53:
701:
689:
611:
677:
564:
33:
756:) and illegal logging, ongoing in areas such as South Sumatra. A survey by the University of Muhammadiyah Palembang in 2008 estimated that in 25 years most of the natural forests will be depleted due to illegal logging. Projects by REDD are designed to tackle deforestation and protect forests from the encroachment of agriculture, benefitting biodiversity and improving the quality of the environment to surrounding villages.
2912:
293:
2901:
922:
767:, work with the Indonesian government to improve policies and spatial planning. They engage with the palm-oil industry, promoting best management practices in tropical peat swamp forests and ensuring the participation of local communities, who lack awareness about natural resource management. In the field, they work with communities to restore mangroves and peatlands.
648:
trees have now been removed from the areas covered by the MRP. What happened was not what had been expected: the channels drained the peat forests rather than irrigating them. Where the forests had often flooded up to 2 meters deep in the rainy season, now their surface is dry at all times of the year. The
Indonesian government has now abandoned the MRP.
590:. During the dry season, the peat remains waterlogged and pools remain among the trees. Water level on the peat is usually 20 cm (7.9 in) below the surface. however, during a severe El Nino, this water level might drop to 40 cm (16 in) below the surface and increase the risk of burning.
647:
and in part through burning. The water channels, and the roads and railways built for legal forestry, opened up the region to illegal forestry. In the MRP area, forest cover dropped from 64.8% in 1991 to 45.7% in 2000, and clearance has continued since then. It appears that almost all the marketable
626:
systems have thus also been reduced significantly. An understanding of the global importance of peat (and thus the urgency of maintaining peat swamp forests) and identifying alternative ways of making these areas productive in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner should have high priority
533:
Inland peat formation is highly affected by climate with little or no effect of sea level rise because it located around 15–20 m (49–66 ft) above sea level, where the most recent record of higher sea level was during about 125000 BP when sea level was 6 m above the modern level. Peat
1280:
Crezee, Bart; Dargie, Greta C.; Ewango, Corneille E. N.; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Emba B., Ovide; Kanyama T., Joseph; Bola, Pierre; Ndjango, Jean-Bosco N.; Girkin, Nicholas T.; Bocko, Yannick E.; Ifo, Suspense A.; Hubau, Wannes; Seidensticker, Dirk; Batumike, Rodrigue; Imani, Gérard (21 July 2022).
1199:
Rieley JO, Ahmad-Shah AA Brady MA (1996) The extent and nature of tropical peat swamps. In: Maltby E, Immirzi CP, Safford RJ (eds) Tropical lowland peatlands of
Southeast Asia, proceedings of a workshop on integrated planning and management of tropical lowland peatlands held at Cisarua, Indonesia,
621:
Peat swamp forests originally represented major ecosystems in
Indonesia and ranged between 16.5 and 27 million hectares. In their original state, Indonesian peat swamp forests released between 0.01 and 0.03 Gt of carbon annually. In recent years, however, these important ecosystems have
477:
by water plants, then transform into waterlogged swamp with grasses or shrubs, and eventually formed a forest that continues to grow and accumulate. Peat located on the fringing areas of domes in between domes might form through lateral expansion. This peat accumulation often forms a convex shape
670:(REDD) scheme. Rather than reducing deforestation—in terms of claiming carbon credits from REDD initiatives—peatland conservation and rehabilitation are more efficient undertakings, due to the much larger reduced emissions achievable per unit area and the much lower opportunity costs involved.
597:
with characteristics of high organic material content (70–99%). This carbon pool is stabilized by the low temperature on temperate peat, and by the water logging on tropical peat. Disturbances that change the temperature or the water content of the peat will release this stored carbon into the
655:
found that up to 2.57 billion tons of carbon were released to the atmosphere in 1997 as a result of burning peat and vegetation in
Indonesia. This is equivalent to 40% of the average annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels, and contributed greatly to the largest annual increase in
1660:
Page, S. E.; Wűst, R. A. J.; Weiss, D.; Rieley, J. O.; Shotyk, W.; Limin, S. H. (2004). "A record of Late
Pleistocene and Holocene carbon accumulation and climate change from an equatorial peat bog (Kalimantan, Indonesia): implications for past, present and future carbon dynamics".
