569:
875:
foreign traders began assigning a few of their own seamen to these ships as guards. In 1686, Westerners were allowed to rent accommodations in the factory quarter to avoid the necessity of shuttling back to Pazhou each night. For the most part, the supercargos, their assistants, and the bookkeepers stayed at the factories, the crew—except for a few guards or those on shore leave—stayed with the ships, and the captains continued to ferry between the two. A comprador (
911:("French Island"), which they used for their bases. The British were last and outermost. Getting the ship from the Human Strait to Pazhou usually required traveling only by day and assistance from a local pilot, although English merchants occasionally showed off by making the trip unaided. The swift current and lack of wind meant most ships needed towing; this was usually done using the ship's boats but some needed help from other ships' boats or the Chinese
608:
404:
581:
549:
995:, levies were raised around the villages to protect them from the sea. From Pazhou, one could make out five signal towers, the largest being the Lion's Tower on an island halfway between Pazhou and the Humen Strait. These 9-story towers used signal fires to relay messages, and it was said they could be sent from Guangzhou to
939:
poles and woven mats and known as "bankshalls", were usually rented from local officials, though the French and Swedes received permission to build their own on
Xiaoguwei. They also served as a workshop for careful repairs or living quarters for the ships' supercargos, but most of them preferred to
874:
winds, arriving between June and
September, conducting their business, and then departing between November and February. Typically, cargo was ferried from the ships by its own crew and to the ships at the expense of the Chinese merchants on their "chop boats" (lighters). To avoid theft or piracy,
919:
decked out in a "paunk suite", a brightly colored cloth with yellow ribbons; the crew were also done up in special clothes: black velvet caps, tassels, cotton stockings, buckled knee-garters and shoes, and special buttons. The firing of salutes and replies at Pazhou, where twenty ships might be
1119:
At the time, it was customary to fire salutes of eight blank shots as a mark of respect when passing certain landmarks; when meeting other ships in transit; when ships arrived or left the anchorage; and when prominent officers arrived or left a ship. Given a salute, a ship had to respond in
890:
As an added layer of defense and revenue, city officials continued to enforce anchorage at Pazhou even when smaller private craft began to trade in increasing numbers following the mid-18th discovery of the
Philippine route allowed them to come and go without waiting months for the
773:
and swift currents impeding navigation from the Humen Strait on. Foreign ships usually depended on local pilots; the relative lack of wind also meant that most sailing ships required towing north from the strait. The main anchorage was off southeastern Pazhou. Southeast of this was
980:. He was passing along a request from their supercargo, who in turn was acting on a note from a Swedish captain who had become powerless to keep his men away from it. For the men on the ships, however, sampan ladies would crowd around them to get laundry work or odd jobs.
964:, particularly Hog Lane. Despite the generally healthy climate, fevers still occasionally decimated crews and drunkenness and brawls were common. Officers chaperoned shore leaves but sometimes required help from local authorities, as in 1761 when the Pazhou
754:
and historically about 12 miles (19 km) east of the walled city of
Guangzhou proper, although Guangzhou has since expanded so greatly that Puzhou forms part of its city center. Since the
3242:
895:
winds. By then, fixed berths for different nations were established at the anchorage. Innermost and westernmost were the
Americans and after them came the Dutch and the Swedes. Next came the
1093:
The French, British, Swedes, and some Dutch were interred in graves on
Xiaoguwei; the Danes and other Dutchmen buried their dead on Changzhou. Both islands were also used for Chinese graves.
687:
2647:
675:. Traders from the "Southern Sea", including Indians, Arabians, and most Europeans, were required to keep their ships at Pazhou while smaller craft ferried goods to and from the
948:
at
Guangzhou. Foreign crews were usually left on their ships, but captains usually rotated shore leaves and work on land to keep up morale. Common trips were to the
3237:
3062:
2009:
1703:
3227:
1242:
843:
in 1516 and was originally conducted directly on
Guangzhou's waterfront. Portuguese misconduct—and rumors that they were eating the children they were
683:. Traders rented storage for ships supplies and repair shops on Whampoa Island. Images of the anchorage were a common theme in 18th-century art.
