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sell or exposing for sale any goods, wares, or merchandise immediately to be delivered, or selling or offering for sale his skill in handicraft." The main distinction between peddlers and other types of street vendor is that peddlers travel as they trade, rather than travel to a fixed place of trade. Peddlers travel around and approach potential customers directly whereas street traders set up a pitch or a stall and wait for customers to approach them. When not actually engaged in selling, peddlers are required to keep moving. Although peddlers may stop to make a sale, they are precluded from setting up a pitch or remaining in the same place for lengthy periods. Although peddlers normally travel by foot, there is no reason why they cannot use some means of assistance, such as a cart or a trolley, to assist in the transportation of goods.
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447:"Can a man, in fact, be said to be "living" as he plods through the vast, remote country, uncertain even as to which farmer will provide him shelter for the coming night? In such an existence the single man gets along far better than the father of a family. Such fools as are married not only suffer themselves, but bring suffering to their women. How must an educated woman feel when, after a brief stay at home, her supporter and shelterer leaves with his pack on his back, not knowing where he will find lodging on the next night or the night after?" (p.96)
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474:"On Monday morning, December 5th, we set out for Groton in a sleigh and at night stayed with an old farmer, about two miles from that place. It was a very satisfactory business day, and we took in about fifteen dollars... After spending Wednesday in Milford, we traveled beyond on Thursday and Friday, spending Saturday at Amherst and Sunday at the home of Mr. Kendall in Mount Vernon. Business, thanks be to God, is satisfactory, and this week we took in more than forty-five dollars. (p. 103)
465:"Not far from we were forced to stop on Wednesday because of the heavy snow. We sought to spend the night with a cooper, a Mr. Spaulding, but his wife did not wish to take us in. She was afraid of strangers, she might not sleep well; we should go our way. And outside there raged the worst blizzard I have ever seen... After we had talked to this woman for half an hour, after repeatedly pointing out that to turn us forth into the blizzard would be sinful, we were allowed to stay." (p.101)
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distribute goods to the more geographically-isolated communities such as those who lived in mountainous regions of Europe. They also called on consumers who, for whatever reason, found it difficult to attend town markets. Thus, peddlers played an important role in linking these consumers and regions to wider trade routes. Some peddlers worked as agents or travelling salesmen for larger manufacturers and so were the precursor to the modern travelling salesman.
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1205:. The plot concerns a Jewish peddler who takes up residence with a mysterious gentile woman. Residing in a forest setting, the situation is idyllic for the travelling salesman, as the woman provides for all his needs and never asks for anything in return. Soon, however, he comes to realise that the woman is an evil spirit in disguise. The story is thought to be a metaphor for the dislocation and destruction of European Jews.
1096:
441:. Excerpts from the diary detail his experiences and thoughts about the life of a peddler. When, Goodman's initial attempts to find employment as a clerk were unsuccessful, he wrote on September 29, "I had to do as all the others; with a bundle on my back I had to go out into the country, peddling various articles." (p. 95) In the first few weeks, he found the lifestyle onerous, uncertain and solitary.
1723:
483:"It is hard, very hard indeed, to make a living this way. Sweat runs down my body in great drops and my back seems to be breaking, but I cannot stop; I must go on and on, however far my way lies...Times are bad; everywhere there is no money. This increases the hardship of life so that I am sometimes tempted to return to New York and to start all over again. (pp 107-108)
411:
371:. However, their numbers began to decline by the 19th century. Advances in industrial mass production and freight transportation as a result of the war laid the groundwork for the beginnings of modern retail and distribution networks, which gradually eroded much of the need for travelling salesmen. The rise of popular
325:
By the 18th-century, some peddlers worked for industrial producers, where they acted as a type of travelling sales representative. In
England, these peddlers were known as "Manchester men." Employed by a factory or entrepreneur, they sold goods from shop to shop rather than door to door and were thus
1112:
Peddlers have been the subject of numerous paintings, sketches and watercolours in both
Western art and in the Orient, where they depict familiar scenes of everyday life. Some of the earliest paintings of peddlers were made in China. The 12th-century Chinese artist, Su Hanchen made several paintings
751:
1982 for
England & Wales introduced a street trader's licence. As of 2008 the pedlar's certificates remain legal and in use, although several local councils have sought to eradicate peddlers by way of local bylaws or enforcement mechanisms such as making them apply for a street trader's licence.
