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Payola is used by record labels to promote their artists, and can be in the form of monetary rewards or other types of reimbursement. This can include purchasing advertising, requiring bands to play station-sponsored concerts, or paying stations to hold "meet the band" contests. In exchange, the band
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created a plan to accept promotion fees legally by disclosing that they are paid to play the songs. "For as little as $ 30, a band can buy 1,000 plays on the music-streaming service, slotted in between established artists. The artists themselves choose what other music they'd like to be played next
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employees of broadcast stations, program producers, program suppliers and others who, in exchange for airing material, have accepted or agreed to receive payments, services or other valuable consideration must disclose this fact. Disclosure of compensation provides broadcasters the information they
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that required the stations to play a given song at least 150 times in order to give a new artist exposure. Brand managers at the top of the Clear
Channel chain, after listening to hundreds of songs and filtering them down to about five or six favorites from various formats, send those selections to
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to play a song without the station disclosing the payment. Under U.S. law, a radio station must disclose songs they were paid to play on the air as sponsored airtime. The number of times the songs are played can influence the perceived popularity of a song, and payola may be used to influence these
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did a parody on the Payola
Scandal, by calling it "Old Payola Roll Blues", a two-sided single, where the promoter gets an ordinary teenager, named Clyde Ankle, to record a song, for Obscurity Records, entitled "High School OO OO", and then tries to offer the song to a jazz radio station with phony
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Following the investigation, radio DJs were stripped of the authority to make programming decisions and payola became a misdemeanor offense. Programming decisions became the responsibility of station program directors. However, this had the result of simplifying the process of payola: instead of
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Even with these requirements in place, however, record companies have found loopholes within the phrasing of the regulations to continue the practice. These loopholes have created a situation which isolates independent artists from mainstream media. A current example of this is the lengths that
1390:(FCC) regulations. As it was seen as falling outside the payola rules, stations did not deem it necessary to report to authorities. This practice became widespread until a 1986 NBC News investigation called "The New Payola" instigated another round of Congressional investigations.
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acceptance of a payment to run a song. If the song is identified before being played as being done because the talent or station is being paid to do so, the playing of the song and acceptance of money to do so is perfectly legal, and does not constitute payola.
1698:) as an aspiring musician who is forced to sign away his rights to make a hit record depicts the role of record producers and radio DJs as a dominance – the musician ends up with no aspirations or living the same lifestyle, as in the case of the film
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from illegal operations. In this practice, unknown "new artists" will suddenly appear on multiple formats and be aggressively promoted by producers of dubious origin, then disappear from the music scene or change their stage name.
1437:) settled on paying $ 12.5 million in fines and accepting tougher restrictions for three years, although no company admitted any wrongdoing. Due to increased legal scrutiny, some larger radio companies (including industry giant
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went to get their music heard. Because Lewis and
Macklemore belonged to an independent label, they feared payola laws would interfere with their airtime. So they hired an independent arm of Warner Music Group, the
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in May 2006. The three conglomerates agreed to pay $ 10 million, $ 5 million, and $ 12 million respectively to New York State non-profit organizations that will fund music education and appreciation programs.
1680:", by saying that they had accepted a large amount of payola to play the song. Ironically, if they had actually been paid to play the song on the air, it would not have been payola, because payola is the
1750:, which assists independent acts to get their music on radio. Zach Quillen, manager of Macklemore and Ryan Lewis, discussed how "they paid the alliance a flat monthly fee to help promote the album."
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Payola is no longer the local DJ receiving a couple dollars for airplay; it is now an organized corporate crime that supports the lack of balanced content and demeaning imagery with no consequences.
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1469:'s "The Worst". Tom Poleman, president of national programming platforms for the company, stated that the acts selected are based solely on the quality of their music and not on label pressure.
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refused to reveal the specific methods that were used to determine top hits. Only general and vague statements were offered; that determining top hits was based on "readings of radio requests,
2016:
Even now after the payola scandals and the attempt to link all payola with rock-and-roll recordings, the music with a beat still dominates over 60 percent of The
Billboard's Hot 100 chart.