835:(formerly the "Boca Tigris" or "Bogue"). Ships of war were not permitted to pass closer to the city. European trade began with the arrival of
1951:
1875:
1210:
36:
686:
With the expansion of
Guangzhou, the subdistrict is now part of its downtown area, with many commercial and recreational facilities. The
2077:
3124:
3119:
3055:
1084:"Some early Chinese historians go even so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted."
1003:
noted that Pazhou was unsafe for foreigners, with locals beating anyone who entered certain areas. Xiaoguwei was more accommodating.
831:
and northern China via a network of canals. The port was protected by its city wall and by fortifications and naval bases around the
1926:
1895:
1805:
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1735:
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2002:
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2539:
2391:
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734:
of the
Chinese 黃埔, "Yellow Bank". The name was used to refer indifferently to the island, its settlement, and its anchorage.
426:
278:
1018:
and into the 20th century, sailing vessels continued to stop at Pazhou though steamers began to call at Guangzhou directly.
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2519:
2514:
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2107:
2102:
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2047:
1832:
Lampe, Evan (2010), "'The Most Miserable Hole in the Whole World': Western Sailors and the Whampoa Anchorage, 1770–1850",
848:
445:
297:
1748:
Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, an Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515
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1995:
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20:
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568:
1000:
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28:
765:
Before modern dredging, the silt carried by the Pearl River made it shallow and unpredictable as far south as
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2240:
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2931:
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2195:
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At that time, the land from Pazhou down to the Humen Strait was made up of undulating green hills cut into
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2712:
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2421:
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2200:
2160:
2155:
3004:
2961:
2926:
2878:
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2637:
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2479:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2371:
2328:
2293:
2263:
2230:
2215:
2210:
2165:
758:—the ghetto assigned to foreign traders in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries—was located in Guangzhou's
3087:
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2732:
2687:
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2509:
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2150:
2145:
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2757:
2722:
2717:
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2617:
2602:
2529:
2456:
2411:
2278:
2180:
1343:
3024:
2840:
2835:
3222:
2898:
2554:
2484:
1676:
750:
with an area of about 15 km (5.8 sq mi). It lies 25 miles (40 km) upriver of the
668:
3029:
1980:
762:, the trip between the anchorage and the wharves at Jack-ass Point was about 16 miles (26 km).
3181:
3159:
1037:
965:
949:
629:
612:
3154:
3009:
2918:
2845:
2584:
2489:
2333:
1943:
1853:
1065:
961:
953:
945:
836:
832:
755:
676:
644:
167:
159:
2888:
1173:
999:—a distance of about 1,200 miles (1,900 km)—in less than 24 hours. During his 1832 visit,
607:
403:
3092:
3014:
2946:
2860:
2401:
2205:
1947:
1922:
1891:
1871:
1845:
1825:
1815:
1801:
1772:
1752:
1731:
1693:
1374:
1011:
573:
2976:
2971:
1867:
Work, Class, and Power in the Borderlands of the Early American Pacific: The Labors of Empire
1406:
1390:
3191:
3134:
3082:
3019:
2986:
2966:
2908:
2825:
2762:
2574:
2569:
1987:
1837:
1206:
1041:
904:
852:
844:
775:
766:
743:
720:
705:
596:
483:
410:
325:
213:
185:
103:
78:
24:
2782:
580:
3129:
3097:
2353:
2250:
2024:
1045:
1007:
824:
713:
709:
633:
504:
346:
234:
124:
1787:
The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins in Southern Coastal Provinces of China 1790-1890
3176:
3170:
2797:
2699:
2140:
2127:
1936:
Wills, John E. Jr.; John Cranmer-Byng; John W. Witek (2010), John E. Wills, Jr. (ed.),
1033:
928:
3206:
1857:
1698:
1061:
864:
859:
were lifted in 1684 Pazhou (as "Whampoa") became an important anchorage as the great
672:
664:
3149:
3144:
3109:
2883:
957:
860:
783:
592:
490:
332:
220:
110:
1014:
was fought between British and Chinese forces on 2 March 1841. Even following the
1937:
1916:
1865:
1819:
1746:
1725:
1713:
923:
While at anchor, the ships were overhauled: cleaned, repaired, painted, with the
915:. Chinese regulations prescribed that the ships entered the anchorage with their
1939:
China and Maritime Europe, 1500-1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions
1022:
878:
840:
817:
805:
691:
548:
452:
433:
304:
285:
195:
192:
85:
1982:
Revealing the East—Historical Pictures by Chinese and Western Artists 1750–1950
1841:
3139:
1686:, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 37–9
1015:
984:
973:
1905:
1849:
603:("French Island") to its southeast. The "Whampoa Anchorage" lay between them.
