2585:
2573:
2597:
765:
29:
250:
and solicit new investors. The strategy assumes that keeping on 9 employees in the medium term will leave sufficient funding to take PBMR to March 2013. The remaining employees will serve to end of
October 2010. Some funding is foreseen for dismantling of the PBMR fuel fabrication laboratories in 2011.
218:
Since its establishment in 1994, Pebble Bed
Modular Reactor (Pty) Ltd grew into one of the largest nuclear reactor design teams in the world. In addition to the core team of some 700 people at the PBMR head-office in Centurion near Pretoria, more than 600 people at universities, private companies and
249:
On 25 May 2010 the company announced to staff that it intends to implement a "Care and
Maintenance" Strategy. This involves the reduction of staff to 9. The stated purpose of the proposed structure is; preserve PBMR as a legal entity, preserve and optimise IP, preserve HTR license, preserve assets
160:
Heat from the PBMR can be used for a variety of industrial process applications, including process steam for cogeneration applications, in-situ oil sands recovery, ethanol applications, refinery and petrochemical applications. The high temperature heat can also be used to reform methane to produce
234:
In
February 2010 the South Africa government announced it had stopped funding the development of the pebble bed modular reactor, and PBMR (Pty) stated it was considering 75% cuts in staff. The decision was taken because no customer or investor for PBMR was found. Unresolved technical items, a
327:
A Pretoria-based South
African company created a variant of the PBMR reactor. The differences in the two reactors are the Stratek HTMR-100 reactor functions at a lower temperature (from 940°C to 750°C), the HTMR-100 reactor directs the heat into water to create steam in addition to being
222:
In 2006, the US Department of Energy awarded the PBMR consortium the primary contract for the first phase of its New
Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) project. The scope for the first phase of this contract, which has now been completed, was for the pre-conceptual engineering of a nuclear
172:
in that only small to mid-sized units will be designed. Larger power stations will be built by combining many of these modules. As of 2008, 400MWt was emerging as an optimum module size, considerably larger than the original concept size.
223:
co-generation plant for the production of electricity and hydrogen. Requests for proposals for the second phase of the NGNP project will soon be issued, to which the PBMR consortium will be responding within the next few months of 2009.
188:. "Each fuel pebble contains 9 g of uranium, and this holds enough generation capacity to sustain a family of four, for a year. Five tons of coal and up to 23 000 m of water will be required to generate one pebble's energy".
1348:
474:"Special report published by Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Ltd of South Africa on the High Temperature Reactor Conference (HTR) that was held from 28 September to 1 October 2008 in Washington D.C."
756:
Special report published by Pebble Bed
Modular Reactor (Pty) Ltd of South Africa on the High Temperature Reactor Conference (HTR) that was held from 28 September to 1 October 2008 in Washington D.C.
226:
In 2009 PBMR (Pty) announced that it was looking at employing the technology for process heat applications, and some pebble bed reactor contracts had been put on hold to prevent unnecessary spending
427:
1536:
1063:
1358:
2239:
137:
developed by South
African company PBMR (Pty) Ltd from 1994 until 2009. PBMR facilities include gas turbine and heat transfer labs at the Potchefstroom Campus of
755:
563:
473:
165:(where the syngas can be used as feedstock to produce hydrogen, ammonia and methanol); and to produce hydrogen and oxygen by decomposing water thermochemically.
1043:
601:
1365:
796:
157:
The PBMR is characterised by inherent safety features, which mean that no human error or equipment failure can cause an accident that would harm the public.
2633:
1131:
308:
Martin van Staden, Chief
Technical Officer and Director at PBMR, as Senior Vice President and responsible for the technical design of the Xe-100 reactor.
1634:
270:
9.244 billion (US$ 1.3 billion) had been invested in the PBMR project. Over 80% came from the South
African government, with smaller amounts from
243:
had discouraged potential investors. International banks refused to support the PBMR project by loans. PBMR's CEO resigned on March, 8th 2010.
1058:
431:
2628:
1880:
1797:
1873:
1343:
1308:
2495:
2079:
456:
264:
The NGNP project will continue on HTGRs with prismatic fuel elements, not with pebbles as in PBMR, as was announced in February 2012.
1159:
1038:
523:
387:
500:
2389:
2254:
789:
2332:
2166:
2004:
1768:
1646:
1303:
1164:
2322:
2171:
1629:
722:
564:"A safety re-evaluation of the AVR pebble bed reactor operation and its consequences for future HTR concepts (archived copy)"
760:
145:, a high pressure and temperature helium test rig, as well as a prototype fuel fabrication plant. A planned test reactor at
602:"Address by the Minister of Public Enterprises, Barbara Hogan, to the National Assembly, on the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor"
2096:
1929:
1353:
1281:
275:
254:
146:
2601:
405:
357:
246:
In May 2010 Westinghouse withdrew from the PBMR consortium, which led to an end of the South African engagement in NGNP.
