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sell or exposing for sale any goods, wares, or merchandise immediately to be delivered, or selling or offering for sale his skill in handicraft." The main distinction between peddlers and other types of street vendor is that peddlers travel as they trade, rather than travel to a fixed place of trade. Peddlers travel around and approach potential customers directly whereas street traders set up a pitch or a stall and wait for customers to approach them. When not actually engaged in selling, peddlers are required to keep moving. Although peddlers may stop to make a sale, they are precluded from setting up a pitch or remaining in the same place for lengthy periods. Although peddlers normally travel by foot, there is no reason why they cannot use some means of assistance, such as a cart or a trolley, to assist in the transportation of goods.
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436:"Can a man, in fact, be said to be "living" as he plods through the vast, remote country, uncertain even as to which farmer will provide him shelter for the coming night? In such an existence the single man gets along far better than the father of a family. Such fools as are married not only suffer themselves, but bring suffering to their women. How must an educated woman feel when, after a brief stay at home, her supporter and shelterer leaves with his pack on his back, not knowing where he will find lodging on the next night or the night after?" (p.96)
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463:"On Monday morning, December 5th, we set out for Groton in a sleigh and at night stayed with an old farmer, about two miles from that place. It was a very satisfactory business day, and we took in about fifteen dollars... After spending Wednesday in Milford, we traveled beyond on Thursday and Friday, spending Saturday at Amherst and Sunday at the home of Mr. Kendall in Mount Vernon. Business, thanks be to God, is satisfactory, and this week we took in more than forty-five dollars. (p. 103)
454:"Not far from we were forced to stop on Wednesday because of the heavy snow. We sought to spend the night with a cooper, a Mr. Spaulding, but his wife did not wish to take us in. She was afraid of strangers, she might not sleep well; we should go our way. And outside there raged the worst blizzard I have ever seen... After we had talked to this woman for half an hour, after repeatedly pointing out that to turn us forth into the blizzard would be sinful, we were allowed to stay." (p.101)
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distribute goods to the more geographically-isolated communities such as those who lived in mountainous regions of Europe. They also called on consumers who, for whatever reason, found it difficult to attend town markets. Thus, peddlers played an important role in linking these consumers and regions to wider trade routes. Some peddlers worked as agents or travelling salesmen for larger manufacturers and so were the precursor to the modern travelling salesman.
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1194:. The plot concerns a Jewish peddler who takes up residence with a mysterious gentile woman. Residing in a forest setting, the situation is idyllic for the travelling salesman, as the woman provides for all his needs and never asks for anything in return. Soon, however, he comes to realise that the woman is an evil spirit in disguise. The story is thought to be a metaphor for the dislocation and destruction of European Jews.
1085:
430:. Excerpts from the diary detail his experiences and thoughts about the life of a peddler. When, Goodman's initial attempts to find employment as a clerk were unsuccessful, he wrote on September 29, "I had to do as all the others; with a bundle on my back I had to go out into the country, peddling various articles." (p. 95) In the first few weeks, he found the lifestyle onerous, uncertain and solitary.
1712:
472:"It is hard, very hard indeed, to make a living this way. Sweat runs down my body in great drops and my back seems to be breaking, but I cannot stop; I must go on and on, however far my way lies...Times are bad; everywhere there is no money. This increases the hardship of life so that I am sometimes tempted to return to New York and to start all over again. (pp 107-108)
400:
360:. However, their numbers began to decline by the 19th century. Advances in industrial mass production and freight transportation as a result of the war laid the groundwork for the beginnings of modern retail and distribution networks, which gradually eroded much of the need for travelling salesmen. The rise of popular
314:
By the 18th-century, some peddlers worked for industrial producers, where they acted as a type of travelling sales representative. In
England, these peddlers were known as "Manchester men." Employed by a factory or entrepreneur, they sold goods from shop to shop rather than door to door and were thus
1101:
Peddlers have been the subject of numerous paintings, sketches and watercolours in both
Western art and in the Orient, where they depict familiar scenes of everyday life. Some of the earliest paintings of peddlers were made in China. The 12th-century Chinese artist, Su Hanchen made several paintings
740:
1982 for
England & Wales introduced a street trader's licence. As of 2008 the pedlar's certificates remain legal and in use, although several local councils have sought to eradicate peddlers by way of local bylaws or enforcement mechanisms such as making them apply for a street trader's licence.