542:
show a slow growth of 0.04 mm/y around 13000 BP when the climate was colder, then accelerated to 2.55mm/y around 9900 BP in warmer Early
Holocene, then slower again to 0.23–0.15 mm/y during intense El Nino. A similar pattern is observed in cores from Sentarum,
478:
called a dome, which could rise up to 4 m (13 ft) on coastal peat and up to 18 m (59 ft) on inland peat. At the beginning of its formation, peat is largely topogenous or minerotrophic, receiving high nutrient input from rivers or
716:
Attempts to preserve tropical peat swamp forests have been minimal in comparison to the widespread impact and devastation of commercial logging; in
Sarawak, logging is ongoing and planned to intensify in Brunei. One plan by the environmental NGO
783:
It has long been assumed that the peat underlying tropical peat swamp forests accumulates because the extreme conditions (waterlogged, nutrient poor, anaerobic and acidic) impede microbial activity. Studies in a tropical
Malaysian peat swamp
700:
486:, exclusively obtaining water from the precipitation Input only from the rain causes a low nutrient and mineral content, especially calcium. The peat thus becomes highly acidic and only able to support low biodiversity and stunted forest.
770:
Habitat disturbance caused by logging was shown to affect orangutan density within a mixed swamp forest. The presence of a very large, self-sustaining orangutan population in this region emphasizes the urgency for greater protection of
376:; they are among the largest near-surface reserves of terrestrial organic carbon. Tropical peat swamp forests, which have ecological importance, are one of the most threatened, yet least studied and most poorly understood biotypes.
820:, another plant species, were almost completely decomposed after one year. Thus it is intrinsic properties of the leaves (that are adaptations to deter herbivory in the nutrient poor environment) that impede microbial breakdown.
391:(ENSO) drought and large-scale fires are accelerating peatland devastation. Peat fires, drainage and deforestation enhances the decomposition of soil organic matter, increasing the release of stored carbon into the atmosphere as
571:
Peat swamp forest are unusual ecosystems, with trees reaching as high in 70 m (230 ft) in South East Asian ecoregions—vastly different from the peatlands of the north temperate and boreal zones (which are dominated by
446:). Peat in Indonesia is distributed over three islands, Sumatra (8.3 million ha), Kalimantan (6.3 million ha) and Papua (4.6 million ha). 36% of the world's tropical peat occurs in Africa's central Congo Basin.
1209:
Page SE, Rieley JO, Wüst R (2006) Lowland tropical peatlands of
Southeast Asia In: Martini IP, Martínez Cortizas A, Chesworth W (eds) Peatlands: Evolution and Records of Environmental and Climate Changes. Elsevier BV pp
1579:
Dommain, R.; Couwenberg, J.; Joosten, H. (2011). "Development and carbon sequestration of tropical peat domes in South-east Asia: links to post-glacial sea-level changes and
Holocene climate variability".
530:, this coastline moved inland as the ice sheet melted, and finally reached the level of modern coastline around 8500 BP. Thus, the oldest age of coastal peat in this region is less than 8500 years old.
547:, where the peat shows slower growth around 28-16000 BP, 13-3000 BP and on 5-3000 BP. While the slower growth from 28 to 16000 BP and 5-3000 BP is explained by a drier climate during this period due to
667:
1922:
Page, Susan E.; Siegert, Florian; Rieley, John O.; Boehm, Hans-Dieter V.; Jaya, Adi; Limin, Suwido (2002). "The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997".
666:
Indonesia contains 50% of tropical peat swamps and 10% of dry land in the world. They have the potential of playing an important role in mitigating global warming and climate change under the
643:
for conversion to agricultural land. Between 1996 and 1998, more than 4,000 kilometers of drainage and irrigation channels were dug, and deforestation accelerated in part through legal and
2941:
1704:
Anshari, G.; Peter Kershaw, A.; Van Der Kaars, S.; Jacobsen, G. (2004). "Environmental change and peatland forest dynamics in the Lake Sentarum area, West Kalimantan, Indonesia".
322:
1747:
Partin, J. W.; Cobb, K. M.; Adkins, J. F.; Clark, B. and Fernandez, D. P. (2007). "Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum".
2031:
Lewis, Simon L.; Ifo, Suspense A.; Bocko, Yannick E.; Page, Susan E.; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Miles, Lera; Rayden, Tim J.; Lawson, Ian T.; Dargie, Greta C. (16 January 2018).
2742:
1798:
1343:
Cameron, C. C.; Esterle, J. S.; Palmer, C. A. (1989). "The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes".
339:
372:; because the decomposition of the organic matter is slower than its production rate, the surplus accumulates as peat. Their stability has important implications for
1463:
Anshari, G. (2001). "A Late Pleistocene and Holocene pollen and charcoal record from peat swamp forest, Lake Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia".
231:
688:
2685:
660:
concentration detected since records began in 1957. Additionally, the 2002–03 fires released between 200 million to 1 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere.