394:
Throughout much of Europe, suspicions of dishonest or petty criminal activity was long associated with peddlers and travellers. Regulations to discourage small-scale retailing by hawkers and peddlers, promulgated by
English authorities in the 15th and 16th centuries and reinforced by the Church, did
244:
At the Arab fair, the peddlers open their packages of tempting fabrics; the jeweler is there with his trinkets; the tailor with his ready-made garments; the shoe-maker with his stock, from rough, hairy sandals to yellow and red morocco boots; the farrier is there with his tools, nails, and flat iron
1156:
was relatively common in
Medieval art across Europe. These scenes, which appear in books and on silverware, often depict bands of monkeys robbing the peddler while he sleeps. Such images may have been popular in medieval society, because the peddler shared many of the same vices as a monkey; he was
1132:
is perhaps the most iconic image of a peddler. Painted in about 1500, the peddler in this painting wears a costume almost identical to thieves in other Bosch paintings. From the 18th-century, engravings featuring peddlers and street vendors featured in numerous volumes dedicated to representations
425:
Very few peddlers left written records. Many were illiterate and diaries are rare. Most peddlers handled cash transactions leaving behind few or no accounting records such as receipts, invoices or day- books. However, a very small number of peddlers kept diaries and these can be used to provide an
379:
began in 1872) offered another way for people in rural or other remote areas to obtain items not readily available in local stores or markets. A relatively short-lived upsurge in the number of peddlers was witnessed in the period following the second World War, when the wartime manufacturing boom
175:
A peddler, under
English law, is defined as: "any hawker, pedlar, petty chapman, tinker, caster of metals, mender of chairs, or other person who, without any horse or other beast bearing or drawing burden, travels and trades on foot and goes from town to town or to other men's houses, carrying to
254:
the term 'peddler' was used to describe those who spread the word of God for profit. The book of
Corinthians has the following phrase, "For we are not as so many, peddling the word of God" (Corinthians 2:17). The Greek term translated "peddling" referred to small-scale merchant who profited from
731:
A number of countries have enacted laws to protect the rights of peddlers, and also to protect the public from the sale of inferior goods. In many states of the US, peddlers are required to apply for a license. India has special laws enacted, by the efforts of planners which give mongers higher
494:
Today, peddlers continue to travel by foot, but also use bicycle, hand-held carts, horse-drawn carts or drays and motorized vehicles such as motor-bikes as transport modes. To carry their wares, peddlers use purpose-built back-packs, barrows, hand-carts or improvised carrying baskets. Rickshaw
124:
From antiquity, peddlers filled the gaps in the formal market economy by providing consumers with the convenience of door-to-door service. They operated alongside town markets and fairs where they often purchased surplus stocks which were subsequently resold to consumers. Peddlers were able to
310:. They called directly on homes, delivering produce to the door thereby saving customers time travelling to markets or fairs. However, customers paid a higher price for this convenience. Some peddlers operated out of inns or taverns, where they often acted as an agent rather than a reseller.
274:
who offered a varied assortment of goods and services, both evergreens and (notoriously suspicious) novelties. In 19th-century USA, peddling was often the occupation of immigrant communities including
Italians, Greeks and Jews. The more colourful peddlers were those that doubled as
235:
212:(medieval English), huckster, itinerant vendor or street vendor. According to marketing historian, Eric Shaw, the peddler is "perhaps the only substantiated type of retail marketing practice that evolved from Neolithic times to the present." The political philosopher
456:"Last week in the vicinity of Plymouth I met two peddlers, Lehman and Marx. Marx knew me from Furth, and that night we stayed together at a farmer's house. After supper we started singing, and I sat at the fireplace, thinking of all my past and of my family." (p.100)
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or used improvised carrying devices. Abram
Goodman, who took to peddling in the US in the 1840s, reports that he travelled by foot, used a sleigh when roads were snowbound and also travelled, with his pack, by boat when traversing longer distances.
