Roof tiles - Knowledge (XXG)

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In order to reduce the high shipping cost for his tile, Kroher adopted a 'do-it-yourself' method of tile manufacture for some time, where he sold a supply of cement and the necessary tools for a home-builder to create their own tiles. This had the disadvantage that cement was prepared by amateurs and

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In Indonesia, approximately 90% of houses in Java island use clay roof tile. Traditionally, Javanese architecture use clay roof tiles. However, it was not until late 19th century that houses of commoners in Java and Bali started using roof tiles. The Dutch colonial administration encouraged the usage

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Tapered flat roof tiles have been used in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia since at least the 9th or 10th century CE, with widespread adoption after the 14th century, commonly to roof traditional Buddhist temple architecture. These shingle tiles have flat elongated bodies with a bent upper end for hooking

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Cement tiles typically are colored either through the use of a pigment added to the cement body, or through a concentrated slurry coat of cement-infused pigment on the outside of the tiles. Due to the simple production process and comparatively low firing temperature, cement tiles fade over time and

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The spread of the roof-tile technique has to be viewed in connection with the simultaneous rise of monumental architecture in Ancient Greece. Only the newly appearing stone walls, which were replacing the earlier mudbrick and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof. As a

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Clay tile porosity can range greatly depending on quality of production, but some manufacturers can achieve less than 2% moisture absorption. Concrete roof tiles tend to feature around 13% moisture absorption, which requires periodic resealing every 3–7 years to avoid critical failure. The inherent

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conditions or salt air intrusion. During a freeze-thaw cycle, water that infiltrates a tile will see volume expansions of 9% upon freezing, which exerts pressure within any pores it manages to enter and causes cracks to grow. When the ice melts, water spreads further into those cracks and will

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Dating to the 1840s, interlocking tiles are the newest category of roofing tile and one of the widest ranging in appearance. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of a ridge for interlocking with one another. This allows them to provide a high ratio of roof area to number of tiles used. Many

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have been seen on structures dating to the 1500s when city rulers in Holland required the use of fireproof materials. At the time, most houses were made of wood and had thatch roofing, which would often cause fires to spread quickly. To satisfy demand, many small roof-tile makers began to produce

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Graduated roof tiles are tiles designed to "graduate" in size from top to bottom, with smaller tiles at the top and larger ones at the bottom. They are necessary when installing a tile roof on a tower, cone, or dome and need to be specially designed for each roof they are used on for effective

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tile which appears to be a regular tile from street level but is transparent to sunlight when viewed straight on. Tesla later acquired SolarCity and the solar shingle product was described as "a flop" in 2019. The company later dropped their claim that their tiles were three times as strong as

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in Uttar Pradesh provide early evidence of roof tiles. They became more common during the iron age and the early historic period during the first millennium BCE. These early roof tiles were flat tiles and rounded or bent tiles, a form that was widespread across the Ganga Valley and the Indian

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For a while after the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the manufacture of tile for roofs and decoration diminished in Northern Europe. In the twelfth century clay, slate, and stone roofing tile began to see more use, initially on abbeys and royal palaces. Their use was later encouraged within

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Clay and slate tiles are stable materials and naturally resistant to chemical decomposition, however plastic composite tiles and concrete tiles will experience inevitable decay over time. As a result of this, high-quality clay and slate tiles have a proven lifespan of over 100 years, whereas

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are now commonly used to replicate the appearance of historic firing variation, using a thin colored ceramic coating which chemically bonds to the tile to provide any range of matte colors to the fired tiles while allowing consistent firing conditions. Glazes are used when a shinier

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It is commonly believed that a porous clay tile can be waterproofed through the application of a glaze, however studies have showed that this is not the case. If a clay body contains significant pores, water will permeate them over time regardless of exterior coating.

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can have symbolic meanings, with different figures representing concepts such as spirituality, longevity, happiness, and enlightenment. The five elements of fire, water, wood, metal and earth were common decorations during the Three Kingdoms period, and during the

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synthetic and concrete tiles usually have a practical lifespan of 30–50 years. In the case of synthetic plastic tiles, this is purely an estimation since the oldest products on the market date to around 2000. The main cause of plastic tile decay is exposure to

371:. Early Greek roof-tiles were of the imbrex and tebula style. While more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatch, their introduction has been explained by their greatly enhanced fire-resistance which gave desired protection to the costly temples. 3135: 1405: 1031:

and began to experiment with the material, developing a diamond-shaped interlocking pattern of concrete tile which became one of his company's primary profiles. He also manufactured a concrete pantile similar to the Scandinavian style of clay tile.