2770:
2695:
1428:
Wösten, J.H.M.; Clymans, E.; Page, S.E.; Rieley, J.O.; Limin, S.H. (2008). "Peat–water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia".
498:, about 8000 years ago. Inland peat formed much earlier during the Late Pleistocene, more than 26000 BP. Coastal peat formation is highly affected by the
482:. As the peat thickens and the dome becomes elevated, the top of the peat is no longer affected by the river or groundwater input, instead they are becoming
1812:
Gagan, M. K.; Hendy, E. J.; Haberle, S. G.; Hantoro, W. S. (2004). "Post-glacial evolution of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and El Niño-Southern oscillation".
982:
414:
Tropical peat ecosystem are found in three regions: Central America, Africa and South East Asia. About 62% of the world's tropical peat lands occur in the
281:
315:
861:
676:
578:
mosses, grasses, sedges and shrubs). The spongy, unstable, waterlogged, anaerobic beds of peat can be up to 20 m (66 ft) deep with low
52:
2790:
2722:
2078:
663:
Indonesia is currently the world's third largest carbon emitter, to a large extent due to the destruction of its ancient peat swamp forests.
243:
398:
Tropical peat swamp forests are home to thousands of animals and plants, including many rare and critically endangered species such as the
308:
2785:
895:
706:
Borneo lowlands to the north-west and south-east shrouded with thick, grey smoke from dozens of fires in this satellite image from 2009
2105:
2956:
988:
248:
1991:
855:
753:
622:
been reduced through deforestation, drainage, and conversion to agricultural lands and other activities. Their current status as
2281:
847:
388:
2951:
993:
947:
342:
where waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing. Over time, this creates a thick layer of acidic
2936:
2795:
2510:
2234:
297:
2805:
87:
2690:
889:
598:
atmosphere, exacerbating human-made climate change. Estimation of carbon content of tropical peat ranges from 50
2012:
Hirano, Takashi. (29 November 2006). Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia.
1878:
Couwenberg, J.; Dommain, R.; Joosten, H. (2009). "Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands in south-east Asia".
2021:
Yule, Catherine M. (22 June 2008). Leaf litter decomposition in a tropical peat swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia.
2775:
582:(pH 2.9 – 4) and low nutrients, and the forest floor is seasonally flooded. The water is stained dark brown by the
196:
962:
956:
829:
722:
718:
640:
276:
264:
213:
165:
160:
155:
145:
140:
135:
117:
112:
82:
62:
2754:
851:
1150:
2465:
1175:
977:
800:
191:
2800:
2677:
2571:
2098:
1632:
812:
764:
738:
733:. About 6% of the original peat-forest area is contained within protected areas, the largest of which are
535:
1843:
Yule, C. M. (2010). "Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in Indo-Malayan peat swamp forests".
806:
2445:
1792:
875:
794:
652:
470:
36:
Satellite image of the island of Borneo on 19 August 2002, showing smoke from burning peat swamp forests
2032:
2705:
1999:
1931:
1817:
1756:
1713:
1670:
1624:
1589:
1553:
1544:
Smith, D. E.; Harrison, S.; Firth, C. R.; Jordan, J. T. (2011). "The early Holocene sea level rise".
1516:
1472:
1437:
1379:
1352:
1064:
730:
623:
527:
43:
1637:
785:
563:
349:
Peat swamp forests are typically surrounded by lowland rain forests on better-drained soils, and by
2885:
2536:
610:
365:
269:
150:
107:
27:
Tropical moist forests where waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing
2749:
2667:
2576:
2450:
2435:
2415:
2316:
2311:
1963:
1912:
Sorensen, Kim W. (September 1993). Indonesian peat swamp forests and their role as a carbon sink.
1895:
1860:
1780:
1729:
1686:
1407:
1399:
1090:
368:—much more than forests on mineral soil (i.e. non-peatland) contain. Peat formation is a natural
32:
2915:
2825:
2732:
2541:
2346:
2321:
2091:
2057:
1955:
1947:
1772:
1314:
1262:
1244:
1131:
1082:
636:
494:
Inland and coastal peat differ greatly in their age, where coastal peat formed during the mid
415:
203:
2546:
2500:
2460:
2341:
2150:
2047:
1939:
1887:
1852:
1825:
1764:
1721:
1678:
1642:
1597:
1561:
1524:
1480:
1445:
1391:
1360:
1304:
1294:
1252:
1236:
1121:
1072:
539:
427:
183:
506:
is tectonically stable, the sea level change in this area is only affected by the eustatic
2946:
2905:
2780:
2717:
2475:
2470:
2326:
2217:
927:
879:
644:
544:
511:
1615:
Woodroffe, S. A.; Horton, B.P. (2005). "Holocene sea-level changes in the Indo-Pacific".
