40:
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function. A reconfigured control system included an autopilot and the engineers redesigned portions of the electrical system. The engines were changed to the more powerful AM-34FRNVs and a redesigned undercarriage was fitted to the airframe. Two additional fuel tanks increased the craft's range. The defensive and offensive armament was revised, and the bomber's weaponry expanded to twin ShKAS guns in the nose, nacelle barbettes and tail turrets and a dorsal turret with a ShVAK; this design eliminated the ventral gun. The bomb bay was modified to allow for a single 5,000-kilogram (11,000 lb)
385:
381:
engines were evaluated. Somewhere in the massive Soviet chain of command, the decision was made to proceed without the superchargers. The unavailability of the Klimov M-100 engine of the ATsN-2 installation required a design change, although this modification allowed a commander and radio operator to be carried in its place. Then, to compound the problem further, the production of AM-34FRNV engines ended in the second half of 1939. Only two or four Pe-8s were equipped with them. Eighteen of the aircraft produced by the end of 1940 were fitted with AM-35A engines.
682:. Aviation historian Yefim Gordon maintains that the Pe-8 flew its last mission on the night of 1–2 August 1944, but the Statistical Digest of the VVS contradicts this claim, showing 31 Pe-8s assigned to 45th DBAD on 1 January 1945 and 32 on hand on 10 May 1945. However, during this period the 45th DBAD only had three regiments, none of which used the Pe-8 as their primary aircraft, so while the 45th DBAD may have had Pe-8s, these may not have been in use as the primary combat aircraft.
741:
344:
testing identified a problem with the aerodynamics of the radiators and nacelles. To solve this problem, the outer engines' radiators were moved into deep ducts under the inner nacelles. The Pe-8 now featured only two pronounced radiator intakes, one under each inner engine, each shared by both inner and outer engines, one of the distinctive and unique features of the aircraft. The rudder was also enlarged and redesigned with a smooth skin.
661:, commander of IV./NJG 5, claimed to have shot down three himself. The exhaust plume of the ASh-82 engine may have been a contributing factor; the engines lacked flame dampening exhausts, making their plume visible from a distance. Despite its losses, the 746th was re-designated as the 25th Long-Range Guards Aviation Regiment (GAPDD) on 18 September 1943 in recognition of its achievements.
411:. At least nine Pe-8s were fitted with diesel engines in 1941, but neither the ACh-30 nor the M-40 were entirely satisfactory, despite greatly increasing the range of the aircraft. All surviving Pe-8s were re-engined with AM-35As by the end of 1941. Production continued slowly at Factory No. 124; most of the factory's resources were devoted to the higher-priority
359:, disrupted the program and the second prototype did not make its first flight until 26 July 1938. Although this prototype served as the basis for the series aircraft, further modifications were made to the armament. New weaponry included a retractable ShVAK in the MV-6 dorsal turret, another ShVAK in a KEB tail turret and a 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in)
423:
aircraft's defensive capability. At the end of 1943, the nose turret was deleted in favor of a manually operated ShKAS machine gun in a more streamlined nose. This version of the aircraft proved to have much the same range as the diesel-engined versions, but reliability was greatly improved. Production of the Pe-8s totaled 93.
669:
The loss of Pe-8s to all causes—mechanical, combat, friendly fire—had steadily increased from one aircraft per 103 flights in 1942 to one per 46 sorties in 1944. Despite the losses, production kept pace with need. The number of aircraft belonging to the 45th DBAD continued to rise; 20 were on hand on
218:
heavy bomber. These requirements specified a bomber that could carry 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of bombs 4,500 km (2,800 mi) at a speed greater than 440 km/h (270 mph) at an altitude of 10,000 metres (32,808 ft), figures that were twice the range, speed and service ceiling
553:
and dropped 606 tonnes (596 long tons; 668 short tons) of bombs. In the course of these missions, they lost 14 bombers, five in combat, and the rest from engine malfunction. The regiment received 17 Pe-8s as replacements. Sixteen aircraft were on hand on 1 May 1942, but the number had increased only
380:
Engine supply problems complicated the construction of the aircraft. Production of the ATsN superchargers could not be organized in any systematic way and only the first four Pe-8s were equipped with them. Factory No. 124 shut down its Pe-8 production line at the beginning of 1940 while alternative
367:
in each inner engine nacelle, on the underside of the wing covering the lower rear arc of fire to left and right, respectively. Another fuel tank further increased the range, and the 'beard' was removed entirely, replaced by a more streamlined nose. Authorization for production was slow for several
465:
ordered that the squadron be reformed into a regiment, and that it strike targets deep inside German territory. Theoretically, this tactic would boost Soviet morale by demonstrating the vulnerability of the enemy. The squadron was re-designated on 29 June as the 412th TBAP and began training for
612:
was a favorite target and the regiment dropped approximately 606 tonnes (596 long tons; 668 short tons) of bombs there between
February and September 1943. It is not clear if these sorties were made by Pe-8s alone or in combination with other aircraft. In addition, the regiment dropped the first
343:
on 27 December 1936. After successful initial trials, the ATsN system was installed for the State acceptance trials in August 1937 and the AM-34RNB engines were fitted during the tests. Gromov reported that the rudder was ineffective and that the outer engines overheated. Subsequent wind tunnel
692:
in the spring of 1944 and was itself re-designated as the 890th Bomber
Aviation Regiment on 26 December 1944. The 362nd APDD was formed in early 1944 with four Pe-8s received from the other two regiments, but these were returned in the spring of 1944, when the regiment began to convert to the
509:
punctured a fuel tank. He crash-landed his aircraft in southern
Estonia. Five more Pe-8s were lost during the operation, largely due to the unreliability of the M-40s. Seven Pe-8s were lost during the month of August alone, rendering the regiment ineffective. During this period, the surviving
201:
By the end of the war, most of the surviving aircraft had been withdrawn from combat units. After the war, some were modified as transports for important officials, and a few others were used in various Soviet testing programs. Some supported the Soviet Arctic operations until the late 1950s.