1319:
reaching numerous DJs, record labels only had to persuade the station's program director. Labels could circumvent payola allegations by utilizing independent third parties (see below).
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song "Hey, Mr. DJ, I Thought You Said We Had a Deal" is about the practice. It is narrated from the point of view of a naive and inexperienced musician who has been coerced by a
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One side effect of the vagueness of the law and the creation of the loophole is the expansion of the concept at the hands of online music sharing websites. In 2009, the website
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1326:
was indicted in a payola scandal, causing him to leave New York radio, where his influence was greatest. The charges were later dropped and he returned to New York, hosting
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program directors across the country. These program directors vote on which ones they think radio listeners will like the most. Songs that benefited with the exposure were
1658:'Cause the things they're doing today would make a saint out of you", implying that Payola corruption is bigger now (or was bigger in the 1980s) than it was in the 1950s.
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because record labels, radio stations, and music video channels profit from allowing such material to air while censoring other material. In that context, Fager stated:
83:
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Following the creation of music sharing websites in the late 1990s, the power of independent promoters declined and labels returned to dealing with stations directly.
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deals that the disc jockey just won't buy it. It ends with an anti-rock song, saying hello to jazz and swing, and goodbye to amateur nights, including rock and roll.
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uncovered evidence that executives at Sony BMG music labels had made deals with several large commercial radio chains. Spitzer's office settled out of court with
1315:
also testified before the committee, but avoided repercussions, partially due to the fact that he had divested his ownership interest in music-industry holdings.
1277:. Attempts were made to link all payola to rock-and-roll music. In the 1950s, independent record companies or music publishers frequently used payola to promote
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1244:
Prior to the 1930s, there was little public scrutiny of the reasoning behind a song's popularity. The advertising agencies which sponsored NBC's radio/TV show
2414:
1301:
2292:
2415:"Which Public – Whose Interest – How the FCC's Deregulation of Radio Station Ownership Has Harmed the Public Interest, and How We Can Escape from the"
2116:
1476:, labels can pay for tracks to appear in user play-lists as "Sponsored Songs". It is possible for users to opt out of this in their account settings.
2880:
2704:
1999:
1723:" and creating their own song titled "Without Math". Payola was eventually ruled out as a cause of increased sales of particular songs at a company.
1842:
1201:(FCC) treats payola as a violation of the Sponsorship Identification Rules, which requires any broadcast of paid material to include a disclosure.
1386:). The promoter would offer "promotion payments" to station directors for putting their client's artists on the station's playlist, sidestepping
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Prosecution for payola in the 1950s was in part a reaction of the traditional music establishment against newcomers. The emergence of
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1719:, the detectives George Frankly and Pat Tuesday investigated a case of suspected payola by forming a fictitious group called "The
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is a combination of "pay" and "-ola", the latter of which is a suffix of product names common in the early 20th century, such as
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568:
1694:, released in 1972, where a record producer, not the recording artist, controls the airwaves. The portrayal of its protagonist (
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293:
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In recent years, 'payola' has taken on a new form, in reference to the alleged practice of paying streaming services, like
1050:
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and publisher's revenue streams. By the mid-1940s, three-quarters of the records produced in the United States went into
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The FCC and the
Communications Act of 1934 both have strict requirements and rules regarding payola. These demand that:
1939:
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2229:
2117:"ALAN FREED IS OUT IN 'PAYOLA' STUDY; Disk Jockey Refuses to Sign WABC Denial on Principle -- Says He Took No Bribes"
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2253:"The Jordan brothers: A Musical Biography of Rock's Fortunate Sons", by Maxim W. Furek. Kimberley Press, 1986.
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into paying for airplay – the disc jockey then disappears and does not deliver on his promise.