1297:
320:
many pedlars and chapmen, that from fair to fair, from markett to markett, carieth it to sell in horspakks and fote pakks, in basketts and budgelts, sitting on holydays and sondais in chirche porchis and abbeys dayly to sell all such
529:
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much to encourage stereotypical and negative attitudes towards peddlers. From the 16th century, peddlers were often associated with pejorative perceptions, many of which persisted until well into the 19th and 20th centuries.
387:, the travelling salesman became a stock character in countless jokes. Such jokes are typically bawdy, and usually feature small town rubes, farmers and other country folk, and frequently another stock character, the
1697:
548:
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stereotype appears often in 19th-century literature. The most famous example is probably
Charles Dickens' ‟Doctor Marigold‟. A short story it was originally written for one of his Christmas editions of
741:, which provides for a "pedlar's certificate". Application is usually made to the police. In the late 20th century, the use of such certificates became rare as other civic legislation including the
647:
302:
As market towns flourished in medieval Europe, peddlers found a role operating on the fringes of the formal economy. During this time it was common to see long-distance peddlers, who sold remedies,
438:
313:
Peddlers played an important role providing services to geographically isolated districts, such as in the mountainous regions of Europe, thereby linking these districts with wider trading routes.
398:
In the modern economy a new breed of peddler, generally encouraged to dress respectably to inspire confidence with the general public, has been sent into the field as an aggressive form of
1445:
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painters and photographers of the 18th and the 19th centuries. Some imagery depicts peddlers in a pejorative manner, and others portray idealised romantic visions of peddlers at work.
1041:
there are also significant differences. In Britain the word was more specific to an individual selling small items of household goods from door to door. It was not usually applied to
430:(1885-1962), an immigrant from Russia, arrived in the US in 1900 and took up peddling for a brief period following his arrival. His autobiography, published in 1959 under the title,
1543:
402:
by companies pushing their specific products, sometimes to help launch novelties, sometimes on a permanent basis. In a few cases this has even been used as the core of a business.
2191:
The Cries of London Calculated to Entertain the Minds of Old and Young; illustrated in variety of copper plates neatly engrav'd with an emblematical description of each subject,
1377:
1313:
1143:
The Cries of London Calculated to Entertain the Minds of Old and Young; illustrated in variety of copper plates neatly engrav'd with an emblematical description of each subject
231:. In the Greco-Roman world, open-air markets served urban customers, while peddlers filled in the gaps in distribution by selling to rural or geographically distant customers.
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1401:
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seen as "a showman, a bit of a trickster and not always acquiring his wares by honest means and plying them without too much regard for the quality of the merchandise."
216:
wrote that "even before the resources of society permitted the establishment of shops, the supply of wants fell universally into the hands of itinerant dealers, the
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687:
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1738:
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came to an abrupt end, and returning soldiers finding themselves unable to secure suitable work, turned to peddling which generally offered a decent income.
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699:
329:
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Historically, peddlers used a variety of different transport modes: they travelled by foot, carrying their wares; by means of a person or animal-drawn
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In the United States, there was an upsurge in the number of peddlers in the late 18th century and this may have peaked in the decades just before the
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describes his various encounters with householders and the difficulties he experienced making a sale as door after door was slammed in his face.
1209:
by Margaret Hodges is a novel about a peddler who is visited by St Patrick in his dreams and through a circuitous route uncovers great riches.
259:
has the following, "A merchant shall hardly keep himself from doing wrong; and an huckster shall not be freed from sin" (Ecclesiasticus 26:29).
1835:
100:. In 19th-century America the word "drummer" was often used to refer to a peddler or traveling salesman; as exemplified in the popular play
743:
239:
1457:
1281:
588:
2252:
184:
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prints (popular prints) also feature peddlers along with other popular stereotypes. Some scholars suggest that the origin of the term,
1481:
663:
128:
Images of peddlers feature in literature and art from as early as the 12th century. Such images were very popular with the genre and
2288:
1920:
1786:
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After arriving in America in 1842, Abram Vossen Goodman also maintained a diary of his experiences, which has been published by the
245:
shoes, and drives a prosperous business for a few hours; and so does the saddler, with his coarsesacks and his gayly-trimmed cloths.
