524:"ethicist" columnist, Ariel Kaminer, addressing the question of sharing online subscription, states that "sharing with your spouse or young child is one thing; sharing with friends or family who live elsewhere is another." The reader comments following Kaminer's response focus on the dichotomy between paying for a printed paper and paying for an online subscription. A printed paper's ease of access meant that more individuals could read a single copy, and that everyone who read the paper had the ability to send a letter to the editor without the hassle of registering or paying for the subscription. As such, the use of a paywall closes off the communication in both the personal realm and online. This opinion is not just held by online news readers, but also by opinion writers. Jimmy Wales comments that he "would rather write where it is going to be read", declaring that "putting opinion pieces behind paywalls no sense."
559:, asks, "is digital subscription as permissible as charging a couple of dollars now and then for a paper copy?" While subscription fees have long been attached to print newspapers, all other forms of news have traditionally been free. Online news, in comparison has existed as a medium of free dissemination. Poynter digital media fellow Jeff Sonderman outlines the ethical tension created by a paywall. Sonderman explains that "he underlying tension is that newspapers act simultaneously as businesses and as servants of the public’s interest. As for-profit enterprises, they have the right (the duty, even) to make money for shareholders or private owners. But most also claim to have a social compact, in which they safeguard the entire public interest and help their entire community shape and understand its shared values."
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not deter current readers, newspapers must: "invest in flexible systems, exploit their journalists' expertise in niche areas, and, crucially, offer readers their money's worth in terms of new value." The State of the News Media's 2011 annual report on
American journalism makes the sweeping claim that: "o survive financially, the consensus on the business side of news operations is that news sites not only need to make their advertising smarter, but they also need to find some way to charge for content and to invent new revenue streams other than display advertising and subscriptions." Even those who do not believe in the general success of paywalls recognize that, for a profitable future, newspapers must start generating more attractive content with added value, or investigate new sources of earning revenue.
30:
626:, involves creating new revenue by packaging old content in e-books and special feature offerings, to create an appealing product for readers. The draw of these packages is not just the topic but the authors and the breadth of coverage. According to reporter Mathew Ingram, newspapers can benefit from these special offerings in two ways, first by taking advantage of old content when new interest arises, such as an anniversary or an important event, and second, through the creation of packages of general interest.
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information scarcity that newspapers used to enjoy." An open API keeps news content free to the public while the newspaper makes a profit from the quality and usefulness of its data to other businesses. The open API strategy can be commended because it takes the pressure off of the news room to continually investigate and explore new means of revenue. Instead, the open API strategy relies on the interest and ideas of those outside the newsroom, to whom the site's content and data are attractive.
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249:, requires paid subscription before any of their online content can be accessed. A paywall of this design is considered the riskiest option for the content provider. It is estimated that a website will lose 90% of its online audience and ad revenue only to gain it back through its ability to produce online content appealing enough to attract subscribers. News sites with "hard" paywalls can succeed if they:
211:. Some have changed their opinions of paywalls. Felix Salmon of Reuters was initially an outspoken skeptic of paywalls, but later expressed the opinion that they could be effective. A NYU media theorist, Clay Shirky, was initially a skeptic of paywalls, but in May 2012 wrote, " should turn to their most loyal readers for income, via a digital subscription service of the sort the has implemented."
22:
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of a paywall as a "sandbag strategy" – a strategy which may help increase revenue in the short term, but not a strategy that will foster future growth for the newspaper industry. For the "hard" paywall specifically, however, there seems to be an industry consensus that the negative effects (loss of readership) outweigh the potential revenue, unless the newspaper targets a niche audience.
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identifies the
Canadian response to paywalls. Surveying 1,700 Canadians, the study found that 92% of participants who read the news online would rather find a free alternative than pay for their preferred site (in comparison to 82% of Americans), while 81% stated that they would absolutely not pay for their preferred online news site. Based on the poor reception of
584:' assistant managing editor, Jeff Roberts, discusses the paper's decision, stating: "e are aware of our obligations to our audience and to the public at large when there is a big story that directly impacts such a large portion of people." In his article discussing the removal of paywalls, Sonderman commends
646:(application programming interface) makes the online news site "a platform for data and information that can generate value from in other ways." Opening their API makes a newspaper's data available to outside sources, allowing developers and other services to make use of a paper's content for a fee.
