162:
provide. Platform systems (or floor-based systems) will also allow for testing of patients with walking aids for assistive devices. However, there is some controversy about evaluating natural gait with a platform system due to patients potentially targeting the platform when walking. This is where an in-shoe system provides an advantage as it reduces the risk of targeting. Users should evaluate carefully the differences between the systems, the patients they will be evaluating and the type of data they are interested in when selecting a system.
113:
121:
29:
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To deal with the large volume of data contained in each pedobarographic record, traditional analyses reduce the data to a more manageable size in three stages: (1) produce anatomical or regional masks, (2) extract regional data, and (3) run statistical tests. Results are typically reported in tabular
170:
of approximately 500 sensors (for a typical adult human foot with surface area of approximately 100 cm). For a stance phase duration of approximately 0.6 seconds during normal walking, approximately 150,000 pressure values, depending on the hardware specifications, are recorded for each step.
219:
expenditure. Pedobarography is also used in a variety of other clinical situations including: post-surgery biomechanical assessment, intra-operative assessment, orthotics design and assessment of drop-foot surgery. In addition to clinical applications, pedobarography continues to be used in the
161:
There are a few differences between the types of information you will receive from these two systems, so depending on the application one system might be a better fit. For example, a floor-based system will provide spatial temporal information, like stride length that an in-shoe system cannot
223:
The use of pedobarographs in clinical settings is supported by researchers. According to Bowen, et al., "Pediobarograph measurements can be used to monitor and quantitatively assess the progressive changes of foot deformity over time. Pedobarograph is a reliable measurement that shows little
153:
of the pressures acting under the plantar surface of the foot. Currently, there are several commercial pressure measurement systems and they generally use capacitive or resistive sensors. Studies have shown that capacitive sensors are more valid and reliable than resistive sensors when used
165:
The spatial and temporal resolutions of the images generated by commercial pedobarographic systems range from approximately 3 to 10 mm and 25 to 500 Hz, respectively. Finer resolution is limited by sensor technology. Such resolutions yield a
103:
The first documented pedobarographic study was published in 1882 and used rubber and ink to record foot pressures. Numerous studies using similar apparatus were conducted in the early- and mid-twentieth century, but it was not until the advent of the
343:
Alexander IJ, Chao EY, Johnson KA (December 1990). "The assessment of dynamic foot-to-ground contact forces and plantar pressure distribution: a review of the evolution of current techniques and clinical applications".
108:
that electronic apparatus were developed and that pedobarography became practical for routine clinical use. It is now used widely to assess and correct a variety of biomechanical and neuropathic disorders.
784:
Prabhu KG, Patil KM, Srinivasan S (May 2001). "Diabetic feet at risk: a new method of analysis of walking foot pressure images at different levels of neuropathy for early detection of plantar ulcers".
199:
experienced at each sensor (or pixel, if the sensors fall on a regular square grid) over the duration of the step. Other variables like contact duration, pressure-time integral,
966:
Hahn F, Maiwald C, Horstmann T, Vienne P (January 2008). "Changes in plantar pressure distribution after
Achilles tendon augmentation with flexor hallucis longus transfer".
134:
706:
Blanc Y, Balmer C, Landis T, Vingerhoets F (October 1999). "Temporal parameters and patterns of the foot roll over during walking: normative data for healthy adults".
200:
1039:
Hodge MC, Bach TM, Carter GM (October 1999). "novel Award First Prize Paper. Orthotic management of plantar pressure and pain in rheumatoid arthritis".
741:
Chu WC, Lee SH, Chu W, Wang TJ, Lee MC (November 1995). "The use of arch index to characterize arch height: a digital image processing approach".
138:
215:
ulceration, a condition which can lead to amputation in extreme cases but for which even mild-to-moderate cases are associated with substantial
424:
Parmar B (2009). "Assessment of Foot Drop
Surgery in Leprosy Subjects Using Frequency Domain Analysis of Foot Pressure Distribution Images.".
441:
392:"Pressure-sensing devices for assessment of soft tissue loading under bony prominences: technological concepts and clinical utilization"
848:
1004:, Frink M, Zech S, Geerling J, Droste P, Knobloch K, Krettek C (2006). "Technique for intraoperative use of pedobarography".
503:
Rosenbaum D, Becker HP (1997). "Plantar pressure distribution measurements: technical background and clinical applications".
196:
653:
612:
Burnie, Louise; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Holder, Alex; Claypole, Tim; Kilduff, Liam; Bezodis, Neil (1 September 2023).
571:
Burnie, Louise; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Holder, Alex; Claypole, Tim; Kilduff, Liam; Bezodis, Neil (1 September 2023).
671:
Birtane M, Tuna H (December 2004). "The evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in obese and non-obese adults".
827:
Shah SR, Patil KM (2005). "Processing of foot pressure images and display of an advanced clinical parameter PR in
185:
112:
457:
Cobb J, Claremont DJ (July 1995). "Transducers for foot pressure measurement: survey of recent developments".
236:
refers to the collection and analysis of time series pedobarographic data during dynamic activities like gait.
149:, but the ultimate form of the data generated by all modern technologies is either a 2D image or a 2D image
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1144:
142:
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variability between measurements at the same occasion and between measurements on different days."