2623:
2439:
2176:
1885:
1639:
1136:
2589:
2502:
2474:
2431:
2396:
2234:
2061:
1999:
1824:
1728:
1614:
1082:
782:
622:
570:
480:
605:
236:
316:
2282:
1961:
1479:
1436:
1288:
1934:
2577:
2259:
1868:
1651:
452:
2507:
2349:
2249:
2161:
1370:
1256:
1216:
1028:
203:
184:
coated low enriched uranium oxide fuel particles. There are 15000 fuel particles per fuel sphere the size of a
2128:
2379:
2354:
1968:
1745:
1551:
1474:
1431:
1414:
1375:
1298:
541:
2244:
1531:
1075:
460:
2538:
2274:
2229:
1691:
1619:
1546:
1541:
1506:
1293:
1261:
1048:
975:
305:
Eben Mulder, Chief Scientific Officer at PBMR, as Senior Vice President and Chief Scientist at X-energy.
138:
2449:
2423:
2224:
2209:
1526:
1484:
1320:
1226:
1154:
750:
2548:
2384:
2359:
2144:
1738:
1606:
1409:
1266:
1033:
995:
828:
344:
258:
2528:
2264:
2101:
2028:
1839:
1489:
1459:
1443:
1426:
1070:
960:
908:
858:
805:
267:
134:
64:
1596:
1389:
1276:
1251:
1189:
1146:
990:
985:
980:
823:
723:"HTMR-100 team aim for pebble bed SMR in South Africa : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News"
207:
177:
2444:
1499:
1464:
1221:
1211:
1099:
1087:
928:
923:
913:
903:
898:
453:
IAEA Technical Committee Meeting on “Gas Turbine Power Conversion Systems for Modular HTGRs”
2084:
1924:
1863:
2412:
2342:
2302:
1829:
1756:
1584:
1570:
1494:
1469:
1315:
1108:
1000:
965:
843:
833:
1834:
527:
391:
2317:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2037:
1944:
1913:
1895:
1419:
1325:
1271:
1236:
1169:
1116:
970:
863:
848:
838:
2617:
2482:
1773:
1179:
1020:
200:
185:
2048:
1184:
1126:
1053:
1005:
875:
2459:
2106:
1696:
1203:
1174:
240:
192:
328:
helium-cooled. The HTMR-100 reactor is also smaller, with an output of 35 MWe.
311:
Theo Odendaal as the Director of Environmental Safety & Health at X-energy.
672:
409:
2454:
1817:
1807:
935:
888:
853:
142:
2312:
697:
2543:
2337:
2186:
2181:
2121:
1790:
1718:
1701:
1686:
1661:
1404:
893:
296:
647:
2512:
2464:
2327:
2307:
1706:
1681:
1121:
1010:
952:
940:
918:
883:
28:
2116:
2111:
2091:
2071:
2056:
1939:
1676:
1656:
1624:
774:
279:
162:
459:, Vienna (Austria). Technical Working Group on Gas-Cooled Reactors.
1666:
2533:
2490:
2153:
2009:
1812:
1802:
301:
About a dozen employees at PBMR later joined X-energy, including:
271:
181:
2014:
1903:
1713:
1671:
345:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-PBMR_postponed-1109092.html
196:
2409:
1581:
1568:
778:
1987:
1851:
455:, held from 14–16 November 2000 in Palo Alto, California.
428:"Fuel for thought – PBMR fuel set for year-end production"
253:
In Sept 2010 the SA govt announced that in future, the
206:. The core design is annular with a centre column as a
604:. South African Government Information. Archived from
501:"Second thoughts on South Africa's pebble-bed reactor"
278:(4.9%), Industrial Development Corporation (4.9%) and
117:
623:"Whatever became of the PBMR? - Modern Power Systems"
235:
substantial increase of costs and a 2008 report from
219:
research institutes were involved with the project.
