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following an election, making it a "rare and a recent practice." The same study found that once a country has an initial peaceful transfer of power (an "alternation"), it is very likely to keep doing so, making the peaceful transition of power a habit-forming activity. In a stable institutionalized
1661:
Trump's efforts to cling to power are unprecedented in
American history. While political parties have fought over the results of presidential elections before, no incumbent president has ever made such expansive and individualized pleas to the officials who oversee certification of the election
474:
unanimously passed a resolution committing to a peaceful transition of power and opposing any attempt "by the
President or any person in power to overturn the will of the people of the United States"; many senators cited the peaceful transition of power's centrality to U.S. democracy. Business
518:
noted that "if this election were overturned by mere allegations from the losing side, our democracy would enter a death spiral." On 7 January 2021, Trump condemned the riots and committed to the peaceful transition of power. After he transferred power, he routinely repeated election lies and
406:
would be legally transferred to the Prime
Minister's position, followed by elections for a new president organised by a newly created electoral commission; and a "legal sovereignty" option, in which Tsikhanouskaya would become President and organise presidential elections within 40–70 days.
454:
in 1801 was considered an important milestone for the United States fledgling democracy. From then until 2020, the losing party in every presidential election "willingly and peacefully" relinquished power to the opposition. The transition is institutionalized through symbolic acts like the
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to Trump's false election-fraud claims. Trump stated on 15 October 2020 that he would accept a peaceful transfer (after a long period of ambiguous answers to the question) while still falsely alleging fraud and waging a legal battle to attempt to overturn the election results.
334:
main session's room, and the sitting vice president is immediately on the right side of the speaker and deputies speaker's desk. As of 2022, starting in 1978, the vice presidents always did this symbolic transfer when there was no vacancy in the office except in 2004, when
74:
1339:
1690:
President Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 election are unprecedented in
American history and an even more audacious use of brute political force to gain the White House than when Congress gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency during
42:
governments in which the leadership of a government peacefully hands over control of government to a newly-elected leadership. This may be after elections or during the transition from a different kind of political regime, such as the
605:
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130:. Transitions by election put power holders in vulnerable positions, as not only do they risk potential changes in policy and practice and thus their means of power, but they also risk political retribution or retaliation.
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in 2018 are interpreted as signs of improved governance within the country, an important milestone in democratization and functioning civil society. Alternately, the lack of peaceful transfers of power, such as in
2017:
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390:(NAM), aiming for a peaceful transfer of power to a freely and fairly elected president. NAM proposed a "constitutional" option for power transfer, in which the presumed presidential election winner,
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1984:
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was considered an important case of peaceful transfer of power in the post-Soviet political development of
Georgia, which, since the Soviet period, had earlier gone through changes such as the
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was already seated on the furthest right side so no switch was needed. For presidents, as of 2022, this symbol of peaceful transition happened only twice, in 1999 during the
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took place in 2007, although the outgoing and incoming presidents were of the same party and the preceding election was characterized by widespread irregularities. In 2018,
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2145:
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2008:
139:
2136:
Dmitriy Khavin; Haley Willis; Evan Hill; Natalie Reneau; Drew Jordan; Cora
Engelbrecht; Christiaan Triebert; Stella Cooper; Malachy Browne; David Botti (30 June 2021).
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1648:
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1400:
459:. Outgoing U.S. presidents traditionally attend the inaugurations of their successors, a symbol of the peaceful passage of power from one administration to the next.
1951:
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and the relative stability of that government. A 2014 study concluded that 68 countries had never had a peaceful transition of power due to an election since 1788.
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The first peaceful transition of power in a country is often treated as an important stage in a government transition towards democracy such as seen in
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The symbol of peaceful transition of power is when the outgoing president and/or vice president, after their respective successors recite the
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publicly refused to commit to a peaceful transfer of power if he lost his election bid. In
September 2020, after Trump's statements, the
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allowed a political agreement to respect the election results, allowing for a peaceful transition of power after the ouster of dictator
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734:
483:
348:
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273:
331:
1523:
2347:
Corrales, Javier (1 January 2001). "Strong
Societies, Weak Parties: Regime Change in Cuba and Venezuela in the 1950s and Today".