51:
38:
3186:
1675:
988:
935:
were removed and stored in sheds on Pazhou or Xiaoguwei. The sheds, made of
932:
908:
887:
ladies crowded around the ships to do laundry and odd jobs for the sailors.
801:
779:
770:
641:
637:
600:
518:
360:
248:
138:
1707:, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 218–220
663:, has a total area of 15 km (5.8 sq mi) and is the site of
3104:
2579:
991:
and vegetables. Since the area was barely above sea level and subject to
813:
747:
525:
367:
255:
145:
1767:
Ostindiska Kompaniet: Människorna, Äventyret och den Ekonomiska Drömmen
927:
and sails mended. To facilitate loading and unloading cargo, the ships'
3040:
1796:
Svenska Ostindiska Compagnierna 1731–1813: Kryddor, Te, Porslin, Siden
996:
992:
924:
916:
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871:
455:
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307:
288:
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1057:
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1431:
1429:
1427:
941:
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751:
648:
579:
567:
547:
1918:
Images of the Canton Factories 1760–1822: Reading History in Art
1107:
3044:
1991:
1907:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat
19:"Huangpu Island" redirects here. It is not to be confused with
1975:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1306:
1304:
1540:
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1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
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1500:
1615:
1613:
1525:
1523:
1274:
1272:
1967:
1712:
Bridgman, Elijah Coleman; Williams, Samuel Wells (1833),
1291:
1289:
1287:
847:—quickly cut off access, but this was regained after the
530:
372:
260:
164:
150:
688:
Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center
1129:
The English "bankshall" was mistranslated by Swedes as
1102:
The pilot and 30 sampans employed by the Swedish ship
509:
495:
351:
337:
239:
225:
129:
115:
1491:
1025:
has been located in Pazhou since its 104th session.
883:) dealt with the ship's provisions at Pazhou, where
2985:
2917:
2859:
2796:
2698:
2593:
2470:
2352:
2249:
2126:
2023:
800:peoples had settlements around Guangzhou since the
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392:
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68:
1890:(in Swedish), Gothenburg: Hansson & Lundvall,
1580:
1464:
1452:
1435:
1345:The International Relations of the Chinese Empire
1199:"The Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System"
1724:Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik; Kirkebæk, Mads (2001),
1386:
920:anchored at a time, made the area a noisy one.
584:A map of the islands around Pazhou ("Whampoa")
3243:Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China
1915:Van Dyke, Paul A.; Maria Kar-wing Mok (2015),
823:. From then on, it formed a major port on the
3056:
2003:
1824:, London: Charles Knight & Co., pp.
1771:(in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Höganäs: Wiken,
1348:, New York: Paragon Book Gallery, p. 144
1131:
876:
724:
450:
431:
302:
283:
190:
83:
8:
1800:(in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Malmö: Allhem,
1139:
1137:("devil's" or "brawl hall") and by Danes as
867:turned it into Guangzhou's deep-water port.
