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village of
Pechora and in the surrounding communities. Many Pechora camp survivors owed their lives to the generosity of local ethnic Ukrainians, who often fed and housed them. Generally speaking, locals in the Romanian-occupied zone of Transnistria treated Jews much more favorably than did residents of other neighboring regions such as western Ukraine and Bessarabia, where pogroms were widespread. This phenomenon within Transnistria was described in an influential study by scholars
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171:—and the existence of postwar Yiddish-speaking communities, researchers have taken a keen interested in the remnants of Jewish life within the region. This includes scholar Jeffrey Veidlinger and groups from St. Petersburg, who visited survivors in towns like Tulchyn to interview survivors in the 1990s and early 2000s. Preeminent Yiddish-language writer
155:
visited towns in what had been northern
Transnistria to speak to survivors, aware of the fact that the survival rates were much higher in Transnistria than in German-occupied Ukraine. His team recorded songs performed by Pechora survivors from Tulchin, Bratslav, Bershad, and more. His team also wrote
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were brought to
Pechora to perish in the enclosed grounds. Also sent to Pechora were Romanian Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. At the camp, prisoners were murdered not through systematic extermination by gas or bullets, but rather through starvation, exposure to the elements, and disease such as
147:
After surviving the war, local Soviet-born Jewish survivors of the camp returned to their hometowns in southwestern
Ukraine and largely remained there for decades, constituting the few places in Eastern Europe where Jewish life continued into the 21st century (though many families would eventually
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According to
Romanian wartime documentation, a sign that said "death camp" was installed at the camp's main gate. As with all of Transnistria's 150-plus concentration sites, the Romanian occupiers had no intention of sustaining the Jewish population under their control. In the case of Pechora, the
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Although estimates vary, it is believed that as many as 11,000 prisoners were brought to the
Pechora camp, of which approximately 9,500 perished. The dead were carted off to mass graves including trenches on the periphery of the village and to the nearby Jewish cemetery. By the time the camp was
125:
For many families interned in the
Pechora camp, survival was only possible by trading the last of their clothes and possessions for food with villagers who would gather at the camp gate. Many child survivors would later report slipping out of the loosely-guarded camp and begging for food in the
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Today, the grounds of the former estate are known as "Pechera Park" and are open to visitors, while the main administrative building on the grounds operates as a hospital. There are relatively few reminders of its sinister role during the war. A few memorial plaques have been erected on the
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on March 17, 1944, no more than 300-400 surviving prisoners were left alive in the camp. Several hundred other survivors had managed to escape and reach nearby ghettos, particularly in 1943, where conditions were generally safer and where survivors would spend the remaining months of the war.
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The chief of the camp was a
Romanian gendarme commander named Stratulat. According to survivor testimony, Stratulat prevented a group of SS-affiliated ethnic Germans (belonging to the Sonderkommando Russland) from liquidating the camp's population sometime in the late summer of 1942.
430:"Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower (eds.): The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization: Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008, ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8"
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In the 1950s, many of the convicted ethnic
Ukrainian collaborators—against whom some survivors had testified—were released early from Soviet labor camps and returned to the communities in which they had served during the war.
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Historians and researchers including
Matatias Carp and Radu Ioanid consider Pechora to be the most infamous of all the sites established in Romanian-occupied Ukraine. According to a report issued in 2004 bv the
118:, it was among the sites of "the most hideous crimes committed against Jews during the Holocaust." No photos of the camp in operation are currently available, though survivor testimonies are plentiful.
89:, the camp was overseen by a Romanian gendarme and guarded by Ukrainian policemen with batons and rifles. Beginning in November 1941, Jews from the surrounding regions, including
956:. V. A. Dymshit︠s︡, A. L. Lʹvov, A. M. Sokolova, В. А. Дымшиц, А. Л. Львов, А. М. Соколова. Sankt-Peterburg: Izd-vo Evropeĭskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge. 2008.
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inspector of the gendarmerie of Transnistria explicitly stated in October 1942 that Pechora was created "exclusively" for the purpose of killing its prisoners.
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732:"The Fate of Bukovinian Jews in the Ghettos and Camps of Transnistria, 1941–1944: A Review of the Source Documents at the Vinnytsa Oblast State Archive"
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However, they now represented the lowest stratum of ghetto society in places like the Dzhuryn ghetto, a common destination for Pechora camp escapees.