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383:
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1332:"All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory"
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1943:
110:
1241:
262:
949:
975:"Peaceful transfer of political power and its characteristics in Georgia. The Georgian parliamentary elections of 2012"
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369:
143:
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1423:"A president hasn't refused to attend the inauguration of his successor in 152 years. Donald Trump will change that"
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for several hours. Five people died either shortly before, during, or following the attack. Senate
Majority Leader
240:
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511:
395:
598:"Peaceful transitions of power have been rare in modern states, but once the habit has been acquired it sticks"
391:
375:
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and emerging democracies, study of the successful transitions of power is used to understand the transition to
59:
58:
and emerging democracies, study of the successful transitions of power is used to understand the transition to
48:
1734:
715:"DR Congo: the long road from war to peace and challenges for peaceful transition and national reconstruction"
114:
concluded that 68 countries (including Russia and China) had never had a peaceful transition of power between
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463:
287:
123:
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1200:"Białoruś ponownie zawrzała po skatowaniu Ramana Bandarenki. Trwają protesty [relacja z Mińska]"
553:
1866:
1301:
1278:
1166:
2232:
1669:
847:
Sutter, Daniel (1995). "Settling Old Scores: Potholes along the
Transition from Authoritarian Rule".
403:
801:
Przeworski, Adam (1 January 2015). "Acquiring the Habit of Changing Governments Through Elections".
182:
had its first electoral transfer of power since 1944. The first peaceful transition of power in the
171:
has had a mixed record in achieving peaceful transitions of power, with variations among nations.
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558:
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330:, switch chairs, so that the incumbent president is on the furthest left side of the altar at the
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2295:"Full Text of Speech in Which Donald Trump Finally Concedes Election to Biden Without Naming Him"
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is sworn in as president of the United States in a symbolic peaceful transfer of power in 1981.
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1785:"The Growing Backlash Against Trump's Efforts To Subvert The Election: Consider This from NPR"
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1806:"House conservatives urge Trump not to concede and press for floor fight over election loss"
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810:
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Tamarkin, M. (1979). "From Kenyatta to Moi: The Anatomy of a Peaceful Transition of Power".
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2107:"Trump says he would accept peaceful transfer of power but casts doubt on election results"
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17:
2042:"Just 27 congressional Republicans acknowledge Biden's win, Washington Post survey finds"
2009:"The uncomfortable reality: Even many Republican officials believe false election claims"
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Haberman, Maggie; Rutenberg, Jim; Corasaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J. (20 November 2020).
199:
1892:"Trump lawyer Giuliani faces $ 1.3 billion lawsuit over 'big lie' election fraud claims"
714:
2264:"McConnell: "Our democracy would enter a death spiral" if Congress overturned election"
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in Washington, D.C., in a failed attempt to keep Trump in power. The mob disrupted the
502:
On 6 January 2021, a pro-Trump mob, inflamed by the outgoing president's false claims,
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44:
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830:
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194:. The first transition of power from one democratically elected leader to another in
187:
82:
1867:"Opinion: Trump's big lie wouldn't have worked without his thousands of little lies"
899:"First peaceful transfer of power possible in the DRC: regional focus - East Africa"
2326:"Trump is doing more lying about the election than talking about any other subject"
1269:"National Anti-Crisis Management: Two power transition options have been developed"
974:
467:
151:
from 1995 to 2008 in which the only transition between presidents was via the 2003
1944:"Donald Trump is gone but his big lie is a rallying call for rightwing extremists"
486:, but refused to accept defeat. Trump falsely claimed election fraud, initiated a
1977:"As Trump's Election Pressure Campaign Hits Republican Officials, Some Hit Back"
860:
471:
340:
229:
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and norms to exist, such as the willingness of opposition parties to serve as a
2233:"What we know about the 5 deaths in the pro-Trump mob that stormed the Capitol"
1167:"Pavel Latushko Announces Establishment Of People's Anti-Crisis Administration"
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336:
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1670:"Trump's Attempts to Overturn the Election Are Unparalleled in U.S. History"
1577:"Unanimous Senate commits to peaceful transfer of power after Trump refuses"
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632:"The Third Peaceful Transfer of Power and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana"
528:
479:
39:
1547:"Trump won't commit to peaceful transfer of power if he loses the election"
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to overturn the election, and engaged in an aggressive and unprecedented
155:, may harm the international reputation of the country as a "democracy".