1821:Knight's Store of Knowledge for All Readers
1730:, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press,
972:tent set up on Xiaoguwei at the request of
3063:
3049:
3041:
2010:
1996:
1988:
474:
316:
204:
94:
1921:, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,
1834:International Journal of Maritime History
1751:, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,
1631:
1604:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1529:
1514:
1358:
1329:
1310:
1295:
1278:
870:Early traders were obliged to follow the
667:. Its eastern bay was formerly the chief
1402:
1260:"Pazhou International Exhibition Center"
987:and crowned by groves. Locals also grew
606:
1727:China and Denmark: Relations Since 1674
1655:
1643:
1619:
1592:
1165:
1154:Beginning with the 1761 arrival of the
1077:
778:("Dane's Island"). South of Pazhou was
1370:
595:("Hanan") lies to its west and south,
389:
166:
65:
3238:Township-level divisions of Guangdong
2018:Subdistricts & Towns in Guangzhou
1476:
1229:
1193:
1191:
1189:
7:
1789:, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong
1418:
1816:"Commercial Intercourse with China"
960:and to the shopping streets of the
808:date the city to the foundation of
599:("Dane's Island") to its east, and
3125:Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)
3120:Haixinsha Island (Haizhu District)
690:is the current site of the annual
16:Subdistrict of Haizhu in Guangzhou
14:
3228:History of foreign trade in China
1691:Douglas, Robert Kennaway (1911),
1836:, vol. 22, pp. 15–40,
782:("French Island") and southwest
402:
1745:Cortesao, Armando, ed. (1944),
851:. Their trade was based out of
611:Sampans outside the house of a
531:
373:
261:
165:
151:
1946:: Cambridge University Press,
1910:, New York: Harper & Bros.
827:, connecting its traders with
510:
496:
451:
432:
416:
352:
338:
303:
284:
240:
226:
191:
130:
116:
84:
1:
1886:Historien om Ostindiefararna
1870:, Plymouth: Lexington Books,
1814:Knight, Charles, ed. (1841),
616:
585:
557:
1342:Morse, Hosea Ballou (1900),
27:, which was the site of the
1794:Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975),
1785:Gong Yibing (August 2006),
1492:Brødsgaard & al. (2001)
1048:are located on the island.
671:for ships participating in
3259:
1884:Lindqvist, Herman (2002),
1842:10.1177/084387141002200104
1680:, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.),
978:Swedish East India Company
18:
3078:
1581:Van Dyke & al. (2015)
1465:Bridgman & al. (1833)
1453:Van Dyke & al. (2015)
1436:Van Dyke & al. (2015)
976:, then the fiador of the
877:
673:Guangzhou's foreign trade
542:
473:
401:
397:
384:
315:
203:
93:
73:
1904:Roberts, Edmund (1837),
1765:Frängsmyr, Tore (1990),
1672:Douglas, Robert Kennaway
855:, but after the general
849:1554 Luso-Chinese Accord
427:Traditional Chinese
279:Traditional Chinese
29:Whampoa Military Academy
1704:Encyclopædia Britannica
1683:Encyclopædia Britannica
446:Simplified Chinese
298:Simplified Chinese
52:23.09917°N 113.376722°E
1715:The Chinese Repository
1694:"Canton (China)"
1583:, pp. xvii–xviii.
1387:Wills & al. (2010)
1140:
1132:
907:("Dane's Island") and
725:
622:
604:
577:
565:
3088:Chuanshan Archipelago
1976:Canton Fair in Pazhou
610:
583:
571:
551:
3218:Islands of Guangzhou
3072:Islands of Guangdong
1864:Lampe, Evan (2013),
1718:, Tokyo: Maruzen Co.
968:closed down a Dutch
742:Modern Pazhou is an
679:area of Guangzhou's
241:Pʻa1chou1 Chieh1tao4
57:23.09917; 113.376722
3182:Wanshan Archipelago
3160:Nei Lingding Island
1677:"Canton (1.)"
1607:, pp. 105–108.
1106:in 1765 cost it 26
1038:Xingangdong station
48: /
1066:Thirteen Factories
962:Thirteen Factories
954:Hoi Tong Monastery
946:Thirteen Factories
944:or ferried to the
837:Rafael Perestrello
812:by soldiers under
804:era, although the
786:("Honam Island").
