75:
91:
and corrected deduct value (CDV) using a set of curves proposed by the ASTM. The ASTM does not include the formulae of these curves, but they are recalculated by researchers. Finally, the value of the PCI is calculated in an iterative process. The result of the analysis is a numerical value between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the best possible condition and 0 representing the worst possible condition.
83:
90:
The method is based on a visual survey of the number and types of distresses in a pavement. First, the type and extent of existing distresses, their severity level is collected. Next, distress density is calculated for each type of distress. The density values are translated into deduct value (DV)
184:
The PCI of each tested sample unit is calculated using the method defined in the standard. In summary this involves calculating the distress quantities and the distress densities for each tested unit. These values are used to determine a deduct value and this deduct value is subtracted from 100 to
282:(IRI). Generally, a road with a high PCI has a low IRI, and a road with a high IRI has a low PCI. However, this is not always the case. For example, two roads with the same PCI can have significantly different IRI values as a result of having different types of distresses or grades.
170:
For relatively small pavement systems, the entire system may be surveyed. For large pavement systems, the process may involve surveying a random or representative sample of the entire system with the following steps:
178:
Based on the number of sample units in the total section, a certain number of these units are selected to be tested. For example, if there are 40 or more sample units, 10% are tested.
192:
This condition index can give a good indication of the pavement condition of a network. However, trained personnel are required to complete the complicated survey procedure.
326:
188:
If the surveyed samples are representative of the overall system, the PCI of the pavement system is then assumed to be equal to the PCI of the sampled areas.
2051:
697:
532:
Bryce, J.; Boadi, R.; Groeger, J. (2019). "Relating
Pavement Condition Index and Present Serviceability Rating for Asphalt-Surfaced Pavements".
805:
750:
410:
Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020) . "Data
Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index".
51:
635:
383:
27:) is a numerical index between 0 and 100, which is used to indicate the general condition of a pavement section. The PCI is widely used in
58:. The surveying processes and calculation methods have been documented and standardized by ASTM for both roads and airport pavements:
327:"Using Data Analytics for Cost-Effective Prediction of Road Conditions: Case of The Pavement Condition Index:[summary report]"
2015:
329:. United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research, Development, and Technology. FHWA-HRT-18-065. Archived from
572:"Examining the relationship between two road performance indicators: Pavement condition index and international roughness index"
2046:
1145:
35:
2020:
1135:
1120:
735:
291:
366:
2041:
1997:
1987:
1224:
1115:
760:
296:
279:
1992:
1806:
1331:
1194:
1713:
1603:
800:
500:
482:
181:
The type, extent and severity of pavement distress in each section are recorded using the ASTM Standard D 5340 method.
891:
347:
The
Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads
200:
The ASTM divides the PCI into seven classes as follows, but in practice a PCI lower than 40 is almost impassable.
2002:
1821:
677:
1708:
1703:
1678:
795:
715:
628:
390:. Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), National Transportation Library. Archived from
1915:
1882:
1219:
1189:
1130:
1095:
770:
1877:
1214:
1105:
705:
54:
as an airfield pavement rating system, but later modified for roadway pavements and standardized by the
1598:
571:
333:
on 2019-02-02 – via
National Transportation Library Repository & Open Science Access Portal.
1920:
1618:
1341:
1239:
1125:
725:
710:
363:"Development of a Pavement Maintenance Management System, Vol. I. Airfield Pavement Condition Rating"
1872:
1746:
1465:
1421:
1309:
1161:
1100:
856:
841:
836:
730:
664:
621:
47:
38:, and many municipalities use it to measure the performance of their road infrastructure and their
1776:
1590:
1575:
1386:
1321:
1244:
1229:
1174:
1150:
1110:
1078:
1012:
1002:
973:
910:
780:
745:
599:
549:
427:
99:
1836:
1649:
1639:
1570:
1520:
1259:
1140:
978:
950:
935:
920:
790:
785:
775:
591:
62:
ASTM D6433 - 20: Standard
Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys
39:
31:
1693:
1455:
1371:
1366:
1281:
1084:
1039:
881:
687:
682:
583:
541:
419:
104:
423:
1930:
1890:
1801:
1791:
1761:
1751:
1736:
1698:
1654:
1480:
1470:
1401:
1017:
720:
391:
301:
1900:
1862:
1831:
1811:
1796:
1608:
1490:
1032:
960:
831:
826:
765:
755:
647:
345:
28:
74:
2035:
1910:
1867:
1816:
1756:
1721:
1688:
1555:
1505:
1495:
1396:
1326:
1316:
1209:
1179:
1068:
1027:
945:
821:
655:
603:
553:
431:
175:
Divide the total pavement section into sample units (approximately 5000 square feet).