2051:
Jones, P.T.A., "Redressing Reform Narratives: Victorian London's Street Markets and the Informal Supply Lines of Urban Modernity,"
388:
2095:
1896:
1413:
1195:
is a Russian folk song that describes a meeting between a peddler and a girl. Their haggling is a metaphor for their courtship.
140:
53:
61:
326:
operating as a type of wholesaler or distribution intermediary. They were the precursors to the modern sales representative.
1086:
advertising a product or service, a street hawker or peddler of wares, or house-to-house salesman in the 16th–19th centuries.
631:
616:
2386:
1956:
Tudor Documents cited in Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1189:- a type of basket typically carried by peddlers as they carried a myriad of different wares into villages in old Russia.
280:
675:
2381:
1676:
1667:
1230:
341:
164:
The origin of the word, known in English since 1225, is uncertain, but is possibly an Anglicised version of the French
2112:
262:
In some economies the work of itinerant selling was left to a greater or lesser extent to nomadic minorities, such as
2371:
267:
2164:
New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 2002, especially Chapter 1; Harms, R., Raymond, J. and Salman, J.,
2109:
http://www.mass.gov/ocabr/government/oca-agencies/dos-lp/dos-licensing/hawker-and-peddler-license/information.html
189:
1825:
2335:
1288:
1235:
1219:
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Peddlers have been known since antiquity. They were known by a variety of names throughout the ages, including
2117:
https://www.denvergov.org/content/denvergov/en/denver-business-licensing-center/business-licenses/peddler.html
227:, plied the streets or stationed themselves at the fringes of formal trade venues such as open air markets or
2376:
1124:
1100:
1083:
929:
351:
39:
732:
rights as compared to other businessmen. For example, mongers have a right of way over motorized vehicles.
2219:
46:
2341:
1878:
1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman, German Historical Institute, 2014, <Online:
960:
840:
832:
607:
334:
117:
goods in the countryside to small towns and villages. In London, more specific terms were used, such as
2316:
Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in seventeenth Century England
2253:
https://www.backstage.com/review/ny-theater/off-off-broadway/gimpel-the-fool-the-lady-and-the-peddler
1336:
372:
209:
884:
1223:
939:
862:
796:
427:
418:
889:
879:
874:
868:
856:
1969:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1943:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1680:
1202:
1167:
1020:
980:
368:
1149:(1775) These were followed by numerous illustrated works which continued into the 20th century.
847:
Metaphoric compounds, since the 16th century mostly pejorative, formed from these synonyms are:
2323:
The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century
2284:
1926:
1916:
1831:
1782:
1129:
1114:
1105:
851:
346:
220:
who might appear once a month, being preferred to the fair, which only returned once a year."
2096:
http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1951_03_03_00_doc_kohn_goodman.pdf
1897:
http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1951_03_03_00_doc_kohn_goodman.pdf
1879:
1862:
1728:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1550:
1252:
1075:
1067:
which described a bookseller (usually near a university) whose shop was fixed and permanent.
1005:
946:
Names, some pejorative, of other sub- or supertypes or close relatives of peddlers include:
737:
399:
271:
213:
107:
97:
81:
66:
32:
776:
760:
1368:
1352:
1050:
1026:
376:
284:
276:
251:
89:
1436:
1777:
Shaw, E. H. "Ancient and medieval marketing" in Jones, D.G. Brian and Tadajewski, Mark,
1248:
970:
765:
234:
201:
149:
114:
2356:
The Autobiography of a Pedlar: John Lomas of Hollinsclough, Staffordshire (1747-1823),
2365:
2042:
Penguin, 1970. Recounts criminal and quasi-criminal activity in countryside and city.