1935:
1821:
1760:
1717:
1674:
1628:
1593:
1557:
1520:
1476:
1441:
1356:
1068:
2855:
2662:
2336:
1257:
1224:
734:
726:
548:
499:
474:
403:
392:
373:
238:
1829:
1484:
1283:"Mapping peat thickness and carbon stocks of the central Congo Basin using field data"
763:
and unsustainable palm oil expansion in Indonesia's peatlands, organizations, such as
2930:
2865:
2619:
2190:
1891:
1784:
1733:
1690:
1364:
1282:
1110:"Tropical peatlands under siege: the need for evidence-based policies and strategies"
1077:
968:
380:
1899:
1864:
1601:
1565:
1411:
1094:
502:
with strong accumulation around 8-4000 BP when El Nino is less intense. Because the
2850:
2636:
2551:
2286:
2276:
2239:
2170:
2145:
1967:
483:
593:
Peat forest contains high amount of carbon due to its soil nature, categorized as
1646:
1449:
2875:
2870:
2737:
2727:
2626:
2515:
2505:
2488:
2375:
2356:
2185:
2175:
2165:
1229:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1052:
941:
789:
503:
479:
455:
439:
369:
1299:
2835:
2531:
2495:
2361:
2351:
2254:
2229:
2222:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2079:
Envisat focuses on carbon-rich peat swamp forest fires (European Space Agency)
2052:
1856:
1126:
917:
883:
772:
639:(MRP), the government of Indonesia has drained over 1 million hectares of the
552:
463:
459:
2061:
1951:
1318:
1248:
1135:
1086:
2657:
2631:
2366:
2180:
2155:
2135:
1109:
837:
760:
745:
599:
507:
467:
419:
399:
1959:
1776:
1266:
1240:
1503:
Yu, Z.; Loisel, J.; Brosseau, D. P.; Beilman, D. W.; Hunt, S.e J. (2010).
1051:
Page, Susan E.; Rieley, John O.; Banks, Christopher J. (1 February 2011).
17:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2652:
2604:
2599:
2582:
2440:
2420:
2385:
2301:
2264:
2259:
1529:
1504:
1025:"The structure and development of the peat swamps of Sarawak and Burunei"
1024:
899:
869:
865:
841:
749:
594:
574:
495:
443:
423:
384:
354:
350:
1943:
1768:
1225:"Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp forest"
1223:
Page, S. E.; Rieley, J. O.; Shotyk, Ø W.; Weiss, D. (29 November 1999).
775:'s peat swamp forests in light of recent and rapid habitat degradation.
2880:
2860:
2425:
2390:
2212:
2114:
1403:
1309:
903:
515:
435:
2614:
2405:
2395:
2291:
1053:"Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool"
833:
615:
583:
519:
431:
58:
1725:
1682:
1395:
2455:
2410:
2400:
2380:
2331:
2296:
2271:
2244:
2140:
1108:
Murdiyarso, Daniel; Lilleskov, Erik; Kolka, Randy (1 April 2019).
609:
562:
31:
2609:
2430:
2306:
523:
361:
343:
2087:
694:
Satellite photograph of the haze above Borneo on 5 October 2006
346:. Large areas of these forests are being logged at high rates.
2249:
2160:
935:
816:) were barely decomposed by bacteria and fungi, the leaves of
1992:"RI's peat forests can play important role in climate change"
2033:"Congo Basin peatlands: threats and conservation priorities"
1980:
Mathai, J. (5 October 2009). Seeing REDD over deforestation.
668:
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
586:
that leach from the fallen leaves and peat – hence the name
2083:
1380:"The myth of the classic hydrosere model of bog succession"
950: – Abandoned agricultural project in Indonesian Borneo
944: – Land type during the late Carboniferous and Permian
579:
406:, whose habitats are threatened by peatland deforestation.
1505:"Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum"
387:
have greatly increased in South East Asia. In addition,
965: – Haze over the Southeast Asia region in mid-2006
959: – Haze over the Southeast Asia region in mid-1997
952:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
364:, which store and accumulate vast amounts of carbon as
2040:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
1114:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
1423:
1421:
973:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2818:
2763:
2704:
2676:
2645:
2592:
2564:
2524:
2128:
2121:
1465:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
682:Air pollution over Southeast Asia in October 1997
2942:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
454:Tropical peat forms on low-lying areas, such as
2686:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
792:, toxic leaves of endemic peat-forest plants (
2771:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
2696:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
2099:
1176:"Peatland Treasures – Wetlands International"
316:
8:
1797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1151:"What is peat swamp, and why should I care?"