422:
radial engine was proposed as a replacement to alleviate the shortage of engines and this modification went into production in late 1942. The exhaust arrangements of the ASh-82 were not compatible with the gun turrets in the rear of the engine nacelles and the guns were removed, reducing the
347:
Construction of a second prototype began in April 1936, incorporating lessons from the first aircraft and feedback from the VVS. Designers widened the fuselage by 100 mm (3.9 in); the 'beard' was also widened and the tail section was modified to lessen resistance and improve rudder
309:
experimental bomber designs. Subsequent models of the Pe-8 omitted the internal engine, and provided seating for a flight engineer and radio operator, behind and below the pilots. The bombardier sat in the nose and manned a turret armed with a 20-millimeter (0.79 in)
434:
at the base of the vertical stabilizer. These were special VIP transports with a seating capacity of twelve and a cargo capacity of 1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb). Sources disagree as to whether the armament was removed and, if it was, whether partly or entirely.
649:"eyes". Once the Germans had use of their radar, after the night of 17–18 July, Soviet losses increased sharply. Although the Germans flew only fourteen sorties that night, they claimed eight kills (of course, throughout the war, night or day, the number of kills
1336:
412-й тяжелый бомбардировочный авиационный полк 432-й тяжелый бардировочный авиационный полк 746-й отдельный авиационный полк дальнего действия 25-й гвардейский авиационный Орловский полк дальнего действия 25-й гвардейский бомбардировочный Орловский авиационный
620:
By 1 July, the regiment had 18 Pe-8s for deployment during the early phase of the Battle of Kursk. The long-range aviation units continued to attack targets in the German rear areas at night, supporting the Soviet ground offensive in the Orel Bulge, called
529:—OAPDD) on 3 December. No aircraft were reported on hand two days later after this designation, but eleven were on strength on 18 March 1942. During the winter of 1941–42, the regiment was assigned the destruction of a railroad bridge over the
324:. Crewmen had access to these positions through the wing or by a trapdoor in the upper wing surface. The large internal bomb bay racks held up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) of bombs; external racks held a single 500-kilogram (1,100 lb)
617:. In one sortie, the 109 bombers of the 45th DBAD struck the rail junction at Orsha during the evening of 4 May, most of which were not Pe-8s; the German High Command reported the destruction of 300 rail wagons and three ammunition trains.
1258:
14-й тяжелый бомбардировочный авиационный полк 14-й авиационный полк дальнего действия 11-й гвардейский Сталинский Краснознаменный авиационный полк дальнего действия 11-й гвардейский бомбардировочный Сталинский Краснознаменный авиационный
549:, and back, for negotiations to open a second front against Nazi Germany (19 May – 13 June 1942). The flight crossed German-controlled airspace on the return trip without incident. From August 1941 to May 1942, the regiment flew 226
478:. One heavily loaded Pe-8 crashed immediately upon take off, after it lost an engine. Only four managed to reach Berlin, or its outskirts, and of those, only two returned to their base. The others landed elsewhere or crash-landed in
314:
cannon that covered a 120° cone ahead. A prominent chin gondola, nicknamed the 'beard', protruded beneath the nose. The dorsal gunner sat at the rear of the ATsN fairing with a sliding hood covering a 7.62-millimeter (0.30 in)
170:
vulnerabilities. Its primary mission, however, was to attack German airfields, rail yards and other rear-area facilities at night, although one was used to fly the People's
Commissar of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
460:
was equipped with Pe-8s, but was not ready for combat. Two of its nine Pe-8s were destroyed by German air strikes shortly after the war began, before the Pe-8s were withdrawn out of reach of German bombers to Kazan.