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grounds, while a more extensive monument and additional memorial stones stand at the site of the mass grave at the nearby Jewish cemetery.
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677:"Constructing Interethnic Conflict and Cooperation: Why Some People Harmed Jews and Others Helped Them during the Holocaust in Romania"
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183:." In 2022, the grandson of Pechora survivor Motl Braverman published a family memoir about his grandfather's survival in the camp:
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down the lyrics. Years later, the lyrics were set to new musical arrangements by a Toronto-based musical group. Their album (
1101:"People Fell Like Flies: How Yiddish songs document history and collective action during the Holocaust in the Soviet Union"
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The concentration camp was established on the gated grounds of what had once been a private estate of the Polish noble
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Golbert, Rebecca (January 1, 2004). "Holocaust Sites in Ukraine: Pechora and the Politics of Memorialization".
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has also centered the Pechora camp and the Holocaust in Romania in his works, including the novella collection
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typhus. Also, many hundreds of prisoners were violently deported further east across the Bug river to work at
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Wiesel, Elie, Tuvia Friling, Lya Benjamin, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu, eds. "Executive Summary." In
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river, which had been converted into a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients after the Russian revolution.
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Given the continuity of Jewish life in the towns of what had been northern Transnistria—today, Ukraine's
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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, vol. III
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179:. The Pechora camp was also the subject of a documentary by Israeli film maker Boris Naftsir, "
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So they remember : a Jewish family's story of surviving the Holocaust in Soviet Ukraine
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Holocaust in Romania: the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944
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22:(also Pechera or Pecioara; Russian: Печера or Печора) was a concentration camp operated by
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Holocaust in Romania: Facts and Documents on the Annihilation of Romania's Jews, 1940–1944
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Holocaust in Rumania: Facts and Documents on the Annihilation of Rumania's Jews-1940-44
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So They Remember: A Jewish Family's Story of Surviving the Holocaust in Soviet Ukraine
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872:"The Phonoarchive of Jewish Folklore at the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine"
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https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/pdf-drupal/en/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf
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Dead Noose: Interviews with Former Prisoners of the Pechora Concentration Camp
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160:: The Lost Songs of World War II) was nominated for a Grammy award in 2019.
97:, Shpikov, Tostyanets, as well as, later, from more distant regions such as
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In the shadow of the shtetl : small-town Jewish life in Soviet Ukraine
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1005:. Barnett Zumoff, Mikhail Krutikov (First ed.). Syracuse, New York.
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Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel, eds. (2018-04-21).
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Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
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Immediately following the war, a Soviet ethnomusicologist named
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Located in the Romanian zone of occupation of Ukraine, known as
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in German-occupied Ukraine, where almost none would survive.
1049:"Book aims to shine light on Romanian role in the Holocaust"
484:. Safety Harbor, Florida: Simon Publications. p. 218.
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Concentration camp operated by Romania during World War II
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757:"Pechora: International Jewish Cemetery Project"
675:Dumitru, Diana; Johnson, Carter (January 2011).
387:Chronology of the Holocaust in Ukraine 1941-1944
475:Carp, Matatias (2000). Simon, Andrew L. (ed.).
953:Shtetl, XXI vek : Polevye issledovanii︠a︡
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282:Monument at the mass graves, Jewish cemetery
270:Monument at the mass graves, Jewish cemetery
258:Monument at the mass graves, Jewish cemetery
246:Monument at the mass graves, Jewish cemetery
234:Monument at the mass graves, Jewish cemetery
222:Monument at the mass graves, Jewish cemetery
210:Main administrative building at the property
626:Goldenshteyn, Maksim Grigoriyevich (2022).
1789:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
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1033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1002:Red shoes for Rachel : three novellas
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57:48.86140751888033°N 28.710808761276766°E
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912:"Local Collaborators on Trial"
777:Mir-Tibon, Gali (2017-11-27),
312:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1:
1825:The Holocaust in Transnistria
1609:Bogdanovka concentration camp
779:""Am I my brother's keeper?""
1629:Vapniarka concentration camp
1074:"Yad Vashem: Untold Stories"
910:Penter, Tanja (2008-09-20).