788:peat swamp forest) showed that although the
379:Since the 1970s, tropical peat swamp forest
983:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
938: – Type of wetland with peat-rich soil
282:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
2710:
2125:
2106:
2092:
2084:
627:among scientists and policy-makers alike.
323:
309:
39:
2051:
1636:
1528:
1308:
1298:
1256:
1125:
1076:
721:is to preserve the peat swamp forest of
466:. The formation process usually follows
1200:3–8 July 1992. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
1008:
862:Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests
672:
473:steps, where the ponds or flooded area
256:
223:
175:
69:
42:
2791:Meadowview Biological Research Station
2723:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
1790:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1990:Priyambodo, RH, ed. (21 March 2011).
1345:International Journal of Coal Geology
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
244:Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014
7:
1218:
1216:
1046:
1044:
1042:
744:The main causes of deforestation in
510:, and during the glacial period the
2786:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
896:Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests
25:
998: – 2008 film by Cathy Henkel
989:Environmental issues in Indonesia
909:Brazil, Argentina (South America)
2911:
2910:
2899:
1892:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02016.x
1078:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x
920:
856:Democratic Republic of the Congo
754:palm oil production in Indonesia
699:
687:
675:
635:Over the past decade, under the
514:dried, causing Asian Peninsula,
292:
291:
232:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary
51:
2282:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1617:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
1602:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.018
1566:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.019
848:Eastern Congolian swamp forests
567:Peat swamp forest in Kalimantan
526:to become connected. After the
948:Mega Rice Project (Kalimantan)
759:To counter the destruction of
249:People's Movement to Stop Haze
1:
2806:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
2796:Society of Wetland Scientists
1845:Biodiversity and Conservation
1830:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00134-4
1706:Journal of Quaternary Science
1663:Journal of Quaternary Science
1485:10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00246-2
1029:Journal of Tropical Geography
712:Conservation and preservation
602:carbon to 88 Gt carbon.
2421:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
1647:10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.01.009
1509:Geophysical Research Letters
1450:10.1016/j.catena.2007.07.010
1365:10.1016/0166-5162(89)90049-9
1149:Bell, Loren (20 July 2014).
985: – Discussion of impact
389:El Niño Southern Oscillation
88:1997 Indonesian forest fires
2691:National Wetlands Inventory
1155:Mongabay Environmental News
1023:Anderson, J. A. R. (1963).
890:Sumatran peat swamp forests
2973:
2776:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
1582:Quaternary Science Reviews
1546:Quaternary Science Reviews
1384:Arctic and Alpine Research
1300:10.1038/s41561-022-00966-7
2894:
2713:
2053:10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8
1857:10.1007/s10531-008-9510-5
1127:10.1007/s11027-019-9844-1
963:2006 Southeast Asian haze
957:1997 Southeast Asian haze
830:Borneo peat swamp forests
719:Borneo Orangutan Survival
641:Borneo peat swamp forests
265:Air pollution in Malaysia
166:2019 Southeast Asian haze
161:2017 Southeast Asian haze
156:2016 Southeast Asian haze
146:2015 Southeast Asian haze
141:2013 Southeast Asian haze
136:2010 Southeast Asian haze
118:2009 Southeast Asian haze
113:2006 Southeast Asian haze
83:1997 Southeast Asian haze
2957:Agriculture in Indonesia
2755:Wetland indicator status
1814:Quaternary International
852:Central African Republic
2466:Freshwater swamp forest
1378:Klinger, L. F. (1996).
978:Deforestation in Borneo
739:Sabangau National Parks
725:using a combination of
2801:Wetlands International
2572:List of wetland plants
1241:10.1098/rstb.1999.0529
813:Stenochlaena palustris
801:Campnosperma coriaceum
765:Wetlands International
618:
568:
340:tropical moist forests
37:
2952:Forestry in Indonesia
2446:Salt pannes and pools
1880:Global Change Biology
1057:Global Change Biology
876:Ratargul Swamp Forest
653:European Space Agency
614:Peat swamp forest in
613:
566:
551:and the emergence of
35:
2937:Southeast Asian haze
1816:. 118–119: 127–143.
1552:(15–16): 1846–1860.