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The color of slate tiles is a result of the amount and type of iron and organic material that are present, and most often ranges from light to dark gray. Some shades of slate used for roofing can be shades of green, red, black, purple, and brown.

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The concrete tile industry grew and spread internationally through the early 20th century, driven by its cheapness to produce at scale. Researchers considered concrete tile inferior to clay tile, largely due to its fundamental weaknesses of

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tiles could only be produced with a tile press and were more cost effective than comparable vernacular styles. Through the rest of the 19th century many companies began refining and developing further versions of interlocking tiles.

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Plastic tiles are colored through the incorporation of synthetic dyes added to them during molding. As a result of their reactive chemical composition they can suffer degradation from UV rays and fade after a few years of use.

850:. They are a clay tile with alternate vertical joints which interlock to allow for high surface coverage. Along with their ridges, these tiles are distinguished by their double-barrel surface, helping for effective drainage. 280:

In many cases interlocking tile is designed to imitate other patterns of tile, such as flat shingles or pantiles, which can make it difficult to identify from the ground without inspecting an individual tile for a ridge.

1316:, specific clay composition, and length of the firing cycle. Despite the common conception of clay tiles being fragile, higher-grade manufacturers produce tiles with breaking strengths ranging from 700 to 1500 pounds. 867:

is the earliest known interlocking profile and marks a significant shift in the design of roofing tile. Prior to this tile most roofing tile profiles could be hand made without the need for large-scale machines, but

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Clay roof tiles historically gained their color purely from the clay that they were composed of, resulting in largely red, orange, and tan colored roofs. Over time some cultures, notably in Asia, began to apply

737:. Spanish and French colonists brought their designs and styles of roofing tile to areas they settled along what are now the southern United States and Mexico, with Spanish-influenced tile fragments found in 224:

are similar to mission tiles except that they consolidate the pan and cover into a single piece. This allows for greater surface area coverage with fewer tiles, and fewer cracks that could lead to leakage.

1417: 468:, which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century. 827:

These conditions combined to bring a significant expansion in the use of roof tile, with a shift from regional and hand-produced tile to patented and machine-made tile sold by large-scale companies.

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Plastic tiles, marketed as composite or synthetic tiles, became available towards the end of the 20th century. Their exact invention date is unclear, but most became available around the year 2000.

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Concrete tiles became more widespread in Germany over the next few decades after manufacturers such as Jörgen Peter Jörgensen and Hartwig Hüser began producing interlocking and overlapping designs.

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In spite of improving manufacturing methods, clay tile fell out of favor within the United States around the 1820s, and cheaper alternatives such as wood shingle and slate tile became more common.

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The roof is all ablaze with scarlet and green and blue and yellow and all the colors that are, so brilliantly varnished that it glitters like crystal and the color of it can be seen from far away.

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of roof tiles to increase hygiene. Before the mass usage of roof tiles in Java and Bali, commoners of both of islands used thatched or nipa roof like the inhabitants of other Indonesian islands.

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and tile-works constructed as far west and north as Spain and Britain. Early records suggest that brick and tile-works were considered under the control of the Roman state for a period of time.

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The Gilardoni brothers built a factory in 1835 and it is believed they took out a patent on their first design of interlocking clay tile in 1841, with a new design patented ten years later.

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appearance is desired. Like their clay base, both engobes and glazes are fully impervious to color fading regardless of UV exposure, which makes them unique among artificial colorants.

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end or apex of a roof. In some cases these can be highly decorative, taking the form of a sculpture or figurine, while in others they can be more practical and architectural in nature.

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Roman imbrex and tebula roofs generally avoided the use of nails and were instead held in place through gravity, it is possible that this was one of the reasons their tile was found on

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Early examples of this profile were created by bending a piece of clay over a worker's thigh, which resulted in the semi-circular curve. This could add a taper to one end of the tile.

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Peninsula, suggesting that it was an essential architectural element of this period. This early form of roof tiles also influenced roof tiles of neighboring Nepal and Sri lanka.