1734:
1729:
1420:
1256:
1042:
1010:
911:
899:
384:
360:
263:
1095:
2113:
http://www.michigan.gov/statelicensesearch/0,1607,7-180-24786_24828-81612--,00.html
1516:
1000:
955:
814:
638:
539:
224:
205:
145:
118:
1649:
907:
Names, most archaic, of product- or industry-specific types of peddlers include:
1234:(1972) is a critically acclaimed film about a German fruit-peddler, directed by
1191:
1133:
of street life. One of the first of such publications was a French publication,
965:
129:
1895:: ABRAM VOSSEN GOODMAN, 1842-43, American Jewish Archives, p. 101, <Online:
1827:
Coins, bodies, games, and gold : the politics of meaning in archaic Greece
2029:. Researched and written, variously, with J. Binny, B. Hemyng and A. Halliday.
1213:
1201:(1947) is an American play by Yosefa Even Shoshan and adapted from a story by
894:
826:
820:
2265:
2127:
1930:
1569:
1564:
1304:
1064:
1056:
1038:
1034:
923:
654:
508:
256:
1812:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,
2166:
Not Dead Things: The Dissemination of Popular Print in England and Wales,
1910:
1574:
985:
975:
917:
781:
622:
153:
1684:
1662:
2220:
https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258815.pdf.bannered.pdf
1987:
1747:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
1243:
1060:
950:
836:
536:
414:
197:
70:
17:
2236:
2094:: ABRAM VOSSEN GOODMAN, 1842-43, American Jewish Archives, <Online:
1259:, is a comedy set in 1963, concerning two aluminium salesmen and the
990:
808:
769:
567:
307:
303:
93:
1171:. In collected editions of Dickens' works, it appears in the volume
1033:
Although there are basic similarities between the activities in the
410:
1522:
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795:
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706:
693:
Food peddlers are the mainstay of the floating markets in Thailand
409:
340:
328:
295:
233:
183:
157:
139:
60:
52:
2247:
Sheward, D., "Gimpel the Fool & The Lady and the Peddler," ,
1876:
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies,
188:
Ribbon seller at the entrance to the Butter Market, engraving by
2138:
a person eager to learn gossip, news or scandal; or a busybody.
1768:
habitually moving / wandering / travelling from place to place.
995:
933:
291:
228:
2079:
Writing Out Lives: Autobiographies of American Jews, 1890-1990,
1650:
Words Packman and Peddler have similar meaning – Thesaurus.plus
1263:
they use to make a sale as they try to out-compete each other.
2162:
Images of the Outcast: The Urban Poor in the Cries of London,
1947:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, pp 31-32
2235:
Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 43-53, DOI: 10.2307/127474, Stable URL:
1141:). In 1757, the first English publication in this genre was
1698:
THE LANGUAGES OF FINLAND 1917–2017 - University of Helsinki
2066:
The Autobiography of a Pedlar: John Lomas of Hollinsclough
1973:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 33
1960:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 32
1880:
http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=191
1863:
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1206.html
2231:
Watstein, J., "Ivan Sytin: An Old Russia Success Story,"
2147:
Gilchrist, S.F., "The Good Thief Imagined as a Peddler,"
1830:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 72.
1218:
is a ballad that now forms part of the collection at the
1139:
Studies Taken of the Lower People, Or The Cries of Paris
606:
David and Harry Silverman in their fruit-peddling cart,
554:"Mush-Fakers" and Ginger-Beer Makers, London, circa 1877
172:"foot", referring to a petty trader travelling on foot.
2179:
Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de Paris
1757:
1663:"M. B. Curtis and the Making of the American Stage Jew"
1321:
Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de Paris
1135:
Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de Paris
903:), likely more widespread than any of the literal uses.
542:
are a familiar sight across southern England and Wales
1986:
Vol. 21, No. 3, March, 1913, pp. 255-258 <Online:
1874:
Diner, H., "German Jews and Peddling in America." In
2077:
Lisistzky's story is recounted in Rubin, S.J. (ed),
1537:
The Peddler, US, 1903, chalk drawing, unknown artist
495:
peddlers are a relatively common sight across Asia.