1530:10.1029/2010gl043584
731:debt-for-nature-swap
528:Last Glacial Maximum
44:Southeast Asian haze
2906:Wetlands portal
2537:Constructed wetland
2122:Types and landforms
1944:10.1038/nature01131
1936:2002Natur.420...61P
1822:2004QuInt.118..127G
1769:10.1038/nature06164
1761:2007Natur.449..452P
1718:2004JQS....19..637A
1675:2004JQS....19..625P
1629:2005JAESc..25...29W
1594:2011QSRv...30..999D
1558:2011QSRv...30.1846S
1521:2010GeoRL..3713402Y
1477:2001PPP...171..213A
1442:2008Caten..73..212W
1357:1989IJCG...12..105C
1235:(1391): 1885–1897.
1069:2011GCBio..17..798P
807:Pandanus atrocarpus
624:carbon sequestering
366:soil organic matter
360:They are a kind of
151:2016 Malaysian haze
108:2005 Malaysian haze
2750:Salt marsh die-off
2668:Salt marsh dieback
2577:List of fen plants
2416:Palustrine wetland
2317:Intertidal wetland
2312:Interdunal wetland
995:The Burning Season
795:Macaranga pruinosa
619:
569:
336:Peat swamp forests
38:
2924:
2923:
2826:Aquatic ecosystem
2814:
2813:
2733:Ramsar Convention
2560:
2559:
2542:Converted wetland
2484:Peat swamp forest
2347:Inland salt marsh
1588:(7–8): 999–1010.
1287:Nature Geoscience
971: – soil type
637:Mega Rice Project
588:blackwater swamps
430:, and pockets in
416:Indomalayan realm
333:
332:
209:Peat swamp forest
204:Mega Rice Project
16:(Redirected from
2964:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2886:Will-o'-the-wisp
2819:Related articles
2711:
2511:Whitewater river
2461:Coniferous swamp
2342:Freshwater marsh
2235:Clearwater river
2151:Blackwater river
2126:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1886:(6): 1715–1732.
1875:
1869:
1868:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1471:(3–4): 213–228.
1460:
1454:
1453:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1351:(1–4): 105–156.
1340:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1020:
974:
953:
930:
925:
924:
923:
818:M. tanarius
703:
691:
679:
651:A study for the
549:Heinrich Event I
540:South Kalimantan
428:Papua New Guinea
357:near the coast.
355:mangrove forests
325:
318:
311:
300:
295:
294:
184:Chemical equator
55:
40:
21:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2810:
2781:Ducks Unlimited
2759:
2718:Clean Water Act
2700:
2678:Classifications
2672:
2641:
2588:
2556:
2520:
2471:Mangrove forest
2117:
2112:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1930:(6911): 61–65.
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1789:
1755:(7161): 452–5.
1746:
1745:
1741:
1726:10.1002/jqs.879
1703:
1702:
1698:
1683:10.1002/jqs.884
1659:
1658:
1654:
1638:10.1.1.693.8047
1614:
1613:
1609:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1396:10.2307/1552080
1377:
1376:
1372:
1342:
1341:
1326:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1005:
972:
951:
928:Wetlands portal
926:
921:
919:
916:
880:Sylhet District
826:
781:
748:continue to be
714:
707:
704:
695:
692:
683:
680:
659:
645:illegal logging
633:
608:
561:
545:West Kalimantan
512:Karimata Strait
492:
490:South East Asia
452:
412:
329:
290:
233:
171:
170:
131:
123:
122:
103:
95:
94:
78:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Drainage basin
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2663:Paludification
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:Sapric or muck
2612:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2593:Soil mechanics
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Brackish marsh
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:External links
2071:
2068:
2067:
2046:(4): 669–686.
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:Antaranews.com
1982:
1973:
1914:
1905:
1870:
1851:(2): 393–409.
1835:
1804:
1739:
1712:(7): 637–655.
1696:
1669:(7): 625–635.
1652:
1607:
1571:
1536:
1490:
1455:
1436:(2): 212–224.
1417:
1370:
1324:
1293:(8): 639–644.
1272:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1167:
1141:
1120:(4): 493–505.
1100:
1063:(2): 798–818.