319:
machine gun and another ShKAS mounted in a ventral hatch. The tail gunner had a powered turret with a ShVAK and, most unusually, there were manually operated ShVAK cannon mounted at the rear of each inner engine
415:, a successful light bomber. At this time, most of these aircraft, re-designated as the Pe-8 after Petlyakov was killed in a Pe-2 crash on 12 January 1942, were built with out-of-production AM-35A engines.
713:
received several of the surviving Pe-8s for polar exploration. Their military equipment removed, they had additional fuel tanks installed, were painted orange, and had their engines upgraded to either
613:
FAB-5000 bomb on Königsberg in April 1943, continuing the pin-prick attacks against targets deep in the German rear. In May 1943, efforts shifted to disrupt the German concentration of forces for the
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1028:
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By 1 October 1941, the regiment mustered fourteen Pe-8s after having been replenished by new aircraft from the factory. It spent the rest of the year conducting night raids on Berlin,
3009:
537:. In April 1942, one aircraft flew diplomatic personnel and mail on a non-stop flight from Moscow to Great Britain. This was a test run for a flight carrying Soviet Foreign Minister
466:
long-range missions. On or about 27 July it was again renamed, this time as the 432nd TBAP. On the evening of 10 August, eight M-40-engined Pe-8s of the 432nd TBAP, accompanied by
581:. The pace of activity increased and the regiments flew as many missions in August as they had in the first ten months of the war. By the eve of the Soviet counterattack at
3019:
2606:
231:
handed the work to a team led by
Vladimir Petlyakov and the project received the internal bureau designation of ANT-42. The resulting aircraft, a four-engined, mid-wing
190:, died in a plane crash in 1942. Supply problems complicated the aircraft's production and the Pe-8s also had engine problems. As Soviet morale boosters, they were also
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was inevitably significantly higher than the actual number shot down, regardless of nationality or aircraft type). On the night of 20–21 July, Captain (
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reasons, including the Great Purge, but also due to the scarcity of resources, and a shortage of workers. Although production facilities in the
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and it was designated as the Pe-8LL for prototype piston engine trials. It was also used as a mother ship for the experimental rocket-engined
521:
and as well as German-occupied cities in the Soviet Union. The regiment was re-designated as the 746th
Separate Long-Range Aviation Regiment (
198:'s fighter pilots. The loss rate of these aircraft, whether from mechanical failure, friendly fire, or combat, doubled between 1942 and 1944.
3897:
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608:, southeast of Moscow, the regiments bombed transportation centers, airfields and troop concentrations. The railroad yard at
589:, on 8 November the regiments had fourteen Pe-8s on hand. Under the command of the 45th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Division (
457:
565:—APDD) was formed on 15 June 1942 and both regiments were used to bomb German-held transportation centers of, among others,
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fuselage required the pilots to sit in tandem, offset to the left. In the prototype, space for a fifth engine, an auxiliary
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in August 1941. It was also used for so-called "morale raids" designed to raise the spirit of the Soviet people by exposing
1359:
277:, was reserved inside the fuselage, in a fairing above the wing spars and behind the pilots. It was intended to drive a
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area. Initially, the night fighters were ineffective against the Soviet raids, until the deployment of their ground
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45-я Гомельская авиационная дивизия дальнего действия 45-я тяжелая бомбардировочная Гомельская авиационная дивизия
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Pe-8 at HeavyBomber.narod.ru, Original Pe-8 trial tests data, professional drawings & more (site at
Russian)
1298:Качественный состав боевых самолетов Дальней авиации на важнейшие даты Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг.
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After the war, the Pe-8 was used extensively as a testbed for trials involving Soviet derivatives of the German
39:
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336:
162:, and the only four-engine bomber the USSR built during the war. Produced in limited numbers, it was used to
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to seventeen two months later; the regiment was losing aircraft almost as fast as they were being replaced.
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to be carried and provisions were added to carry VAP-500 or VAP-1000 poison gas dispensers under the wings.
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aircraft were re-equipped with AM-35As, which gave them a shorter range, but a more reliable engine.
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362-й Рижский авиационный полк дальнего действия 362-й бомбардировочный Рижский авиационный полк
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1 January 1944 and 30 on 1 June. The Pe-8s flew 276 sorties in 1944 against such targets as
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Factory No. 124 were ready as early as 1937, the order to begin was not given until 1939.
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1483:. Vol. 3: Everything for Stalingrad. Sundin, Claes. Hamilton, MT: Eagle Editions.