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On a
Washington, D.C. radio station in 1999, the disc jockeys announced that they were debuting the
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established firmly that the "loophole" was still a violation of the law. In 2007, four companies (
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Concerns about contemporary forms of payola in the US prompted an investigation during which the
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In Mexico, South
America, and some regions along the U.S. southern border, payola is used to
2649:"Clear Channel's 'On the Verge' program helped make Iggy Azalea a star. Here's how it works"
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1630:" ("My Payola") sung to a crowd of music industry leaders during a music award ceremony.
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2044:
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The first U.S. Congressional Payola
Investigations occurred in 1959, carried out by the
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1608:
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While the amount of money involved remains largely unpublished, Phil Lind of
Chicago's
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1101:
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618:
613:
476:
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2318:"United States of America v. Frankie Crocker, Appellant, 568 F.2d 1049 (3d Cir. 1977)"
2027:
Richard
Campbell et al, Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 2004
3019:
2735:
1619:
1518:
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1345:, to recommend an artist more. One of the main people recently accused of payola is
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214:
2624:"Why radio stations were forced to play Iggy Azalea's 'Fancy' at least 150 times"
1830:
1497:
On 25 September 2007, the U.S. Congress held a hearing on hip hop music entitled
1262:
tabulations". Early attempts to stop payola were met with silence by publishers.
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2011:
1951:
1903:(Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 738–740.
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need to let their audiences know if the material was paid for, and by whom.
2552:
2760:"From Imus to Industry: The Business of Stereotypes and Degrading Images"
2599:"Big tech threats: Making sense of the backlash against online platforms"
1673:
1510:
1500:
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In 2002, investigations by the office of then-New York District Attorney
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A loophole in U.S. payola laws is for labels to utilize a third-party or
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into payola, and prompted by a parallel investigation in the US Senate.
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2736:"Perdurarán los narcocorridos, pues la gente los busca: Teodoro Bello"
1654:. It opens by saying "This one's for you, Alan Freed" and then states
1311:, who was uncooperative in committee hearings, was fired as a result.
2067:"THE PAYOLA SCANDAL John Morthland provided a succinct description o"
1799:
1720:
1514:
888:
548:
481:
309:
16:
Undisclosed payment for promotional broadcasts, particularly of music
2762:, Committee on Energy & Commerce, accessed on 20 September 2011.
1568:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1505:. In her testimony, Lisa Fager Bediako, co-founder and President of
2829:"How Macklemore Tapped Major Label Muscle to Market an Indie Album"
2095:
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University
1922:
Only a general statement that hit status was based on "readings of
2970:
Hit Men: Power Brokers & Fast Money Inside the Music Business.
2796:, UCLA Center for Communications & Community, October 3, 2007.
1946:. Vol. 61, no. 44. 29 October 1949. pp. 3, 13, 47.
1926:, sheet music sales, dance hall favorites and jukebox tabulations"
744:
689:
639:
145:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
143:
This article repeats material across different sections, and thus
2794:"From Imus-to-Industry: The Business of Degradation in Rap Music"
1615:
chose their moniker during the punk explosion of the late 1970s.
1111:
840:
598:
2264:"Payola: exploring the dark practice of bribing radio stations"
1712:
1533:
1411:
1327:
129:
66:
25:
1503:
to Industry: The Business of Stereotypes and Degrading Images
1441:) now refuse to have any contact with independent promoters.
82:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2847:"Payola: Once a dirty word, now the basis of internet radio"
2525:
Ross, Brian; Walter, Vic; Esposito, Richard (11 May 2006).
2926:
What's the story on the radio payola scandal of the 1950s?
2597:
Galston, Clara Hendrickson and William A. (2019-05-28).
2360:
Marsden, Harriet; published, The Week UK (2024-07-02).
1557:
1370:
or a lesser-known band of the label may gain air time.
153:
91:
2337:"The Music Industry in an Age of Digital Distribution"
2668:"Spotify 'Sponsored Songs' lets labels pay for plays"
1669:", during the verse dealing with the events of 1960.
