-orthodox Christianity
3477:
3461:Hellenism and Christianity
2950:Cambridge University Press
2937:Harvard Theological Review
1739:Among the most radical is
1707:Paul the Apostle and women
1422:
1305:
1158:
752:Allegorical interpretation
29:
3136:, Oxford University Press
2962:10.1017/S0017816000024779
2870:Mack, Burton L. (1997) ,
2805:Dunn, James D.G. (1982),
2799:Paul and Rabbinic Judaism
1974:10.1163/15685365-12341488
1911:The Early Christian World
1542:, believe Paul distorted
1362:toward certain viewpoints
173:Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
3446:1st-century Christianity
3275:MacDonald, Dennis Ronald
3097:Bockmuehl, Markus N. A.
2883:, Blackwell Publishing,
2843:Finlan, Stephen (2004),
2815:The Partings of the Ways
2687:10.1163/1568515054388137
2506:. Hennacy. p. 475.
2404:(London: SCM, 1994) and
1760:Citations to web-sources
1438:Ferdinand Christian Baur
1080:Definition and etymology
1038:and in his rejection of
642:Novum Testamentum Graece
444:Composition of the Torah
30:Not to be confused with
3202:Griffith-Jones, Robin.
2954:Harvard Divinity School
2852:Hurtado, Larry (2005),
2675:Biblical Interpretation
1855:Joseph Barber Lightfoot
1672:New Perspective on Paul
1464:Ultradispensationalists
1425:New Perspective on Paul
1333:Gospel of the Ebionites
1054:history of Christianity
3284:Mount, Christopher N.
2233:(Fall 2001): 375–405.
2084:James Leslie Houlden,
1793:jewishencyclopedia.com
1662:Hyperdispensationalism
1200:
1130:Primitive Christianity
1068:, and the rest of the
1024:New Testament writings
981:
905:Criticism of the Bible
648:Documentary hypothesis
3451:Christian terminology
3362:Westerholm, Stephen.
3042:Yale University Press
2508:Paul and the Churches
2239:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
1905:Klutz, Todd (2002) .
1329:apostate from the law
1278:Eastern Mediterranean
1252:epistle to the Romans
1177:Inclusion of Gentiles
971:
658:NT textual categories
3436:Pauline Christianity
3307:Pietersen, Lloyd K.
3297:Fortress Press 1975
2898:Rowland, Christopher
2813:Dunn, James (1991),
2801:2d ed., London, 1965
2317:, p. 88–89, 92.
2110:Mount, Christopher,
2099:Pauline Christianity
1925:. pp. 178–190.
1871:2 Thessalonians 3:17
1847:2 Thessalonians 3:17
1726:In a wider meaning "
1586:As a pejorative term
1579:Christological views
1532:Christian anarchists
1487:on one side and the
1405:Acts of the Apostles
1327:rejected Paul as an
1001:Gentile Christianity
985:Pauline Christianity
972:Artist depiction of
605:Internal consistency
511:Samaritan Pentateuch
223:Pauline Christianity
2389:Lost Christianities
2341:(Eng trans. 1873–5)
1867:2 Thessalonians 2:2
1702:Paul and Gnosticism
1652:Christian anarchism
1628:Christianity portal
1510:Friedrich Nietzsche
1401:Jewish Christianity
1395:into the universal
1368:improve the article
1285:Jewish commandments
1259:Christopher Rowland
1028:Jewish Christianity
439:New Testament canon
434:Old Testament canon
362:Chapters and verses
3044:. pp. 37–46.
3026:"Divisions Within"
2620:. Baker Academic.
2400:See, for example,
2290:, p. 174-175.
1875:pelikois grammasin
1831:Harris, Stephen L.
1238:and taught in the
1119:Early Christianity
1058:teachings of Jesus
1013:Hellenistic-Jewish
982:
910:Biblical authority
791:Capital punishment
667:Biblical criticism
636:Rahlfs' Septuagint
340:New Testament (NT)
335:Old Testament (OT)
168:Apocalypse of Paul
156:Related literature
70:Pauline literature
3399:Ziesler, John A.
3318:Jesus and Judaism
3303:978-1-56338-039-6
3270:978-1-60899-793-0
3157:Dunn, James D. G.