383:
Throughout much of Europe, suspicions of dishonest or petty criminal activity was long associated with peddlers and travellers. Regulations to discourage small-scale retailing by hawkers and peddlers, promulgated by
English authorities in the 15th and 16th centuries and reinforced by the Church, did
233:
At the Arab fair, the peddlers open their packages of tempting fabrics; the jeweler is there with his trinkets; the tailor with his ready-made garments; the shoe-maker with his stock, from rough, hairy sandals to yellow and red morocco boots; the farrier is there with his tools, nails, and flat iron
1145:
was relatively common in
Medieval art across Europe. These scenes, which appear in books and on silverware, often depict bands of monkeys robbing the peddler while he sleeps. Such images may have been popular in medieval society, because the peddler shared many of the same vices as a monkey; he was
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is perhaps the most iconic image of a peddler. Painted in about 1500, the peddler in this painting wears a costume almost identical to thieves in other Bosch paintings. From the 18th-century, engravings featuring peddlers and street vendors featured in numerous volumes dedicated to representations
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Very few peddlers left written records. Many were illiterate and diaries are rare. Most peddlers handled cash transactions leaving behind few or no accounting records such as receipts, invoices or day- books. However, a very small number of peddlers kept diaries and these can be used to provide an
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began in 1872) offered another way for people in rural or other remote areas to obtain items not readily available in local stores or markets. A relatively short-lived upsurge in the number of peddlers was witnessed in the period following the second World War, when the wartime manufacturing boom
164:
A peddler, under
English law, is defined as: "any hawker, pedlar, petty chapman, tinker, caster of metals, mender of chairs, or other person who, without any horse or other beast bearing or drawing burden, travels and trades on foot and goes from town to town or to other men's houses, carrying to
243:
the term 'peddler' was used to describe those who spread the word of God for profit. The book of
Corinthians has the following phrase, "For we are not as so many, peddling the word of God" (Corinthians 2:17). The Greek term translated "peddling" referred to small-scale merchant who profited from
720:
A number of countries have enacted laws to protect the rights of peddlers, and also to protect the public from the sale of inferior goods. In many states of the US, peddlers are required to apply for a license. India has special laws enacted, by the efforts of planners which give mongers higher
483:
Today, peddlers continue to travel by foot, but also use bicycle, hand-held carts, horse-drawn carts or drays and motorized vehicles such as motor-bikes as transport modes. To carry their wares, peddlers use purpose-built back-packs, barrows, hand-carts or improvised carrying baskets. Rickshaw
113:
From antiquity, peddlers filled the gaps in the formal market economy by providing consumers with the convenience of door-to-door service. They operated alongside town markets and fairs where they often purchased surplus stocks which were subsequently resold to consumers. Peddlers were able to
299:. They called directly on homes, delivering produce to the door thereby saving customers time travelling to markets or fairs. However, customers paid a higher price for this convenience. Some peddlers operated out of inns or taverns, where they often acted as an agent rather than a reseller.
263:
who offered a varied assortment of goods and services, both evergreens and (notoriously suspicious) novelties. In 19th-century USA, peddling was often the occupation of immigrant communities including
Italians, Greeks and Jews. The more colourful peddlers were those that doubled as
224:
201:(medieval English), huckster, itinerant vendor or street vendor. According to marketing historian, Eric Shaw, the peddler is "perhaps the only substantiated type of retail marketing practice that evolved from Neolithic times to the present." The political philosopher
445:"Last week in the vicinity of Plymouth I met two peddlers, Lehman and Marx. Marx knew me from Furth, and that night we stayed together at a farmer's house. After supper we started singing, and I sat at the fireplace, thinking of all my past and of my family." (p.100)
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or used improvised carrying devices. Abram
Goodman, who took to peddling in the US in the 1840s, reports that he travelled by foot, used a sleigh when roads were snowbound and also travelled, with his pack, by boat when traversing longer distances.
1286:
309:
many pedlars and chapmen, that from fair to fair, from markett to markett, carieth it to sell in horspakks and fote pakks, in basketts and budgelts, sitting on holydays and sondais in chirche porchis and abbeys dayly to sell all such
518:
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much to encourage stereotypical and negative attitudes towards peddlers. From the 16th century, peddlers were often associated with pejorative perceptions, many of which persisted until well into the 19th and 20th centuries.
