33:
777:. Moreover: "According to some participants in the events, the initiative for Latinization and rapprochement of Moldovan and Romanian cultures came from Stalin himself." It was as a result of this transition, and also because of the perceived failures of Moldovan nationalism, that Chioru lost his position at the Scientific Committee in 1931. His immediate successor was Ochinschi, who proceeded to attack Madan as an alleged "counter-revolutionary", and demanded that Latinization be pursued alongside lexical diversification; as Chelaru notes: "Briefly, the new official language in the MASSR was in no way different than the language spoken in Romania." During the peak of such campaigns, Chioru was absent from the republic, having been sent to Moscow. As argued by historian Oleg Galushenko, he was possibly being considered for a high-ranking position in the MASSR's administrative apparatus. Ochinschi reports that Chioru was made to undergo
649:("Moldavian Sayings"), only compiled that which "agreed with Soviet ideology". His output as a musicologist included a book of "revolutionary songs", co-written alongside the composer Mihail Bak and printed at Balta at an unknown date (possibly in the late 1920s). Chioru had personally handled their translation into Russian, and had written down the corresponding musical scores, expressing a hope that choirs would be formed "in every village". The book unusually featured a
678:, and stood to conquer Bessarabia (defined as "an inalienable part of Soviet Moldavia"). When he asked for the literary standard to be based on the core Bessarabian dialect, he noted that such a choice "would facilitate the national liberation of all Moldovans." Chioru advocated Moldovenization as a "grand rehearsal", at the end of which MASSR "cadres" would be ready to "pass into Bessarabia" and take over its administration. Despite the revolutionary content of
555:. Looking back on this activity some four years later, Chioru argued that Romanian was not just different from Moldovan, but also "incomprehensible" to speakers of the latter (though he also reported his annoyance that many inhabitants of the MASSR, including "very esteemed scientific cadres", "believe that the Moldovan and Romanian languages are one and the same"). He served as Commissar for Education between 1928 and 1930, when, as philologist
563:
and the modernized
Romanian language, proposing that the communists could engineer a Moldovan language out of the former; on this basis, Chioru suggested that Romanian was a language of the "exploiters", whereas Moldovan was one for the "exploited". He took personal charge of the project, superseding
722:
Chioru's toned-down approach, which included finding linguistic inspiration in the chronicles of the old
Moldavian principality, earned praise from a fellow communist leader, Ion Ocinschi. The latter recalled that Chioru had also authored a dictionary, which was in itself "progressive, and had a
745:
tomorrow, because the understanding of this need was instilled in me by the party as a school of revolution". By 1931, he and Madan had refined their approach to the issues of orthography and lexicography. They still maintained focus on the "democratic" nature of the resulting standard, but
433:, Pavel was welcomed into the all-Russian Communist Party (future CPSU) in 1919, and then joining his father in Yekaterinoslav; here, he was assigned to the communist secret police, Cheka, serving as such between 1920 and 1922. Chioru Jr graduated from
1837:
514:. As noted by the Russian scholar Oleg Grom, the former group, who still enjoyed relative supremacy, did not regard Romanians and Moldovans as distinguished by ethnicity, as much as by class: "'Romanians' in this interpretation are, first of all,
919:. It included a portrait of Chioru, crediting him as a deportee, rather than as an execution victim. Writing in 2021, Galushenko argued that Chioru's contribution in folklore studies "have retained their scientific significance to this day."