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surveyed 355 participants in Mexico, Europe and the United States. The study found that "Young readers are willing to pay up to €6 for a monthly digital news subscription – 50% less than the average price (€14.09) across countries. According to the
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (Simon
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at the
University of Oxford showed that despite the controversies surrounding paywalls, these were on the rise across Europe and the United States. According to the study by Felix Simon and Lucas Graves, more than two-thirds of leading newspapers (69%) across the EU and US were operating some kind of
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Throughout 2014, 2015 and most of 2016, Ogden
Newspapers' daily newspapers were placed behind a paywall. The system displayed teaser headlines and the first paragraph of the story. Paid subscribers had access to an e-edition of the newspapers as well as access to the publications via smart phone and
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released its industry revenue profile for 2012, which reported that circulation revenue grew by 5 percent for dailies, making it the first year of circulation growth in ten years. Digital-only circulation revenue reportedly grew 275%; print and digital bundled circulation revenue grew 499%. Along
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There are also those who remain optimistic about the use of paywalls to help revitalize floundering newspaper revenues. Those who believe implementing paywalls will succeed, however, continually buffer their opinion with contingencies. Bill
Mitchell states that for a paywall to bring new revenue and
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Professional reception to the implementation of paywalls has been mixed. Most discussion of paywalls centers on their success or failure as business ventures, and overlooks their ethical implications for maintaining an informed public. In the paywall debate there are those who see the implementation
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controversially implemented a metered paywall in March 2011 which let users view 20 free articles a month before paid subscription and in April 2012 they reduced the number of free articles per month to 10. Their metered paywall has been defined as not only soft, but "porous", because it also allows
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The "soft" paywall is best embodied by the metered model. The metered paywall allows users to view a specific number of articles before requiring paid subscription. In contrast to sites allowing access to select content outside the paywall, the metered paywall allows access to any article as long as
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editor Brian McGrory believed that an ability to sample the site's premium content would encourage more people to subscribe to the service. At the same time, McGrory also announced plans to give Boston.com a more distinct editorial focus, with a "sharper voice that better captures the sensibilities
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The use of a paywall to bar individuals from accessing news content online without payment, brings up numerous ethical questions. According to
Hackett, media are already "failing to furnish citizens with ready access to relevant civic information." The implementation of paywalls on previously free
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Hackett argues that a "forum on the internet can function as a specialized or smaller-scale public sphere." In the past, the internet has been an ideal location for the general public to gather and discuss relevant news issues – an activity made accessible first through free access to online news
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Proponents of the paywall believe that it may be crucial for smaller publications to stay afloat. They argue that since 90 percent of advertising revenues are concentrated in the top 50 publishers, smaller operations can not necessarily depend on the traditional ad-supported free content model the
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A "softer" paywall strategy includes allowing free access to select content, while keeping premium content behind a paywall. Such a strategy has been said to lead to "the creation of two categories: cheap fodder available for free (often created by junior staffers), and more 'noble' content." This
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The use of paywalls has also received many complaints from online news readers regarding an online subscriptions' inability to be shared like a traditional printed paper. While a printed paper can be shared among friends and family, the ethics behind sharing an online subscription are less clear
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is controversial and multiple data protection agencies have established different guidelines. In countries like Italy, Austria, France and
Denmark, it is lawful as long as the website provides the data subject with the option of accessing equivalent content or services without giving his or her
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Paywalls have become controversial, with partisans arguing over the effectiveness of paywalls in generating revenue and their effect on media in general. Critics of paywalls include many businesspeople, academics such as media professor Jay Rosen, and journalists such as Howard Owens and media
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intimately ties the two mechanisms cited by
Hackett, as the paywall commodifies news content to bring in revenue from both readers and from increased circulation of printed paper's ads. The result of these mechanisms, as stated by Hackett, is an impediment to "equal access to relevant facts."
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of information and the dependence of commercial media on advertising revenue" as two of the greatest influences on media performance. According to
Hackett, these cultural and economic mechanisms "generate violations of the democratic norm of equality." Implementation of a paywall addresses and
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The obvious way in which a paywall restricts equal access to the online public sphere is through requiring payment, deterring those who do not want to pay, and barring those who cannot from joining the online discussion. The restriction of equal access was taken to a new extreme when the UK's
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The original online-subscription program, TimesSelect, was implemented in 2005 in an effort to create a new revenue stream. TimesSelect charged $ 49.95 a year, or $ 7.95 a month, for online access to the newspaper's archives. In 2007, paid subscriptions were earning $ 10 million, but growth
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General user response to the implementation of paywalls has been measured through a number of recent studies which analyze readers' online news-reading habits. A study completed by the Canadian Media Research Consortium entitled "Canadian Consumers Unwilling to Pay for News Online", directly
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While an open API is regarded as a gamble just like a paywall, journalist Matthew Ingram ethically notes that the use of an open API aims at "profiting from the open exchange of information and other aspects of an online-media world, while the is an attempt to create the kind of artificial
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content. The paper's editor Martin Baron described the two services as "two different sites for two different kinds of reader – some understand journalism needs to be funded and paid for. Other people just won't pay. We have a site for them." By March 2014 the site had over 60,000 digital
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media expert Bill Mitchell, in order for a paywall to generate sustainable revenue, newspapers must create "new value"—higher quality, innovation, etc.—in their online content that merits payment which previously free content did not. In addition to erecting paywalls, newspapers have been
356:, "the commercial press of the 1800s, the modern world's first mass medium, was born with a profound democratic promise: to present information without fear or favour, to make it accessible to everyone, and to foster public rationality based on equal access to relevant facts.".
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Many experts denounce the "hard" paywall because of its inflexibility, believing it acts as a major deterrent for users. Financial blogger Felix Salmon wrote that when one encounters a "paywall and can't get past it, you simply go away and feel disappointed in your experience."