1038:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
991:
986:
980:
975:
966:
960:
954:
945:
939:
932:
931:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
893:
887:
873:
859:
845:
825:
822:
790:sclerophyllous
786:North Selangor
780:
777:
752:business (see
735:Tanjung Puting
727:carbon finance
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
698:
696:
693:
686:
684:
681:
674:
657:
656:atmospheric CO
632:
629:
607:
604:
560:
557:
500:sea level rise
491:
488:
451:
448:
411:
408:
404:Sumatran tiger
393:carbon dioxide
374:climate change
353:or salt-water
331:
330:
328:
327:
320:
313:
305:
302:
301:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
274:
273:
272:
259:
258:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
239:Operation Haze
236:
234:Haze Pollution
226:
225:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
206:
201:
200:
199:
194:
188:Deforestation
186:
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2969:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Riparian zone
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:Organizations
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:Tropical peat
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Várzea forest
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Polygonal bog
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
990:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
970:
969:Tropical peat
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
933:
929:
918:
913:
908:
905:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
877:
874:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
849:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
827:
823:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
796:
791:
787:
778:
776:
774:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
711:
702:
697:
690:
685:
678:
673:
671:
669:
664:
661:
654:
649:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
625:
617:
612:
605:
603:
601:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
565:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
476:
475:eutrophicated
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:deforestation
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
304:
303:
299:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
277:Singapore PSI
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
230:
229:
228:
227:
222:
215:
212:
211:
210:
207:
205:
202:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
174:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
127:
126:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
99:
98:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
19:
2851:List of bogs
2706:Conservation
2637:Ombrotrophic
2581:
2552:Water-meadow
2483:
2476:
2287:Grass valley
2277:Flood-meadow
2240:Cypress dome
2171:Cataract bog
2146:Beach meadow
2043:
2039:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1995:
1985:
1976:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1813:
1807:
1793:cite journal
1752:
1748:
1742:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1623:(1): 29–43.
1620:
1616:
1610:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1512:
1508:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1433:
1429:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1348:
1344:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1232:
1228:
1205:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1180:wetlands.org
1179:
1170:
1160:19 September
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1060:
1056:
1032:
1028:
994:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
782:
769:
758:
743:
715:
665:
662:
650:
634:
620:
606:In Indonesia
592:
587:
573:
570:
532:
493:
484:ombrotrophic
480:groundwaters
471:successional
456:river deltas
453:
413:
410:Distribution
397:
378:
359:
348:
335:
334:
208:
197:in Indonesia
29:
2876:Telmatology
2871:River delta
2738:Ramsar site
2728:Marsh organ
2627:Hydric soil
2506:Vernal pool
2489:Shrub swamp
2357:Tidal marsh
2186:Plateau bog
2176:Coastal bog
2166:Blanket bog
1515:(13): n/a.
1310:10023/26809
942:Coal forest
892:(Indonesia)
779:In Malaysia
631:The problem
534:cores from
504:Sunda Shelf
464:oxbow lakes
462:or shallow
460:floodplains
440:Philippines
370:carbon sink
2931:Categories
2836:Bog butter
2532:Bog garden
2525:Artificial
2496:Wet meadow
2362:High marsh
2352:Salt marsh
2255:Fen-meadow
2223:Alder carr
2206:Upland bog
2201:String bog
2196:Raised bog
1390:(1): 1–9.
1003:References
884:Bangladesh
824:Ecoregions
773:Kalimantan
176:Key topics
18:Peat swamp
2658:Hydrosere
2646:Processes
2632:Marsh gas
2477:Myristica
2367:Low marsh
2181:Kermi bog
2156:Bofedales
2136:Backswamp
2062:1573-1596
1952:1476-4687
1785:128764777
1734:129462980
1691:128632271
1633:CiteSeerX
1319:1752-0908
1249:0962-8436
1136:1573-1596
1087:1365-2486
838:Indonesia
761:mangroves
746:Indonesia
595:histosols
508:sea level
468:hydrosere
450:Formation
422:, 11% in
420:Indonesia
400:orangutan
224:Responses
192:in Borneo
2916:Category
2846:Bog-wood
2841:Bog iron
2831:Bog body
2653:Halosere
2605:Histosol
2600:Acrotelm
2583:Sphagnum
2441:Reed bed
2386:Moorland
2265:Rich fen
2260:Poor fen
2115:Wetlands
1960:12422213
1900:86148666
1865:21924837
1777:17898765
1412:56423055
1267:11605630
1185:15 April
1095:86121682
914:See also
900:Cambodia
870:Thailand
866:Malaysia
842:Malaysia
750:palm oil
575:Sphagnum
536:Sebangau
496:Holocene
444:Thailand
426:, 6% in
424:Malaysia
418:(80% in
385:drainage
362:peatland
351:brackish
298:Category
257:See also
57:Haze in
2881:Turbary
2861:Estuary
2436:Pothole
2426:Pocosin
2391:Mudflat
2230:Ciénega
2213:Callows
2129:Natural
1968:4379529
1932:Bibcode
1818:Bibcode
1757:Bibcode
1714:Bibcode
1671:Bibcode
1625:Bibcode
1590:Bibcode
1554:Bibcode
1517:Bibcode
1473:Bibcode
1438:Bibcode
1404:1552080
1353:Bibcode
1258:1692688
1210:145-172
1065:Bibcode
1035:: 7–16.