822:Veidlinger, Jeffrey (2016).
783:The Ghetto in Global History
600:. Indiana University Press.
501:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1749:She Paid the Ultimate Price
1639:Janowska concentration camp
1157:Related articles by country
73:family on the banks of the
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1735:Luboml: My Heart Remembers
1634:Pechora concentration camp
1518:Ukrainian People's Militia
1507:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
730:Vynokurova, Faina (2010).
547:Bronshtein, Moris (2003).
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1624:Syrets concentration camp
1588:Pripyat Marshes massacres
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693:10.1017/S0043887110000274
446:10.1007/s10835-009-9097-8
1820:The Holocaust in Ukraine
1794:Transnistria Governorate
1686:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
1512:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1445:Hermann Friedrich Graebe
1320:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1136:The Holocaust in Ukraine
791:10.4324/9781315099774-10
428:Stone, Dan (June 2010).
87:Transnistria Governorate
999:Sandler, Boris (2017).
929:10.4000/monderusse.9133
739:Holocaust and Modernity
340:Carp, Matatias (2000).
104:DG-IV slave labor camps
984:: CS1 maint: others (
916:Cahiers du monde russe
393:. Zaporozhye, Russia.
384:Kruglov, A.I. (2004).
1770:Word of the Righteous
1555:Bila Tserkva massacre
1497:Police Regiment South
1340:Hans Graf von Sponeck
349:. Safety Harbor, FL.
1708:Einsatzgruppen trial
1492:Nachtigall Battalion
1455:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
1310:Walter von Reichenau
1295:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
556:. Walnut Creek, CA.
495:Ionid, Radu (2022).
177:Red Shoes for Rachel
130:and Carter Johnson.
1692:Deutsche Volksliste
1573:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1285:Hans von Obstfelder
1280:Gustav Adolf Nosske
1260:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
876:old.archives.gov.ua
181:We Allow You to Die
81:During World War II
53: /
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1300:Paul Otto Radomski
324:10.1093/hgs/dch062
143:After World War II
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1578:Lviv pogroms
1565:
1480:Perpetrators
1345:Otto Wächter
1330:Erwin Schulz
1275:Felix Landau
1213:Perpetrators
1147:Main article
1095:
1077:. Retrieved
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1055:. 2022-02-06
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75:Southern Bug
28:World War II
19:
18:
1220:Paul Blobel
1079:January 28,
762:January 28,
745:(8): 21–22.
687:(1): 1–42.
60: /
1809:Categories
1305:Otto Rasch
1270:Erich Koch
1245:Hans Frank
1059:2022-12-16
881:2022-12-16
806:2022-12-16
648:1273121512
632:. Norman.
517:1257549803
356:0966573471
288:References
48:28°42′39″E
45:48°51′41″N
1548:memorials
1538:Artemivsk
1177:Lithuania
1029:cite book
1021:971333755
980:cite book
972:318462309
938:1252-6576
852:cite book
844:950895117
701:0043-8871
656:cite book
572:cite book
462:161077713
454:0334-701X
409:cite book
365:cite book
34:, now in
1784:See also
1653:Evidence
1543:Babi Yar
1428:Rescuers
717:24344965
709:21591305
533:, 2004.
136:Red Army
95:Bratslav
1412:Victims
1192:Romania
1167:Estonia
1162:Belarus
1053:AP NEWS
197:Gallery
91:Tulchyn
71:Potocki
36:Ukraine
32:Pechora
26:during
24:Romania
20:Pechora
1701:Trials
1602:Places
1531:Events
1206:People
1197:Russia
1187:Poland
1182:Norway
1172:Latvia
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1514:(UPA)
897:"CBC"
735:(PDF)
713:S2CID
598:(PDF)
554:(PDF)
482:(PDF)
458:S2CID
391:(PDF)
347:(PDF)
1081:2019
1035:link
1017:OCLC
1007:ISBN
986:link
968:OCLC
958:ISBN
934:ISSN
858:link
840:OCLC
830:ISBN
795:ISBN
764:2019
705:PMID
697:ISSN
662:link
644:OCLC
634:ISBN
602:ISBN
578:link
558:ISBN
513:OCLC
503:ISBN
450:ISSN
415:link
395:ISBN
371:link
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924:doi
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