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implemented a version of this strategy in September 2011 by launching a second website, BostonGlobe.com, to solely offer content from the paper behind a hard paywall, aside from most sports content, which was kept open to compete against other local sports websites. The former
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garnered 224,000 subscribers in the first three months. While many proclaimed their paywall a success after it reported a profit in the third quarter of 2011, the profit increase is said to be "ephemeral" and "largely based on a combination of cutbacks and the sale of assets."
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with the shift towards bundling print and online into combined access subscriptions, print-only circulation revenue declined 14%. This news corroborates a growing belief that digital subscriptions will be the key to securing the long-term survival of newspapers.
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action, stating that, while a publisher "commits to a paywall as the best business strategy for his news company, there may be some stories or subjects which carry such importance and urgency that it is irresponsible to withhold them from nonsubscribers."
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is a general news site, and it was said that rather than paying, users would seek the information without charge elsewhere. The paywall was deemed in practice to be neither a success nor a failure, having recruited 105,000 paying visitors. In contrast
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In April 2022, one of the major US business news websites dropped its paywall, which had been in place since 2019. The experiment showed that most of the publication's revenue still comes from advertising, not paid subscribers. All the information on
167:, have oscillated between the implementation and removal of various paywalls. Because online news remains a relatively new medium, it has been suggested that experimentation is key to maintaining revenue while keeping online news consumers satisfied.
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previously enforced a policy known as "First Click Free", whereby paywalled news websites were required to have a metered paywall for a minimum number of articles per-day (three, initially five) that could be accessed via results on Google Search or
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The commodification of information–making news into a product that must be purchased–restricts the egalitarian founding principle of the newspaper. Editor's Weblog reporter Katherine Travers, addressing this issue in a post discussing the future of
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paywall "a foolish experiment." One major concern was that, with content so widely available, potential subscribers would turn to free sources for their news. The adverse effects of earlier implementations included decline in traffic and poor
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Hackett and global communications theorist Yuezhi Zhao describe how a new "wave of media democratization arises in the era of the internet which has facilitated transnational civil society networks of and for democratic communication."
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67:, especially news. Beginning in the mid-2010s, newspapers started implementing paywalls on their websites as a way to increase revenue after years of decline in paid print readership and advertising revenue, partly due to the use of
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The model is designed to allow the paper to "retain traffic from light users", which in turn allows the paper to keep their number of visitors high, while receiving circulation revenue from the site's heavy users. Using this model
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These indirect readers, unable to get access to articles behind the pay wall and less likely to pay subscription fees than the more loyal direct users, were seen as opportunities for more page views and increased advertising
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content, and subsequently the ability to comment on the content, creating a forum. Erecting a paywall restricts the public's open communication with one another by restricting the ability to both read and share online news.
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Originally online content was available only to print subscribers. This changed in 2008 under the supervision of James Bennet, editor-in-chief, in an effort to rebrand the magazine into a multi-platform business.
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Given the overwhelming opinion that, regardless of paywall success, new revenue sources must be sought out for newspapers' financial success, it is important to highlight new business initiatives. According to
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Also, successful implementation of paywalls in digital media follows a rule of thumb: where there is a drop in advertising revenue, there is a solid chance for adopting a subscription model and/or paywalls.
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Paywalls have also been used as a way of increasing the number of print subscribers; for example, some newspapers offer access to online content plus delivery of a Sunday print edition at a lower price than
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No wonder Rupert Murdoch's in no hurry to do away with The Wall Street Journal's online paywall. Even with it still in place around large sections of the site, traffic is still growing at a most impressive
689:. Data on the number of readers who bypass paywalls is often unclear to publishers due to the variety of options employed to circumvent paywalls, and responses from publishers have been mixed. In 2023, the
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resisted the use of a paywall, citing "a belief in an open Internet" and "care in the community" as its reasoning – an explanation found in its welcome article to online news readers who, blocked from
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of MediaPass stated his belief that monetization would become "something of a self-fulfilling prophecy: people pay for content, and that money goes back into making the overall content even better."
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s website became available for free. The membership option is designed only for those who want to receive exclusive editorial newsletters with analysis and insights on one big news item of the week.
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consent to the storage and use of cookies or other tracking tools and the subscription to the site has a modest and fair cost so that it does not constrain the user’s free choice.
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in October 2011 placed a paywall on foreign readers only. Online news media have the proven ability to create global connection beyond the typical reach of a public sphere. In
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set up and has continued to maintain a "hard" paywall. It continued to be widely read, acquiring over one million users by mid-2007, and 15 million visitors in March 2008.
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way that larger sites can. Many paywall advocates also contend that people are more than willing to pay a small price for quality content. In a March 2013 guest post for
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that allow a set number of free articles that a reader can access over a specific period of time, allowing more flexibility in what users can view without subscribing.
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reintroduced a soft paywall on 5 September 2019 which allows readers to view five free articles each month, requiring a subscription to view articles after that.