883:, Ocinschi expressed his appreciation for his predecessor: "A communist man, Chior had actively fought to maintain the general party line." This newer regime promoted Chioru's surviving son, Georgy Pavlovich Kior, who served as manager of
895:, encouraged reprints of works by Chioru and other writers lost to the Great Purge, reportedly prioritizing this project over any book by a Bessarabian Romanian classic. Such elevation was mocked in a dissenting epigram, produced by
1817:
394:). His exact birth date, according to later scholarship, is 2 April 1902. His father, known in Romanian as Ivan Nicolaievici Chior-Ionache and in Russian as Ivan Nikolaevich Kior-Yanaki, was a figure of importance in the regional
550:
Chioru's experiment with language began in
September 1926, when he was assigned as director of the MASSR Scientific Committee—this institute only had one functioning section, dedicated to linguistics and led by the grammarian
1742:
618:; he also reported being uninterested in the historical background of the MASSR vernacular, simply describing the topic as "difficult". Once he switched focus toward literary expression, he moderated his stance, favoring
607:, being conducive of Russification. Chioru and Milev endorsed Madan, who also invited writers to fabricate a "Moldavian socialist" lexis. With I. Cușmăunsă, they co-wrote an appeal which argued that: "We have no need for
32:
1822:
1589:Проблемы развития полиэтничного макрорегиона: геополитические, экономические и социокультурные процессы. Сборник статей по материалам Всероссийской научной конференции Ростов-на-Дону, 19–23 сентября 2016 г.
611:, since that sort of grammar would completely stifle our Moldavian language" (Ноауы ну ни требуи граматикы литерары ромыниаскы кэч ку ашэ граматикы ной ом ынабушы ди тэт лимба ноастры молдовинясы).
1592:
671:
162:
510:("Literary Moldavia")—unusual in its Soviet context for being editorially independent. His arrival came at a time when the MASSR's professional intellectuals were dividing into Romanianizers and
603:—arguing that this was a "democratic, simplified and scientific" approach. Reviewing his contribution, linguist Anatol Lența observes that it "completely changed" the familiar standards of the
591:; in his introduction to one of Madan's handbooks, he denounced Buciușcan's standard as too Romanian. In terms of orthography, Chioru favored revamping Cyrillic with direct borrowings from the
1802:
1637:
Natalia Scurtu, "Les «moldavisants» et les «roumanisants» au sein du Comité des sciences moldave. Un regard sur l'identité moldave en République autonome soviétique socialiste moldave", in
1842:
798:, with its supporters sidelined as suspects—and accused of harboring Romanian nationalism. Chioru himself was brought down, being simultaneously described as an agent of pro-Romanian and
622:
and a reliance on the speech patterns of his native
Bessarabia—thereby isolating himself from other activists, who wanted a language based on the comparatively exotic speech patterns of
249:(MASSR), established in Ukrainian territory as a statement of Soviet territorial claims on Bessarabia; though Chioru Sr died in 1926, his son continued his political work, moving to
1630:
Tivadar Palágyi, "Minorités linguistiques dans le collimateur de plusieurs «mères-patries»: étude comparée du csángó-hongrois de
Roumanie et du moldave-roumain de Transnistrie", in
803:
778:
706:, either did not know, or pretended not to know, that Eminescu's poetry was not peasant folklore. The Chioru collection earned praise from the refugee anti-communist scholar,
856:. Smochină recorded claims that copies of Chioru's works had been burned by the Soviet authorities, since they showed a "spiritual unity of Romanians across all the lands."
844:, on 11 October 1937; this account is partly credited by Galushenko, who notes that the purported death sentence was handed out on 8 October. Historians Gheorghe Negru and
734:
710:, who noted that he had transported Alecsandri's standards into the MASSR, while at the same time introducing Romanians to Moldavian folklore from as far afield as the
1812:
972:
454:
294:'s dictionary, which stood as a moderate sample of Moldovenism, but around 1929 took personal charge of the project, endorsing in-depth cultural separatism through
246:
64:
1752:
723:
positive role" (despite the author being "poorly prepared"). Criticized by others for his approach to
Moldovanization, Chioru justified himself as backed by
637:
As noted by ethnographer Maria