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Dutch settlers first imported tile to their settlements in what are now the Northeastern United States, and had established full-scale production of roofing tiles in the upper

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In Britain, tiles were also used to provide weather protection to the sides of timber frame buildings, a practice known as tile hanging. Another form of this is the so-called

2633:"Effect of Roof Tile Colour on Heat Conduction Transfer, Roof-Top Surface Temperature and Cooling Load in Modern Residential Buildings under the Tropical Climate of Malaysia" 1279:, which creates a chalky deposit on the outside of the tiles. While not detrimental to the strength or durability of the cement tiles, this effect is considered unappealing. 1393: 110: 1300:

porosity of cement requires that cement tiles are made very heavy and thick, as a result they have continuously been one of the heaviest roofing materials in the market.

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Beginning around the mid-1800s, expanding industrial production allowed for more efficient and large-scale production of clay roofing tile. At the same time, increasing

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In early designs tegula were perfectly flat, however over time they were designed to have ridges along their edges to channel water away from the gaps between tiles.

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Plastic tiles are generally designed to imitate slate or clay tiles, and achieve their color through synthetic dyes added to the plastic. They are produced through

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Unlike other types of tiles, which can in some cases be produced through a variety of methods, interlocking tiles can only be manufactured on a large scale with a

439:. Early tiles produced in Britain followed the Roman imbrex and tebula style, but also included flat shingle tiles, which could be produced with less experience. 405:. They were a common feature in Roman cities, despite the fact that a single tile would often cost the equivalent of 1.5 day's wages. Tiles were commonly used as 1703:

Ione Mylonas Shear, "Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek-Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul åström",

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in 1889, and was unique due to its diagonally interlocking structure and design allowing for more installation flexibility than other interlocking tile designs.

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then apply more stress to them upon the next freeze. A similar effect can be seen in areas near the ocean that experience salt-air intrusion, which can lead to

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Metal roof tiles made of gold, silver, bronze and copper are restricted to religious architecture in South Asia. A notable temple with golden roof tiles is the

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The durability of roofing tiles varies greatly based on material composition and manufacture. Durability is directly related to three factors; a resistance to

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Yijing Xu; Jing Zhou; Jianlong Zhao; Guoke Chen; Wen Li; Mingzhi Ma; Francesca Monteith; Shengyu Liu; Minghao Peng; Andrew Bevan; Hai Zhang (19 May 2023).

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are a semi-cylindrical two-piece tile system, composed of a pan and cover. Unlike the imbrex and tegula both the pan and cover of Mission tile are arched.

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Ridge pieces are laid upon the very top ridge of a roof, where the planes of a pitched roof meet. This section is usually parallel to the ground beneath.

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Medieval towns as a means of preventing the spread of fire. Simple flat shingle tiles became common during this period due to their ease of manufacture.

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roof tiles by hand. The Scandinavian style of roof tile is a variation on the pantile which features a subdued "S" shape reminiscent of an ocean wave.

1359:. Many producers have shifted away from this process since low firing temperatures typically result in a higher porosity and lower breaking strength. 501:, due largely to the emphasis that traditional Chinese architecture places on a roof as opposed to a wall. Roof tile fragments have been found in the 2396: 176:. The tegula is a flat tile laid against the surface of the roof, while the imbrex is a semi-cylindrical tile laid over the joints between tegulae. 1141:

The tiles which cover this section of the roof have to direct water away from the top of the ridge and onto either side of the pitched roof below.

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Roof tiles were introduced to North America by colonizers from Europe, and typically were traditional designs native to their original country.

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Farhan, Syed Ahmad; Ismail, Fouad Ismail; Kiwan, Osamah; Shafiq, Nasir; Zain-Ahmed, Azni; Husna, Nadzhratul; Hamid, Afif Izwan Abd (2021).

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There are numerous profiles, or patterns, of roof tile, which can be separated into categories based on their installation and design.

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tiles were imported to Australia by 1886 and New Zealand by 1899. Many New Zealand railway stations were built with them, including

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The breaking strength of plastic roof tiles varies greatly depending on temperature. Unlike ceramics or metals, plastics have

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that fall within the range of winter temperatures, often resulting in them becoming extremely brittle during colder periods.

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as roof ornamentation in conjunction with tiled roofs. They are generally roof tiles or statues depicting a Japanese ogre (

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Uesugi, Akinori; Oya, Hiroshi; Peter, Jenee (2020). "Roof Tiles in Ancient South Asia: Its Developments and Significance".

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The breaking strength of clay tiles can vary greatly by manufacturer, depending on a combination of factors such as their

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in 2005, and several other manufacturers followed suit. They are similar in design to conventional roof tiles but with a

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temple of Chidambaram, where the roof of the main shrine in the inner courtyard has been laid with 21,600 golden tiles.