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In the U.S., it has been observed that the use of paywalls by high-quality publications has enhanced the reach of non-paywalled online outlets that promote
668:"Bespoke" Arrangement – Developers can partner with the newspaper, using specific data to create a service or an app, the revenue from which will be shared
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by the participants, the study concludes with a statement similar to those of the media experts, stating, with the exception of prominent papers such as
343:. Google discontinued the policy in 2017, stating that it provides additional tools for helping publications integrate subscriptions into its platforms.
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tablet apps. Ogden's papers began removing the paywall in November 2016, in conjunction with launching redesigned, mobile and tablet friendly websites.
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The second wall from the left does not require the user to pay, but rather requires the user to subscribe (or register) for full access to content.
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online paywall as of 2019, a trend that has increased since 2017 according to the researchers, with the US seeing an increase from 60% to 76%.
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announced that it would replace the hard paywall with a metered system allowing users to read 10 articles without charge in any 30-day period.
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331:. The site could still paywall other articles that were accessible via the page. This encouraged publications to allow their articles to be
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news content heightens this failure through intentional withholding. Hackett cites "general cultural and economic mechanisms, such as the
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increasingly exploiting tablet and mobile news products, the profitability of which remains inconclusive. Another strategy, pioneered by
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expressed a lack of concern over paywall circumvention, finding that only a small portion of its readers bypass its paywalls, while the
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339:, thus enhancing their prominence on Google Search and Google News. Sites that opted out of First Click Free were demoted in Google's
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Commercial – Commercial licenses are available for developers to use the API content if they agree to keep the associated advertising
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Some implementations of paywalls proved unsuccessful, and have been removed. Experts who are skeptical of the paywall model include
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2510:"Survey shock: Young readers trust quality news and a good proportion are prepared to pay €6 for a monthly digital subscription"
782:. The model was dropped in March 2010; paid subscriber growth during the 4-month period was reportedly in the low double-digits.
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type of separation brings into question the egalitarianism of the online news medium. According to political and media theorist
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275:, argued that the use of a "hard" paywall diminishes a site's influence. Wales stated that, by implementing a "hard" paywall,
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In November 2009, the UK regional publisher of over 300 titles erected paywalls on six local newspapers' websites, including
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use this tactic because it increases both their online revenue and their print circulation (which in turn provides more ad
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and Graves 2019), €14.09 is the average monthly subscription price across six European countries and the United States."
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access to any link posted on a social media site, and up to 25 free articles a day if accessed through a search engine.
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479:, that given the "current public attitudes, most publishers had better start looking elsewhere for revenue solutions."
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3519:(2010). "'We should make money on our news?': The problem of profitability in network broadcast journalism history".
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declared that all storm related coverage, accessed both online and through mobile devices, would be free to readers.
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that allow no free content and prompt the user straight away to pay in order to read, listen or watch the content,
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3208:"Paywall avoidance add-on 'Bypass Paywalls Clean' is deleted from Firefox's official add-on distribution site"
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373:, was relaunched with a larger focus on community news, sports, and lifestyle content, as well as selected
37:, featuring the character Carrot and various paywalls. A paywall may restrict non-paying users either from
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Li, Sheng et al. (2016). "The Optimal Pricing Model of Digital Music: Subscription, Ownership or Mixed?"
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In this fictional example, the user can read seven more articles for free before they need to subscribe.
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2825:"Why floods couldn't break through Pennsylvania paywall, while New York Times created leaks in theirs"
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in order to read the content. The compatibility of this technique with data protection laws like the
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630:, for example, has created packages, mainly ebooks, on baseball, golf and the digital revolution.
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writers, such as blogs from Boston.com to the paper's website, but keeping them freely available.
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Readers are sometimes able to bypass paywalls by changing their browser settings (e.g. disabling
228:
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650:, in keeping with its "belief in an open internet", has been experimenting with the use of API.
1913:"Google scraps controversial policy that gave free access to paywalled articles through search"
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saw its subscriber count triple after closing its paywall loopholes in 2019. In November 2018,
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went further and removed its paywall from all content in April 2020, with a sponsorship from a
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System that prevents Internet users from accessing webpage content without a paid subscription
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Some newspapers have removed their paywall from blocking content covering emergencies. When
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130:(London) implemented a "hard" paywall; a decision which was controversial because, unlike
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1482:"Times paywall is a "foolish experiment" that won't last, says Knowledge (XXG) founder"
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analyst Matthew Ingram of GigaOm. Those who see potential in paywalls include investor
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2418:"Across seven countries, the average price for paywalled news is about $ 15.75/month"
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are still behind the paywall, but an abstract of most articles is available for free.
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Li, Shengli; Luo, Qiuyue; Qiu, Liangfei; Bandyopadhyay, Shubho (12 December 2016).
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3150:"Publishers still find it challenging to measure readers bypassing their paywalls"
2449:"PEW: 82% Of Users Will Abandon Their Favorite News Site If They Put Up A Paywall"
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3439:"Why Drop a Paywall? Mapping Industry Accounts of Online News Decommodification"
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3178:"Mozilla pulls a popular paywall circumvention tool from Firefox add-ons store"
3041:"The Optimal Pricing Model of Digital Music: Subscription, Ownership or Mixed?"