Ciocanu, Chioru's own activity "the first Soviet Moldovan folklorist" was colored by his other identity, that of a "combative
1747:
402:. Pavel was a musically gifted child, who went on to perform in amateur choirs, as well as becoming a multi-instrumentalist (he could play the piano, the
446:
158:
1767:
614:
In 1930, Chioru acknowledged that he was more interested in creating a "mother tongue" and "living language", rather than a full-blown
Moldovan
1625:
1600:
1582:
1505:
1373:
1276:
1566:
Valeria
Chelaru, "Borders and Territorial Identity in Moldovan ASSR: Transnistria and the 'Bessarabian Question' between 1918 and 1940", in
1827:
1712:
457:. He was also called upon to help establish the subordinate MASSR, located just west of that city, but only to April 1926, when he died at
1722:
1717:
1702:
868:
371:
238:
218:
144:
107:
1792:
1757:
1025:
912:
742:
741:
as no worse than
Moldovanization, for example, and I will carry out 'Georgianization' no less than a Georgian if I am sent to work in
806:—the only time in history that the Politburo involved itself in the demotion of a MASSR provincial cadre. Chioru was arrested by the
1832:
1732:
1707:
630:, wishing to imitate his work in the field. He repeatedly urged all local communists to become well acquainted with what he termed "
746:
criticized wholesale Russian adoptions, to which they preferred consecrated Romanian terms. In some instances, Chioru followed the
1587:
Oleg Grom, "Молдаване или румыны? Война идентичностей в Молдове/Бессарабии, XX в.– Начало XXI в.", in Gennady G. Matishov (ed.),
755:
619:
515:
326:
214:
765:
Historian Valeria Chelaru sees this period as marking a decisive shift in Soviet policy: consolidating his ideological command,
442:
1847:
1797:
1787:
1692:
860:
490:, serving as its editor in chief, and became MASSR People's Commissar for Education, in which capacity he helped establish the
333:
was effectively adopted by the MASSR. His cultural activism was largely put on hold by 1934, when he took political offices in
848:
validate the latter date, but also note that on Chioru and Badeev, alongside 16 others death-row inmates, actually received a
559:
notes, he argued for the political channeling of linguistics; he supported an emphasis on the differences between the archaic
1782:
1727:
1677:
1667:
1559:
Valentin Burlacu, "Aspecte propagandistice și militar-strategice în procesul de formare și evoluție a RASS Moldovenești", in
1268:
469:'s chapter in the newly formed Moldavian polity; this period saw his first contributions to Soviet propaganda, the brochures
242:
526:. Chioru's own interest in the linguistic field led him to serve as publisher of a Russian–Moldovan dictionary, compiled by
587:
In his report of November 1929, Chioru asserted that creating new languages was an all-Union process, involving many other
1777:
1762:
1687:
1672:
1343:
1316:
588:
478:
434:
419:
441:
in 1924. He appeared as a singer of folk melodies for a number of benefit concerts, gathering funds for survivors of the
1697:
687:
683:
875:, which allowed him to be recognized as a founder of the Writers' Union in all of Soviet Moldavia. Interrogated by the
302:
that was mostly influenced by the archaic dialect. This made him interested in selectively cultivating the classics of
1772:
1737:
1682:
892:
788:. Still invested in the promotion of Moldovan folklore, he made a point of attending performances by a locally famous
840:, had come to see the Great Purge as embarrassing. As recorded by Colesnic, Chioru was in fact shot by the NKVD at
604:
572:
in 1929); "either by the choice of Chior or through additions and alterations by the editors", these recommended a
535:
491:
279:
1644:
Marius Tărîță, "The Literature Published at Balta-Tiraspol (1932–May 1937): A Forgotten Ideological Current", in
977:
1484:, "Represiunile politice din RASSM în anii 1937–1938 ('operațiunea culăcească' și 'operațiunea română')", in
903:
was entirely developed by, and dependent on, two Soviet activists with the same first name: Pavel Chioru and
429:
and volunteered for service in the Red Army, seeing action in the Russian Civil War. Settling for a while in
345:. Expelled from the CPSU in March 1937, he was sentenced to death in October. He is known to have received a
1807:
884:
872:
282:. Chioru was MASSR Commissar for Education between 1928 and 1930, and in this capacity worked to create a "
379:
111:
785:
334:
631:
1485:
802:
circles. The writer was expelled from the party on 20 March 1937. This decision came directly from the
357:
in 1943; they are questioned by authors who argue that he was more likely shot before the end of 1937.