2521:
2473:
2430:
2372:
2273:
2203:
2152:
2143:
2070:
2036:
2027:
1986:
1979:
1959:
1912:
1894:
1850:
1755:
1737:
1605:
1519:
1452:
1397:
1388:
1336:
1244:
1235:
1202:
1145:
1107:
1098:
1019:
951:
874:
816:
526:. Nuclear Engineering International. Archived from
390:. Nuclear Engineering International. Archived from
364:. Progressive Media International. 10 February 2020
113:
103:
95:
85:
75:
59:
51:
43:
35:
1537:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
503:. Nuclear Engineering International. 2 April 2017
381:
379:
99:Design, Project Management and Related Services
495:
493:
421:
419:
2240:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
790:
8:
21:
358:"South Africa seeks to revive PBMR project"
2406:
2217:
2149:
2033:
1983:
1976:
1752:
1578:
1565:
1394:
1241:
1104:
813:
797:
783:
775:
27:
20:
239:about major problems in operation of the
180:by graphite fuel spheres each containing
91:CEO: Alex Tsela (acting since March 2010)
771:, describing PBMR development 1994–2002.
595:
593:
591:
337:
2167:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
544:. World Nuclear News. 18 February 2010
2172:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
617:
615:
7:
2596:
673:"Dr. Martin van Staden - Leadership"
426:Esmarie Swanepoel (10 August 2007).
347:World Nuclear News 11 September 2009
199:in Germany, but modified to drive a
22:Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Ltd
16:South African nuclear reactor design
2177:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
600:Barbara Hogan (16 September 2010).
2634:Nuclear technology in South Africa
1137:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
457:International Atomic Energy Agency
430:. Engineering News. Archived from
14:
1160:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
1059:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
362:Nuclear Engineering International
257:will concentrate on conventional
2595:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2260:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
1349:Historical stockpiles and tests
2250:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1132:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
648:"Dr. Eben Mulder - Leadership"
317:Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation
1:
2578:Nuclear technology portal
386:Steve Thomas (1 April 2009).
255:South African nuclear program
241:German pebble bed reactor AVR
147:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
2440:Field-reversed configuration
2050:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
698:"Theo Odendaal - Leadership"
461:IAEA-TECDOC—1238, pp:102–113
191:The concept is based on the
133:) is a particular design of
2629:Nuclear power reactor types
2397:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1344:States with nuclear weapons
406:"process heat applications"
315:Other employees joined the
81:South Africa, International
2650:
2235:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1359:Tests in the United States
768:PBMR design for the future
727:www.world-nuclear-news.org
627:www.modernpowersystems.com
542:"PBMR facing massive cuts"
524:"PBMR (Pty)'s Perspective"
408:. PBMR Ltd. Archived from
294:
127:Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
2565:
2420:
2360:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
2255:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
2220:
2062:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
1592:
1577:
1564:
812:
26:
2265:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
1881:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1217:Electron-beam processing
237:Forschungszentrum JĂĽlich
214:PBMR (Pty) Ltd – history
204:closed-cycle gas turbine
176:The PBMR is fuelled and
109:Est. 900, reduction to 9
2380:Organic nuclear reactor
1552:Nuclear power phase-out
1475:Nuclear decommissioning
1415:Reactor-grade plutonium
1165:Targeted alpha-particle
1044:Accidents and incidents
1542:Anti-nuclear movement
608:on 21 September 2013.
522:PBMR (1 April 2009).
139:North-West University
2450:Reversed field pinch
2245:Traveling-wave (TWR)
1729:Supercritical (SCWR)
1227:Gemstone irradiation
761:Proceedings HTR 2004
486:on 1 September 2009.
412:on 16 February 2012.
259:light water reactors
2624:Pebble bed reactors
1615:Aqueous homogeneous
1410:Reprocessed uranium
1083:Safety and security
434:on 19 February 2012
388:"PBMR: hot or not?"
118:http://www.pbmr.com
105:Number of employees
23:
2529:Dense plasma focus
1444:Actinide chemistry
909:Isotope separation
806:Nuclear technology
576:on 11 January 2012
135:pebble bed reactor
65:Centurion, Gauteng
2611:
2610:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2508:Magnetized-target
2405:
2404:
2368:
2367:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2139:
2138:
2023:
2022:
1955:
1954:
1560:
1559:
1515:
1514:
1384:
1383:
1371:Weapon-free zones
1198:
1197:
1190:Radiopharmacology
230:Wind down in 2010
208:neutron reflector
123:
122:
2641:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2486:
2445:Levitated dipole
2415:
2407:
2355:Helium gas (GFR)
2218:
2213:
2150:
2034:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1587:
1579:
1571:Nuclear reactors
1566:
1465:High-level (HLW)
1395:
1242:
1222:Food irradiation
1212:Atomic gardening
1105:
1088:Nuclear meltdown
914:Nuclear material
904:Fissile material
899:Fertile material
814:
799:
792:
785:
776:
738:
737:
735:
733:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
694:
688:
687:
685:
683:
669:
663:
662:
660:
658:
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
619:
610:
609:
597:
586:
585:
583:
581:
575:
569:. Archived from
568:
560:
554:
553:
551:
549:
538:
532:
531:
530:on 13 June 2011.