376:, the travelling salesman became a stock character in countless jokes. Such jokes are typically bawdy, and usually feature small town rubes, farmers and other country folk, and frequently another stock character, the
1686:
537:
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stereotype appears often in 19th-century literature. The most famous example is probably
Charles Dickens' ‟Doctor Marigold‟. A short story it was originally written for one of his Christmas editions of
730:, which provides for a "pedlar's certificate". Application is usually made to the police. In the late 20th century, the use of such certificates became rare as other civic legislation including the
636:
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As market towns flourished in medieval Europe, peddlers found a role operating on the fringes of the formal economy. During this time it was common to see long-distance peddlers, who sold remedies,
427:
302:
Peddlers played an important role providing services to geographically isolated districts, such as in the mountainous regions of Europe, thereby linking these districts with wider trading routes.
387:
In the modern economy a new breed of peddler, generally encouraged to dress respectably to inspire confidence with the general public, has been sent into the field as an aggressive form of
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painters and photographers of the 18th and the 19th centuries. Some imagery depicts peddlers in a pejorative manner, and others portray idealised romantic visions of peddlers at work.
1030:
there are also significant differences. In Britain the word was more specific to an individual selling small items of household goods from door to door. It was not usually applied to
419:(1885-1962), an immigrant from Russia, arrived in the US in 1900 and took up peddling for a brief period following his arrival. His autobiography, published in 1959 under the title,
1532:
391:
by companies pushing their specific products, sometimes to help launch novelties, sometimes on a permanent basis. In a few cases this has even been used as the core of a business.
2180:
The Cries of London Calculated to Entertain the Minds of Old and Young; illustrated in variety of copper plates neatly engrav'd with an emblematical description of each subject,
1366:
1302:
1132:
The Cries of London Calculated to Entertain the Minds of Old and Young; illustrated in variety of copper plates neatly engrav'd with an emblematical description of each subject
220:. In the Greco-Roman world, open-air markets served urban customers, while peddlers filled in the gaps in distribution by selling to rural or geographically distant customers.
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seen as "a showman, a bit of a trickster and not always acquiring his wares by honest means and plying them without too much regard for the quality of the merchandise."
205:
wrote that "even before the resources of society permitted the establishment of shops, the supply of wants fell universally into the hands of itinerant dealers, the
1350:
676:
91:
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came to an abrupt end, and returning soldiers finding themselves unable to secure suitable work, turned to peddling which generally offered a decent income.
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688:
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Historically, peddlers used a variety of different transport modes: they travelled by foot, carrying their wares; by means of a person or animal-drawn
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In the United States, there was an upsurge in the number of peddlers in the late 18th century and this may have peaked in the decades just before the
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describes his various encounters with householders and the difficulties he experienced making a sale as door after door was slammed in his face.
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by Margaret Hodges is a novel about a peddler who is visited by St Patrick in his dreams and through a circuitous route uncovers great riches.
248:
has the following, "A merchant shall hardly keep himself from doing wrong; and an huckster shall not be freed from sin" (Ecclesiasticus 26:29).
1824:
89:. In 19th-century America the word "drummer" was often used to refer to a peddler or traveling salesman; as exemplified in the popular play
732:
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1270:
577:
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173:
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prints (popular prints) also feature peddlers along with other popular stereotypes. Some scholars suggest that the origin of the term,
1470:
652:
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Images of peddlers feature in literature and art from as early as the 12th century. Such images were very popular with the genre and
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1909:
1775:
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After arriving in America in 1842, Abram Vossen Goodman also maintained a diary of his experiences, which has been published by the
234:
shoes, and drives a prosperous business for a few hours; and so does the saddler, with his coarsesacks and his gayly-trimmed cloths.
2040:
Jones, P.T.A., "Redressing Reform Narratives: Victorian London's Street Markets and the Informal Supply Lines of Urban Modernity,"
377:
2084:
1885:
1402:
1184:
is a Russian folk song that describes a meeting between a peddler and a girl. Their haggling is a metaphor for their courtship.
129:
42:
50:
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operating as a type of wholesaler or distribution intermediary. They were the precursors to the modern sales representative.
1075:
advertising a product or service, a street hawker or peddler of wares, or house-to-house salesman in the 16th–19th centuries.
620:
605:
2375:
1945:
Tudor Documents cited in Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1178:- a type of basket typically carried by peddlers as they carried a myriad of different wares into villages in old Russia.