1232:, or brands such as the radio equipment manufacturer
1644:
The practice is satirized in song "Payola Blues" by
2686:"Spotify is testing 'Sponsored Songs' in playlists"
2362:"Sabrina Carpenter and Spotify conspiracy theories"
2881:"Payola: Can Pay for Play be Practically Enforced"
2804:
2802:
2195:"Radio: How a disgraced DJ made his way to KDAY"
1618:The practice is criticized in the chorus of the
2553:"EMI settles 'payola' probe for $ 3.75 million"
2000:"Has payola cued a new inspirational wax kick?"
1978:. Harvard University Press. pp. 164, 166.
1733:
1523:
1292:that he had taken US$ 22,000 to play a record.
2419:Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review
1900:On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio
156:to make improvements to the overall structure.
2508:"Radio Payoffs Are Described as Sony Settles"
1353:. Payola is also widely used as an insult on
1162:
80:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2936:Payola in Radio and Television Broadcasting
2506:Leeds, Jeff; Story, Louise (26 July 2005).
1302:House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1169:
1155:
201:
2580:"FCC unveils settlement with radio firms"
2474:"Universal Music Settles Big Payola Case"
1897:Dunning, John (1998). "Your Hit Parade".
1584:Learn how and when to remove this message
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2869:"Dick Clark survives the Payola Scandal"
2230:"Dick Clark survives the Payola scandal"
2286:
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988:
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301:
257:
220:
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1969:
1967:
1934:
1932:
2924:Cartwright, Robin (31 August 2004). "
2912:"NY Times, How Payola Went Corporate"
7:
3041:Economics of the arts and literature
3004:New York: Harmony Books. 325 pages.
2413:Stilwell, Rachel M. (1 March 2006).
1822:
1820:
1414:settled in 2006 for $ 3.75 million.
1269:had become a threat to the wages of
3002:Rock & Roll: An Unruly History.
2827:Buerger, Megan (28 January 2014).
2810:"Sponsorship Identification Rules"
1322:In 1976, inner-city urban soul DJ
14:
2955:Boehlert, Eric (14 March 2001). "
2947:Payola: Another Brick in the Wall
2814:Federal Communications Commission
2173:Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
1847:Federal Communications Commission
1748:Alternative Distribution Alliance
1388:Federal Communications Commission
1296:U.S. investigations and aftermath
1199:Federal Communications Commission
41:This article has multiple issues.
2985:Sponsorship Identification Rules
2945:McCarthy, Jamie (5 June 2001). "
2527:"New Settlement in Payola Probe"
1688:Payola was depicted in the film
1538:
805:Perverting the course of justice
205:
134:
71:
30:
2666:Constine, Josh (19 June 2017).
1976:In praise of commercial culture
700:Intellectual property violation
49:or discuss these issues on the
2994:" FCC's consumer publications.
2578:Dunbar, John (13 April 2007).
2006:. 18 January 1960. p. 6.
1:
2910:Manly, Lorne (31 July 2005).
2705:"La tarifa de la popularidad"
2703:Roberto A. Partida Sandoval.
1873:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1849:. 24 May 2011. Archived from
1444:Clear Channel Radio, through
1366:gains a place on a station's
2940:Journal of Law and Economics
2425:(3): 419–428. Archived from
1448:, launched a program called
1399:Sony BMG Music Entertainment
1035:Ignorantia juris non excusat
2472:Leeds, Jeff (12 May 2006).
1564:the claims made and adding
1509:Industry Ears, argued that
94:, discuss the issue on the
3057:
2622:TJ Armour (20 July 2014).
2529:. ABC News. Archived from
2398:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1530:Satire of payola practices
1480:As money laundering scheme
1190:illegal practice of paying
725:Possessing stolen property
373:Offense against the person
18:
2711:. Tijuana. Archived from
1743:Macklemore and Ryan Lewis
1626:", a parody of the song "
1382:(not to be confused with
1349:, with her recent album,
1019:Diminished responsibility
813:Crimes against the public
2983:The FCC's Payola Rules "
2972:New York: Random House.