756:Thirteen Factories
677:Thirteen Factories
623:
605:
578:
566:
180:Pazhou Subdistrict
3233:Pearl River Delta
3200:
3199:
3093:Shangchuan Island
3038:
3037:
1953:978-0-521-17945-4
1877:978-0-7391-8241-3
1361:, pp. 95–99.
1332:, pp. 95–98.
1313:, pp. 70–71.
1264:Life of Guangzhou
1232:, pp. 15–40.
1182:, Haizhu District
1145:("beating hall").
1012:Battle of Whampoa
574:Pearl River Delta
564:
553:Whampoa Anchorage
546:
545:
538:
537:
484:Standard Mandarin
420:
388:
387:
380:
379:
326:Standard Mandarin
268:
267:
214:Standard Mandarin
175:
174:
104:Standard Mandarin
3250:
3192:Zhongshan Island
3135:Hengqin New Area
3083:Changzhou Island
3065:
3058:
3051:
3042:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1972:
1956:
1931:
1911:
1900:
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1740:
1719:
1708:
1696:
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1679:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1632:Kjellberg (1975)
1629:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1605:Kjellberg (1975)
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1569:Kjellberg (1975)
1566:
1560:
1557:Lindqvist (2002)
1554:
1548:
1545:Kjellberg (1975)
1542:
1533:
1530:Lindqvist (2002)
1527:
1518:
1515:Kjellberg (1975)
1512:
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1439:
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1378:
1368:
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1359:Kjellberg (1975)
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1330:Kjellberg (1975)
1327:
1314:
1311:Frängsmyr (1990)
1308:
1299:
1296:Kjellberg (1975)
1293:
1282:
1279:Kjellberg (1975)
1276:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:Invest Guangzhou
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1170:
1159:
1156:Riksens Stränder
1152:
1146:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1042:Modiesha station
882:
881:
728:
658:
636:in southeastern
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618:
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89:
88:
66:
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59:
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53:
49:
46:
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44:
41:
21:Huangpu District
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3213:Haizhu District
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3130:Haizhu District
3098:Xiachuan Island
3074:
3069:
3039:
3034:
2981:
2913:
2855:
2792:
2694:
2589:
2466:
2348:
2245:
2122:
2019:
2016:
1970:
1964:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1914:
1903:
1898:
1883:
1878:
1863:
1831:
1813:
1808:
1793:
1784:
1779:
1764:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1723:
1711:
1690:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:, p. 70–1.
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:, p. xvii.
1451:
1442:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1403:Cortesao (1944)
1401:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:"Pazhou Island"
1241:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1174:"Pazhou Island"
1172:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1054:
1046:Guangzhou Metro
1031:
1008:First Opium War
825:South China Sea
794:
760:western suburbs
740:
702:
681:western suburbs
654:
619:
588:
560:
511:Huang2pʻu3 Tao3
421:
56:
54:
50:
47:
42:
39:
37:
35:
34:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3256:
3254:
3246:
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3240:
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3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Shamian Island
3174:
3171:Pratas Islands
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
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3017:
3012:
3007:
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2989:
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2969:
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2808:
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2800:
2794:
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2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
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2690:
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2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
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2625:
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2605:
2599:
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2326:
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2301:
2296:
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2276:
2271:
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2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
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2238:
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2228:
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2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
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2178:
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2168:
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2138:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1962:External links
1960:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1912:
1901:
1896:
1881:
1876:
1861:
1829:
1811:
1806:
1791:
1782:
1777:
1762:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1721:
1709:
1699:Chisholm, Hugh
1688:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1658:, p. 220.
1656:Douglas (1911)
1648:
1644:Douglas (1878)
1636:
1624:
1620:Roberts (1837)
1609:
1597:
1593:Douglas (1878)
1585:
1573:
1571:, p. 103.
1561:
1549:
1547:, p. 108.
1534:
1519:
1517:, p. 105.
1496:
1481:
1479:, p. 147.
1469:
1467:, p. 222.
1457:
1440:
1438:, p. xvi.