269:
664:
2370:
1665:
1656:
1219:
330:
153:
The origin of the word, known in English since 1225, is uncertain, but is possibly an Anglicised version of the French
2101:
251:
In some economies the work of itinerant selling was left to a greater or lesser extent to nomadic minorities, such as
2360:
256:
2153:
New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 2002, especially Chapter 1; Harms, R., Raymond, J. and Salman, J.,
2098:
http://www.mass.gov/ocabr/government/oca-agencies/dos-lp/dos-licensing/hawker-and-peddler-license/information.html
178:
1814:
2324:
1277:
1224:
1208:
185:
Peddlers have been known since antiquity. They were known by a variety of names throughout the ages, including
2106:
https://www.denvergov.org/content/denvergov/en/denver-business-licensing-center/business-licenses/peddler.html
216:, plied the streets or stationed themselves at the fringes of formal trade venues such as open air markets or
2365:
1113:
1089:
1072:
918:
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28:
721:
rights as compared to other businessmen. For example, mongers have a right of way over motorized vehicles.
2208:
35:
2330:
1867:
1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman, German Historical Institute, 2014, <Online:
949:
829:
821:
596:
323:
106:
goods in the countryside to small towns and villages. In London, more specific terms were used, such as
2305:
Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in seventeenth Century England
2242:
https://www.backstage.com/review/ny-theater/off-off-broadway/gimpel-the-fool-the-lady-and-the-peddler
1325:
361:
198:
873:
1212:
928:
851:
785:
416:
407:
878:
868:
863:
857:
845:
1958:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1932:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1669:
1191:
1156:
1009:
969:
357:
1138:(1775) These were followed by numerous illustrated works which continued into the 20th century.
836:
Metaphoric compounds, since the 16th century mostly pejorative, formed from these synonyms are:
2312:
The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century
2273:
1915:
1905:
1820:
1771:
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who might appear once a month, being preferred to the fair, which only returned once a year."
2085:
http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1951_03_03_00_doc_kohn_goodman.pdf
1886:
http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1951_03_03_00_doc_kohn_goodman.pdf
1868:
1851:
1717:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1539:
1241:
1064:
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which described a bookseller (usually near a university) whose shop was fixed and permanent.
994:
935:
Names, some pejorative, of other sub- or supertypes or close relatives of peddlers include:
726:
388:
260:
202:
96:
86:
70:
55:
21:
765:
749:
1357:
1341:
1039:
1015:
365:
273:
265:
240:
78:
1425:
1766:
Shaw, E. H. "Ancient and medieval marketing" in Jones, D.G. Brian and Tadajewski, Mark,
1237:
959:
754:
223:
190:
138:
103:
2345:
The Autobiography of a Pedlar: John Lomas of Hollinsclough, Staffordshire (1747-1823),
2354:
2031:
Penguin, 1970. Recounts criminal and quasi-criminal activity in countryside and city.
1723:
1718:
1409:
1245:
1031:
999:
900:
888:
373:
349:
252:
1084:
2102:
http://www.michigan.gov/statelicensesearch/0,1607,7-180-24786_24828-81612--,00.html
1505:
989:
944:
803:
627:
528:
213:
194:
134:
107:
1638:
896:
Names, most archaic, of product- or industry-specific types of peddlers include:
1223:(1972) is a critically acclaimed film about a German fruit-peddler, directed by
1180:
1122:
of street life. One of the first of such publications was a French publication,
954:
118:
1884:: ABRAM VOSSEN GOODMAN, 1842-43, American Jewish Archives, p. 101, <Online:
1816:
Coins, bodies, games, and gold : the politics of meaning in archaic Greece
2018:. Researched and written, variously, with J. Binny, B. Hemyng and A. Halliday.
1202:
1190:(1947) is an American play by Yosefa Even Shoshan and adapted from a story by
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815:
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2254:
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1919:
1558:
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1293:
1053:
1045:
1027:
1023:
912:
643:
497:
245:
1801:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,
2155:
Not Dead Things: The Dissemination of Popular Print in England and Wales,
1899:
1563:
974:
964:
906:
770:
611:
142:
1673:
1651:
2209:
https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258815.pdf.bannered.pdf
1976:
1736:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
1232:
1049:
939:
825:
525:
403:
186:
59:
2225:
2083:: ABRAM VOSSEN GOODMAN, 1842-43, American Jewish Archives, <Online:
1248:, is a comedy set in 1963, concerning two aluminium salesmen and the
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797:
758:
556:
296:
292:
82:
1160:. In collected editions of Dickens' works, it appears in the volume
1022:
Although there are basic similarities between the activities in the
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776:
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Food peddlers are the mainstay of the floating markets in Thailand
398:
329:
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284:
222:
172:
146:
128:
49:
41:
2236:
Sheward, D., "Gimpel the Fool & The Lady and the Peddler," ,
1865:
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies,
177:
Ribbon seller at the entrance to the Butter Market, engraving by
2127:
a person eager to learn gossip, news or scandal; or a busybody.