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214:(VVS) issued requirements for an aircraft to replace the obsolete and cumbersome
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began on 22 June 1941, only the 2nd
Squadron of the 14th Heavy Bomber Regiment (
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of the 420th Long-Range Bomber
Aviation Regiment (DBAP), attempted to bomb
710:
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364:
250:—Heavy Bomber) by the VVS and owed more to the streamlined design of the
486:. The aircraft of the commander of the 81st Long-Range Bomber Division,
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The arrests of both
Tupolev and Petlyakov in October 1937, during the
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17:
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V-12 liquid-cooled piston engines, 999 kW (1,340 hp) each
1364:(in Russian). Heroes of the Soviet Union 1934–1941. Archived from
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and lost an engine; later, before he could reach Berlin, German
186:, the aircraft was renamed the Pe-8 after its primary designer,
3839:
The initial version of this article was based on material from
3379:
2991:
2578:
1764:
493:, to which both regiments belonged, was attacked mistakenly by
293:—Central Supercharging Unit), an idea pioneered in 1918 by the
1754:
224:
1652:
OKB Tupolev: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft
3840:
2777:
1479:
Berstrom, Christer; Dikov, Andrey; Antipov, Vlad (2006).
1029:
List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS
625:, that began on 12 July. The Germans had transferred the
1729:(2). Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll: 76–83, 101. August 1980.
430:—Special Mission) with Charomskiy ACh-30B engines and a
2935:
629:
of the Fourth Group of the 5th Night Fighter Wing (IV./
396:
In 1940, six aircraft without engines were fitted with
335:
The maiden flight of the unarmed prototype, piloted by
301:, and refined further for the Third Reich Luftwaffe's
1674:
The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995
210:
Development of the Pe-8 began in July 1934, when the
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Black Cross/Red Star: Air War over the Eastern Front
952:
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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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426:The last Pe-8s were completed in 1944 as Pe-8ONs (
400:A engines, while VVS officials evaluated both the
285:engines, with the installation designated ATsN-2 (
3354:
2727:
2616:
1443:890-й Брянский авиационный полк дальнего действия
604:In 1943, from the division's primary airfield at
2802:
1714:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
2663:
641:aircraft, to counter the Soviet raids near the
595:Dal'nebombardirovochnaya Aviatsionnaya Diviziya
339:and without the ATsN installation, occurred at
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3003:
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1389:Barbarossa—The Air Battle: July–December 1941
880:3,700 km (2,300 mi, 2,000 nmi)
332:- high explosive bomb) bomb under each wing.
8:
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729:NP-2, NP-3 and NP-4 during the late 1950s.
254:than to the block-like design of the TB-3.
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1650:Gordon, Yefim; Rigamant, Vladimir (2005).
1446:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 22 December 2008
219:of the TB-3. The task was assigned to the
29:
1654:. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing.
1635:. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing.
1616:. Hersham, Surrey: Classic Publications.
1340:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 10 October 2009
874:443 km/h (275 mph, 239 kn)
725:in 1954 and others helped to monitor the
388:A Soviet stamp that reads "Post USSR / 1
1695:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
1563:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 15 August 2005
1436:
1434:
1391:. Hersham, Surrey: Midland. p. 53.
1329:
1327:
1325:
597:—DBAD), they did not participate in the
557:The 890th Long-Range Aviation Regiment (
238:, was initially designated as the TB-7 (
1584:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
1539:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 30 March 2009
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1233:
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809:188.66 m (2,030.7 sq ft)
527:Otdel'nyy Avia Polk Dahl'nevo Deystviya
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1262:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 7 July 2008
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898:143 kg/m (29 lb/sq ft)
281:that supplied pressurized air to the
269:were fabric-covered. The pear-shaped
7:
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797:39.13 m (128 ft 5 in)
454:Tyazholy Bombardirovochnyy Avia Polk
2607:bomber/attack aircraft designations
907:0.140 kW/kg (0.085 hp/lb)
659:Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
859:3-bladed constant-speed propellers
791:23.2 m (76 ft 1 in)
541:and his delegation from Moscow to
25:
3868:World War II Soviet heavy bombers
3843:. It has been released under the
803:6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)
3029:
1712:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes
1019:List of aircraft of World War II
940:2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in)
933:2 × 12.7 mm (0.50 in)
892:5.9 m/s (1,160 ft/min)
739:
38:
3020:transport aircraft designations
1614:Kursk—The Air Battle: July 1943
843:35,000 kg (77,162 lb)
837:27,000 kg (59,525 lb)
831:18,571 kg (40,942 lb)
376:Manufacture and supply problems
257:The bomber was built mainly of
1719:"Pe-8: Last of a Generation".
1633:Soviet Airpower in World War 2
1301:(in Russian). ilpilot.narod.ru
769:Soviet Airpower in World War 2
1:
3878:Four-engined tractor aircraft
926:2 × 20 mm (0.8 in)
886:9,300 m (30,500 ft)
563:Avia Polk Dahl'nevo Deystviya
392:/ Petlyakov-8 / Heavy bomber"
291:Agregat tsentral'novo nadduva
3898:Four-engined piston aircraft
3888:Aircraft first flown in 1936
3863:1940s Soviet bomber aircraft
1612:Bergstrom, Christer (2007).
