201:
to study the speeches. Mao saw the idea of
Peaceful Evolution as a serious policy threat, a "much more deceptive tactic" to corrupt China, and a war against the socialist powers by non-military means. Mao felt that the war was already being waged, with some effect, against the Soviet Union. After the
319:
approaches, and attempts to undermine the regime, they have advocated a series of countermeasures. According to Li
Jingjie, the director of the former Soviet-Eastern Europe Institute at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, there are eight lessons that China must draw from the Soviet collapse, due
271:
Chinese sensitivities to the idea of a
Peaceful Evolution strategy by foreign powers were heightened by the post-Tiananmen crackdown climate of 1989, and the series of regime collapses in Eastern Europe later that year. Initially, CCP leaders deemed the regime changes in the European countries as an
237:
The overall utility of the term for
Chinese analysts is that it sums up a range of the threats to the regime's political security, faced by the CCP in the post-Cold War era. These threats are mostly connected with the United States, and are seen as part of the United States' own foreign policy after
310:
Before June 4 China considered the United States as a trustworthy and friendly country, but since June 4 the United States has become the main source of instability in China. Peaceful evolution is the main threat to China's stability today. The ideological struggle will be the most important factor
241:
However, the term is now often used by
Chinese scholars to condemn any foreign activities (including cultural, economic, social) that are seen as problematic for the CCP—not just those that are actually intended to undermine it. It is also used to dismiss out of hand United States criticism on the
221:
was among the analyses circulated at the top levels of the CCP which called attention to the strategy. In particular, An focused on Dulles's statement at an
October 28, 1958 press conference that peaceful evolution was "absolutely possible in a few hundred years, but perhaps just a matter of a few
292:
after the massacre titled "On
Peaceful Evolution." It argued that the collapse of communist regimes in Europe were a result of "bourgeois liberalization," which refers to Peaceful Evolution, and that the democracy protests in China had also been an attempt to "negate party leadership by political
245:
Academic
Russell Ong argues that the typical Chinese uses of the term—as a conspiratorial plot—are too "vague and all embracing; its meaning ranges from dark conspiracies involving the alleged plotters of the counter revolutionary rebellion to the broad spectrum of cultural, social, and economic
358:. Scholars of China's media environment have used it to refer to the marketization of the press in China, where state control by the CCP lessens while the forces of commercialization take hold—though whether the media sphere in China has really evolved along such lines is disputed.
568:
tried to present the documentary as the view of a few nationalistic military academics. Yet aggressive campaigns against 'heterodox thinking' at
Chinese universities, the tightening of control over media, and new legislation ... all echoed the warning made in
282:
he said "unswervingly follow the socialist road... the road may be winding and the struggle fierce... In our opposition to peaceful evolution, a key tenet is to fortify the brains of the entire party with
Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought."
131:
According to the thesis, the United States maintains a strategy to infiltrate and subvert socialist countries, notably China, by spreading Western political ideas and lifestyles, inciting discontent, and encouraging groups to challenge the
311:
in future Sino-American relations. The U.S. will again become the major threat to China, but not a military one. The Taiwan problem will remain important. but the ideological struggle—particularly peaceful evolution—will be primary.
233:
Following China's entry into the Korean War, it sought to remove American-affiliated cultural influence from China. It continued to oppose American cultural efforts tied to the idea of peaceful evolution in the following decades.
124:, but has not subsequently featured in official discussions of US policy in China. Chinese analyses of US foreign policy, however, hold that it has constituted part of the theoretical foundation for US relations with the
301:
Among state-affiliated intellectuals and strategists in the PRC, the term and theory of Peaceful Evolution is a threat and an attempt to undermine the CCP's rule. The hard line scholar Huo Shiliang of the
293:
pluralism, and negate public ownership in the economy by privatization." The CCP's crackdown was able to "crush the peaceful evolution strategy of the imperialists," according to scholar Jialin Zhang.
186:
In a speech, Dulles referred to "the use of peaceful means" to "accelerate the evolution of government policies within the Sino-Soviet bloc" in order to "shorten the expected life span of communism."
413:
1007:
139:
The CCP has resisted the idea of Peaceful Evolution when the idea was first raised in the Mao era. The CCP sees such a process as "the biggest threat to its continuous rule."
158:. The theory is not currently part of official US policy approach to China, but Chinese military strategists consider it a cause of ongoing concern, as presented in the film
230:
described the theory of peaceful evolution as one of "sugar-coated bombs," with the "sugar coat" referring to bourgeois lifestyle and material enjoyment promoted by the US.
417:
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The theory of Peaceful Evolution is a key part of Chinese official assessments of the collapse of the Soviet Union. In bracing themselves against the Americans'
266:
198:
1002:
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Chinese government's human rights record, on the theory that the West is simply attempting to undermine the Chinese people's respect for the CCP.
136:(CCP) leadership. According to Chinese readings of the US policy, such efforts are intended cause socialist system to be transformed from within.
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272:"internal affair." In their own meetings, however, they declared them a matter of foreign subversion, also known as peaceful evolution.
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This was augmented by Dulles over a decade later, in speeches of 1957–58, to "promoting peaceful evolution towards democracy."
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sought to arm Chinese troops with the ideological shield to guard against Western idea—while on a military inspection tour of
249:
While Peaceful Evolution ideas are often attributed to the foes of China, observers have suggested that some officials in the
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600:
172:
The precise locution "peaceful evolution" was a modification, by John Foster Dulles, of the doctrine originally outlined by
98:) in international political thought refers to a theory of effecting political transformation of the Chinese and Vietnamese
257:—support the process. These allegedly reform-oriented officials, however, are not considered part of the CCP's mainstream.