2041:"Dick Clark - Yahoo! TV"
1940:"Pluggers War on Payola"
1795:Cash for comment scandal
1667:We Didn't Start the Fire
1661:Payola is referenced in
1384:independent record label
1194:commercial radio station
948:Crimes against the state
868:(such as prohibition of
2934:Coase, Ronald (1979). "
1789:Telling Lies in America
632:Crimes against property
322:(also called violation)
21:Payola (disambiguation)
2734:Arturo Cruz Barcenas.
2293:"Payola Probe Deepens"
1738:
1727:Criticism of U.S. laws
1648:, from his 1983 album
1527:
1290:Congressional hearings
1084:Other common-law areas
917:Crimes against animals
785:Miscarriage of justice
767:Crimes against justice
1974:Cowen, Tyler (2000).
1717:Square One Television
1705:In an installment of
1517:stereotypes permeate
1407:Universal Music Group
1405:in November 2005 and
990:Defenses to liability
780:Malfeasance in office
2449:"Tax Notes Research"
2268:faroutmagazine.co.uk
2147:Ohio Central History
1691:The Harder They Come
1635:They Might Be Giants
1507:media watchdog group
1465:' "Candy Rain", and
1380:independent promoter
1374:Third-party loophole
836:Censorship violation
559:Cybersex trafficking
100:create a new article
92:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2888:testwww.stjohns.edu
2833:Wall Street Journal
2653:The Washington Post
1651:Everybody's Rockin'
1281:on American radio.
1014:Defense of property
866:Illegal consumption
402:Criminal negligence
302:Severity of offense
154:editing the article
2990:2010-01-27 at the
2951:Slashdot Features.
2930:The Straight Dope.
2917:The New York Times
2775:. IndustryEars.Com
2512:The New York Times
2478:The New York Times
2335:Wikström, Patrik.
2201:. 23 December 2019
2123:. 22 November 1959
1853:on 30 January 2021
1549:possibly contains
1403:Warner Music Group
1330:'s video jukebox.
935:Wildlife smuggling
925:Cruelty to animals
554:Child sexual abuse
506:Negligent homicide
417:False imprisonment
314:Indictable offense
258:Scope of criminal
2897:on 18 August 2010
2175:. 2 December 2017
2047:on 8 October 2012
1910:978-0-19-507678-3
1594:
1593:
1586:
1551:original research
1347:Sabrina Carpenter
1179:
1178:
579:Indecent exposure
447:Human trafficking
412:Domestic violence
340:Inchoate offenses
200:
199:
192:
182:
181:
174:
147:layout guidelines
128:
127:
120:
102:, as appropriate.
64:
3048:
2966:Dannen, Frederic
2921:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2890:. Archived from
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2876:
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2854:
2853:. 16 April 2009.
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2453:www.taxnotes.com
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2429:on 19 March 2015
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2102:
2087:
2081:
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2078:
2077:
2063:
2057:
2056:
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2043:. Archived from
2037:
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2019:
2018:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1971:
1962:
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1958:
1936:
1927:
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1578:
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1569:
1566:inline citations
1542:
1541:
1534:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1128:
999:Actual innocence
856:Ethnic cleansing
750:Trespass to land
645:Arms trafficking
209:
202:
195:
188:
177:
170:
166:
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157:
138:
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34:
33:
26:
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3016:
3015:
2992:Wayback Machine
2909:
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2862:Further reading
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2732:
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2718:
2716:
2715:on 7 April 2014
2702:
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2692:. 19 June 2017.
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2297:Washington Post
2290:
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2149:. 17 March 1964
2141:
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1998:
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1871:
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1866:
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1841:
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1836:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1783:Radio promotion
1768:Frankie Crocker
1764:
1729:
1655:
1624:Pull My Strings
1590:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1495:
1482:
1376:
1363:
1339:
1324:Frankie Crocker
1298:
1247:Your Hit Parade
1242:
1175:
1116:
680:False pretenses
609:Sex trafficking
535:Sexual offenses
494:Preterintention
330:Summary offense
196:
185:
184:
183:
178:
167:
161:
158:
152:Please help by
151:
139:
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124:
113:
107:
104:
89:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3054:
3052:
3044:
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3038:
3036:Music industry
3033:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
2998:Palmer, Robert
2995:
2981:
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2953:
2943:
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2907:
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2816:. 24 May 2011.