1423:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1363:
1351:
1334:
1315:
1300:
1283:
1281:, p. 101.
1268:
1251:
1234:
1222:
1185:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1122:
1112:
1095:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1053:
1050:
1034:Pazhou station
1030:
1029:Transportation
1027:
1001:Edmund Roberts
793:
790:
739:
736:
730:are irregular
701:
698:
661:Whampoa Island
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
528:
522:
521:
519:Yue: Cantonese
515:
514:
507:
501:
500:
493:
487:
486:
480:
479:
478:Transcriptions
471:
470:
469:Whampoa Island
467:
461:
460:
448:
442:
441:
429:
423:
422:
409:Whampoa, from
407:
399:
398:
395:
394:
393:Whampoa Island
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
370:
364:
363:
361:Yue: Cantonese
357:
356:
349:
343:
342:
335:
329:
328:
322:
321:
320:Transcriptions
313:
312:
300:
294:
293:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:Paazau Gaaidou
258:
252:
251:
249:Yue: Cantonese
245:
244:
237:
231:
230:
223:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:Transcriptions
201:
200:
188:
182:
181:
177:
176:
173:
172:
162:
156:
155:
148:
142:
141:
139:Yue: Cantonese
135:
134:
127:
121:
120:
113:
107:
106:
100:
99:
98:Transcriptions
91:
90:
81:
75:
74:
71:
70:
23:or its island
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3255:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Nansha Island
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
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2933:
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2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
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2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
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2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
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2556:
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2551:
2548:
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2543:
2541:
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2523:
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2516:
2513:
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2503:
2501:
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2483:
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2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
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2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
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2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2344:Jiangnanzhong
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
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2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
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2277:
2275:
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2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1928:9789888208555
1924:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:91-85023-02-7
1893:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1807:91-7004-058-3
1803:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1778:91-7024-653-X
1774:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1758:9788120605350
1754:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1737:87-87062-71-2
1733:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1646:, p. 39.
1645:
1640:
1637:
1634:, p. 98.
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:, p. 38.
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:, p. 95.
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:, p. 53.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:, p. 39.
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Knight (1841)
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:, p. 95.
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:Official site
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Canton System
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Fanee Gardens
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
888:
886:
880:
873:
868:
866:
865:East Indiamen
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
791:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
769:, with large
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
735:
733:
732:romanizations
729:
727:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
699:
697:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Pazhou Pagoda
662:
657:
656:Pazhou Island
652:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
614:
609:
602:
598:
594:
582:
575:
570:
554:
550:
541:
529:
527:
523:
520:
516:
508:
506:
502:
494:
492:
488:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
466:
462:
457:
454:
449:
447:
443:
438:
435:
430:
428:
424:
413:
412:
411:Dane's Island
405:
400:
396:
391:
383:
371:
369:
365:
362:
358:
353:Pʻa2chou1tao3
350:
348:
344:
336:
334:
330:
327:
323:
318:
314:
309:
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
287:
282:
280:
276:
273:Pazhou Island
271:
259:
257:
253:
250:
246:
238:
236:
232:
227:Pázhōu Jiēdào
224:
222:
218:
215:
211:
206:
202:
197:
194:
189:
187:
183:
178:
168:
163:
161:
157:
149:
147:
143:
140:
136:
128:
126:
122:
114:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
64:
61:
43:113°22′36.2″E
30:
26:
22:
3169:
3164:
3150:Nanpu Island
3145:Luoxi Island
3110:Ersha Island
2078:Huanghuagang
1981:
1971:(in Chinese)
1938:
1917:
1906:
1888:
1885:
1866:
1833:
1820:
1798:
1795:
1786:
1769:
1766:
1747:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1681:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1477:Lampe (2013)
1472:
1460:
1414:
1398:
1382:
1366:
1354:
1344:
1337:
1263:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1230:Lampe (2010)
1225:
1214:, retrieved
1202:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1150:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1032:
1020:
1005:
985:rice paddies
982:
922:
889:
869:
839:on a native
833:Humen Strait
795:
788:
764:
752:Humen Strait
741:
723:
716:
703:
696:
685:
660:
655:
653:
625:
624:
552:
491:Hanyu Pinyin
408:
333:Hanyu Pinyin
221:Hanyu Pinyin
111:Hanyu Pinyin
33:
3223:Age of Sail
2585:Zhongluotan
1419:Gong (2006)
1023:Canton Fair
1006:During the
940:be left at
903:, close to
816:during the
748:Pearl River
692:Canton Fair
659:, formerly
630:subdistrict
620: 1800
589: 1840
561: 1810
532:Wongbou Dou
55: /
3207:Categories
3140:Jinshazhou
2889:Wanqingsha
2241:Shiweitang
1968:Pazhou.net
1665:References
1405:, p.