3120:Brown, Raymond E.
3104:Brown, Raymond E.
3051:978-0-300-11884-1
2952:on behalf of the
2925:Stendahl, Krister
2627:978-1-4412-3625-8
2504:The Book of Ammon
2071:Lietzmann, Hans,
1953:Novum Testamentum
1682:Pauline privilege
1677:Pauline mysticism
1564:Oriental Orthodox
1458:Adolf von Harnack
1440:, founder of the
1389:
1388:
1062:canonical gospels
966:
965:
781:Conspiracy theory
710:
709:
449:Mosaic authorship
261:
260:
16:(Redirected from
3468:
3355:Theissen, Gerd.
3141:Dunn, James D.G.
3137:
3130:Charry, Ellen T.
3079:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3010:
2933:
2920:
2893:
2875:
2866:
2865:, Monument Press
2857:
2848:
2839:
2822:Eisenman, Robert
2817:
2809:
2791:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:Church and State
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2428:
2415:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:, p. 91–92.
2300:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2206:Bokenkotter 2004
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2126:, p. 79-80.
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2032:Brill Publishers
2012:Seifrid, Mark A.
2008:
2002:
2001:
1966:Brill Publishers
1943:
1937:
1936:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1828:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1544:Jesus' teachings
1514:Bertrand Russell
1485:Paul the Apostle
1384:
1381:
1375:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1308:Jewish Christian
1296:
1293:
1266:Krister Stendahl
1227:Paula Fredriksen
1218:, with Christ..
1187:1 Corinthians 15
1173:among Gentiles.
1161:Jewish Christian
1099:Paul the Apostle
1074:Epistle of James
989:Pauline theology
958:
951:
944:
932:Bible portal
930:
929:
928:
653:Synoptic problem
577:
572:Biblical studies
501:Dead Sea scrolls
462:Petrine epistles
457:Pauline epistles
286:
263:
253:
246:
239:
213:Paul the Apostle
61:
37:
21:
18:Pauline theology
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3177:Ehrman, Bart D.
3164:Paul and Gnosis
3128:
3087:
3085:Further reading
3082:
3052:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2896:
2891:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2789:
2774:
2768:Printed sources
2765:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2699:
2698:
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2550:
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2541:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2458:www.wizanda.com
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2368:levendwater.org
2362:
2361:
2357:
2353:ed. F. L. Cross
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:, p. n.49.
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2042:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1843:Colossians 4:18
1829:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1805:Jordan Cooper,
1804:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1588:
1556:Roman Catholics
1552:
1505:
1481:Michael Goulder
1468:E. W. Bullinger
1442:Tübingen school
1427:
1421:
1419:Scholarly views
1385:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1221:In the view of
1179:
1167:
1157:
1141:paleo-orthodoxy
1126:Antonio Gramsci
1124:Marxist writer
1111:
1087:
1082:
962:
926:
924:
923:
915:
914:
901:
887:
865:
857:
856:
855:
771:
747:
720:
712:
711:
706:
625:
609:
598:
574:
564:
563:
562:
495:
494:
475:
474:
470:Johannine works
466:
430:
410:
409:
406:and development
393:
392:
391:
358:
344:
330:
303:
302:
257:
228:
227:
208:
207:
198:
197:
183:Paul and Thecla
158:
157:
148:
147:
123:2 Thessalonians
118:1 Thessalonians
78:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3415:External links
3413:
3412:
3411:
3397:
3392:Wilson, A. N.
3390:
3374:
3360:
3353:
3340:Sanders, E. P.
3337:
3331:Sanders, E. P.
3328:
3315:Sanders, E. P.
3312:
3305:
3292:Pagels, Elaine
3289:
3282:
3272:
3255:
3238:
3221:
3209:Holland, Tom.
3207:
3200:
3183:
3174:
3154:
3146:Eerdmans 1997
3138:
3126:
3117:
3101:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3081:
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2802:
2792:
2787:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2748:
2728:
2692:
2681:(3): 298–316.
2665:
2658:
2640:
2626:
2606:
2592:
2572:
2570:, p. 160.
2560:
2558:, p. 194.
2548:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2500:Hennacy, Ammon
2491:
2470:
2445:
2410:
2393:
2387:Ehrman, Bart:
2380:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2292:
2280:
2210:
2198:
2196:, p. 174.