1662:
1617:
1497:
815:
650:
518:
and capitalists who 'fooled' their own people". Moldovenizers, instead, actively strove to create a "
319:
38:
1030:
896:
819:
1338:
900:
707:
527:
486:
466:
415:
375:
303:
291:
270:
234:
1552:, "The Institute of Philology and the 70th Anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova", in
667:
552:
298:
of the vocabulary. In the earliest 1930s, Chioru was again moderating his outlook, recommending a
675:
523:
1481:
904:
845:
814:
staff members had been similarly rounded up during one night). During his interrogation, he and
337:
and was possibly groomed to become a leader of the MASSR. This stint ended abruptly during the
1621:
1596:
1578:
1501:
1369:
1272:
849:
774:
759:
703:
642:
627:
615:
560:
539:
519:
346:
330:
307:
299:
287:
283:
230:
42:
837:
818:
both "confessed to having been part of a nationalistic plot" led by the disgraced communist
747:
730:
695:
608:
592:
403:
350:
191:
880:
387:
349:, but his ultimate fate remains unclear. Official narratives, circulated at the height of
315:
1516:
Vlad Caraman, "Deschideri către valori. Academicianul Haralambie Corbu la 85 de ani", in
1614:
Nici eroi, nici trădători. Scriitorii moldoveni și puterea sovietică în epoca stalinistă
674:. Both Badeev and Chioru explained that the Soviet Union was preparing for war with the
534:. Reviewing this contribution, historian Marius Tărîță notes that, though maintaining a
1549:
1361:
968:
864:
853:
833:
699:
556:
383:
311:
250:
115:
750:
standard, but criticized Romanian communist emigrants to the MASSR for their usage of
461:. In 1924–1925, Chioru Jr returned to the Red Army as a political commissar among the
1656:
1314:
Iordan Datcu, "Cărți și atitudini. O monografie despre românii din Transnistria", in
1263:
Silviu Andrieș-Tabac, "Capitolul III. Imnul de Stat", in Silviu Andrieș-Tabac (ed.),
766:
738:
725:
600:
596:
573:
531:
430:
411:
295:
245:
with literary and musical preoccupations. His father became a founding figure of the
46:
1494:
Fără termen de prescripție. Aspecte ale investigării crimelor comunismului în Europa
1239:
Folclor românesc de la est de Nistru, de Bug, din nordul Caucazului. (Texte inedite)
863:, which united most of the MASSR with formerly Romanian territory, establishing the
690:"), he found himself criticized for including samples from throughout the region of
751:
660:
462:
391:
206:
1489:
836:
notes that this was a purposeful misdirection by Soviet authorities, who, during
1529:
1368:, p. 340. Chișinău: B. P. Hasdeu Municipal Library & Editura Ulysse, 2012.
908:
888:
795:
655:
623:
511:
338:
257:
1646:
Trimarium. The History and Literature of Central and Eastern European Countries
318:
for his research into folklore, and was seen there as an unwitting champion of
799:
790:
666:
In 1928, Chioru became involved in the Moldovanization campaign, announced by
458:
445:. From 1924, Chioru's father was mainly active in Soviet Ukraine, joining the
342:
210:
784:
Upon his return in 1934, Chioru was made secretary of the Moldavian Obkom in
916:
794:, Gheorghe Murgu. The Latinization policy was swiftly reverted ahead of the
395:
265:
261:
1838:
Great Purge victims from the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1605:
Anatol Lența, "L'invention de la langue moldave à l'époque soviétique", in
425:
He left the region in 1918, as it united with Romania. He swam across the
841:
711:
691:
538:, it did not yet endorse claims that "Moldovan" was wholly distinct from
426:
407:
286:" of the proletariat, principally by overstating differences between the
222:
826:
638:
569:
564:
Buciușcan's dictionary with his own works in lexicography and a tract,
1341:, "Din cultura națională în Republica Moldovenească a Sovietelor", in
702:. Historian Petru Negură believes that Chioru, like his fellow writer
438:
399:
1532:, "Accente. Șaptezecist? Optzecist?... între Prut și Nistru...", in
825:
Later biographies often report that Chioru was then deported to the
1818:
Politicians from the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
256:
Chioru personally handled some of the core institutions of Soviet "
1573:
Oleg Galushenko, "Фольклорист Павел Киор: страницы биографии", in
829:
450:
354:
226:
859:
Chioru's sentencing took place less than three years before the
807:
221:, where he joined his communist father. Chioru Jr served in the
1743:
Writers from the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
915:
was allowed to feature an exhibit commemorating the victims of
506:("Literary Page"). It eventually became a standalone magazine,
876:
484:
Upon settling in Balta, Chioru helped establish the newspaper
1593:
Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
871:. De-Stalinization in this new polity also signaled Chioru's
418:
around the time when Bessarabia achieved independence as the
37:
Chioru (reclining, at center) with fellow writers, including
1437:
1435:
1058:
1056:
754:
terms. From 1932, Chioru was an enthusiastic supporter of
973:"Scriitorii transnistreni între tragedie și minciună..."