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Logan, Donna; Fletcher, Fred; Hermida, Alfred; Korell, Darryl (29 March 2011).
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Similarly in 2020, a large number of outlets exempted stories relating to the
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21:
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1089:"Skirting Around Paywalls: How Scientists Quickly Get the Articles They Need"
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2954:. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism. Archived from
2388:"Newspaper paywalls slowly increasing, but online news is still mostly free"
2278:"As Online Ad Revenue Remains Concentrated in Few Hands, Frustration Builds"
1241:"Operation Failure: Times Plans To Charge For One-Day Access To Online News"
737:
projections were low compared to the growth of online advertising. In 2007,
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was also removed from the Firefox add-on on store in 2023, as well as the
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2305:"How charging for premium content will save publishers from certain death"
1348:"Stop taking the 'paywall pill' by pioneering new forms of online revenue"
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Myllylahti, Merja (2013). "Newspaper Paywalls–the Hype and the Reality".
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1995:"BostonGlobe.Com Launches Today; Shifts To Paying Subscribers Only 1 Oct"
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3244:"Bypass Paywalls Clean Shut Down For DMCA Anti-Circumvention Violations"
2132:"Cookie wall: all'esame del Garante privacy le iniziative degli editori"
1384:"Poynter's Bill Mitchell on paywalls – how to shape the paid experience"
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had potentially increased its revenue, it decreased its traffic by 60%.
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2158:"Cookie walls : la CNIL publie des premiers critères d'évaluation"
1882:"Truth and Contradictions: The Global New Industry Looks to the Future"
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add-on store for violating its terms of service. The browser extension
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1306:"A warm welcome to guardian.co.uk for all former readers of the Times"
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to bypass a paywall that requires it) or using third-party tools like
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allows users to access 10 articles before becoming paid subscribers.
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has created an "open platform" which works on a three level system:
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Harvard University says it can’t afford journal publishers’ prices.
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dropped the paywall to its post-1980 archive. Pre-1980 articles in
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since experimented with other revenue-increasing ventures such as
28:
20:
3116:"Guardian CEOAndrew Miller on paywalls, mobile, and going global"
2479:"Most Canadians unwilling to pay for news online, study suggests"
1664:"Salvation or Folly? The Promises and Perils of Digital Paywalls"
3010:"Planning a paywall? Maybe you should sell some e-books instead"
2774:
Remaking Media: The Struggle to Democratize Public Communication
2759:
Remaking Media: The Struggle to Democratize Public Communication
2541:
Remaking Media: The Struggle to Democratize Public Communication
686:
662:
s content is free to anyone for personal and non-commercial uses
3573:
1820:"How To Hack the New York Times Paywall … With Your Delete Key"
1272:"The Times UK Lost 4 Million Readers To Its Paywall Experiment"
1148:
Salwen, Michael B.; Garrison, Bruce; Driscoll, Paul D. (2004).
971:"Here are 6 reasons why newspapers have dropped their paywalls"
600:
relating to the virus. In April 2020, Canadian newspaper group
3569:
1039:"Why Should Taxpayer-Funded Research Be Put Behind a Paywall?"
742:
2887:"News organizations drop paywall for coronavirus information"
174:, who declared "the paywall is history" in a 2009 article in
2331:"The American Newspaper Media Industry Revenue Profile 2012"
2055:"Is the use of a cookie wall allowed in European Countries?"
149:
site following the implementation of their paywall, came to
2579:"Independent website to launch paywall for non-UK readers"
1119:"Can a Paywall Stop Newspaper Subscribers From Canceling?"
3085:"Don't think of it as a newspaper – it's a data platform"
1982:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 197–211.
1793:"NYTimes.com Cuts Free Articles To 10 Per Month, From 20"
596:
from their paywalls as a public service, and to combat
576:
hit the United States' east coast in late August 2011,
25:
Mock-up of a "hard" paywall on a fictional news website
2106:"Linee guida cookie e altri strumenti di tracciamento"
1424:"Five Failed Paywalls and What We Can Learn from Them"
3878:
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
2610:
Democratizing Global Media: One World, Many Struggles
2214:"Canadian Consumers Unwilling to Pay for News Online"
75:
are often subject to a paywall and are available via
2219:. Canadian Media Research Consortium. Archived from
4012:
3891:
3789:
3753:
3702:
3625:
3403:"Quartz, the business news site, drops its paywall"
1662:Pickard, Victor; T. Williams, Alex (3 April 2014).
3401:
3273:"Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site"
3271:
2555:
2333:. Newspaper Association of America. Archived from
1637:"Responding to Clay Shirky on the Washington Post"
1203:"Whoah! WSJ.com Quietly Makes Big Traffic Strides"
219:Three high level models of paywall have emerged:
87:access alone. Newspaper websites such as that of
2025:"Boston Globe drops paywall, adds meter instead"
887:List of public domain resources behind a paywall
2917:"All of our content is now accessible for free"
2612:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16.
2207:
2205:
1513:"The paywall debate: the challenge of charging"
3382:(1 November 2016). Retrieved 1 November 2016.
2698:"The Truth Is Paywalled But The Lies Are Free"
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
520:because there is no physical object involved.