333:
Fruit peddlers with draft horses and covered wagon,
113:
In England, the term was mostly used for travellers
2016:
Washington, Gallaudet University Press, 2000 pp 5-8
2003:
Washington, Gallaudet University Press, 2000 pp 4-5
1275:
The Knick-knack Peddler by Su Hanchen, 12th Century
1152:Bonnie Young has pointed out that the theme of the
2193:Vol. III. London, H. Roberts, c.1760 was published
2128:Quidnunc Definition & Meaning – Dictionary.com
2068:, Staffordshire (1747-1823), Midland History, 1996
1814:Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
804:Literal compounds formed from these synonyms are:
2280:Magill's Survey of Cinema, Foreign Language Films
2214:Young, Bonnie, "The Monkeys & the Peddler,"
749:Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act,
1451:Russian peddler by Emile Francois Dessain, 1882
318:
1779:The Routledge Companion to Marketing History,
1113:of peddlers as did one of his contemporaries,
735:In Britain, peddling is still governed by the
355:of October 21, 1906, featuring the image of a
31:"Peddle" redirects here. For the surname, see
8:
1501:Histoire de la Communauté des Distillateurs,
1395:Fawcett as Autolycus by Thomas Wageman, 1828
2014:Deaf Peddler: Confessions of an Inside Man,
2001:Deaf Peddler: Confessions of an Inside Man,
932:(now only a surname, formerly a peddler of
2266:https://www.loc.gov/item/afc9999005.34318/
1912:Early modern Italy : a social history
1383:Portuguese peddler by Henry L'EvĂŞque, 1814
1016:Individual peddlers (of myth and history)
426:insight into the daily life of a peddler.
255:acting as a middleman between others. The
103:Sam'l of Posen; or, The Commercial Drummer
1351:Cherry peddler in Bucharest, painting by
316:A 16th-century commentator wrote of the:
2216:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin,
2277:Magill, Frank Northen (June 30, 1985).
1642:
1586:
1265:
792:Peddlers in the street, Boston, c. 1915
764:A typical door-to-door vendor in rural
497:
1475:Slovak peddler by Antonin Hölper, 1888
1407:Poultry seller by Jean Davillier, 1874
523:Vegetable peddler, Japan, 19th-century
92:) is a door-to-door and/or travelling
2218:26.10, 1968, pp 441–454. <Online:
1982:Malcolm Keir, R., "The Tin-Peddler,"
1915:. London: Routledge. pp. 41–42.
1499:Brandy Peddler from Paul Clacquesin,
1463:Basket Pedlar by Victor Fournel, 1887
1029:(1832-1862) Scottish poet and peddler
721:Goat wagon peddler, late 19th century
7:
2330:Hawkers and Walkers in Early America
1988:https://www.jstor.org/stable/1819807
1023:(English folktale, recorded in 1699)
744:Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982
507:Modern-day pedal-powered peddler in
2237:https://www.jstor.org/stable/127474
1247:(1987), a feature film directed by
871:, in the 18th century a "do-gooder"
160:, Finland in the late 19th century.
1801:London, Longman, 1909, Bk.I, Ch.II
1799:Principles of a Political Economy,
1668:Journal of American Ethnic History
432:In the Grip of the Cross-Currents,
25:
2107:Massachusetts, Consumer Affairs,
2027:London Labour and the London Poor
1145:, was published. and followed by
897:, recorded since 1590 (Spenser's
800:Peddling fruit, Turkey, 1872-1885
2309:Yankee Peddlers of Early America
2264:Library of Congress, Catalogue,
1721:
1542:
1530:
1508:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1428:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1360:
1344:
1328:
1312:
1296:
1280:
1268:
714:
698:
686:
674:
662:
646:
630:
615:
599:
587:
582:Peddler from Russia, circa 1900s
575:
559:
547:
528:
516:
500:
38:For other uses of "Pedlar", see
2055:, Vol 41, No. 1, 2006, pp 63–64
1319:Coffee Peddler, engraving from
657:with improvised carry container
1185:, may have come from the word
1137:(1737) (roughly translated as
57:A Peking fruit seller, c. 1869
1:
2251:20 January 2012, <Online:
1984:Journal of Political Economy,
1810:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
223:Typically, peddlers operated
2149:Notes in the History of Art,
1677:University of Illinois Press
1661:Erdman, Harley (Fall 1995).
1231:The Merchant of Four Seasons
594:A door-to-door peddler, 1905
2111:; Michigan State Licenses,
1909:Black, Christopher (2001).