119:
democracy, a peaceful transition is the expected outcome of an election.
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696:
254: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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942:"A Peaceful Transition of Power and Public's Expectations in Armenia"
168:
2360:
1453:"Is the U.S. at Risk of Mirroring Hungary's Democratic Backsliding?"
462:
During the 2020 presidential elections, experts described a risk of
142:. Successful transitions during tense political moments such as the
999:
O’Hanlon, Michael; Brigety, Reuben; Opalo, Ken (27 November 2018).
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195:
69:
2231:
Levenson, Eric; Vera, Amir; Kallingal, Mallika (7 January 2021).
1919:"Can The Forces Unleashed By Trump's Big Election Lie Be Undone?"
442:
A peaceful transition of power has historically been the norm in
438:
Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
2138:"Day of Rage: An In-Depth Look at How a Mob Stormed the Capitol"
475:
leaders also made statements calling for a peaceful transfer.
1708:
Miller, Zeke; Long, Colleen; Eggert, David (20 November 2020).
198:
took place in 2021, briefly overcoming the nation's history of
108:
of 3,000 elections from 1788 to 2008, published in the journal
1710:"Trump tries to leverage power of office to subvert Biden win"
223:
2200:"Capitol Police officers sue Trump, allies over insurrection"
2169:"Capitol Police officers sue Trump, allies over insurrection"
1484:"Democratic Backsliding, Populism, and Public Administration"
1142:"Niger's president 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt"
1063:", Congressional Research Service (February 14, 2020), p. 5.
1735:"Trump Targets Michigan in His Ploy to Subvert the Election"
1121:
Niger inaugurates president in 1st democratic power transfer
1083:"New Congo president marks first peaceful transfer of power"
174:
The first peaceful transition of power between civilians in
1641:"Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election"
1393:"Trump Is Not the First President to Snub an Inauguration"
1302:"How the Peaceful Transfer of Power Began With John Adams"
1237:"An Exiled Belarusian Opposition Faces A Credibility Test"
969:
967:
1760:"Trump presses Georgia governor to help subvert election"
1607:"US business leaders call for peaceful transfer of power"
761:"Democracy and the problem of peaceful transfer of power"
2075:"Trump's False Election Fraud Claims Split Republicans"
27:
Concept critical to establishing democratic governments
2385:; Eduardo, Sanabria (2018). "¡Por fin, democracia!".
2167:
Colleen Long & Michael Balsamo (26 August 2021).
1031:"A First in Nigeria: A Peaceful Succession of Power"
165:
achieving independence from European colonial powers
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2007:
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1482:Bauer, Michael W; Becker, Stefan (2 March 2020).
140:elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1488:Perspectives on Public Management and Governance
122:Peaceful transitions require a number of strong
2389:(1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas. p. 95.
339:did not attend the ceremony, and in 2009, when
97:and the relative stability of that government (
2039:Kane, Paul; Clement, Scott (5 December 2020).
1235:Sadouskaya–Komlach, Maryia (6 November 2020).
1202:[Belarus again in shock at the assault on
639:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
1890:Wolfe, Jan; Heavey, Susan (25 January 2021).
1639:Kumar, Anita; Orr, Gabby (21 December 2020).
946:Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey
8:
1804:Raju, Manu; Herb, Jeremy (7 December 2020).
539:and during the country's democratic period.
186:took place in 2019, with outgoing president
2387:Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro
478:Trump was defeated in the 2020 election by
378:that followed the disputed results of the
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1499:
415:The transfer of power resulting from the
314:Learn how and when to remove this message
1545:Breuninger, Kevin (23 September 2020).