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One of the simplest designs of roof tile, these are simple overlapping slabs installed in the same manner as traditional

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that tile roofing became widely used. Tiles were initially reserved for temples and royal buildings as a status symbol.

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Tiles with a porosity above 2% allow for intrusion and absorption of water, which can be detrimental in climates with

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between 700 and 650 BC. Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were found within fifty years at many sites around the Eastern

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The origins of clay roofing tiles are obscure, but it is believed that it was developed independently during the late

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side-effect, it has been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of 'Chinese roof' (

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clay tiles was caused by variation in kiln firing temperature, kiln atmospheric conditions, and in some cases

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used during citizen uprisings, as they were one of few such weapons available to city-dwellers of the time.

2121:"Meningkatkan Kualitas Genteng Hasil Produksi IKM Kebakkramat Karanganyar untuk Memenuhi SNI 03-2095-1998" 1429: 1268:, which weakens the chemical bonds of the material and causes the tiles to become more brittle over time. 1244: 742: 328:. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles which had fallen from the roof. In the 1170:

The term finial is used whether a piece is an endcap at the end of a gable or the cap on top of a tower.

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Tiles, often ornamental, applied beneath the eave of a roof structure. Found in temple architecture of

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Pieces of clay roof tile have been found in archeological excavations of the English settlement at

3476: 3371: 2346: 2321: 442: 3511: 3376: 3281: 2732: 2588: 1352: 1154: 1008: 952: 925: 821: 406: 316: 2445: 2371: 232:. In addition to the S-shaped Spanish tiles, this category includes the Scandia tiles common to 2420: 1023:

The earliest known concrete tiles were developed in the 1840s by Adolph Kroher. While visiting

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The Romans spread the use and production of roofing tile across their colonies in Europe, with

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They are commonly a fixture of Greek and Roman tile roofs and can often be highly ornamental.

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Tile roofs require fittings and trim pieces to seal gaps along the ridge and edges of a roof.

1067: 892: 843: 653: 531:, glazed tiles became ever more popular for top-tier buildings, including palace halls in the 485: 465: 390: 360: 161: 36: 924:

tile. Ludowici's design was soon mass produced in Germany and later the United States by the

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Chinese architecture is notable for its advancement of colored gloss glazes for roof tiles.

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Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa

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cities due to its fire-resistance, especially after the establishment of urban fire-codes.

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It is believed that the Romans introduced the use of clay roof tile to Britain after their

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Underside of mission tile roof in Brazil, installed without underlayment or understructure

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The Dīkṣitars of Chidambaram: A Community of Ritual Specialists in a South Indian Temple

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showed the need for fireproof materials to limit the danger of urban fires, such as the

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Pujiyanto, Eko; Nur Rosyidi, Cucuk; Hamka Ibrahim, Muhammad; Budiaji, Ariawan (2022).

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began in Australia during war-time import shortages in 1916. From 1920, factories at

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Roof tiles similar to Greek designs continued to be used through the reign of the

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in 272 BC after a woman threw one at the king's head as he was attacking her son.

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clay tiles, but in some cases can have a pointed or rounded end, as seen with the

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The History of the Concrete Roofing Tile. Its Origins and Development in Germany

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From the 1700s through early 1800s, clay roofing tile was a popular material in

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in AD 43. The earliest known sites for the production of roof tile are near the

233: 2791:"Tesla drops claim that solar roof tiles are '3x stronger than standard tiles'" 2170: 1633: 1127: 509:, showing some of the earliest pan and cover designs found in Asia. During the 152: 3576: 3506: 3466: 3356: 3331: 3311: 3291: 2546:

History of the Town of Alfred, New York from the Earliest Times to the Present

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are overlapping tiles that were used by many ancient cultures, including the

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Joseph W. Shaw, The Early Helladic II Corridor House: Development and Form,

1227: 1099: 884: 581:, similar ornaments with floral and plant designs "hanagawara" preceded the 567: 383: 115: 3156:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. pp. 27–28, 93–94. 1651: 1003:

was initially manufactured and sold by the Celadon Terra Cotta Company of

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is a vertical block which terminates and conceals the base of a mission,

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standard tiles, without specifying why they backed away from the claim.