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2148:, p. 196.
2138:
2128:
2116:
2103:
2097:Ziesler John,
2090:
2077:
2064:
2055:
2040:
2003:
1938:
1931:
1894:
1879:
1835:Galatians 6:11
1822:
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1820:
1819:
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1699:
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1689:
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1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:Biblical canon
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1612:
1600:Bishop of Rome
1587:
1584:
1551:
1548:
1516:. Nietzsche's
1504:
1501:
1420:
1417:
1393:Jewish messiah
1387:
1386:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1321:bishop of Lyon
1303:
1300:
1295: 200 BCE
1223:Daniel Boyarin
1178:
1175:
1156:
1153:
1149:restorationism
1115:Hans Lietzmann
1110:
1107:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1072:, such as the
964:
963:
961:
960:
953:
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721:
719:Interpretation
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613:
607:
602:
596:
591:
586:
580:
575:
570:
569:
566:
565:
561:
560:
555:
553:English Bibles
550:
545:
540:
535:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Masoretic Text
503:
497:
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492:
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193:Prayer of Paul
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188:Peter and Paul
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68:
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63:
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54:
53:
46:
45:
44:of articles on
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3473:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
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3431:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3409:0-19-826459-3
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:0-8028-4445-6
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:Wright, N. T.
3375:
3373:
3372:0-8028-4809-5
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:0-8006-1899-8
3348:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:0-8006-2061-5
3323:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:Kim, Yung Suk
3256:
3254:
3253:0-8006-6285-7
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:Kim, Yung Suk
3239:
3237:
3236:0-06-015582-5
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:Maccoby, Hyam
3222:
3220:
3219:1-85792-469-X
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:0-19-284201-3
3195:
3191:
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3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:9789004316690
3169:
3165:
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3153:
3152:0-8028-3844-8
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
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3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:0-385-24767-2
3112:
3108:
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3089:
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3060:j.ctt32bd7m.8
3057:
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2999:
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2971:
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2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2927:(July 1963).
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:9780281041107
2913:
2909:
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2904:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:1-4051-0899-1
2886:
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2859:
2855:
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2846:
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2835:0-670-86932-5
2831:
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2823:
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2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2788:0-385-50584-1
2784:
2781:, Doubleday,
2780:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2749:9781621711582
2745:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2706:Dissertations
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
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2655:
2651:
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2256:
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2248:
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2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2208:, p. 19.
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:Stendahl 1963
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2114:, Brill, 2002
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2075:Vol. 1 p. 206
2074:
2068:
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2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:90-04-09521-7
2037:
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2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
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1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1932:9781032199344
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:, p. 25.
1891:
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1697:Law of Christ
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1637:Antinomianism
1635:
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1601:
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1557:
1549:
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1545:
1541:
1540:Ammon Hennacy
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1409:Hellenization
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1380:November 2021
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1356:This article
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3013:. Retrieved
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2795:W. D. Davies
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2753:. Retrieved
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2719:. Retrieved
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2649:
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2631:. Retrieved
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2597:. Retrieved
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2568:Hurtado 2005
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2556:Rowland 1985
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2479:Tolstoy, Leo
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2461:. Retrieved
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2448:
2436:. Retrieved
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2396:
2391:(OUP) p 175
2388:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
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2334:
2322:
2310:
2288:McGrath 2006
2283:
2269:cite journal
2258:. Retrieved
2230:
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2201:
2194:McGrath 2006
2189:
2184:, p. 2.
2177:
2165:
2153:
2146:Rowland 1985
2141:
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2124:Hurtado 2005
2119:
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2006:
1957:
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1839:Romans 16:22
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1735:
1722:
1589:
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1553:
1530:
1526:Alain Badiou
1522:Slavoj Žižek
1506:
1479:
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1436:philosopher
1431:
1428:
1413:Romanization
1390:
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1220:
1216:Law of Moses
1204:W. D. Davies
1201:
1196:
1180:
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1123:
1112:
1103:his writings
1095:Christianity
1088:
1048:
1040:circumcision
1036:New Covenant
1020:his writings
1016:Apostle Paul
1009:Christianity
1007:and form of
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
973:
864:Perspectives
725:Hermeneutics
640:
628:
548:Luther Bible
543:Gothic Bible
532:Vetus Latina
530:
486:Translations
426:Hebrew canon
354:Antilegomena
349:Deuterocanon
222:
178:Acts of Paul
52:in the Bible
32:Paulicianism
3186:Elsner, Jas
3166:BRILL 2016
3015:12 February
2956:: 199–215.