403:that requires to either pay or accept ads and
300:the user has not surpassed the set limit. The
3585:
2392:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
2358:"Pay Walls Could Be Print's Salvation Online"
2081:"Cookie Wall & Paywall - Do's and Don'ts"
701:removed Bypass Paywalls, a paywall-bypassing
455:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
387:of Boston", while migrating other content by
8:
3833:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
3555:"Publishers: Best paywall examples of 2022"
2979:"Can paywalls and tablets save newspapers?"
2247:"Online: Key Questions Facing Digital News"
1762:"How The New York Times Paywall Is Working"
3592:
3578:
3570:
2621:
2619:
1970:
1968:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1299:
1297:
207:publisher Gordon Crovitz, and media mogul
3270:Pérez-Peña, Richard (18 September 2007).
2948:"Survey: Mobile News & Paying Online"
2659:"Liberals Are Losing the Journalism Wars"
2562:. Cary: Oxford University Press. p.
1851:"Newspapers: Missed the 2010 Media Rally"
1755:
1753:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1234:
1232:
1001:
999:
997:
496:Deterioration of the online public sphere
227:that allow some free content, such as an
33:"Philosophy 03 paywall" by French artist
1475:
1473:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
3549:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2884252
2508:Benitez, Elizabeth (25 February 2021).
1112:
1110:
929:
531:perspectives, conspiracy theories, and
120:In 2010, following in the footsteps of
3443:International Journal of Communication
3307:Goldberg, Jeffrey (5 September 2019).
3078:
3076:
3074:
2856:"Hurricane Irene Knocks Down Paywalls"
2728:"What the pandemic means for paywalls"
1008:"A Paywall that pays? Only in America"
482:A study by Elizabeth Benítez from the
3437:Ananny, Mike; Bighash, Leila (2016).
3356:from the original on 30 November 2016
3188:from the original on 26 February 2021
3143:
3141:
3095:from the original on 13 November 2011
3020:from the original on 24 February 2021
2854:Owen, Laura Hazard (12 August 2011).
2799:from the original on 21 November 2011
2787:Travers, Katherine (17 August 2011).
2428:from the original on 28 February 2021
2253:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
1980:Democratic Equality: What went wrong?
1923:from the original on 11 November 2020
1857:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
1643:from the original on 23 December 2016
1544:"Newspapers' Perilous Paywall Moment"
1434:from the original on 25 February 2021
1213:from the original on 6 September 2012
279:"made itself irrelevant." Though the
59:is a method of restricting access to
7:
3873:Registry of Open Access Repositories
3326:from the original on 8 December 2020
3284:from the original on 16 January 2008
3126:from the original on 2 February 2013
2897:from the original on 6 February 2021
2818:
2816:
2814:
2776:. New York: Routledge. pp. 6–7.
2459:from the original on 4 December 2020
1738:from the original on 18 October 2011
1616:from the original on 19 October 2016
1523:from the original on 9 February 2013
1480:MacMillan, Gordon (10 August 2010).
1467:(London). Retrieved 25 October 2011.
1394:from the original on 7 February 2012
1346:Greenslade, Anne (3 November 2011).
1270:Schonfeld, Erick (2 November 2011).
1117:Rosen, Rebecca (12 September 2011).
484:World Association of News Publishers
253:Provide added value to their content
3176:Doctorow, Cory (29 November 2018).
3047:. Social Science Research Network.
2946:Rosenstiel, Tom (17 October 2008).
2823:Sonderman, Jeff (12 October 2011).
2789:"Pexton, The Post, and the Paywall"
2489:from the original on 29 August 2014
1726:Filloux, Frederick (15 June 2011).
1452:Huffington, Arianna (11 May 2009),
1239:Wauters, Robin (17 November 2011).
1037:McWilliams, James (12 March 2019).
721:software hosting services in 2024.
638:Alternative revenue initiative: API
3400:Robertson, Katie (14 April 2022).
3148:Guaglione, Sara (25 August 2023).
3083:Ingram, Mathew (21 October 2011).
3059:from the original on 25 March 2020
3008:Ingram, Mathew (11 October 2011).
2927:from the original on 25 April 2022
2696:Affairs, Current (2 August 2020).
2520:from the original on 25 March 2021
2368:from the original on 6 August 2020
2303:CasSelle, Malcolm (7 March 2013).
2284:from the original on 10 March 2021
2079:Bouvier, Caroline (16 June 2022).
1953:from the original on 13 March 2021
1799:from the original on 15 April 2015
1542:Milstead, David (8 October 2010).
982:from the original on 21 March 2019
968:Joseph Lichterman (20 July 2016).
409:General Data Protection Regulation
14:
3823:Directory of Open Access Journals
3114:Ellis, Justin (30 January 2013).
2866:from the original on 9 March 2021
2761:. New York: Routledge. p. 2.
2657:Pareene, Alex (21 October 2020).
2638:from the original on 9 March 2021
2589:from the original on 8 March 2021
2577:Sweeney, Mark (10 October 2011).
2543:. New York: Routledge. p. 3.