1757:
habitually moving / wandering / travelling from place to place.
984:
922:
280:
217:
2068:
Writing Out Lives: Autobiographies of American Jews, 1890-1990,
1639:
Words Packman and Peddler have similar meaning – Thesaurus.plus
1252:
they use to make a sale as they try to out-compete each other.
2151:
Images of the Outcast: The Urban Poor in the Cries of London,
1936:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, pp 31-32
2224:
Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 43-53, DOI: 10.2307/127474, Stable URL:
1130:). In 1757, the first English publication in this genre was
1687:
THE LANGUAGES OF FINLAND 1917–2017 - University of Helsinki
2055:
The Autobiography of a Pedlar: John Lomas of Hollinsclough
1962:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 33
1949:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 32
1869:
http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=191
1852:
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1206.html
2220:
Watstein, J., "Ivan Sytin: An Old Russia Success Story,"
2136:
Gilchrist, S.F., "The Good Thief Imagined as a Peddler,"
1819:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 72.
1207:
is a ballad that now forms part of the collection at the
1128:
Studies Taken of the Lower People, Or The Cries of Paris
595:
David and Harry Silverman in their fruit-peddling cart,
543:"Mush-Fakers" and Ginger-Beer Makers, London, circa 1877
161:"foot", referring to a petty trader travelling on foot.
2168:
Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de Paris
1746:
1652:"M. B. Curtis and the Making of the American Stage Jew"
1310:
Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de Paris
1124:
Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de Paris
892:), likely more widespread than any of the literal uses.
531:
are a familiar sight across southern England and Wales
1975:
Vol. 21, No. 3, March, 1913, pp. 255-258 <Online:
1863:
Diner, H., "German Jews and Peddling in America." In
2066:
Lisistzky's story is recounted in Rubin, S.J. (ed),
1526:
The Peddler, US, 1903, chalk drawing, unknown artist
484:
peddlers are a relatively common sight across Asia.
322:
Fruit peddlers with draft horses and covered wagon,
102:
In England, the term was mostly used for travellers
2005:
Washington, Gallaudet University Press, 2000 pp 5-8
1992:
Washington, Gallaudet University Press, 2000 pp 4-5
1264:
The Knick-knack Peddler by Su Hanchen, 12th Century
1141:Bonnie Young has pointed out that the theme of the
2182:Vol. III. London, H. Roberts, c.1760 was published
2117:Quidnunc Definition & Meaning – Dictionary.com
2057:, Staffordshire (1747-1823), Midland History, 1996
1803:Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
793:Literal compounds formed from these synonyms are:
2269:Magill's Survey of Cinema, Foreign Language Films
2203:Young, Bonnie, "The Monkeys & the Peddler,"
738:Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act,
1440:Russian peddler by Emile Francois Dessain, 1882
307:
1768:The Routledge Companion to Marketing History,
1102:of peddlers as did one of his contemporaries,
724:In Britain, peddling is still governed by the
344:of October 21, 1906, featuring the image of a
20:"Peddle" redirects here. For the surname, see
8:
1490:Histoire de la Communauté des Distillateurs,
1384:Fawcett as Autolycus by Thomas Wageman, 1828
2003:Deaf Peddler: Confessions of an Inside Man,
1990:Deaf Peddler: Confessions of an Inside Man,
921:(now only a surname, formerly a peddler of
2255:https://www.loc.gov/item/afc9999005.34318/
1901:Early modern Italy : a social history
1372:Portuguese peddler by Henry L'EvĂŞque, 1814
1005:Individual peddlers (of myth and history)
415:insight into the daily life of a peddler.
244:acting as a middleman between others. The
92:Sam'l of Posen; or, The Commercial Drummer
1340:Cherry peddler in Bucharest, painting by
305:A 16th-century commentator wrote of the:
2205:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin,
2266:Magill, Frank Northen (June 30, 1985).
1631:
1575:
1254:
781:Peddlers in the street, Boston, c. 1915
753:A typical door-to-door vendor in rural
486:
1464:Slovak peddler by Antonin Hölper, 1888
1396:Poultry seller by Jean Davillier, 1874
512:Vegetable peddler, Japan, 19th-century
81:) is a door-to-door and/or travelling
2207:26.10, 1968, pp 441–454. <Online:
1971:Malcolm Keir, R., "The Tin-Peddler,"
1904:. London: Routledge. pp. 41–42.