519:
513:
512:
510:
508:
497:
488:
487:
485:
479:. Archived from
478:
469:
463:
450:
444:
443:
441:
439:
423:
414:
413:
402:
396:
395:
394:on 13 June 2011.
383:
374:
373:
371:
369:
354:
348:
342:
31:
24:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2572:
2570:
2553:
2517:
2484:
2469:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2364:
2269:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2191:
2135:
2066:
2041:
2019:
1991:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1951:
1917:
1908:
1890:
1855:
1846:
1760:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1647:Natural fission
1601:
1600:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1556:
1532:Nuclear weapons
1511:
1470:Low-level (LLW)
1448:
1380:
1332:
1231:
1194:
1141:
1094:
1015:
947:
870:
808:
803:
747:
742:
741:
731:
729:
721:
720:
716:
706:
704:
696:
695:
691:
681:
679:
671:
670:
666:
656:
654:
646:
645:
641:
631:
629:
621:
620:
613:
599:
598:
589:
579:
577:
573:
566:
562:
561:
557:
547:
545:
540:
539:
535:
521:
520:
516:
506:
504:
499:
498:
491:
483:
476:
471:
470:
466:
451:
447:
437:
435:
425:
424:
417:
404:
403:
399:
385:
384:
377:
367:
365:
356:
355:
351:
343:
339:
334:
325:
299:
293:
288:
232:
216:
155:
149:was not built.
106:
88:
78:
71:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Muon-catalyzed
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Integral (IFR)
2227:
2221:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1735:
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1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:Uranium mining
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:Minor actinide
1417:
1412:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
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1117:Autoradiograph
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839:Atomic nucleus
836:
831:
826:
820:
818:
810:
809:
804:
802:
801:
794:
787:
779:
773:
772:
763:
758:
753:
751:PBMR (Pty) Ltd
746:
745:External links
743:
740:
739:
714:
689:
664:
639:
611:
587:
555:
533:
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397:
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349:
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323:Stratek Global
321:
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295:Main article:
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154:
153:Reactor design
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2496:electrostatic
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2276:
2275:Generation IV
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2225:Breeder (FBR)
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2222:
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2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1946:
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1528:
1527:Nuclear power
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1507:Transmutation
1505:
1501:
1498:
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1304:high-altitude
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1294:Proliferation
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1180:Brachytherapy
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1007:
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987:
984:
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979:
977:
976:Cross section
974:
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964:
962:
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942:
939:
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865:
862:
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857:
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850:
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845:
842:
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837:
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827:
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494:
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468:
465:
462:
458:
454:
449:
446:
433:
429:
422:
420:
416:
411:
407:
401:
398:
393:
389:
382:
380:
376:
363:
359:
353:
350:
346:
341:
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331:
329:
322:
320:
318:
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198:
194:
189:
187:
186:billiard ball
183:
179:
174:
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128:
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84:
80:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
2600:
2588:
2569:
2549:Pyroelectric
2503:Laser-driven
2283:Sodium (SFR)
2210:fast-neutron
2049:
1595:
1485:Reprocessing
1366:WMD treaties
1185:Radiosurgery
1155:Fast-neutron
1127:Scintigraphy
767:
766:Abstract of
730:. Retrieved
726:
717:
705:. Retrieved
701:
692:
680:. Retrieved
676:
667:
655:. Retrieved
651:
642:
630:. Retrieved
626:
606:the original
578:. Retrieved
571:the original
558:
546:. Retrieved
536:
528:the original
517:
505:. Retrieved
481:the original
467:
448:
436:. Retrieved
432:the original
410:the original
400:
392:the original
366:. Retrieved
361:
352:
340:
326:
314:
300:
276:Westinghouse
266:
263:
252:
248:
245:
233:
225:
221:
217:
190:
175:
169:
168:The PBMR is
167:
159:
156:
130:
126:
124:
70:South Africa
60:Headquarters
36:Company type
18:
2460:Stellarator
2424:confinement
2318:Superphénix
2145:Molten-salt
2097:VHTR (HTGR)
1874:HW BLWR 250
1840:R4 Marviken
1769:Pressurized
1739:Heavy water
1723:many others
1652:Pressurized
1607:Light water
1309:underground
1267:Disarmament
1175:Tomotherapy
1170:Proton-beam
1034:Power plant
996:Temperature
829:Engineering
193:AVR reactor
77:Area served
39:Engineering
2618:Categories
2485:(acoustic)
2102:PBR (PBMR)
1490:Spent fuel
1480:Repository
1460:Fuel cycle
1427:Activation
1204:Processing
1071:Propulsion
1029:by country
961:Activation
332:References
87:Key people
2455:Spheromak
2154:Fluorides
1818:IPHWR-700
1813:IPHWR-540
1808:IPHWR-220
1597:Moderator
1277:Explosion
1252:Arms race
1039:Economics
991:Reflector
986:Radiation
981:Generator
936:Plutonium
889:Deuterium
854:Radiation
824:Chemistry
178:moderated
143:Pelindaba
141:, and at
2590:Category
2544:Polywell
2475:Inertial
2432:Magnetic
2187:TMSR-LF1
2182:TMSR-500
2162:Fuji MSR
2122:THTR-300
1962:Graphite
1825:PHWR KWU
1791:ACR-1000
1719:IPWR-900
1702:ACPR1000
1697:HPR-1000
1687:CPR-1000
1662:APR-1400
1453:Disposal
1405:Actinide
1398:Products
1257:Delivery
1100:Medicine
929:depleted
924:enriched
894:Helium-3
859:ionizing
702:X-energy
677:X-energy
652:X-energy
548:16 March
297:X-energy
291:X-energy
282:(1.1%).