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in 1780. This Spanish-influenced style of tile remains in common use in

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Tiles typical of Scandinavian style in Lahälla, Lysekil Municipality,

351:, where fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at two temples of 63:, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as 3556: 3501: 3496: 3446: 1603: 1601: 1028: 447: 386: 352: 325: 83: 1336:

to clay tiles, achieving a wide variety of colors and combinations.

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glaze was invented and used for the roof tiles of the upper class.

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The production and distribution of brick and tile in Roman Britain

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Clay roof tiles are the main form of historic ceramic tilework in

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A variation on this profile was developed when German missionary

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These tiles commonly feature a squared base, as is the case with

3526: 3491: 3321: 3265: 3080:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. p. 28. 2524:. Alfred, NY: Celadon Roofing Tile Company. 1899. pp. 48–49 2189:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. p. 13. 1313: 959:, in a tile works established about 1910, which was replaced by 64: 60: 56: 3238: 2552:. Alfred, New York: Sun Publishing Association. pp. 72–73 1044:

did not always have consistent or correct mixing preparation.

333: 2620:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Co. p. 28. 2012:"Discovering The History Of Traditional Korean Roof Tiles" 1856: 1854: 3209:"Synthetic Slate Roof Shingles: A Cost and Buyer's Guide" 2925: 2923: 2224:"The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs" 2202:"The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs" 1677:

John C. Overbeck, “Greek Towns of the Early Bronze Age”,

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Edges of each tegula (a) are covered by curved imbrex (b)

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Stephen Emmitt; Christopher A. Gorse (5 February 2013).

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distinct profiles fall into this category, such as the

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Tegulae Manufacture, Typology and Use in Roman Britain

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often require painting to restore a "new" appearance.

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system, which seals the roof against water intrusion.

2955:. Westlake DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC. 15 December 2009. 2691:"Everything You Need to Know About Synthetic Roofing" 1737:"The archaic roof tiles at Isthmia: a re-examination" 920:

tile, an improvement upon the earlier designs of the

2752:"Check out Tesla's four different glass solar roofs" 2706: 2704: 2301:"The Marseilles or French Pattern Tile in Australia" 1826:"Roof Tiles and Urban Violence In the Ancient World" 1807:"Roof Tiles and Urban Violence In the Ancient World" 729:

dating to 1585, and in later English settlements in

71:. Later tiles have been made from materials such as 3414: 3272: 2251:. The Australian Society for Historical Archaeology 2246:"The Marseille or French pattern tile in Australia" 1095:within in order to generate renewable electricity. 382:A Greek roof tile was responsible for the death of 347:are documented from a very restricted area around 301:, before spreading in use across Europe and Asia. 51:are overlapping tiles designed mainly to keep out 1919:Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings 899:. Over the years ten companies have produced the 755:, California, with mission style roof around 1880 198:Similar to the imbrex and tegula design of tile, 2092: 2090: 1694:, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. 1968), pp. 313-316 (314) 595:. In some cases the ogre's face may be missing. 228:These tiles are traditionally formed through an 2083:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 23. 1944:Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture 1690:J. L. Caskey, "Lerna in the Early Bronze Age", 1447:Interlocking tile designed to look like pantile 1222:Painted under-eave tile, Sri Lanka, 5th century 548: 2949:"Are DaVinci Polymer Roof Tiles Color Stable?" 1735:Rostoker; Gebhard, William; Elizabeth (1981). 1098:In 2016 a collaboration between the companies 3250: 3091:William Carty; Hyojin Lee (August 16, 2017). 3010:William Carty; Hyojin Lee (August 16, 2017). 2968:"Why does plastic become brittle as it ages?" 2766:"Tesla's trumpeted solar shingles are a flop" 2471:"The Red Clay Rooves [sic] Of Timaru" 2308:Australian Society for Historical Archaeology 2059: 2057: 2055: 1668:, Vol. 91, No. 1. (Jan. 1987), pp. 59–79 (59) 1271:A common effect seen in cement roof tiles is 1163:are ridge tile fittings that are used on the 785:One notable site of roof tile production was 741:, and both Spanish and French styles used in 8: 3187:"Simple Facts about your Concrete Tile Roof" 1763:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1577:. Ludowici-Celadon Company. 1909. p. 7. 546:made note of these on his travels to China: 3230:Technical note on peg tile restoration work 1707:, Vol. 104, No. 1. (Jan. 2000), pp. 133–134 1574:[Catalogue] Celadon Roofing Tile Co 1399:Frost on interlocking roof tiles in Britain 1343:Glazed roof tiles arranged in a pattern on 770:Clay roof tiles were first produced on the 3257: 3243: 3235: 2222:Anne E. Grimmer; Paul K. Williams (1993). 2200:Anne E. Grimmer; Paul K. Williams (1993). 2106:Kansai University Institutional Repository 1903:Architecture in the Scandinavian Countries 1681:, Vol. 65, No. 1. (Oct. 1969), pp. 1–7 (5) 2648: 2169: 2136: 1641: 114:Flat tiles on the Church of St Andrew in 3136:"Low Temperature Properties of Polymers" 2937:. Roofing Calculator Inc. July 30, 2023. 2042:Indian Archaeology, A Review (1958-1959) 1217: 1186: 1148: 1126: 700: 668: 475: 314:Fired roof-tiles have been found in the 2276:Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde 1589:"Interlocking Tile Installation Manual" 1482: 1389: 1011:in 1906 the group continued to produce 2711:Mumtaz Ahmad; Mohammad Waseem (2021). 2595:. National Park Service. 10 April 2001 2187:texts The Manufacture of Roofing Tiles 2125:Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2000:." JAANUS. Retrieved on June 12, 2009. 1922:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 208. 1756: 905:tiles, which were exported around the 651:and a common ornamental symbol is the 332:period, roof tiles are documented for 2294: 2292: 710:at the roof and a pointed lower end. 673:Golden roof tiles on inner-shrine of 577:) or a fearsome beast. Prior to the 480:Glazed tile and figures on a roof in 363:, including Mainland Greece, Western 7: 2821:Roofing Superstore Help & Advice 2353:. New Zealand Times. 11 October 1901 2040:(ed.). "Excavations at Alamgirpur". 1974:李誡; 陶湘; 朱啓鈐 (1925). "Glazed tiles". 1351:Originally, most color variation on 3029:"Does Saltwater Effect Roof Tiles?" 2916:. Condé Nast. Architectural Digest. 2893:Mazzuca, John (February 14, 2021). 2697:. Builders Digital Experience, LLC. 2689:Theriault, Melanie (21 June 2021). 2158:Frontiers of Architectural Research 951:exported tiles to England. By 1929 647:Many post-war Korean roofs feature 617:In Korea the use of tile, known as 535:and ceremonial temples such as the 3152:Worcester, Wolsey Garnett (1910). 3076:Worcester, Wolsey Garnett (1910). 2789:Lambert, Fred (October 18, 2021). 2750:Becker, Rachel (29 October 2016). 1830:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 1811:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 1508:"Shingle Tile Installation Manual" 1491:"Shingle Tile Installation Manual" 25: 2912:Newcomb, Rachel (June 30, 2023). 2614:Worcester, Wolsey Garnet (1910). 2577:. London, England: B.T. Batsford. 2401:www.patrimoineindustriel-apic.com 2372:"The New Dunedin Railway Station" 2328:. New Zealand Times. 17 July 1899 2185:Worcester, Wolsey Garnet (1910). 