781:, and was in Moscow to receive ideological retraining.
398:
movement, helping to organize the communist network in
1577:, pp. 106–111. Chișinău: Fox Trading SRL, 2021.
522:", hoping to transform class consciousness into a new
502:("Little Corner of Moldavian People's Poetry"), later
1823:
People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
993:
D. Virgil, "Stalinismul în destinele oamenilor", in
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
341:, when he was labeled as a Romanian nationalist and
832:, and that he died there in 1943, aged 41. Scholar
494:. He was probably the main literary contributor at
152:
140:
132:
121:
90:
85:
62:
23:
1803:Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
1449:
1447:
530:in 1926; he shared editorial credits with writer
1843:Prisoners sentenced to death by the Soviet Union
264:(or Moldavians) are fundamentally distinct from
241:(CPSU), he emerged from the war as an author of
455:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
672:Moldavian Communist Regional Committee (Obkom)
626:. Chioru also admired the Romanian folklorist
247:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
205:), was a Moldovan journalist, folklorist, and
65:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1575:Tradiții și procese etnice, 2. 30 martie 2021
1556:, Vol. LVIII, May–August 2016, pp. 3–33.
8:
1265:Simbolurile naționale ale Republicii Moldova
1243:Buletin Științific. Etnografie și Muzeologie
1207:
1205:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
465:. He then emerged as first secretary of the
1632:Cahiers d'Études Hongroises et Finlandaises
1199:Galushenko, p. 106. See also Chelaru, p. 32
1100:Tărîță, p. 220. See also Galushenko, p. 106
634:", and also to promote it in the villages.
1648:, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2023, pp. 216–239.
1536:, Vol. V, Issues 5–6, May–June 2019, p. 12
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
852:on 11 October, through a decision made by
20:
1127:Scurtu, pp. 140–142. See also Grom, p. 95
698:), as well as an adaptation of lyrics by
500:Ungherașul poeziei norodnice moldovenești
1570:, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2020, pp. 27–40.
1357:
1355:
1353:
989:
987:
414:). He is known to have been enrolled at
63:People's Commissar for Education of the
1813:Political commissars of the Soviet Army
1347:, Vol. III, Issue 4, April 1936, p. 157
927:
566:Dispri orfografia linghii moldovinești
580:for "union" (instead of the Romanian
237:, and known to the leadership of the
16:Soviet Moldovan politician and writer
7:
1568:Territorial Identity and Development
1561:Cohorta. Revistă de Istorie Militară
1271:& Enciclopedia Moldovei, 2011.
810:in either June or August (all other
473:("What Is the Komsomol?", 1925) and
1753:20th-century Ukrainian male singers
1641:, Issue 36, 2011, pp. 137–147.
1609:, Issue 17, 2004, pp. 115–132.
869:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
682:(including the cover featuring the
453:, and then being welcomed into the
378:; at the time, the area was in the
219:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
145:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1748:20th-century Moldovan male singers
1634:, Vol. 17, 2011, pp. 101–113.
1591:, pp. 89–108. Rostov-on-Don:
773:and "local nationalism", favoring
213:youths who rejected that region's
14:
1026:"Acte și valori. Basarabia, acum"
769:was now slowly turning away from
217:, and consequently fled into the
198:, or Павел Кьору; 2 April 1902 –
1219:, Vol. 37, Issue 5, 1992, p. 521
1217:Revista de Etnografie și Folclor
758:, which effectively brought the
31:
1563:, Issue 1/2023, pp. 76–94.