274:(8.8%),
96:Services
44:Industry
2602:Commons
2513:Z-pinch
2483:Bubble
2465:Tokamak
2328:FBR-600
2308:CFR-600
2303:BN-1200
1969:coolant
1896:Organic
1781:CANDU 9
1778:CANDU 6
1746:coolant
1707:ACP1000
1682:CAP1400
1620:Boiling
1585:Fission
1432:Fission
1376:Weapons
1316:Warfare
1299:Testing
1289:History
1282:effects
1237:Weapons
1147:Therapy
1122:RadBall
1109:Imaging
1001:Thermal
966:Capture
953:Neutron
941:Thorium
919:Uranium
884:Tritium
864:braking
844:Fission
834:Physics
817:Science
732:24 June
707:20 June
682:20 June
657:20 June
632:20 June
580:15 June
507:6 April
201:Brayton
170:modular
114:Website
52:Founded
47:Nuclear
2413:Fusion
2373:Others
2313:Phénix
2298:BN-800
2293:BN-600
2288:BN-350
2117:HTR-PM
2112:HTR-10
2092:UHTREX
2057:Magnox
2052:(UNGG)
1945:Lucens
1940:KS 150
1677:ATMEA1
1657:AP1000
1640:Kerena
1520:Debate
1272:Ethics
1262:Design
1245:Topics
1076:rocket
1054:Fusion
1049:Policy
1011:Fusion
971:Poison
849:Fusion
472:PBMR.
438:15 May
368:18 May
286:Legacy
280:Exelon
163:syngas
2534:Migma
2522:Other
2491:Fusor
2390:Piqua
2385:Arbus
2343:PRISM
2085:MHR-T
2080:GTMHR
2010:EGP-6
2005:AMB-X
1980:Water
1925:HWGCR
1864:HWLWR
1803:IPHWR
1774:CANDU
1635:ESBWR
1390:Waste
1354:Tests
1337:Lists
1321:Yield
1064:MMRTG
1021:Power
574:(PDF)
567:(PDF)
484:(PDF)
477:(PDF)
272:Eskom
182:TRISO
2350:Lead
2333:CEFR
2323:PFBR
2205:None
2015:RBMK
2000:AM-1
1930:EL-4
1904:WR-1
1886:AHWR
1830:MZFR
1798:CVTR
1787:AFCR
1714:VVER
1672:APWR
1667:APR+
1630:ABWR
1500:cask
1495:pool
1437:LLFP
1326:TNTe
1006:Fast
876:Fuel
734:2023
709:2023
684:2023
659:2023
634:2023
582:2015
550:2010
509:2017
440:2009
370:2021
197:THTR
195:and
131:PBMR
125:The
55:1994
2422:by
2338:PFR
2129:PMR
2107:AVR
2029:Gas
1967:by
1935:KKN
1869:ATR
1784:EC6
1744:by
1692:EPR
1625:BWR
2620::
2072:He
2038:CO
1914:CO
1835:R3
725:.
700:.
675:.
650:.
625:.
614:^
590:^
492:^
418:^
378:^
360:.
319:.
261:.
210:.
68:,
2212:)
2208:(
2040:2
1992:O
1990:2
1988:H
1916:2
1856:O
1854:2
1852:H
1761:O
1759:2
1757:D
798:e
791:t
784:v
736:.
711:.
686:.
661:.
636:.
584:.
552:.
511:.
442:.
372:.
268:R
129:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