1081:Mwanamilongo, Saleh (24 January 2019).
580:
2179:from the original on 20 September 2021
2148:from the original on 21 September 2021
1198:Grekowicz, Nikita (15 November 2020).
1101:from the original on 11 September 2021
1061:Liberia: Background and U.S. Relations
1041:from the original on 11 September 2021
1011:from the original on 11 September 2021
444:United States presidential transitions
382:in August 2020, Belarusians created a
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2086:from the original on 16 November 2020
1929:from the original on 28 November 2021
1767:. Associated Press. 5 December 2020.
1720:from the original on 28 November 2020
1680:from the original on 20 November 2020
1668:Sanger, David E. (19 November 2020).
1651:from the original on 22 December 2020
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1249:from the original on 16 November 2020
1216:from the original on 16 November 2020
1179:from the original on 16 November 2020
1123:", Associated Press (April 2, 2021).
713:Mangu, Andre Mbata B. (1 June 2004).
7:
2274:from the original on 14 January 2021
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2072:Crowley, Michael (6 November 2020).
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940:Yayloyan, Diana (28 February 2019).
909:(Feb 2017): 35–39. 1 February 2017.
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417:2012 Georgian parliamentary election
252:adding citations to reliable sources
190:yielding power to opposition leader
2349:Latin American Politics and Society
1865:Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (26 January 2021).
1587:from the original on 9 October 2020
1557:from the original on 9 October 2020
1372:from the original on 9 October 2020
1342:from the original on 6 January 2021
1242:Center for European Policy Analysis
952:from the original on 9 October 2020
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737:from the original on 9 October 2020
608:from the original on 9 October 2020
2336:from the original on 16 June 2021.
2293:Martin, Jeffery (7 January 2021).
2020:from the original on 17 April 2021
1942:Pilkington, Ed (24 January 2021).
1917:Block, Melissa (16 January 2021).
1840:Snyder, Timothy (9 January 2021).
849:The Journal of Conflict Resolution
25:
2198:Luke Mogelson (15 January 2021).
2006:Bump, Philip (24 February 2021).
1433:from the original on 16 June 2023
1037:. Associated Press. 30 May 2007.
652:from the original on 11 July 2020
494:. Trump's fellow Republicans had
482:in both the popular vote and the
349:first inauguration of Joko Widodo
345:inauguration of Abdurrahman Wahid
1975:Parks, Miles (4 December 2020).
1391:Jacey Fortin (19 January 2021).
979:Instrument Bibliometric National
380:Belarusian presidential election
228:
184:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2105:Alison Main (16 October 2020).
1274:National Anti-crisis Management
508:counting of the electoral votes
388:National Anti-Crisis Management
366:National Anti-Crisis Management
239:needs additional citations for
1362:"Peaceful Transition of Power"
630:Graham, Emmanuel (July 2017).
332:People's Consultative Assembly
263:"Peaceful transition of power"
1:
2324:Dale, Daniel (12 June 2021).
1001:"Power transitions in Africa"
803:Comparative Political Studies
759:Ahmed, Jasem Mohamad (2012).
386:and a shadow government, the
111:Comparative Political Studies
144:Velvet Revolution in Armenia
1457:www.worldpoliticsreview.com
1206:. Protests continue ].
861:10.1177/0022002795039001005
765:Journal of Al-Frahedis Arts
492:campaign to remain in power
370:United Transitional Cabinet
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466:in the U.S., as President
457:presidential inaugurations
435:
363:
38:is a concept important to
18:Peaceful transfer of power
1787:. NPR. 20 November 2020.
1127:11 September 2021 at the
1087:Christian Science Monitor
1067:11 September 2021 at the
512:joint session of Congress
89:In scholarship examining
54:In scholarship examining
2262:Axios (6 January 2021).
815:10.1177/0010414014543614
392:Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
376:2020 Belarusian protests
99:democratic consolidation
95:constitutional democracy
60:constitutional democracy
49:fall of the Soviet Union
960:– via Think-Asia.