1389:, p.
1373:, p.
1216:27 January
1104:Prins Carl
1016:Opium Wars
974:Puankhequa
771:sand banks
505:Wade–Giles
497:Huángpǔdǎo
347:Wade–Giles
235:Wade–Giles
125:Wade–Giles
40:23°05′57″N
3187:Xiaoguwei
3000:Chengjiao
2932:Zengjiang
2919:Zengcheng
2899:Dongchong
2753:Xiaoguwei
2633:Zhangzhou
2510:Sanyuanli
2447:Fenghuang
2442:Changxing
2427:Tianhenan
2324:Changgang
2314:Nanshitou
2259:Haichuang
2236:Baihedong
2196:Qiaozhong
2118:Kuangquan
2113:Dengfeng
2073:Meihuacun
1944:Cambridge
1858:162354533
1850:0843-8714
1207:Cambridge
989:sugarcane
966:mandarins
909:Xiaoguwei
905:Changzhou
845:enslaving
802:Neolithic
780:Xiaoguwei
776:Changzhou
738:Geography
669:anchorage
642:Guangdong
638:Guangzhou
601:Xiaoguwei
597:Changzhou
374:Paazaudou
339:Pázhōudǎo
25:Changzhou
3115:Guanzhou
3105:Datansha
3015:Liangkou
2962:Zhongxin
2947:Zhengguo
2942:Yongning
2874:Zhujiang
2816:Huacheng
2778:Dongyong
2738:Donghuan
2713:Zhongcun
2623:Wenchong
2613:Hongshan
2580:Jianggao
2555:Baiyunhu
2550:Yuncheng
2525:Yongping
2500:Tangjing
2495:Huangshi
2485:Songzhou
2437:Longdong
2432:Huangcun
2422:Yuangang
2362:Tianyuan
2339:Guanzhou
2309:Fengyang
2304:Jianghai
2289:Longfeng
2284:Nanhuaxi
2274:Binjiang
2226:Dongjiao
2221:Zhongnan
2201:Chongkou
2186:Zhanqian
2176:Nanyuan
2161:Fengyuan
2156:Changhua
2098:Zhuguang
2063:Dongshan
2033:Hongqiao
1674:(1878),
1141:bankesal
1064:, &
1052:See also
993:typhoons
917:gunwales
899:and the
857:sea bans
821:conquest
814:Zhao Tuo
645:Province
613:mandarin
526:Jyutping
368:Jyutping
256:Jyutping
146:Jyutping
3025:Taiping
3010:Wenquan
3005:Jiangbu
2987:Conghua
2977:Xiancun
2972:Xiaolou
2957:Xintang
2927:Licheng
2884:Huangge
2879:Longxue
2851:Huadong
2846:Shiling
2831:Huashan
2821:Xiuquan
2768:Hualong
2743:Qiaonan
2708:Shiqiao
2688:Xinlong
2658:Xiagang
2653:Luogang
2638:Suidong
2628:Nangang
2608:Huangpu
2595:Huangpu
2540:Shijing
2480:Jingtai
2462:Xintang
2452:Qianjin
2417:Xiancun
2407:Tangxia
2397:Shadong
2392:Xinghua
2372:Yuancun
2329:Nanzhou
2319:Huazhou
2294:Shayuan
2269:Xingang
2264:Chigang
2231:Dongsha
2216:Hailong
2211:Chajiao
2191:Lingnan
2171:Caihong
2166:Longjin
2141:Shamian
2088:Jianshe
2068:Nonglin
2053:Guangta
2043:Liurong
2038:Beijing
1826:130–152
1701:(ed.),
1133:bängsal
997:Beijing
925:rigging
913:sampans
893:monsoon
872:monsoon
863:of the