1488:Brandy Peddler from Paul Clacquesin,
1452:Basket Pedlar by Victor Fournel, 1887
1018:(1832-1862) Scottish poet and peddler
710:Goat wagon peddler, late 19th century
7:
2319:Hawkers and Walkers in Early America
1977:https://www.jstor.org/stable/1819807
1012:(English folktale, recorded in 1699)
733:Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982
496:Modern-day pedal-powered peddler in
2226:https://www.jstor.org/stable/127474
1236:(1987), a feature film directed by
860:, in the 18th century a "do-gooder"
149:, Finland in the late 19th century.
1790:London, Longman, 1909, Bk.I, Ch.II
1788:Principles of a Political Economy,
1657:Journal of American Ethnic History
421:In the Grip of the Cross-Currents,
14:
2096:Massachusetts, Consumer Affairs,
2016:London Labour and the London Poor
1134:, was published. and followed by
886:, recorded since 1590 (Spenser's
789:Peddling fruit, Turkey, 1872-1885
2298:Yankee Peddlers of Early America
2253:Library of Congress, Catalogue,
1710:
1531:
1519:
1497:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1417:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1349:
1333:
1317:
1301:
1285:
1269:
1257:
703:
687:
675:
663:
651:
635:
619:
604:
588:
576:
571:Peddler from Russia, circa 1900s
564:
548:
536:
517:
505:
489:
27:For other uses of "Pedlar", see
2044:, Vol 41, No. 1, 2006, pp 63–64
1308:Coffee Peddler, engraving from
646:with improvised carry container
1174:, may have come from the word
1126:(1737) (roughly translated as
46:A Peking fruit seller, c. 1869
1:
2240:20 January 2012, <Online:
1973:Journal of Political Economy,
1799:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
212:Typically, peddlers operated
2138:Notes in the History of Art,
1666:University of Illinois Press
1650:Erdman, Harley (Fall 1995).
1220:The Merchant of Four Seasons
583:A door-to-door peddler, 1905
2100:; Michigan State Licenses,
1898:Black, Christopher (2001).
1038:Food traders were normally
848:, procurer for prostitution
2392:
2070:Jewish Publication Society
1770:London, Routledge, p. 24.
1196:St Patrick and the Peddler
1071:) was a person carrying a
716:Legislation and regulation
555:Fruit peddler and barrow,
18:
2282:– via Google Books.
2104:; Denver State Business,
2029:The Victorian Underworld,
1188:The Lady and the Peddler,
1068:
125:Etymology and definitions
2170:Paris, E. Fessard, 1737.
2081:A Jewish Peddler's Diary
1960:Business History Review,
1947:Business History Review,
1934:Business History Review,
1882:A Jewish Peddler's Diary
1848:Encyclopedia of Chicago,
1538:Venetian fish seller by
1225:Rainer Werner Fassbinder
1209:American Folklife Center
1108:The Knick knack Peddler.
428:American Jewish Archives
34:Not to be confused with
16:Door-to-door salesperson
2194:, London, I. Kirk, 1757
1747:itinerant on Wiktionary
1733:Encyclopædia Britannica
1106:, both of whom painted
341:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
29:Pedlar (disambiguation)
1813:Kurke, Leslie (1999).
1296:van Rijn, c. 1624–1625
1292:The spectacle-pedlar,
1143:monkey and the peddler
1098:
790:
782:
774:
762:
500:, Netherlands, c. 2020
411:
353:
327:
312:
236:
182:
150:
62:
47:
36:Pedal (disambiguation)
2347:Midland History, 1996
2317:Wright, R.L. (1927),
2310:Spufford, M. (1984),
2303:Spufford, M. (1981),
1087:
1080:In literature and art
950:Door-to-door salesman
788:
780:
768:
752:
658:Banana vendor, Uganda
626:The Produce Peddler,
597:Saint Paul, Minnesota
406:milk peddlers with a
402:
362:mail order catalogues
352:, in the striped suit
333:
324:Saint Paul, Minnesota
321:
226:
176:
132:
53:
45:
2376:Obsolete occupations
2296:Dolan, J.R. (1964),
2140:Vol. 17, No. 2, 1998
1618:(but not in Britain)
1514:print," 19th century
694:Ice cream seller in
334:Fanciful drawing by
2371:People in retailing
2222:The Russian Review,
1846:"Street Peddling,"
1728:Hawkers and Pedlars
1428:, late 19th century
1356:The Shrimp Girl by
1213:Library of Congress
1052:; compare the term
990:Travelling salesman
769:A peddler woman in
346:travelling salesman
2166:Bouchardon, Edmé,
2042:The London Journal
1324:Broom Peddler, by
1162:Christmas Stories.