904:Vietnam
584:tannins
559:Ecology
553:El Niño
516:Sumatra
436:Vietnam
70:History
2947:Swamps
2451:Slough
2406:Pakihi
2396:Muskeg
2322:Kettle
2292:Guelta
2060:
2000:Antara
1966:
1958:
1950:
1924:Nature
1898:
1863:
1783:
1775:
1749:Nature
1732:
1689:
1635:
1430:CATENA
1410:
1402:
1317:
1265:
1255:
1247:
1134:
1093:
1085:
834:Brunei
616:Borneo
520:Borneo
442:, and
438:, the
432:Brunei
296:
214:Borneo
59:Borneo
46:series
2547:Swale
2516:Yaéré
2479:swamp
2456:Swamp
2411:Palsa
2401:Oasis
2381:Misse
2332:Marsh
2302:Igapó
2297:Hamun
2272:Flark
2245:Dambo
2141:Bayou
2036:(PDF)
1964:S2CID
1896:S2CID
1861:S2CID
1781:S2CID
1730:S2CID
1687:S2CID
1408:S2CID
1400:JSTOR
1091:S2CID
723:Mawas
130:2010s
102:2000s
77:1990s
2743:List
2610:Peat
2565:Life
2431:Pond
2376:Mere
2327:Lagg
2307:Ings
2218:Carr
2058:ISSN
1956:PMID
1948:ISSN
1799:link
1773:PMID
1315:ISSN
1263:PMID
1245:ISSN
1187:2018
1162:2023
1132:ISSN
1083:ISSN
737:and
729:and
524:Java
522:and
402:and
383:and
344:peat
338:are
63:2019
2250:Fen
2161:Bog
2048:doi
1940:doi
1928:420
1888:doi
1853:doi
1826:doi
1765:doi
1753:449
1722:doi
1679:doi
1643:doi
1598:doi
1562:doi
1525:doi
1481:doi
1469:171
1446:doi
1392:doi
1361:doi
1305:hdl
1295:doi
1253:PMC
1237:doi
1233:354
1122:doi
1073:doi
936:Bog
270:API
2933::
2056:.
2044:24
2042:.
2038:.
1998:.
1994:.
1962:.
1954:.
1946:.
1938:.
1926:.
1894:.
1884:16
1882:.
1859:.
1849:19
1847:.
1824:.
1795:}}
1791:{{
1779:.
1771:.
1763:.
1751:.
1728:.
1720:.
1710:19
1708:.
1685:.
1677:.
1667:19
1665:.
1641:.
1631:.
1621:25
1619:.
1596:.
1586:30
1584:.
1560:.
1550:30
1548:.
1523:.
1513:37
1511:.
1507:.
1493:^
1479:.
1467:.
1444:.
1434:73
1432:.
1420:^
1406:.
1398:.
1388:28
1386:.
1382:.
1359:.
1349:12
1347:.
1327:^
1313:.
1303:.
1291:15
1289:.
1285:.
1261:.
1251:.
1243:.
1231:.
1227:.
1215:^
1178:.
1153:.
1130:.
1118:24
1116:.
1112:.
1089:.
1081:.
1071:.
1061:17
1059:.
1055:.
1041:^
1033:18
1031:.
1027:.
1011:^
902:,
882:,
868:,
854:,
840:,
836:,
810:,
804:,
798:,
741:.
600:Gt
580:pH
555:.
538:,
518:,
458:,
434:,
395:.
61:,
2107:e
2100:t
2093:v
2064:.
2050::
2002:.
1970:.
1942::
1934::
1902:.
1890::
1867:.
1855::
1832:.
1828::
1820::
1801:)
1787:.
1767::
1759::
1736:.
1724::
1716::
1693:.
1681::
1673::
1649:.
1645::
1627::
1604:.
1600::
1592::
1568:.
1564::
1556::
1533:.
1527::
1519::
1487:.
1483::
1475::
1452:.
1448::
1440::
1414:.
1394::
1367:.
1363::
1355::
1321:.
1307::
1297::
1269:.
1239::
1189:.
1164:.
1138:.
1124::
1097:.
1075::
1067::
906:)
898:(
886:)
878:(
872:)
864:(
858:)
850:(
844:)
832:(
784:(
658:2
324:e
317:t
310:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