2485:. Public Affairs. 12 April 2011.
2447:Reagan, Gillian (15 March 2010).
2398:from the original on 5 March 2021
2311:from the original on 8 March 2021
2276:Kaplan, David (13 October 2007).
2005:from the original on 9 March 2021
1880:Nelson, Anne (22 November 2011).
1830:from the original on 3 March 2021
1554:from the original on 29 June 2013
1422:Gillian Reagan and Lauren Hatch.
1358:from the original on 9 March 2021
1316:from the original on 8 March 2021
1282:from the original on 2 March 2021
1168:from the original on 3 March 2021
1129:from the original on 8 March 2021
1018:from the original on 9 March 2021
949:from the original on 4 April 2020
939:"Are paywalls saving journalism?"
259:Already dominate their own market
3561:, 15 August 2022, archived from
3414:from the original on 15 May 2022
3242:Maxwell, Andy (20 August 2024).
2977:Reinan, John (7 November 2011).
2952:The State of the News Media 2011
2738:from the original on 26 May 2021
2708:from the original on 3 June 2021
2677:from the original on 19 May 2021
2626:Kaminer, Ariel (22 April 2011).
1818:Indvik, Lauren (28 March 2011).
1772:from the original on 31 May 2012
1760:Salmon, Felix (14 August 2011).
1694:from the original on 9 July 2020
1606:"WaPo must transform to survive"
1511:Chimbel, Aaron (17 March 2011).
1251:from the original on 12 May 2021
1095:from the original on 25 May 2021
1049:from the original on 12 May 2021
1006:Preston, Peter (7 August 2011).
835:
821:
568:Newspapers disabling the paywall
447:Newspaper Association of America
3710:Budapest Open Access Initiative
2885:Bauder, David (20 March 2020).
2356:Sneed, Tierney (9 April 2013).
1078:" The Guardian 24 (2012): 2012.
378:subscribers; at that time, the
243:The "hard" paywall, as used by
3809:Directory of Open Access Books
852:Attribute-based access control
1:
3828:Initiative for Open Citations
3472:10.1080/1461670X.2015.1027788
2138:(in Italian). 18 October 2022
1728:"Analyzing the metered model"
872:Embargo (academic publishing)
843:Business and economics portal
725:Abandoned paywall initiatives
453:In May 2019, research by the
4030:List of open-access journals
4020:Access to Knowledge movement
3659:Copyright transfer agreement
3501:10.1080/21670811.2013.813214
2483:The State of News Media 2011
2362:U.S. News & World Report
2251:The State of News Media 2011
1978:(2001). Ed Broadbent (ed.).
1911:Ong, Thuy (2 October 2017).
1855:The State of News Media 2011
1680:10.1080/21670811.2013.865967
1575:"The NYT Paywall is Working"
1517:The Online Journalism Review
882:Information wants to be free
161:. Other papers, prominently
3781:Delayed open-access journal
3644:Subscription business model
3376:Redesigned website launches
1304:Crace, John (2 July 2011).
513:Democratizing Global Media,
4130:
3776:Hybrid open-access journal
2772:Hackett, Robert A (2006).
2757:Hackett, Robert A (2006).
2732:Columbia Journalism Review
2628:"The Pay Wall's the Thing"
2608:Hackett, Robert A (2005).
2539:Hackett, Robert A (2006).
2112:(in Italian). 10 June 2021
1610:Columbia Journalism Review
1154:. Routledge. p. 136.
1151:Online News and the Public
943:City, University of London
937:Tom Felle (4 March 2016).
677:Readers bypassing paywalls
193:search engine optimization
4038:
3863:Public Library of Science
3848:Open Knowledge Foundation
3689:Article processing charge
3607:
3456:"From Gratis to Paywalls"
3316:s New Subscription Model"
1943:"Google and paid content"
867:Digital rights management
3868:Public Knowledge Project
3853:Open Society Foundations
3843:Open Archives Initiative
3740:NIH Public Access Policy
3559:Whatsnewinpublishing.com
3533:10.1177/1464884910379707
2554:Gans, Herbert J (2003).
1454:"The Paywall Is History"
862:Content control software
3386:2 November 2016 at the
612:New revenue initiatives
539:Paying to stay informed
473:The Wall Street Journal
256:Target a niche audience
132:The Wall Street Journal
122:The Wall Street Journal
114:The Wall Street Journal
63:, with a purchase or a
3771:Open-access repository
3454:Arrese, Ángel (2015).
2558:Democracy and the News
1548:Editor & Publisher
1074:1 October 2017 at the
296:
52:
26:
3799:The Cost of Knowledge
3120:Nieman Journalism Lab
2136:www.garanteprivacy.it
2110:www.garanteprivacy.it
1390:. Web Editors Forum.
711:Bypass Paywalls Clean
294:
32:
24:
4104:Internet terminology
3694:Predatory publishing
1585:on 17 September 2011
491:Ethical implications
337:Google's web crawler
45:of content, or from
3949:Republic of Ireland
3766:Open-access mandate
3517:Socolow, Michael J.