1935:
1925:
1826:
1781:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1683:
1565:
1560:
1485:
1411:
1381:
1273:
1254:
1184:
1022:
930:
672:
65:
ASTM D5340 - 20: Standard Test Method for
Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys
1905:
1550:
1540:
1515:
1440:
1351:
1299:
1249:
1054:
986:
955:
587:
362:
137:
43:
446:"Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys"
82:
1895:
1771:
1644:
1580:
1545:
1525:
1406:
1376:
1346:
1286:
1234:
886:
278:
PCI is correlated with the performance indicators measuring roughness such as
151:
595:
545:
1766:
1613:
1500:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1336:
1204:
1199:
1049:
968:
925:
876:
866:
861:
851:
534:
Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
508:
330:
86:
Number of potholes is an important input for calculating the PCI of a road.
78:
Alligator cracking is one of the distress types used to calculate the PCI.
1959:
1954:
1786:
1535:
1530:
1391:
1356:
1304:
1294:
940:
915:
740:
1857:
1841:
1668:
1510:
1361:
871:
846:
146:
1964:
1634:
1044:
1007:
463:
445:
304: – AASHO experiment for studying highway pavements deterioration
464:"Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys"
81:
73:
683:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
613:
384:"Development Of A Pavement Condition Index For Roads And Streets"
644:
55:
617:
1475:
94:
Pavement distress types for asphalt pavements include:
570:
Piryonesi, S. Madeh; El-Diraby, Tamer E. (2021-01-01).
1973:
1944:
1850:
1667:
1627:
1589:
1431:
1420:
1272:
1159:
1076:
1067:
995:
900:
814:
696:
663:
654:
361:Shahin, M. Y.; Darter, M. I.; Kohn, S. D. (1977).
16:Methodology for assessing quality of bitumen road
365:. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory.
629:
50:. This index was originally developed by the
8:
483:"Building Costs Deal Blow to Local Budgets"
1428:
1073:
660:
636:
622:
614:
350:(PhD dissertation). University of Toronto.
46:measure and requires manual survey of the
325:Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. (2018).
202:
314:
1732:Median / Central reservation
565:
563:
527:
525:
52:United States Army Corps of Engineers
7:
405:
403:
401:
378:
376:
320:
318:
130:Longitudinal and transverse cracking
505:Washington State DOT pavement guide
1650:Risk compensation (road transport)
424:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512
369:from the original on June 3, 2021.
14:
481:Yardley, William (Jan 26, 2008).
412:Journal of Infrastructure Systems
2016:Glossary of road transport terms
2052:Infrastructure asset management
292:Pavement classification number
1:
1998:Pavement performance modeling
1988:International roughness index
501:"Main Menu (List of Modules)"
297:International Roughness Index
280:international roughness index
1993:Present serviceability index
1787:Sidewalk / Pavement
1332:Diamond grinding of pavement
1965:Underpass / Tunnel
1960:Overpass / Flyover
1714:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1604:Driving under the influence
678:Freeway / Motorway
588:10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100441
274:Relationship with roughness
2068:
892:Highway systems by country
576:Transportation Geotechnics
2011:
2003:Granular base equivalency
1822:Traffic signal preemption
1230:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1136:Single-point urban (SPUI)
344:Piryonesi, S. M. (2019).
1983:Pavement condition index
1709:High-occupancy toll lane
1704:Contraflow lane reversal
1679:Barrier transfer machine
546:10.1177/0361198119833671
21:pavement condition index
837:Express-collector setup
165:Weathering and raveling
2047:Airport infrastructure
2021:Road types by features
1916:Raised pavement marker
1883:Constant-slope barrier
1807:Traffic directionality
1797:Street running railway
1220:Protected intersection
127:Lane/shoulder drop-off
87:
79:
1878:Concrete step barrier
1215:Offset T-intersection
85:
77:
2042:Pavement engineering
1921:Road surface marking
1619:Single-vehicle crash
1342:Full depth recycling
1240:Seagull intersection
1747:Pedestrian crossing
1310:Reinforced concrete
1146:Three-level diamond
857:Two-lane expressway
842:Farm-to-market road
204:
185:give the PCI value.