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of February 22, 1946, proposed that the socialist and capitalist blocs could reach a state of "peaceful coexistence."
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The term Peaceful Evolution has been used in the context of China and modernization outside the sphere of
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306:'s says that after Dulles, the Americans' policy of attempting to peaceful transform China accelerated:
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Successive generations of CCP leaders have struggled against the Peaceful Evolution theory, including
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Revolution and Its Narratives: China's Socialist Literary and Cultural Imaginaries, 1949-1966
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Power, Money, and Media: Communication Patterns and Bureaucratic Control in Cultural China
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China's Response to the Downfall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
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834:"Wei Jingsheng: Blocking 'Peaceful Evolution' Will Lead to Instability in China"
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Maximize the "comprehensive power" of the state, but lift living standards also
197:) Mao Zedong heard about Dulles' remarks and took them seriously, ordering top
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Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World
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Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War
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Fostering Revolutionary Successors as a Strategic Task for the Party
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Great Walls of Discourse and Other Adventures in Cultural China
345:
Carry out economic reforms, and include some political reforms
414:
Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam
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by peaceful means. The theory was primarily espoused in the
382:(brother of John Foster Dulles) to destroy the Soviet Union
873:
Beautiful Imperialist: China Perceives America, 1972-1990
336:
Expand inner-Party democracy, struggle against corruption
702:
Return of the Dragon: Rising China and Regional Security
342:
Comprehend the complexity and causes of ethnic problems
374:
conspiracy theory centering around an alleged plan by
750:
Karl, Rebecca E.; Zhong, Xueping, eds. (2016-02-04).
206:, the CCP became more concerned about the strategy.
648:
China's Security Interests in the Post-Cold War Era
320:in part to the infiltration of Peaceful Evolution:
452:. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012
923:China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation
444:"Hu warns successors over 'peaceful evolution'"
27:American foreign policy concept regarding China
8:
267:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
261:Post-Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
120:in the 1950s chiefly in the context of the
73:
286:A three-part article was published in the
1008:History of the People's Republic of China
951:Lee, Chin-Chuan; Pan, Zhongdang (2000).
714:10.7312/columbia/9780231159005.001.0001
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222:decades." In a piece that appeared in
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406:"A new mask of "peaceful evolution""
246:exchanges with the outside world."
848:from the original on March 4, 2016
420:from the original on 13 April 2021
238:the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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304:Chinese Academy of Social Science
677:from the original on 2024-05-03
330:Learn from capitalist countries
204:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1003:International relations theory
928:University of California Press
601:Harvard University Asia Center
442:Wu, Zhong (January 11, 2012).
60:
51:
1:
959:Northwestern University Press
109:The phrase was formulated by
645:Ong, Russell (2013-12-19).
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998:Foreign relations of China
878:Princeton University Press
339:Treat intellectuals fairly
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126:People's Republic of China
806:Columbia University Press
706:Columbia University Press
700:Roy, Denny (2013-07-02).
470:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
327:Be ideologically flexible
43:
32:Peaceful Evolution theory
410:National Defence Journal
356:international relations
224:Stories of Young Heroes
134:Chinese Communist Party
93:Peaceful transformation
546:. Richmond, Victoria:
492:Zhang, Jialin (1994).
313:
69:
800:Li, Hongshan (2024).
758:Duke University Press
661:10.4324/9781315029269
324:Concentrate on growth
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265:Further information:
111:US Secretary of State
886:10.2307/j.ctv1ddd0sc
832:(October 19, 2010).
766:10.2307/j.ctv11312w2
562:After the leak, the
297:Perceptions in China
918:Shambaugh, David L.
842:The Huffington Post
502:Stanford University
83:Peaceful happenings
548:Simon and Schuster
498:Hoover Institution
416:. April 26, 2017.
251:Chinese government
114:John Foster Dulles
70:Diễn biến hòa bình
36:Peaceful Evolution
18:Peaceful evolution
937:978-0-520-93469-6
895:978-0-691-22776-4
775:978-0-8223-7461-9
732:10.7312/roy-15900
723:978-0-231-15900-5
670:978-1-136-86526-8
618:978-1-68417-372-3
609:10.1353/book72773
599:. Vol. 212.
557:978-0-86154-011-2
511:978-0-8179-5532-8
504:. pp. 6–10.
386:Political warfare
100:socialist systems
16:(Redirected from
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565:Global Times
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368:Dulles' Plan
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961:. pp.
228:Luo Ruiqing
193:(father of
156:Jiang Zemin
116:during the
987:Categories
972:0810117878
681:2024-05-03
449:Asia Times
392:References
317:soft power
255:Wen Jiabao
199:CCP cadres
144:Mao Zedong
66:Vietnamese
653:Routledge
378:director
276:Wang Zhen
253:—such as
152:Hu Jintao
88: or
870:(1991).
846:Archived
675:Archived
595:(2001).
520:1082528M
466:cite web
418:Archived
362:See also
280:Xinjiang
215:An Ziwen
195:Bo Xilai
118:Cold War
852:June 8,
456:June 8,
191:Bo Yibo
168:Origins
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48:Chinese
40:Chinese
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993:Peace
900:JSTOR
780:JSTOR
728:JSTOR
623:JSTOR
424:3 May
967:ISBN
932:ISBN
890:ISBN
854:2014
810:ISBN
770:ISBN
718:ISBN
665:ISBN
613:ISBN
552:ISBN
506:ISBN
472:link
458:2014
426:2021
370:, a
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52:和平演变
44:和平演變
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882:doi
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710:doi
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605:doi
376:CIA
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