861:Soviet occupation of Bessarabia
290:and modern Romanian. He edited
1768:Ukrainian folk-song collectors
1269:Academy of Sciences of Moldova
1213:Creația populară moldovenească
353:, have it that he died in the
268:. These include the newspaper
188:Pavel Ivanovici Chioru-Ianachi
95:Pavel Ivanovici Chioru-Ianachi
1:
1429:Galushenko, pp. 106, 107, 109
1320:, Issues 9–10/2010, pp. 68–71
756:Soviet Latinization campaigns
435:Sverdlov Communist University
420:Moldavian Democratic Republic
327:Soviet Latinization campaigns
260:"—a doctrine which held that
209:politician. He was among the
199:
50:
1245:, Issue 7 (20), 2007, p. 313
907:. In 1990, at the height of
688:Workers of the world, unite!
684:proletarian-internationalist
670:as a standard policy of the
641:ideologue". His research of
1828:People from Izmailsky Uyezd
1713:Moldovan newspaper founders
893:Communist Party of Moldavia
737:, Chioru explained: "I see
729:. In a June 1928 letter to
325:In 1932, Chioru backed the
163:Moldavia Regional Committee
1864:
1723:Soviet publishers (people)
1718:Moldovan magazine founders
1703:Moldovan newspaper editors
1366:Chișinăul și chișinăuienii
1344:Revista Fundațiilor Regale
1237:Maria Ciocanu, "Recenzii.
645:, including the 1927 book
605:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
576:lexis, with terms such as
159:Communist Party of Ukraine
1793:Translators from Romanian
1758:Music publishers (people)
1496:, pp. 438–439. Chișinău:
1211:Iordan Datcu, "Recenzii.
735:Ukrainian First Secretary
733:, who was serving as the
659:, presented here as the "
609:Romanian literary grammar
536:localized Cyrillic script
449:'s regional committee in
447:Ukrainian Bolshevik Party
314:. He earned attention in
196:Павел Иванович Киор-Янаки
195:
169:
81:
70:
58:
30:
1833:People from Izmail Raion
1733:Ukrainian lexicographers
1708:Soviet newspaper editors
1441:Galushenko, pp. 107, 109
1145:Tărîță, pp. 220–221, 234
1062:Galushenko, pp. 105, 107
997:, 29 November 1990, p. 2
891:, who presided upon the
647:Zicătoarele moldovenești
366:Origins and early career
274:, the literary magazine
1254:Galushenko, pp. 107–108
913:Chișinău History Museum
885:Cuciurgan power station
370:Chioru was a native of
229:, seeing action in the
128:(between 1937 and 1943)
1848:Soviet rehabilitations
1798:Bessarabian Bolsheviks
1788:Translators to Russian
1693:Moldovan propagandists
1520:, Issue 1/2015, p. 187
718:Downfall and posterity
498:, with a column named
380:Bessarabia Governorate
112:Bessarabia Governorate
1783:Ukrainian translators
1728:Soviet lexicographers
1678:Ukrainian folklorists
1668:Moldovan male writers
1393:Palágyi, pp. 108, 110
475:Наша смена – пионе-ры
1778:Moldovan translators
1763:Soviet musicologists
1688:Soviet propagandists
1673:Moldovan folklorists
1384:Palágyi, pp. 107–108
1267:, p. 242. Chișinău:
651:Romanian nationalist
632:Moldavian literature
620:old Romanian sources
320:Romanian nationalism
1698:Moldovan columnists
1154:Scurtu, pp. 139–140
995:Cuvîntul Libertății
901:Moldovan literature
804:All-Union Politburo
416:Bolhrad High School
376:southern Bessarabia
304:Romanian literature
235:political commissar
186:, known in full as
1773:Soviet translators
1738:Language reformers
1683:Soviet folklorists
1471:Galushenko, p. 109
1402:Chelaru, pp. 33–34
1287:Burlacu, pp. 87–88
1181:Lența, pp. 123–124
1172:Lența, pp. 122–124
1082:Galushenko, p. 106
1050:Galushenko, p. 107
1034:, 9 September 2007
947:Galushenko, p. 105
676:Kingdom of Romania
524:ethnic nationalism
471:Что такое комсомол
467:Ukrainian Komsomol
390:(now in Ukraine's
215:union with Romania
1626:978-9975-79-903-4
1607:Cahiers de l'ILSL
1601:978-5-4358-0144-6
1583:978-9975-3337-8-8
1506:978-9975-79-691-0
1374:978-9975-4432-0-3
1277:978-9975-4145-8-6
850:stay of execution
775:Soviet patriotism
760:Romanian alphabet
663:of the Workers".