1867:(thesis). University of Leicester 1549:Lewis, Miles (24 February 2022). 1528:. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. 883:set up the first tile factory at 343:The earliest roof tiles from the 3405: 3141:. Zeus Industrial Products, Inc. 2991:. Tile Roofing Industry Alliance 2982:"Efflorescence on Roofing Tiles" 2966:Taylor, Rod (January 23, 2021). 2617:The Manufacture of Roofing Tiles 2500:Macmillan Slaters and Tilers Ltd 2378:. Evening Star. 14 November 1900 1963:. Smithsonian Books. p. 29. 1901:Donnely, Marian C. (1991). "6". 1890:. Smithsonian Books. p. 92. 1847:. Smithsonian Books. p. 23. 1452: 1440: 1428: 1416: 1404: 1392: 285:History as a vernacular material 3196:. Eagle Roofing Products. 2015. 3154:The Manufacture of Roofing Tile 3078:The Manufacture of Roofing Tile 1705:American Journal of Archaeology 1692:American Journal of Archaeology 1666:American Journal of Archaeology 1345:St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 217:Pantiles in a "Spanish" pattern 3031:. Vivify Roofing. July 2, 2021 2593:Roofing for Historic Buildings 2272:"Falzziegelwerk Carl Ludowici" 2046:Archaeological Survey of India 1459:Gloss blue roof tiles in Japan 705:Detail of tiled roof, Thailand 27:Tile designed to keep out rain 1: 2211:. National Park Service: 1–4. 1553:. The University of Melbourne 1321:glass transition temperatures 842:tiles, were developed by the 82:Roof tiles can be affixed by 3098:. Boston Valley Terra Cotta. 3017:. Boston Valley Terra Cotta. 2895:"Concrete Vs Clay Tile Roof" 2717:Materials Today: Proceedings 1905:. The MIT Press. p. 54. 1861:McWhirr, Alan David (1983). 1744:Journal of Field Archaeology 1155:Porto Santo Island, Portugal 1007:. After a merger formed the 939:. Large scale production of 776:Mission San Antonio de Padua 753:Mission San Antonio de Padua 183:Mission / Monk and Nun tiles 2729:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.751 2452:. Dominion. 28 October 1921 2233:. National Park Service: 3. 2152:Idham, Noor Cholis (2018). 1795:Marilyn Y. Goldberg, p. 305 1786:Marilyn Y. Goldberg, p. 309 1594:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022. 1513:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022. 1496:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022. 1435:Modern tile press in Europe 1153:Concrete finial on roof in 793:style for several decades. 677:temple, 10th century, India 625:, but it was not until the 367:, and Southern and Central 3634: 2496:"Marseille Clay Roof Tile" 2171:10.1016/j.foar.2018.06.006 1824:Barry, William D. (1996). 1805:Barry, William D. (1996). 1634:10.1038/s41598-023-35299-x 1296:permeation and expansion. 1077: 1039:Modern concrete roof tiles 610:glazed roof tile from the 248:Interlocking tiles of the 29: 3403: 3057:. Ludowici Roof Tile, LLC 2914:"Clay Tile Roofing Guide" 2450:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2425:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2376:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2351:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2326:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2079:Loud, John Alden (1990). 1959:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013). 1886:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013). 1843:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013). 1551:"Marseille roofing tiles" 1423:Slate tile roof in Norway 1230:, among other locations. 1015:tile for special orders. 2901:. Gambrick Construction. 2817:"How to fix ridge tiles" 2571:Dobson, Charles (1959). 2543:Clawson, Cortez (1926). 1131:Ridge pieces on roof in 1108:hydrographically printed 1055:and color impermanence. 1009:Ludowici-Celadon Company 739:Saint Augustine, Florida 681:Neolithic sites such as 591:are most often found on 345:Archaic period in Greece 140:tile common in Southern 2879:Encyclopædia Britannica 2589:"Concrete Roofing Tile" 2244:Varman, Robert (2006). 1471:Covering (construction) 916:developed his Ludowici 807:Post-vernacular history 458:Scandinavian roof tiles 437:Fishbourne Roman Palace 2843:"Definition of finial" 2521:Artistic Roofing Tiles 2397:"historique gilardoni" 2299:R.V.J. Varman (2006). 1832:. Duke University: 60. 1813:. Duke University: 55. 1777:Örjan Wikander, p. 289 1725:Örjan Wikander, p. 286 1716:Örjan Wikander, p. 285 1348: 1259:Chemical decomposition 1245:chemical decomposition 1223: 1192: 1157: 1135: 1040: 993:tile was developed by 986: 980:Lake County Courthouse 861: 756: 743:New Orleans, Louisiana 706: 678: 614: 555: 489: 450: 258: 218: 195: 157: 122: 45: 3422:Air conditioning unit 2970:. The Canberra Times. 2953:davinciroofscapes.com 2770:MIT Technology Review 2097:Nishimura, Masanari. 2010:Hall, Emma Doddrell. 1679:The Classical Journal 1524:Warry, Peter (2006). 1342: 1266:ultraviolet radiation 1221: 1190: 1152: 1130: 1038: 995:George Herman Babcock 974: 856: 838:tiles, also known as 751: 704: 672: 623:Three Kingdoms period 606: 563:Japanese architecture 479: 445: 254:pattern, Tamil Nadu, 247: 236:and Northern Europe. 