2420:"Review of
2182:Finlan 2004
1968:: 373–391.
1851:Philemon 19
1741:G. A. Wells
1608:Marcionites
1536:Leo Tolstoy
1491:Christians
1475:Bart Ehrman
1270:circumcised
1171:proselytise
1034:into God's
762:Inspiration
600:Historicity
558:by language
490:manuscripts
108:Philippians
3430:Categories
3068:2012021755
2856:, Eerdmans
2828:. Viking.
2659:088920196X
2593:9004124721
2260:2007-07-24
1863:amanuensis
1755:References
1592:pejorative
1534:, such as
1518:criticisms
1503:Distortion
1423:See also:
1360:unbalanced
1306:See also:
1244:Maimonides
1212:Jewish law
1198:twelve,...
1159:See also:
1085:Definition
1044:Mosaic Law
1022:and those
767:Literalism
677:Historical
584:Archeology
521:Septuagint
416:Authorship
404:Authorship
113:Colossians
74:Authorship
3076:160590164
3034:New Haven
3002:170331485
2994:803348474
2970:1475-4517
2946:Cambridge
2327:Dunn 1991
2315:Mack 1997
2303:Mack 1997
2170:Dunn 1982
2050:0167-9732
1990:0048-1009
1982:1568-5365
1923:Routledge
1489:Jerusalem
1454:Judaizing
1446:disciples
1372:talk page
1339:Influence
1325:Ebionites
1248:Judaizers
1236:Pharisees
1181:An early
1109:Etymology
1003:, is the
997:Paulanity
892:Inerrancy
702:Canonical
697:Redaction
589:Artifacts
370:Apocrypha
299:and books
133:2 Timothy
128:1 Timothy
103:Ephesians
98:Galatians
3132:(1999),
3006:Archived
2986:09003793
2900:(1985),
2824:(1997).
2502:(1970).
2481:(1882).
2255:29580193
2247:11568485
2014:(1992).
1998:24735868
1915:New York
1890:Ide 1993
1728:catholic
1614:See also
1604:Gnostics
1466:such as
1434:Hegelian
1317:Irenaeus
1232:noachide
1101:through
1091:theology
1064:, early
1032:Gentiles
1018:through
1005:theology
841:Violence
826:Serpents
816:Prophecy
811:Muhammad
526:Peshitta
516:Targumim
268:a series
266:Part of
206:See also
143:Philemon
42:a series
40:Part of
3264:. 2011
2978:1508631
2463:May 30,
2438:25 July
2373:May 30,
1857:in his
1667:Jesuism
1560:Eastern
1366:Please
1358:may be
1276:of the
1134:Marxism
993:Paulism
978:Houston
881:Quranic
876:Islamic
871:Gnostic
846:Warfare
836:Slavery
776:Alcohol
738:Midrash
682:Textual
538:Vulgate
324:Ketuvim
319:Nevi'im
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3038:London
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2028:Leiden
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1980:
1962:Leiden
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1397:savior
1240:Talmud
1210:, the
991:(also
806:Incest
786:Ethics
743:Pardes
733:Pesher
687:Source
616:Places
611:People
594:Dating
421:Dating
375:Jewish
309:Tanakh
297:Canons
270:on the
83:Romans
3403:1990
3382:1997
3366:2003
3345:1977
3320:1987
3247:2008
3230:1986
3213:2004
3206:2004.
3192:1998
3109:1997
3072:S2CID
3056:JSTOR
3009:(PDF)
2998:S2CID
2974:JSTOR
2944:(3).
2932:(PDF)
2427:(PDF)
2251:S2CID
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1994:JSTOR
1978:eISSN
1960:(4).
1714:Notes
1497:James
1493:Peter
1208:Torah
1183:creed
1093:and
851:Women
801:Humor
621:Names
314:Torah
276:Bible
138:Titus
3405:ISBN
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3336:1983
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