1387:Bergstrom, Christer (2007).
1361:Водопьянов Михаил Васильевич
760:Specifications (Pe-8/AM-35A)
474:from Pushkino Airfield near
27:Soviet heavy bomber aircraft
1693:Tupolev Aircraft since 1922
1213:Gordon (2008), pp. 395, 398
977:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
594:
562:
526:
290:
265:in the wings, although the
3919:
1108:Pe-8: Last of a Generation
1053:Pe-8: Last of a Generation
182:Originally designated the
3409:military aircraft during
3366:
2978:
2896:Short-range dive bomber (
1710:Lawrence, Joseph (1945).
1191:Gordon (2008), pp. 393–94
930:(dorsal and tail turrets)
248:Tyazholy Bombardirovschik
243:
148:
37:
3847:by the copyright holder.
1559:
1535:
1442:
1360:
1335:
1297:
1257:
1182:Gordon (2005), pp. 75–76
418:The 1,380-kW (1,850-hp)
363:machine gun in each ShU
3893:Diesel-engined aircraft
2776:Heavy bomber seaplane (
1750:Pe-8 on www.airpages.ru
1588:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
1024:List of bomber aircraft
776:General characteristics
685:The 890th began to fly
409:aircraft Diesel engines
2967:High-speed dive bomber
1691:Gunston, Bill (1995).
1631:Gordon, Yefim (2008).
821:TsAGI-40 (19%) ;
693:Lend-Lease Mitchells.
599:Stalingrad air attacks
393:
244:Тяжёлый Бомбардировщик
206:Design and development
2826:Heavy ground-attack (
2529:ANT-40/SB/PS-40/PS-41
1524:Gordon (2008), p. 398
1469:Gordon (2008), p. 397
1416:Gordon (2008), p. 396
1319:Gordon (2008), p. 395
631:Nachtjagdgeschwader 5
499:Soviet Naval Aviation
387:
3368:Unknown/not assigned
3283:Passenger seaplane (
3269:PS-90 through PS-123
3098:Passenger aircraft (
2980:Unknown/not assigned
2936:Light armored-attack
2907:BPB-1 through BPB-21
2615:Short-range bomber (
1227:Gordon (2005), p. 76
1139:Gordon (2005), p. 75
721:. One landed at the
450:Operation Barbarossa
428:Osobovo Naznacheniya
3328:Passenger maybach (
3234:PS-44 through PS-83
3159:PS-10 through PS-29
2700:DB-5 through DB-239
2662:Long-range bomber (
2429:ANT-7/R-6/KR-6/MR-6
1368:on 24 November 2009
1202:Osprey Encyclopedia
1096:Osprey Encyclopedia
841:Max takeoff weight:
665:Removal from combat
633:), flying a mix of
439:Operational history
330:Fugasnaya AviaBomba
175:from Moscow to the
47:General information
3873:Petlyakov aircraft
3618:UTI-2/3/4/(I-16UTI
2641:BB-4 through BB-21
2499:ANT-27/MDR-4/MTB-1
1676:. London: Osprey.
942:ShKAS machine guns
727:drift ice stations
491:Mikhail Vodopianov
394:
341:Khodynka Aerodrome
192:high-value targets
188:Vladimir Petlyakov
173:Vyacheslav Molotov
3903:Strategic bombers
3883:Mid-wing aircraft
3835:
3834:
3373:
3372:
2985:
2984:
2572:
2571:
1722:Air International
1642:978-1-85780-304-4
1623:978-1-90322-388-8
1582:Lednicer, David.
1512:Bergstrom, p. 111
1426:Air International
1398:978-1-85780-270-2
1112:Air International
1057:Air International
937:(engine nacelles)
754:Soviet Air Forces
623:Operation Kutuzov
456:—TBAP), based at
402:Charomskiy ACh-30
261:, with two steel
212:Soviet Air Forces
137:
136:
122:Introduction date
95:Soviet Air Forces
16:(Redirected from
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2929:
2908:
2899:
2879:
2876:Torpedo bomber (
2859:
2856:Torpedo bomber (
2829:
2804:
2801:Armored bomber (
2779:
2729:
2701:
2665:
2642:
2618:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2559:ANT-51/BB-1/Su-2
2539:ANT-42/TB-7/Pe-8
1785:
1778:
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1503:Bergstrom, p. 18
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1171:Tupolev Aircraft
1167:
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1153:Tupolev Aircraft
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1128:
1125:Tupolev Aircraft
1121:
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1105:
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1083:Tupolev Aircraft
1079:
1073:
1070:Tupolev Aircraft
1066:
1060:
1050:
935:UBT machine guns
915:
884:Service ceiling:
867:
825:TsAGI-40 (15.5%)
778:
745:
743:
742:
719:Shvetsov ASh-73s
587:Operation Uranus
547:Washington, D.C.