643:Romanian folklore
628:Vasile Alecsandri
616:literary language
561:Moldavian dialect
546:Language creation
520:Moldovan language
477:("Our Shift: The
347:stay of execution
331:Romanian alphabet
308:Vasile Alecsandri
300:literary language
288:Moldavian dialect
284:Moldovan language
243:Soviet propaganda
231:Russian Civil War
173:
172:
1855:
1537:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1480:Gheorghe Negru,
1478:
1472:
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1454:
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1394:
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1348:
1339:Nichita Smochină
1336:
1330:
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1019:
998:
991:
982:
981:, 14 August 2019
967:
963:
948:
945:
911:liberalization,
899:; it noted that
887:. In the 1960s,
838:De-Stalinization
786:Rîbnița District
762:into the MASSR.
748:Romanian Academy
731:Lazar Kaganovich
708:Nichita Smochină
696:Western Moldavia
593:Russian alphabet
589:Soviet languages
528:Gavril Buciușcan
508:Moldova Literarî
404:button accordion
351:De-Stalinization
335:Rîbnița District
292:Gavril Buciușcan
278:, and the local
276:Moldova Literarî
233:; training as a
204:
201:
197:
104:
102:
86:Personal details
75:
52:
35:
21:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
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1854:
1853:
1852:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1618:Editura Cartier
1545:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1498:Editura Cartier
1486:Sergiu Musteață
1479:
1475:
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1466:
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1457:
1452:
1445:
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1428:
1424:
1419:
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1126:
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1099:
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1091:Grom, pp. 94–95
1090:
1086:
1081:
1066:
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1054:
1049:
1038:
1024:Ghenadie Nicu,
1021:
1020:
1001:
992:
985:
965:
964:
951:
946:
929:
925:
881:Khrushchev Thaw
816:Ivan Krivorukov
720:
548:
504:Pagina Literarî
388:Izmailsky Uyezd
368:
363:
316:Greater Romania
239:Communist Party
202:
154:
153:Other political
147:
141:Political party
136:Soviet Moldovan
106:
100:
98:
97:
96:
76:
71:
54:
39:Mihai Andriescu
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Cheka officers
1805:
1800:
1795:
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1642:
1635:
1628:
1612:Petru Negură,
1610:
1603:
1585:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:Vasile Bahnaru
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1509:
1473:
1464:
1462:Bahnaru, p. 15
1455:
1453:Chelaru, p. 36
1443:
1431:
1422:
1420:Chelaru, p. 34
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1362:Iurie Colesnic
1349:
1331:
1329:Negură, p. 116
1322:
1307:
1305:Burlacu, p. 87
1298:
1296:Chelaru, p. 32
1289:
1280:
1256:
1247:
1230:
1221:
1201:
1192:
1190:Scurtu, p. 141
1183:
1174:
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1136:Bahnaru, p. 13
1129:
1120:
1118:Scurtu, p. 140
1111:
1109:Tărîță, p. 220
1102:
1093:
1084:
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1052:
1036:
1031:Ziarul de Iași
999:
983:
969:Iurie Colesnic
949:
926:
924:
921:
897:Arhip Cibotaru
873:rehabilitation
854:Nikolai Yezhov
834:Iurie Colesnic
820:Grigore Starîi
779:self-criticism
719:
716:
704:Samuil Lehtțir
700:Mihai Eminescu
568:(appearing at
557:Vasile Bahnaru
547:
544:
492:Writers' Union
400:Yekaterinoslav
384:Russian Empire
367:
364:
362:
359:
329:, whereby the
312:Mihai Eminescu
280:Writers' Union
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94:
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68:
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43:Samuil Lehtțir
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24:
15:
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1231:
1228:Negură, p. 88
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1163:Lența, p. 120
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839:
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817:
813:
812:Plugarul Roșu
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
771:Korenizatsiia
768:
767:Joseph Stalin
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
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739:Ukrainization
736:
732:
728:
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726:Korenizatsiia
717:
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541:
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532:Dmitrii Milev
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Moldovenizers
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:Plugarul Roșu
493:
489:
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487:Plugarul Roșu
482:
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293:
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271:Plugarul Roșu
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109:
93:
89:
84:
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74:
69:
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61:
57:
48:
47:Dmitrii Milev
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1616:. Chișinău:
1613:
1606:
1588:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1493:
1482:Mihail Tașcă
1476:
1467:
1458:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1365:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1317:Limba Română
1315:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1216:
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1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1029:
994:
976:
858:
846:Mihail Tașcă
824:
811:
789:
783:
770:
764:
724:
721:
679:
668:Iosif Badeev
665:
654:
646:
636:
613:
586:
581:
577:
565:
553:Leonid Madan
549:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
483:
474:
470:
463:Red Cossacks
443:Volga famine
424:
392:Izmail Raion
369:
324:
275:
269:
255:
187:
183:
179:
176:Pavel Chioru
175:
174:
155:affiliations
125:
105:2 April 1902
72:
25:Pavel Chioru
18:
1663:1902 births
1639:Revue Russe
1530:Leo Butnaru
1411:Grom, p. 95
909:Perestroika
889:Ivan Bodiul
879:during the
796:Great Purge
752:Frenchified
694:(including
680:Zicătoarele
656:Hora Unirii
595:—including
481:", 1926).
374:village in
339:Great Purge
258:Moldovenism
211:Bessarabian
203: 1937
148:(1919–1937)
133:Nationality
1657:Categories
1554:Philologia
1543:References
905:Pavel Boțu
867:-centered
800:Trotskyist
459:Kislovodsk
412:Jew's harp
410:, and the
386:, through
343:Trotskyist
101:1902-04-02
1620:, 2014.
1595:, 2016.
1500:, 2011.
1490:Igor Cașu
917:Stalinism
686:slogan, "
574:Russified
396:Bolshevik
361:Biography
266:Romanians
262:Moldovans
77:1928–1930
73:In office
1534:Scriptor
1518:Akademos
1492:(eds.),
865:Chișinău
842:Tiraspol
827:Siberian
712:Caucasus
692:Moldavia
653:anthem,
624:Dubăsari
540:Romanian
479:Pioneers
427:Dniester
408:mandolin
225:and the
223:Red Army
126:Disputed
743:Georgia
639:Marxist
382:of the
192:Russian
1624:
1599:
1581:
1504:
1372:
1275:
1241:", in
1215:", in
978:Timpul
791:Lăutar
516:boyars
439:Moscow
406:, the
372:Cartal
207:Soviet
108:Cartal
45:, and
1028:, in
975:, in
923:Notes
830:Gulag
582:unire
578:soiuz
570:Bîrzu
451:Odesa
355:Gulag
251:Balta
227:Cheka
182:, or
180:Chior
1622:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1273:ISBN
808:NKVD
661:Hora
599:and
310:and
184:Kior
122:Died
91:Born
53:1930
877:KGB
584:).
437:in
422:.
322:.
1659::
1488:,
1446:^
1434:^
1364:,
1352:^
1204:^
1067:^
1055:^
1039:^
1002:^
986:^
971:,
952:^
930:^
822:.
714:.
542:.
306:,
253:.
200:c.
194::
178:,
114:,
110:,
51:c.
49:,
41:,
601:ю
597:я
190:(
165:)
161:(
103:)
99:(
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