1049:Food traders were normally
859:, procurer for prostitution
2403:
2081:Jewish Publication Society
1781:London, Routledge, p. 24.
1207:St Patrick and the Peddler
1082:) was a person carrying a
727:Legislation and regulation
566:Fruit peddler and barrow,
29:
2293:– via Google Books.
2115:; Denver State Business,
2040:The Victorian Underworld,
1199:The Lady and the Peddler,
1079:
136:Etymology and definitions
2181:Paris, E. Fessard, 1737.
2092:A Jewish Peddler's Diary
1971:Business History Review,
1958:Business History Review,
1945:Business History Review,
1893:A Jewish Peddler's Diary
1859:Encyclopedia of Chicago,
1549:Venetian fish seller by
1236:Rainer Werner Fassbinder
1220:American Folklife Center
1119:The Knick knack Peddler.
439:American Jewish Archives
45:Not to be confused with
27:Door-to-door salesperson
2205:, London, I. Kirk, 1757
1758:itinerant on Wiktionary
1744:Encyclopædia Britannica
1117:, both of whom painted
352:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
40:Pedlar (disambiguation)
1824:Kurke, Leslie (1999).
1307:van Rijn, c. 1624–1625
1303:The spectacle-pedlar,
1154:monkey and the peddler
1109:
801:
793:
785:
773:
511:, Netherlands, c. 2020
422:
364:
338:
323:
247:
193:
161:
73:
58:
47:Pedal (disambiguation)
2358:Midland History, 1996
2328:Wright, R.L. (1927),
2321:Spufford, M. (1984),
2314:Spufford, M. (1981),
1098:
1091:In literature and art
961:Door-to-door salesman
799:
791:
779:
763:
669:Banana vendor, Uganda
637:The Produce Peddler,
608:Saint Paul, Minnesota
417:milk peddlers with a
413:
373:mail order catalogues
363:, in the striped suit
344:
335:Saint Paul, Minnesota
332:
237:
187:
143:
64:
56:
2387:Obsolete occupations
2307:Dolan, J.R. (1964),
2151:Vol. 17, No. 2, 1998
1629:(but not in Britain)
1525:print," 19th century
705:Ice cream seller in
345:Fanciful drawing by
2382:People in retailing
2233:The Russian Review,
1857:"Street Peddling,"
1739:Hawkers and Pedlars
1439:, late 19th century
1367:The Shrimp Girl by
1224:Library of Congress
1063:; compare the term
1001:Travelling salesman
780:A peddler woman in
357:travelling salesman
2177:Bouchardon, Edmé,
2053:The London Journal
1335:Broom Peddler, by
1173:Christmas Stories.
1168:All the Year Round
1110:
1021:Pedlar of Swaffham
833:Upholsterer monger
802:
794:
786:
774:
490:Modes of transport
423:
369:American Civil War
365:
339:
248:
194:
162:
74:
59:
2372:Sales occupations
2344:at Etymonline.com
2338:at Etymonline.com
1837:978-0-691-00736-6
1435:London Pedlar by
1337:François Joullain
1130:Hieronymous Bosch
1106:Hieronymous Bosch
852:Disease mongering
653:Street vendor in
406:Life of a peddler
389:farmer's daughter
347:Marguerite Martyn
16:(Redirected from
2394:
2295:
2294:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1906:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1709:The Pedlars Act,
1706:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1630:
1593:Also known as a
1591:
1551:Giuseppe Barison
1546:
1534:
1519:and Khodebshchik
1512:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1364:
1348:
1332:
1316:
1300:
1284:
1272:
1253:Richard Dreyfuss
1081:
1006:Rag-and-bone man
738:Pedlars Act 1871
718:
702:
690:
681:Balloon Salesman
678:
666:
650:
634:
625:rickshaw peddler
619:
603:
591:
579:
563:
551:
532:
520:
504:
428:Ephraim Lisitzky
400:direct marketing
214:John Stuart Mill
152:" peddlers from
108:George H. Jessop
82:American English
67:Ho Chi Minh City
50:
43:
36:
33:Peddle (surname)
21:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
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2393:
2392:
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2361:
2351:
2349:Further reading
2304:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2283:. Salem Press.