495:Polikarpov I-16s
468:Yermolaev Yer-2s
295:Zeppelin-Staaken
283:Mikulin AM-34FRN
245:
158:designed before
150:
133:27 December 1936
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30:
21:
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3355:Cargo transport
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2928:Tactical bomber
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2534:ANT-41/T-1/LK-1
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703:V-1 flying bomb
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667:
615:Battle of Kursk
446:
441:
420:Shvetsov ASh-82
406:Charomskiy M-40
378:
223:Design Bureau (
208:
62:National origin
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2564:ANT-58/FB/Tu-2
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1743:External links
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1007:Short Stirling
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972:Avro Lancaster
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851:Mikulin AM-35A
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639:Dornier Do 217
445:
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413:Petlyakov Pe-2
377:
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229:Andrei Tupolev
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3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
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3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
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3408:
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3396:
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3207:
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3130:
3127:
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3117:
3112:
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3096:
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3072:
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3051:
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3037:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:Attack bomber
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
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2894:
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2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:ANT-20/PS-124
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
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2186:
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2179:
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2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
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2149:
2146:
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2139:
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2116:
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2106:
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2101:
2098:
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2093:
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2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
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1919:
1916:
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1911:
1909:
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1767:
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1756:
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1751:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1702:1-55750-882-8
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1683:1-85532-405-9
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Gunston, Bill
1667:
1663:
1661:1-85780-214-4
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
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1585:
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1575:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1490:0-9761034-4-3
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:, pp. 278–279
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:Related lists
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Piaggio P.108
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
967:
960:
956:5,000 kg bomb
955:
951:
948:
944:(nose turret)
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
928:ShVAK cannons
925:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
906:
904:
900:
897:
896:Wing loading:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:
868:
866:
858:
855:
852:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:Gross weight:
833:
830:
829:Empty weight:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
779:
777:
772:
770:
766:
759:
755:
752:
751:
748:
737:
736:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:in 1948–49.
708:
704:
696:
694:
691:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Junkers Ju 88
632:
628:
627:nightfighters
624:
618:
616:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
459:
455:
451:
443:
438:
436:
433:
429:
424:
421:
416:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
398:Mikulin AM-35
391:
386:
382:
375:
373:
371:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
350:FAB-5000 bomb
345:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
313:
308:
304:
300:
299:German Empire
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
205:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
177:United States
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
149:Петляков Пе-8
146:
142:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3787:I-28 (Yak-5)
3623:UTI-26/Yak-7
3525:
3411:World War II
3223:
2766:
2549:ANT-44/MTB-2
2538:
2514:ANT-35/PS-35
2504:ANT-29/DIP-1
2392:Early period
2138:ANT-17/TSh-1
2003:Experimental
1918:Tu-28/Tu-128
1913:Tu-22M/Tu-26
1726:
1720:
1711:
1692:
1673:
1651:
1632:
1613:
1606:Bibliography
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1529:
1508:
1499:
1480:
1474:
1448:. Retrieved
1425:
1421:
1388:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1264:. Retrieved
1240:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1170:
1152:
1127:, pp. 99–100
1124:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1012:
1011:
997:Nakajima G8N
992:Nakajima G5N
982:Boeing XB-15
965:
964:
949:
920:
912:
910:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
864:
862:
856:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
775:
773:
768:
764:
763:
747:Soviet Union
700:
697:Post-war use
684:
668:
650:
619:
603:
556:
545:and then to
512:
453:
447:
427:
425:
417:
395:
379:
354:
346:
337:M. M. Gromov
334:
329:
297:firm in the
279:supercharger
275:Klimov M-100
256:
247:
216:Tupolev TB-3
209:
200:
183:
181:
160:World War II
156:heavy bomber
140:
138:
130:First flight
114:Manufactured
101:Number built
91:Primary user
66:Soviet Union
56:Heavy bomber
3841:aviation.ru
3746:R-10/KhAI-5
3348:Descriptors
3053:Passenger (
3022:, 1923–1940
2944:Fast bomber
2921:Descriptors
2609:, 1923–1940
2554:ANT-46/DI-8
2524:ANT-37/DB-2
2519:ANT-36/DB-1
2509:ANT-31/I-14
2489:ANT-23/I-12
2484:ANT-22/MK-1
2479:ANT-21/MI-3
2469:ANT-16/TB-4
2449:ANT-11/MTBT
2434:ANT-8/MDR-2
2158:ANT-30/SK-1
2148:ANT-26/TB-6
1903:Tu-20/Tu-95
1567:16 December
1543:16 December
1450:16 December
1344:16 December
1266:16 December
1114:, pp. 80–81
1085:, pp. 98–99
865:Performance
857:Propellers:
847:Powerplant:
531:Volga River
444:Wartime use
361:Berezin UBT
357:Great Purge
164:bomb Berlin
3857:Categories
3770:Prototypes
3669:PS-84/Li-2
3632:Transports
3582:BSh-2/Il-2
2459:ANT-13/I-8
2454:ANT-12/I-5
2444:ANT-10/R-7
2439:ANT-9/PS-9
2424:ANT-6/TB-3
2414:ANT-4/TB-1
2173:Tu-72 (II)
1974:Tu-131 SAM
1372:24 October
1305:30 October
1035:References
903:Power/mass
807:Wing area:
723:North Pole
707:Bisnovat 5
687:Lend-Lease
583:Stalingrad
515:Königsberg
503:Baltic Sea
252:Tupolev SB
233:cantilever
3827:Zveno/SPB
3124:PS-3 (II)
2494:ANT-25/RD
2419:ANT-5/I-4
2409:ANT-3/R-3
2168:Tu-72 (I)
2131:cancelled
2129:Proposed,
1735:0306-5634
1239:Gunston,
1200:Gunston,
1169:Gunston,
1151:Gunston,
1123:Gunston,
1094:Gunston,
1081:Gunston,
1068:Gunston,
795:Wingspan:
765:Data from
733:Operators
715:ASh-82FNs
655:Hauptmann
501:over the
476:Leningrad
271:monocoque
259:duralumin
236:monoplane
196:Luftwaffe
179:in 1942.