1777:Runaway truck ramp
1599:Driver's education
1387:Rubberized asphalt
1322:Crocodile cracking
1245:Split intersection
1013:Hierarchy of roads
974:Single carriageway
468:ASTM International
450:ASTM International
388:Tris Online Record
203:
143:Polished aggregate
100:Alligator cracking
88:
80:
2029:
2028:
1837:Wide outside lane
1663:
1662:
1640:Automotive safety
1521:Road slipperiness
1268:
1267:
1116:Diverging diamond
1063:
1062:
979:Single-track road
921:Bicycle boulevard
271:
270:
159:Slippage cracking
124:Joint reflections
40:levels of service
32:civil engineering
2059:
1873:Cat's eye (road)
1694:Complete streets
1466:Dead Man's Curve
1429:
1367:Pavement milling
1282:Asphalt concrete
1225:Quadrant roadway
1166:
1088:
1074:
1040:Street hierarchy
688:Elevated highway
661:
638:
631:
624:
615:
608:
607:
567:
558:
557:
529:
520:
519:
517:
516:
507:. Archived from
497:
491:
490:
478:
472:
471:
460:
454:
453:
442:
436:
435:
407:
396:
395:
380:
371:
370:
358:
352:
351:
341:
335:
334:
322:
205:
133:Low ride quality
36:asset management
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1940:
1931:Traffic barrier
1891:F-Shape barrier
1846:
1802:Traffic calming
1762:Reversible lane
1752:Pedestrian zone
1737:Motorcycle lane
1699:Contraflow lane
1671:time allocation
1670:
1659:
1655:Underride guard
1623:
1585:
1471:Expansion joint
1433:
1423:
1416:
1402:Stamped asphalt
1264:
1195:Continuous flow
1168:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1089:
1085:grade-separated
1082:
1081:
1059:
1018:Private highway
991:
896:
810:
692:
650:
642:
612:
611:
569:
568:
561:
531:
530:
523:
514:
512:
499:
498:
494:
480:
479:
475:
462:
461:
457:
444:
443:
439:
418:(1): 04019036.
409:
408:
399:
382:
381:
374:
360:
359:
355:
343:
342:
338:
324:
323:
316:
311:
302:AASHO Road Test
288:
276:
198:
168:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Jersey barrier
1898:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Unused highway
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Traffic island
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Drowsy driving
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:Level crossing
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:Channelization
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:3-way junction
1171:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1077:
1071:
1069:Road junctions
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:business route
1030:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
981:
976:
971:
966:
963:
961:Primitive road
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
904:
902:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:County highway
829:
827:Collector road
824:
818:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
801:United Kingdom
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Czech Republic
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
702:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
669:
667:
665:Limited-access
658:
652:
651:
643:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
610:
609:
559:
540:(3): 308–312.
521:
492:
487:New York Times
473:
455:
437:
397:
394:on 2012-02-08.
372:
353:
336:
313:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
299:
294:
287:
284:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
197:
196:Categorization
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
149:
144:
141:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:Bumps and sags
110:
109:Block cracking
107:
102:
96:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
29:transportation
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2064:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Noise barrier
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Cable barrier
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Traffic lanes
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Refuge island
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Living street
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Climbing lane
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1591:Human factors
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Traffic light
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Oversize load
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Manhole cover
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Crushed stone
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Michigan left
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1162:Intersections
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Directional T
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:special route
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:Frontage road