2989:on 16 November 2011
2835:on 14 November 2011
2188:www.datatilsynet.dk
2035:on 28 November 2014
1861:on 28 November 2011
1492:on 1 September 2011
1459:24 May 2021 at the
586:The New York Times'
556:The Washington Post
522:The New York Times'
405:third-party cookies
270:online encyclopedia
205:Wall Street Journal
4109:1996 introductions
3745:Research Works Act
3735:Geneva Declaration
3720:Bethesda Statement
3715:Berlin Declaration
3669:Scientific journal
3489:Digital Journalism
3460:Journalism Studies
3408:The New York Times
3278:The New York Times
3223:. 15 February 2023
2958:on 12 October 2011
2632:The New York Times
2257:on 7 November 2011
1668:Digital Journalism
739:The New York Times
731:The New York Times
628:The New York Times
624:The New York Times
582:The New York Times
578:The New York Times
563:Counter strategies
445:In April 2013 the
317:The New York Times
308:The New York Times
297:
186:reportedly called
172:Arianna Huffington
164:The New York Times
96:The New York Times
77:academic libraries
53:
27:
4086:
4085:
3649:Subscribe to Open
3565:on 16 August 2022
2245:Olmstead, Kenny.
1976:Robert A. Hackett
1209:. 11 April 2008.
902:Pay what you want
703:browser extension
594:COVID-19 pandemic
268:, founder of the
153:for online news.
65:paid subscription
4121:
4114:1990s neologisms
3819:
3816:
3804:Creative Commons
3730:Durham Statement
3664:Academic journal
3594:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3566:
3544:
3512:
3483:
3466:(8): 1051–1067.
3450:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3380:The Post-Journal
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3314:
3304:
3298:
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3291:
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3066:
3064:
3036:
3030:
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3027:
3025:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2985:. Archived from
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2923:. 1 April 2020.
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2831:. Archived from
2820:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2748:
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2745:
2743:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2663:The New Republic
2654:
2648:
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2623:
2614:
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2599:
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2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2453:Business Insider
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2337:on 10 April 2013
2327:
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2320:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2294:
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2291:
2289:
2273:
2267:
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2242:
2236:
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2233:
2231:
2226:on 10 April 2011
2225:
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2209:
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2093:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2031:. Archived from
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1947:Google News Blog
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1908:
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1901:
1899:
1897:
1888:. Archived from
1877:
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1601:
1595:
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1592:
1590:
1581:. Archived from
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1488:. Archived from
1477:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1428:Business Insider
1419:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1382:Vinter, Hannah.
1379:
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1091:. 3 March 2014.
1085:
1079:
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1059:
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1054:
1043:Pacific Standard
1034:
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934:
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840:
839:
831:
826:
825:
788:Ogden Newspapers
440:Malcolm CasSelle
384:The Boston Globe
361:The Boston Globe
354:Robert A Hackett
233:metered paywalls
231:or summary, and
90:The Boston Globe
79:that subscribe.
71:. In academics,
41:content, from a
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4058:Open government
4034:
4025:Access2Research
4008:
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3785:
3749:
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3603:
3598:
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3486:
3453:
3436:
3433:
3431:Further reading
3428:
3427:
3417:
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3399:
3398:
3394:
3388:Wayback Machine
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2711:
2709:
2702:Current Affairs
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2018:
2008:
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1993:Kramer, Staci.
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1849:Edmonds, Rick.
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1791:MEMMOTT, MARK.
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1573:Salmon, Felix.
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1191:. 30 July 2010.
1187:"The media's".
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829:Internet portal
827:
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774:Carrick Gazette
727:
691:Financial Times
679:
640:
614:
574:Hurricane Irene
570:
565:
546:commodification
541:
508:The Independent
498:
493:
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423:
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349:
303:Financial Times
289:
287:"Soft" paywalls
273:Knowledge (XXG)
241:
239:"Hard" paywalls
217:
180:Knowledge (XXG)
109:
73:research papers
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4068:Open knowledge
4065:
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4055:
4053:Open education
4050:
4045:
4039:
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4027:
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3761:Self-archiving
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3527:(6): 675–691.
3513:
3495:(2): 179–194.
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2201:
2184:"Cookie walls"
2175:
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1985:
1964:
1934:
1903:
1892:on 30 May 2012
1872:
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1705:
1674:(2): 195–213.
1654:
1627:
1604:Shirky, Clay.
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1388:Editors Weblog
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1067:Sample, Ian. "
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857:Consent or pay
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768:Johnston Press
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598:misinformation
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4063:Open hardware
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3309:"Introducing
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733:— TimesSelect
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660:The Guardian'
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4073:Open science
4043:Open content
3989:South Africa
3790:Projects and
3653:
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3563:the original
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3449:: 3359–3380.
3446:
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3350:Post Journal
3349:
3346:"All Access"
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3320:The Atlantic
3319:
3311:The Atlantic
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3286:. Retrieved
3277:
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3255:16 September
3253:. Retrieved
3249:TorrentFreak
3247:
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3227:16 September
3225:. Retrieved
3211:
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3181:
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3161:30 September
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2956:the original
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2920:
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2860:Paid Content
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