117:1936–1944
76:Petlyakov
3603:U-2/Po-2
3596:Trainers
3418:Fighters
3119:PS-3 (I)
2085:Tu-95LAL
1947:Unmanned
1871:Military
1800:Civilian
1794:aircraft
1672:(1995).
1593:16 April
1428:, p. 101
1243:, p. 103
1204:, p. 281
1173:, p. 101
1155:, p. 100
961:See also
954:FAB 5000
913:Armament
771:, p. 398
767:Gordon,
711:Aeroflot
672:Helsinki
458:Boryspil
365:barbette
267:ailerons
227:) where
194:for the
151:) was a
72:Designer
3688:Gliders
3499:Bombers
3028:Cargo (
3018:Soviet
2605:Soviet
2368:Tu-2000
1954:Tu-121C
1792:Tupolev
1072:, p. 98
1059:, p. 80
814:Airfoil
801:Height:
789:Length:
676:Tallinn
651:claimed
606:Kratovo
591:Russian
579:Poltava
571:Bryansk
559:Russian
551:sorties
539:Molotov
535:Kalinin
533:, near
523:Russian
488:Combrig
484:Estonia
480:Finland
326:FAB-500
322:nacelle
307:Hs 130E
303:Do 217P
287:Russian
240:Russian
221:Tupolev
145:Russian
109:History
86:Retired
3777:ANT-58
3639:KhAI-1
3445:LaGG-3
3407:Soviet
3274:PS-124
2912:BPB-22
2705:DB-240
2544:ANT-43
2464:ANT-14
2378:PAK DA
2363:Tu-444
2358:Tu-336
2353:Tu-414
2348:Tu-404
2343:Tu-360
2338:Tu-344
2333:Tu-338
2328:Tu-334
2323:Tu-330
2318:Tu-324
2313:Tu-304
2308:Tu-300
2303:Tu-244
2298:Tu-230
2293:Tu-216
2288:Tu-206
2283:Tu-194
2278:Tu-174
2273:Tu-161
2268:Tu-156
2263:Tu-148
2258:Tu-138
2253:Tu-135
2248:Tu-127
2243:Tu-125
2238:Tu-119
2233:Tu-118
2228:Tu-117
2223:Tu-115
2163:ANT-53
2153:ANT-28
2143:ANT-18
2120:Tu-206
2115:Tu-155
2110:Tu-110
2105:Tu-107
2100:Tu-105
1994:Tu-300
1989:Tu-243
1984:Tu-143
1979:Tu-141
1969:Tu-130
1964:Tu-139
1959:Tu-123
1938:Tu-160
1933:Tu-142
1928:Tu-126
1862:Tu-354
1857:Tu-334
1852:Tu-214
1847:Tu-204
1842:Tu-164
1837:Tu-154
1832:Tu-144
1827:Tu-134
1822:Tu-124
1817:Tu-116
1812:Tu-114
1807:Tu-104
1733:
1699:
1680:
1658:
1639:
1620:
1487:
1395:
950:Bombs:
878:Range:
744:
543:London
519:Danzig
472:Berlin
463:Stalin
432:fillet
153:Soviet
83:Status
3807:I-250
3802:I-185
3797:I-180
3761:Yak-2
3731:MDR-6
3726:MBR-2
3705:КC-20
3664:PS-43
3659:PS-35
3587:Il-10
3577:BSh-1
3561:Yer-2
3556:Yak-4
3490:Yak-9
3485:Yak-7
3480:Yak-3
3475:Yak-1
3465:МiG-3
3460:MiG-1
3435:I-153
3264:PS-89
3259:PS-88
3254:PS-87
3249:PS-86
3244:PS-85
3239:PS-84
3229:PS-43
3224:PS-42
3219:PS-41
3214:PS-40
3209:PS-39
3204:PS-38
3199:PS-37
3194:PS-36
3189:PS-35
3184:PS-34
3179:PS-33
3174:PS-32
3169:PS-31
3164:PS-30
2887:TOM-1
2847:TSh-3
2842:TSh-2
2837:TSh-1
2817:BSh-2
2812:BSh-1
2792:MTB-2
2787:MTB-1
2717:DB-LK
2646:BB-22