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
906:
905:
903:
899:
893:
890:
888:
885:
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880:
878:
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873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:Arterial road
820:
819:
817:
813:
807:
806:United States
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
699:
695:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
668:
666:
662:
659:
657:
656:Types of road
653:
649:
646:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:
616:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
564:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
526:
522:
511:on 2010-02-11
510:
506:
502:
496:
493:
488:
484:
477:
474:
469:
465:
459:
456:
451:
447:
441:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
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406:
404:
402:
398:
393:
389:
385:
379:
377:
373:
368:
364:
357:
354:
349:
348:
340:
337:
332:
328:
321:
319:
315:
308:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
283:
281:
273:
266:
263:
262:
258:
255:
254:
250:
247:
246:
242:
239:
238:
234:
231:
230:
227:Satisfactory
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
214:
210:
207:
206:
201:
195:
193:
187:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
172:
164:
161:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:Patching and
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
121:Edge cracking
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
95:
92:
84:
76:
69:
64:
61:
60:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1982:
1936:Traffic cone
1926:Rumble strip
1827:Truck bypass
1782:Shared space
1742:Passing lane
1727:Managed lane
1684:Bicycle lane
1566:Washboarding
1561:Traffic sign
1486:Hairpin turn
1255:Texas U-turn
1185:Box junction
1079:Interchanges
1023:Route number
931:Country lane
673:Bike freeway
579:
575:
537:
533:
513:. Retrieved
509:the original
504:
495:
486:
476:
467:
458:
449:
440:
415:
411:
392:the original
387:
356:
346:
339:
331:the original
277:
199:
191:
169:
115:Corrugations
93:
89:
24:
20:
18:
1974:Performance
1906:Kassel kerb
1863:Botts' dots
1851:Demarcation
1551:Storm drain
1516:Road debris
1441:Aquaplaning
1434:environment
1422:Road safety
1300:Cobblestone
1250:Superstreet
1055:Winter road
1003:Concurrency
996:Other terms
987:Sunken lane
956:Main street
901:Local roads
138:utility cut
118:Depressions
70:Calculation
44:statistical
2036:Categories
1976:indicators
1945:Structures
1896:Guard rail
1772:Road verge
1645:Seat belts
1581:Snowsquall
1546:Speed bump
1526:Road train
1347:Glassphalt
1287:Bioasphalt
1260:Turnaround
1235:Roundabout
1165:(at-grade)
1131:Roundabout
1096:Cloverleaf
951:Green lane
887:Trunk road
815:Main roads
698:By country
582:: 100441.
515:2010-06-19
309:References
251:Very Poor
208:PCI range
42:. It is a
1767:Road diet
1669:Space and
1614:Road rage
1501:Oil spill
1461:Crosswind
1451:Black ice
1446:Avalanche
1372:Permeable
1205:Jughandle
1200:Hook turn
1106:Free-flow
1050:Toll road
969:Side road
926:Boulevard
882:Super two
877:Ring road
852:Link road
751:Hong Kong
706:Australia
648:hierarchy
604:225253229
596:2214-3912
554:116809787
432:213782055
1955:Causeway
1792:Shoulder
1628:Vehicles
1576:Whiteout
1536:Rockfall
1531:Roadkill
1456:Bleeding
1432:Road and
1392:Sealcoat
1317:Corduroy
1305:Concrete
1295:Chipseal
1274:Surfaces
1126:Raindrop
941:Driveway
936:Dead end
916:Backroad
867:2+2 road
862:2+1 road
786:Portugal
776:Pakistan
367:Archived
286:See also
259:Serious
162:Swelling
147:Potholes
140:patching
105:Bleeding
48:pavement
1858:Bollard
1842:Woonerf
1571:Washout
1511:Pothole
1424:factors
1412:Texture
1382:Plastic
1362:Macadam
1151:Trumpet
1101:Diamond
872:Parkway
847:Highway
761:Ireland
741:Germany
731:Croatia
711:Belgium
267:Failed
216:86-100
156:Shoving
152:Rutting
1951:Bridge
1635:Airbag
1407:Tarmac
1352:Gravel
1180:Bowtie
1121:Parclo
1045:Stroad
1008:Detour
983:Street
911:Avenue
796:Taiwan
781:Poland
746:Greece
721:Canada
716:Brazil
602:
594:
552:
430:
256:11-25
248:26-40
240:41-55
232:56-70
224:71-85
211:Class
1377:Plank
1291:Brick
1141:Stack
907:Alley
791:Spain
771:Nepal
766:Italy
756:India
726:China
600:S2CID
550:S2CID
428:S2CID
264:0-10
243:Poor
235:Fair
219:Good
1887:Curb
1718:Lane
1481:Ford
1397:Sett
1337:Dirt
965:Road
645:Road
592:ISSN
538:2673
56:ASTM
34:and
19:The
1541:Rut
1476:Fog
1357:Ice
584:doi
542:doi
420:doi
25:PCI
2038::
598:.
590:.
580:26
578:.
574:.
562:^
548:.
536:.
524:^
503:.
485:.
466:.
448:.
426:.
416:26
414:.
400:^
386:.
375:^
317:^
1087:)
1083:(
637:e
630:t
623:v
606:.
586::
556:.
544::
518:.
489:.
470:.
452:.
434:.
422::
23:(
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