806:Chinese
792:History
746:in the
721:Swedish
717:Whampoa
706:English
419:. 1858)
186:Chinese
152:Paa Zau
131:Pʻachou
79:Chinese
3165:Pazhou
3020:Lütian
2995:Jiekou
2967:Paitan
2952:Shitan
2937:Zhucun
2904:Dagang
2894:Hengli
2869:Nansha
2861:Nansha
2826:Timian
2806:Xinhua
2788:Shawan
2773:Shilou
2763:Xinzao
2758:Nancun
2748:Shatou
2733:Dalong
2683:Longhu
2673:Yonghe
2668:Lianhe
2663:Dongqu
2643:Lilian
2565:Helong
2560:Shimen
2535:Jinsha
2520:Jingxi
2515:Tonghe
2505:Xinshi
2490:Tongde
2472:Baiyun
2387:Shipai
2377:Chebei
2367:Wushan
2354:Tianhe
2334:Pazhou
2299:Ruibao
2251:Haizhu
2151:Duobao
2146:Hualin
2136:Jinhua
2108:Baiyun
2103:Dadong
2093:Datang
2058:Renmin
2048:Liuhua
2025:Yuexiu
1950:
1925:
1894:
1874:
1856:
1848:
1804:
1775:
1755:
1734:
1058:Haijin
1010:, the
970:punsch
937:bamboo
933:sprits
901:French
885:sampan
798:Baiyue
744:island
726:Wampoa
714:Danish
712:, and
710:French
634:Haizhu
626:Pazhou
465:Postal
117:Pázhōu
69:Pazhou
3030:Aotou
2909:Lanhe
2841:Chini
2836:Tanbu
2811:Xinya
2798:Huadu
2783:Shiqi
2728:Luopu
2723:Dashi
2718:Shibi
2700:Panyu
2678:Jiufo
2648:GETDD
2618:Yuzhu
2603:Dasha
2575:Taihe
2570:Renhe
2545:Jiahe
2530:Junhe
2457:Zhuji
2412:Liede
2402:Linhe
2382:Shahe
2279:Sushe
2206:Huadi
2181:Xicun
2128:Liwan
2083:Huale
1854:S2CID
1697:, in
1407:xxxix
1120:kind.
1108:taels
1072:Notes
958:Henan
942:Macao
929:yards
897:Danes
861:draft
853:Macao
829:Hunan
810:Panyu
784:Henan
767:Macao
700:Names
649:China
647:, in
628:is a
593:Henan
1948:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1846:ISSN
1802:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1218:2014
1040:and
1021:The
952:and
931:and
841:junk
796:The
719:and
704:The
572:The
1838:doi
1375:135
1211:MIT
1203:OCW
1044:of
956:on
818:Qin
632:of
160:IPA
3209::
1942:,
1852:,
1844:,
1818:,
1612:^
1537:^
1522:^
1499:^
1484:^
1443:^
1426:^
1391:28
1318:^
1303:^
1286:^
1271:^
1262:,
1245:,
1209::
1205:,
1201:,
1188:^
1176:,
1060:,
1036:,
879:買班
708:,
694:.
651:.
640:,
617:c.
615:,
591:.
586:c.
558:c.
453:黄埔
434:黃埔
305:琶洲
286:琶洲
196:街道
193:琶洲
86:琶洲
3064:e
3057:t
3050:v
2011:e
2004:t
1997:v
1957:.
1932:.
1840::
1741:.
1720:.
1421:.
1409:.
1393:.
1377:.
1158:.
1110:.
576:.
563:)
556:(
456:岛
437:島
417:a
415:(
308:岛
289:㠀
31:.
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