2404:ANT-2
2399:ANT-1
2383:Voron
2218:'102'
2213:'101'
2095:Tu-98
2090:Tu-96
2080:Tu-94
2075:Tu-91
2070:Tu-85
2065:Tu-82
2060:Tu-80
2055:Tu-79
2050:Tu-77
2045:Tu-75
2040:Tu-72
2035:Tu-70
2030:Tu-18
2025:Tu-12
1923:Tu-81
1908:Tu-22
1898:Tu-16
1893:Tu-14
1888:Tu-10
1040:Notes
921:Guns:
819:root:
783:Crew:
680:Pskov
647:radar
610:Gomel
575:Kursk
497:from
448:When
370:Kazan
317:ShKAS
312:ShVAK
263:spars
3845:GFDL
3812:IS-1
3792:I-30
3782:BI-1
3756:Su-2
3736:Po-2
3721:Be-4
3700:G-11
3679:Sh-2
3654:PS-9
3649:PS-5
3613:UT-2
3608:UT-1
3551:Тu-2
3546:ТB-3
3541:TB-1
3536:Su-2
3526:Pе-8
3521:Pе-2
3516:Il-4
3511:DB-3
3506:Ar-2
3470:Pe-3
3455:La-7
3450:La-5
3440:I-16
3430:I-15
3425:DI-6
3339:PM-1
3319:MP-6
3314:MP-5
3309:MP-4
3304:MP-3
3299:MP-2
3294:MP-1
3154:PS-9
3149:PS-8
3144:PS-7
3139:PS-6
3134:PS-5
3129:PS-4
3114:PS-2
3109:PS-1
2939:LBSh
2767:TB-7
2762:TB-6
2757:TB-5
2752:TB-4
2747:TB-3
2742:TB-2
2737:TB-1
2712:DB-A
2695:DB-4
2683:DB-3
2678:DB-2
2673:DB-1
2636:BB-3
2631:BB-2
2626:BB-1
2208:'93'
2203:'90'
2198:'86'
2193:'79'
2188:'78'
2183:'74'
2178:'73'
2020:Tu-8
2015:Tu-6
2010:Tu-1
1883:Tu-4
1878:Tu-2
1731:ISSN
1697:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1595:2019
1569:2009
1545:2009
1485:ISBN
1452:2009
1393:ISBN
1374:2009
1346:2009
1337:полк
1307:2009
1268:2009
1259:полк
849:4 ×
823:tip:
678:and
643:Orel
637:and
577:and
567:Orel
507:flak
482:and
404:and
305:and
184:TB-7
168:Axis
139:The
125:1940
52:Type
33:Pe-8
18:Pe-8
3822:TIS
3817:ITP
3751:R-Z
3741:R-5
3695:А-7
3674:R-5
3644:P-5
3358:GST
3089:P-6
3084:P-5
3079:P-4
3074:P-3
3069:P-2
3064:P-1
3044:G-2
3039:G-1
2970:SPB
2962:ShB
2898:BPB
2878:TOM
2867:T-1
2828:TSh
2803:BSh
2778:MTB
2651:bis
717:or
390:Rub
225:OKB
78:OKB
3859::
3531:SB
3330:PM
3285:MP
3100:PS
2952:RK
2947:SB
2931:FB
2728:TB
2664:DB
2617:BB
1727:19
1725:.
1586:.
1517:^
1460:^
1433:^
1407:^
1324:^
1276:^
1248:^
1232:^
1218:^
1160:^
1144:^
1132:^
1110:,
1055:,
785:11
674:,
657:)
601:.
593::
585:,
573:,
569:,
561::
525::
517:,
289::
246:,
242::
147::
104:93
3399:e
3392:t
3385:v
3332:)
3287:)
3102:)
3057:)
3055:P
3032:)
3030:G
3011:e
3004:t
2997:v
2900:)
2880:)
2860:)
2858:T
2830:)
2805:)
2780:)
2730:)
2688:F
2666:)
2619:)
2598:e
2591:t
2584:v
1784:e
1777:t
1770:v
1737:.
1705:.
1686:.
1664:.
1645:.
1626:.
1597:.
1571:.
1547:.
1493:.
1454:.
1401:.
1376:.
1348:.
1309:.
1270:.
905::
816::
328:(
143:(
20:)
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