1157:All the Year Round
1099:
1010:Pedlar of Swaffham
822:Upholsterer monger
791:
783:
775:
763:
479:Modes of transport
412:
358:American Civil War
354:
328:
237:
183:
151:
63:
48:
2361:Sales occupations
2333:at Etymonline.com
2327:at Etymonline.com
1826:978-0-691-00736-6
1424:London Pedlar by
1326:François Joullain
1119:Hieronymous Bosch
1095:Hieronymous Bosch
841:Disease mongering
642:Street vendor in
395:Life of a peddler
378:farmer's daughter
336:Marguerite Martyn
2383:
2284:
2283:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1698:The Pedlars Act,
1695:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1619:
1582:Also known as a
1580:
1540:Giuseppe Barison
1535:
1523:
1508:and Khodebshchik
1501:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1421:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1353:
1337:
1321:
1305:
1289:
1273:
1261:
1242:Richard Dreyfuss
1070:
995:Rag-and-bone man
727:Pedlars Act 1871
707:
691:
679:
670:Balloon Salesman
667:
655:
639:
623:
614:rickshaw peddler
608:
592:
580:
568:
552:
540:
521:
509:
493:
417:Ephraim Lisitzky
389:direct marketing
203:John Stuart Mill
141:" peddlers from
97:George H. Jessop
71:American English
56:Ho Chi Minh City
39:
32:
25:
22:Peddle (surname)
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2338:Further reading
2293:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2272:. Salem Press.
2265:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2192:Cries of London
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2149:Shesgreen, S.,
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2079:Goodman, A.V.,
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2014:Mayhew, Henry,
2013:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1880:Goodman, A.V.,
1879:
1875:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1812:
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1807:
1798:
1794:
1785:
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1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1726:, ed. (1911). "
1722:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1700:1871, Section 3
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1397:
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1373:
1370:
1361:
1358:William Hogarth
1354:
1345:
1342:Amadeo Preziosi
1338:
1329:
1328:, Etching, 1737
1322:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1262:
1205:and the Peddler
1136:Cries of London
1082:
1016:James Macfarlan
903:(ship's stores)
747:
745:Types and names
718:
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481:
397:
366:Montgomery Ward
274:fortune-tellers
171:
127:
79:British English
40:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Street culture
2363:
2353:
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2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1964:
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1938:
1925:
1910:
1890:
1873:
1856:
1839:
1825:
1805:
1792:
1779:
1759:
1750:
1739:
1724:Chisholm, Hugh
1702:
1690:
1679:
1642:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1608:(coster)monger
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
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1549:
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1332:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1276:The Pedlar by
1275:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1238:Barry Levinson
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1057:
1042:
1020:
1019:
1013:
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1002:
997:
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987:
982:
977:
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962:
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952:
947:
942:
933:
932:
926:
916:
910:
904:
894:
893:
881:
876:
874:Scandal monger
871:
866:
861:
855:
854:(a 'quidnunc')
849:
843:
834:
833:
824:(a peddler of
819:
813:
807:
801:
755:Zhangpu County
746:
743:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
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700:
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686:
684:
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674:
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662:
660:
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650:
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634:
632:
625:
618:
616:
610:
603:
601:
594:
587:
585:
582:
575:
573:
570:
563:
561:
554:
547:
545:
542:
535:
533:
529:onion salesmen
524:Cycle-mounted
523:
516:
514:
511:
504:
502:
495:
488:
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477:
476:
475:
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467:
466:
465:
464:
458:
457:
456:
455:
449:
448:
447:
446:
440:
439:
438:
437:
410:, c. 1890-1900
408:dog-drawn cart
396:
393:
350:lightning rods
229:Khan Al-Tujjar
170:
167:
126:
123:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2388:
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2325:Station Chief
2323:
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2299:
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2279:9780893562489
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2073:
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2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:Chesney, K.,
2024:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1998:
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1776:9781134688685
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1243:
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885:
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852:Gossip monger
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2001:Buck, D.S.,
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1900:
1893:
1881:
1876:
1864:
1859:
1850:<Online:
1847:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1815:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1786:Mill, J.S.,
1782:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1742:
1731:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1682:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1634:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1506:Sbitenshchik
1504:
1489:
1426:Gustave Doré
1309:
1278:Hans Holbein
1250:dirty tricks
1249:
1231:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1179:
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1155:
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1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1114:The Wayfarer
1112:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1090:The Wayfarer
1088:
1061:Khodebshchik
1060:
1059:In Russia a
1021:
1004:
945:Costermonger
934:
895:
887:
879:Scare monger
869:Rumor monger
864:Power monger
858:Merit-monger
846:Flesh monger
835:
818:(iron wares)
804:Costermonger
798:Cheesemonger
792:
737:
731:
725:
723:
719:
559:, circa 1885
482:
425:
420:
413:
386:
382:
371:
355:
345:
339:
313:
308:
304:
301:
290:
278:
250:
238:
232:
214:door-to-door
211:
206:
195:costermonger
184:
163:
158:
154:
152:
145:, Russia in
116:
112:
108:costermonger
101:
90:
74:
66:
64:
2343:Brown, D.,
2157:Brill, 2013
2053:Brown, D.,
1832:2 September
1476:Punch, 1892
1280:1538 Pedlar
1181:Korobeiniki
1044:Sellers of
955:Haberdasher
197:(English),
139:laukkuryssä
119:Orientalist
54:Peddler in
2355:Categories
2238:Backstage,
1626:References
1612:colporteur
1408:Pedlar by
1203:Robin Hood
1192:S.Y. Agnon
1151:Cheap Jack
816:Ironmonger
810:Fishmonger
266:performers
257:travellers
159:pes, pedis
1668:: 28–45.
1616:solicitor
1592:cheapjack
1559:Joan Dant
1554:Charlatan
1344:, c. 1869
1294:Rembrandt
1097:, c. 1500
1073:billboard
1054:stationer
1046:chapbooks
1028:New World
1024:Old World
931:(barrels)
884:Warmonger
830:stitching
812:(seafood)
644:Maracaibo
630:, Morocco
599:, c. 1920
498:Amsterdam
326:, c. 1928
310:trifells.
246:Apocrypha
1920:49414898
1674:27502012
1604:huckster
1564:Quackery
1548:See also
1166:Russian
1069:ходебщик
1026:and the
975:Merchant
965:Huckster
913:Milliner
901:Chandler
806:(apples)
800:(cheese)
771:Nishapur
761:, China.
736:and the
612:Mandalay
157:, Latin
143:Kestenga
2331:Peddler
1721::
1588:packman
1584:chapman
1233:Tin Men
1104:Li Song
1065:Russian
1050:chapmen
1040:badgers
1032:Gypsies
940:Arabber
907:Collier
826:fabrics
404:Belgian
372:In the
338:in the
297:elixirs
293:potions
270:healers
261:Yeniche
253:gypsies
239:In the
207:pedlars
199:chapman
187:Arabber
169:History
104:hawking
67:peddler
60:Vietnam
2276:
1918:
1908:
1823:
1774:
1715:
1672:
1600:higler
1596:hawker
1542:, 1906
1412:, 1875
1360:, 1740
1312:, 1737
980:Seller
970:Pusher
960:Hawker
929:Cooper
919:Lanier
915:(hats)
909:(coal)
759:Fujian
557:Sydney
526:Breton
364:(e.g.
191:hawker
181:, 1884
133:Three
83:vendor
75:pedlar
1670:JSTOR
1664:(1).
1570:Notes
1512:lubok
1510:, a "
1176:lubki
1172:lubok
1168:lubok
1048:were
696:Paris
285:wagon
272:, or
259:, or
241:Bible
218:fairs
147:Lohja
87:goods
73:) or
2274:ISBN
2244:>
2211:>
2087:>
1979:>
1916:OCLC
1906:ISBN
1888:>
1871:>
1854:>
1834:2017
1821:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1492:1900
1244:and
1230:The
1149:The
985:Tout
923:wool
828:and
295:and
281:cart
155:pied
1730:".
1614:or
1117:by
1093:by
628:Fez
348:of
283:or
227:At
95:by
85:of
2357::
1914:.
1662:15
1660:.
1654:.
1610:,
1606:,
1602:,
1598:,
1594:,
1590:,
1586:,
1227:.
1215:.
1211:,
1067::
1034:.
757:,
380:.
276:.
268:,
255:,
231::
193:,
189:,
110:.
99:.
65:A
58:,
2321:.
2314:.
2307:.
2300:.
1922:.
1836:.
1676:.
1063:(
925:)
832:)
773:.
137:"
77:(
69:(
38:.
31:.
24:.
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