64:
120:
1021:
948:
854:
809:
766:
614:"Commercially available pressure sensors for sport and health applications: A comparative review"
573:"Commercially available pressure sensors for sport and health applications: A comparative review"
482:
369:
284:
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continuously for a longer period of time. From these data other variables may be calculated (see
242:
refers to the collection and analysis of time series pedobarographic data during postural (i.e.
1129:
1105:
1056:
983:
940:
923:
Reiber GE (March 1992). "Diabetic foot care. Financial implications and practice guidelines".
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146:
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Elftman HO (1934). "A cinematic study of the distribution of pressure in the human foot".
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trajectory, for example, are also relevant to the biomechanical function of the foot.
28:
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318:
212:
68:
60:
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952:
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van Schie CH (September 2005). "A review of the biomechanics of the diabetic foot".
858:
813:
770:
486:
373:
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189:
167:
56:
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and posture, pedobarography is employed in a wide range of applications including
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formats. There are also a number of alternative analysis techniques derived from
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150:
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572:
357:
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The most commonly analyzed pedobarographic variable is 'peak pressure', or the
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Example foot pressure distribution; maximum pressures during a single step.
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13th
International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, IFMBE Proceedings
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laboratory to understand the mechanisms governing human gait and posture.
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methodology. These techniques have also been found to be clinically and
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470:
52:
754:
305:
Lord M (1981). "Foot pressure measurement: a review of methodology".
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The most widely researched clinical application of pedobarography is
119:
111:
55:
surface of the foot and a supporting surface. Used most often for
1076:"Reliability of pediobarographs for paediatric foot deformity"
16:
Study of pressure fields between foot and a supporting surface
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useful, but traditional regional analyses are most common.
124:
Example insole (in-shoe) foot pressure measurement device.
1074:
Riad J, Coleman S, Henley J, Miller F (November 2007).
71:. The term 'pedobarography' is derived from the Latin:
396:
Wounds: A Compendium of
Clinical Research and Practice
141:. The underlying technology is diverse, ranging from
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Example floor-based foot pressure measurement device.
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51:is the study of pressure fields acting between the
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910:The Human Foot: A Companion to Medical Studies
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87:meaning 'weight' and also 'pressure' (as in:
8:
743:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
654:"Guide to Choosing a Gait Analysis Solution"
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133:Devices fall into two main categories: (i)
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1041:Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
968:Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
673:Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
7:
428:. Vol. 23. pp. 1107–1111.
1080:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics
530:Orlin MN, McPoil TG (April 2000).
155:
14:
980:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.08.015
833:Proc 9th Intl Conf Rehab Robotics
685:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.07.008
1018:10.1097/00132587-200606000-00006
517:10.1046/j.1460-9584.1997.00043.x
75:, referring to the foot (as in:
27:
1:
1053:10.1016/S0268-0033(99)00034-0
720:10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00019-3
532:"Plantar pressure assessment"
434:10.1007/978-3-540-92841-6_272
908:Klenerman L, Wood B (2006).
319:10.1016/0141-5425(81)90001-7
1161:
841:10.1109/ICORR.2005.1501131
631:10.1016/j.foot.2023.102046
590:10.1016/j.foot.2023.102046
358:10.1177/107110079001100306
1092:10.1007/s11832-007-0053-1
390:Gefen A (December 2007).
26:
937:10.2337/diacare.15.1.S29
887:10.1177/1534734605280587
186:digital image processing
83:, etc.), and the Greek:
234:Dynamic pedobarography
125:
117:
281:10.1002/ar.1090590409
240:Static pedobarography
123:
115:
1006:Tech Foot Ankle Surg
835:. pp. 414–417.
549:10.1093/ptj/80.4.399
143:piezoelectric sensor
912:. Berlin: Springer.
829:diabetic neuropathy
65:sports biomechanics
931:(Suppl 1): 29–31.
798:10.1007/BF02345282
708:Gait & Posture
471:10.1007/BF02522509
201:center of pressure
126:
118:
755:10.1109/10.469375
505:J Foot Ankle Surg
443:978-3-540-92840-9
106:personal computer
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69:gait biometrics
34:
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12:
11:
5:
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645:
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449:
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379:
332:
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49:Pedobarography
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22:Pedobarography
15:
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10:
9:
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3:
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1140:Anthropometry
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1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
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1047:(8): 567–75.
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925:Diabetes Care
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465:(4): 525–32.
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313:(2): 91–9.
228:Terminology
217:health care
151:time series
137:, and (ii)
135:floor-based
1124:Categories
1012:: 88–100.
624:: 102046.
583:: 102046.
251:References
145:arrays to
81:pedestrian
1002:Richter M
182:bar graph
93:barograph
89:barometer
77:pedometer
1130:Podiatry
1110:19308525
1061:10521640
1026:72699538
988:17949866
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814:25342386
806:11465882
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618:The Foot
599:37597352
577:The Foot
558:10758524
511:: 1–14.
487:19670853
408:25942685
374:28350803
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269:Anat Rec
129:Hardware
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366:2074083
327:7230763
139:in-shoe
99:History
53:plantar
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