903:Africa Conflict Monitor
836:(subscription required)
124:democratic institutions
66:Democratization studies
464:democratic backsliding
446:. The transition from
398:and the powers of the
347:, and in 2014 for the
86:
1501:10.1093/ppmgov/gvz026
554:Nonviolent revolution
204:another military coup
80:
1842:"The American Abyss"
1368:. 18 November 2016.
1277:. 17 November 2020.
1089:. Associated Press.
604:. 26 November 2014.
537:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
519:defended the riots.
504:attacked the Capitol
404:Alexander Lukashenko
384:Coordination Council
248:improve this article
149:elections in Georgia
2047:The Washington Post
2014:The Washington Post
1613:. 7 November 2020.
1459:. 19 October 2020.
1336:The Washington Post
1175:. 29 October 2020.
559:Peaceful Revolution
32:peaceful transition
2208:. The New Yorker.
2080:The New York Times
1846:The New York Times
1836:Multiple sources:
1739:The New York Times
1704:Multiple sources:
1674:The New York Times
1635:Multiple sources:
1338:. 3 January 2021.
1059:Tomas F. Husted, "
1035:The New York Times
206:occurred in 2023.
87:
2396:978-1-7328777-1-9
2383:Márquez, Laureano
1366:National Archives
1119:Dalatou Mamane, "
569:Succession crisis
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680:
677:Africa Today
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468:Donald Trump
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246:Please help
241:verification
238:
200:coups d'etat
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2121:15 November
1765:MarketWatch
1621:15 November
1530:15 November
1467:15 November
1285:18 November
1253:16 November
1220:16 November
1183:16 November
472:U.S. Senate
374:During the
341:Jusuf Kalla
2411:Categories
1958:9 February
1856:9 February
1820:8 December
1795:8 December
1775:8 December
1749:8 December
1724:8 December
1611:www.ft.com
1511:1814/69472
1146:Al Jazeera
575:References
448:John Adams
436:See also:
402:president
337:Hamzah Haz
274:newspapers
40:democratic
2422:Elections
2417:Democracy
2278:7 January
2247:7 January
2090:10 August
2057:10 August
2024:10 August
1991:7 January
1520:2398-4910
1437:10 August
1427:USA TODAY
1346:6 January
1316:7 January
1209:OKO.press
1151:8 January
1105:10 August
1095:0882-7729
1045:10 August
1015:10 August
1005:Brookings
915:2311-6943
885:145445935
869:0022-0027
831:154441890
823:0010-4140
731:0256-2804
689:0001-9887
529:Venezuela
480:Joe Biden
423:in 2003.
220:Symbolism
215:Indonesia
134:By region
2334:Archived
2303:Archived
2299:Newsweek
2272:Archived
2241:Archived
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2177:Archived
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2115:Archived
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2051:Archived
2018:Archived
1985:Archived
1952:Archived
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1718:Archived
1678:Archived
1662:results.
1649:Archived
1645:Politico
1615:Archived
1585:Archived
1581:ABC News
1555:Archived
1524:Archived
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1431:Archived
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773:Archived
735:Archived
647:Archived
606:Archived
543:See also
400:de facto
2369:3176972
2309:11 June
1897:Reuters
1306:HISTORY
697:4185874
411:Georgia
360:Belarus
288:scholar
202:before
180:Liberia
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116:parties
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355:Europe
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169:Africa
163:Since
159:Africa
2365:JSTOR
2268:Axios
881:S2CID
873:JSTOR
827:S2CID
693:JSTOR
650:(PDF)
635:(PDF)
510:by a
295:JSTOR
281:books
196:Niger
2391:ISBN
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2123:2020
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1993:2021
1960:2021
1935:2021
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1185:2020
1153:2024
1107:2023
1091:ISSN
1047:2023
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958:2020
927:2020
911:ISSN
907:2017
865:ISSN
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781:2020
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727:ISSN
685:ISSN
658:2020
614:2020
368:and
267:news
210:Asia
101:).
2357:doi
2330:CNN
2237:CNN
2111:CNN
1981:NPR
1923:NPR
1871:CNN
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