2798:
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2695:
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2672:Techcrunch.com
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2559:. 15 June 2006
2544:
2533:on 22 May 2011
2517:
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2327:
2322:Law.justia.com
2309:
2291:Howe, Desson.
2280:
2255:
2246:
2221:
2219:Curtis, p. 37.
2212:
2186:
2160:
2134:
2121:New York Times
2108:
2082:
2058:
2029:
2020:
1991:
1984:
1963:
1928:
1924:radio requests
1909:
1889:
1877:Etymonline.com
1864:
1843:"Payola Rules"
1834:
1827:47 U.S.C.
1815:
1814:
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1808:
1807:
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1797:
1792:
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1678:Mambo Number 5
1592:
1591:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1494:
1491:
1481:
1478:
1401:in July 2005,
1375:
1372:
1362:
1361:Modus operandi
1359:
1351:Short n' Sweet
1338:
1335:
1297:
1294:
1258:favorites and
1241:
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1186:music industry
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851:Hostage-taking
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86:of the subject
84:worldwide view
79:
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39:
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29:
15:
13:
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6:
4:
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3011:
3010:0-517-70050-6
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
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2978:0-679-73061-3
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2444:
2441:
2428:
2424:
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2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2386:"barbie on X"
2381:
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2222:
2216:
2213:
2200:
2199:LA Daily News
2196:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2169:"Freed, Alan"
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2097:. 11 May 2018
2096:
2092:
2091:"FREED, ALAN"
2086:
2083:
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2068:
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2059:
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2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
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2001:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1985:0-674-00188-5
1981:
1977:
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1620:Dead Kennedys
1616:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1574:November 2021
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:This section
1545:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:hip hop music
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:launder money
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:Anthony Lewis
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1439:Clear Channel
1436:
1432:
1431:Clear Channel
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Eliot Spitzer
1391:
1389:
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1373:
1371:
1369:
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1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
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1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1288:disclosed in
1287:
1282:
1280:
1279:rock and roll
1276:
1272:
1271:song-pluggers
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
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1239:
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1052:
1051:Justification
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905:
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890:
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884:Miscegenation
882:
879:
875:
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867:
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862:
859:
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852:
849:
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844:
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748:
746:
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741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:Pickpocketing
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
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693:
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683:
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582:
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569:Homosexuality
567:
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541:
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435:
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432:Home invasion
430:
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418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
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403:
400:
398:
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382:Assassination
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162:February 2021
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78:
69:
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53:
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37:
28:
27:
22:
3026:Criminal law
3001:
2969:
2960:
2957:Pay for play
2950:
2942:22: 269–328.
2939:
2929:
2915:
2899:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2887:
2872:
2851:The Guardian
2850:
2841:
2832:
2822:
2813:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2767:
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2739:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2708:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2592:
2583:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2520:
2511:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2477:
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:the original
2422:
2418:
2408:
2380:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2355:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2296:
2272:. Retrieved
2270:. 2023-02-24
2267:
2258:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2146:
2143:"Alan Freed"
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2071:www.shsu.edu
2070:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2023:
2015:
2003:
1994:
1975:
1955:. Retrieved
1943:
1914:. Retrieved
1899:
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1682:unannounced
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1461:'s "2 On",
1455:Iggy Azalea
1446:iHeartRadio
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775:Compounding
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564:Fornication
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108:August 2023
3020:Categories
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2608:2023-06-08
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2371:2024-09-13
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2051:18 January
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1916:2019-09-10
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1646:Neil Young
1628:My Sharona
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940:Bestiality
909:War crimes
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437:Hate crime
427:Harassment
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274:Accomplice
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