216: 190: 155: 113: 39: 2667:. DaVinci Roofscapes 1085:Dow Chemical Company 984:Crown Point, Indiana 955:were making them at 931:French-manufactured 735:St. Mary's, Maryland 661:'s national flower. 632:The designs used on 627:Unified Silla period 621:, dates back to the 106:Shingle / flat tiles 3110:"Breaking Strength" 2847:House Design Coffee 2446:"New Zealand Goods" 2231:Preservation Briefs 2209:Preservation Briefs 2138:10.52436/1.jpmi.415 1961:5000 Years of Tiles 1888:5000 Years of Tiles 1845:5000 Years of Tiles 1626:2023NatSR..13.8163X 1133:Heidelberg, Germany 761:Hudson River Valley 731:Jamestown, Virginia 40:Clay tile roofs in 3608:Building materials 2935:Roofing Calculator 2873:"Ante-fixae" 2650:10.3390/su13094665 2477:. 13 November 2019 2347:"Kaiwarra Station" 1349: 1314:firing temperature 1224: 1193: 1158: 1136: 1041: 987: 926:Ludowici Roof Tile 909:and subcontinent. 862: 860:tile advertisement 844:Gilardoni brothers 822:Great Chicago Fire 763:by 1650 to supply 757: 707: 679: 615: 490: 451: 407:improvised weapons 317:House of the tiles 259: 240:Interlocking tiles 219: 209:Pantiles / S tiles 196: 158: 123: 46: 3585: 3584: 2665:"Company History" 2427:. 15 October 1929 2048:. pp. 51–52. 2016:koreanrooftop.com 1929:978-1-118-65858-1 1308:Breaking strength 1277:calcium hydroxide 1253:breaking strength 1201:imbrex and tegula 1115:Fittings and trim 1093:photovoltaic cell 1068:injection molding 798:colonial American 486:Liaoning Province 466:mathematical tile 414:low pitched roofs 391:Pyrrhus of Epirus 162:imbrex and tegula 148:Imbrex and tegula 16:(Redirected from 3625: 3409: 3347:Half-hipped roof 3259: 3252: 3245: 3236: 3217: 3216: 3215:. Leafgroup LTD. 3207:Frost, Shelley. 3204: 3198: 3197: 3194:eagleroofing.com 3191: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3167:King, Hobart M. 3164: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2841:Essley, Joffre. 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2551: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2250: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2050: 2049: 2038:Amalananda Ghosh 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2018:. Korean Rooftop 2007: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1956: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1858: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1746:. Archived from 1741: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1688: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1357:reductive firing 1214:Under eave tiles 1089:solar roof tiles 1087:began producing 1025:Grassau, Bavaria 1005:Alfred, New York 914:Wilhelm Ludowici 848:Altkirch, France 831:Marseilles tiles 593:Buddhist temples 553: 291:Neolithic period 191:Mission tile in 21: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3410: 3401: 3268: 3263: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2989:tileroofing.com 2984: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2695:New Home Source 2688: 2687: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2421:"Otago Witness" 2419: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2053: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1991: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1755: 1750: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1448: 1445: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1388: 1329: 1310: 1285: 1261: 1241: 1236: 1234:Characteristics 1216: 1185: 1179:functionality. 1176: 1174:Graduated tiles 1147: 1125: 1117: 1082: 1076: 1061: 1021: 969: 833: 814: 809: 720: 699: 667: 601: 560: 554: 551: 537:Heavenly Temple 507:Longshan period 495: 474: 429: 427:Northern Europe 399: 312: 307: 287: 242: 211: 185: 150: 108: 100: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3307:Butterfly roof 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3224:External links 3222: 3219: 3218: 3199: 3178: 3159: 3144: 3127: 3101: 3083: 3068: 3051:"Why Ludowici" 3042: 3020: 3002: 2973: 2958: 2940: 2919: 2904: 2885: 2870:, ed. (1911). 2868:Chisholm, Hugh 2859: 2833: 2808: 2781: 2757: 2742: 2700: 2678: 2656: 2637:Sustainability 2623: 2606: 2580: 2563: 2535: 2511: 2487: 2462: 2437: 2412: 2388: 2363: 2338: 2322:"A New Church" 2313: 2288: 2270:Brunner, Jan. 2262: 2236: 2214: 2192: 2177: 2164:(3): 317–333. 2144: 2111: 2086: 2071: 2051: 2029: 2002: 1989: 1978:(in Chinese). 1966: 1948: 1942:RW Brunskill, 1935: 1928: 1908: 1893: 1878: 1850: 1835: 1816: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1753:on 2017-08-10. 1727: 1718: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1597: 1580: 1564: 1541: 1534: 1516: 1499: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1328: 1325: 1309: 1306: 1284: 1281: 1260: 1257: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1215: 1212: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1146: 1143: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1078:Main article: 1075: 1072: 1060: 1057: 1020: 1019:Concrete tiles 1017: 968: 967:Conosera tiles 965: 832: 829: 813: 810: 808: 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