2276:
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2246:
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2226:
2213:
2209:
2203:Cries of London
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2160:Shesgreen, S.,
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2106:
2102:
2090:Goodman, A.V.,
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2025:Mayhew, Henry,
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1891:Goodman, A.V.,
1890:
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1856:
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1823:
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1818:
1809:
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1796:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1737:, ed. (1911). "
1733:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:1871, Section 3
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1381:
1372:
1369:William Hogarth
1365:
1356:
1353:Amadeo Preziosi
1349:
1340:
1339:, Etching, 1737
1333:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1216:and the Peddler
1147:Cries of London
1093:
1027:James Macfarlan
914:(ship's stores)
758:
756:Types and names
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722:
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543:
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492:
408:
377:Montgomery Ward
285:fortune-tellers
182:
138:
90:British English
51:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:Street culture
2374:
2364:
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2359:
2350:
2347:
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2345:
2339:
2333:
2326:
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2070:
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2018:
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1962:
1949:
1936:
1921:
1901:
1884:
1867:
1850:
1836:
1816:
1803:
1790:
1770:
1761:
1750:
1735:Chisholm, Hugh
1713:
1701:
1690:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1619:(coster)monger
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
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1567:
1560:
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1343:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1287:The Pedlar by
1286:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1249:Barry Levinson
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1068:
1053:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
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988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
944:
943:
937:
927:
921:
915:
905:
904:
892:
887:
885:Scandal monger
882:
877:
872:
866:
865:(a 'quidnunc')
860:
854:
845:
844:
835:(a peddler of
830:
824:
818:
812:
766:Zhangpu County
757:
754:
728:
725:
724:
723:
720:
713:
711:
704:
697:
695:
692:
685:
683:
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673:
671:
668:
661:
659:
652:
645:
643:
636:
629:
627:
621:
614:
612:
605:
598:
596:
593:
586:
584:
581:
574:
572:
565:
558:
556:
553:
546:
544:
540:onion salesmen
535:Cycle-mounted
534:
527:
525:
522:
515:
513:
506:
499:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
478:
477:
476:
475:
469:
468:
467:
466:
460:
459:
458:
457:
451:
450:
449:
448:
421:, c. 1890-1900
419:dog-drawn cart
407:
404:
361:lightning rods
240:Khan Al-Tujjar
181:
178:
137:
134:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2399:
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2340:
2337:
2336:Station Chief
2334:
2331:
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2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
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2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:9780893562489
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2250:
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2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:Chesney, K.,
2035:
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2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
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1787:9781134688685
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1730:public domain
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1257:Danny De Vito
1254:
1251:and starring
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867:
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2013:
2012:Buck, D.S.,
2008:
2000:
1999:Buck, D.S.,
1995:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1911:
1904:
1892:
1887:
1875:
1870:
1861:<Online:
1858:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1826:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1797:Mill, J.S.,
1793:
1778:
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1764:
1753:
1742:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1672:
1666:
1656:
1645:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1517:Sbitenshchik
1515:
1500:
1437:Gustave Doré
1320:
1289:Hans Holbein
1261:dirty tricks
1260:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1212:
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1206:
1198:
1197:
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1186:
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1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1125:The Wayfarer
1123:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1101:The Wayfarer
1099:
1072:Khodebshchik
1071:
1070:In Russia a
1032:
1015:
956:Costermonger
945:
906:
898:
890:Scare monger
880:Rumor monger
875:Power monger
869:Merit-monger
857:Flesh monger
846:
829:(iron wares)
815:Costermonger
809:Cheesemonger
803:
748:
742:
736:
734:
730:
570:, circa 1885
493:
436:
431:
424:
397:
393:
382:
366:
356:
350:
324:
319:
315:
312:
301:
289:
261:
249:
243:
225:door-to-door
222:
217:
206:costermonger
195:
174:
169:
165:
163:
156:, Russia in
127:
123:
119:costermonger
112:
101:
85:
77:
75:
2354:Brown, D.,
2168:Brill, 2013
2064:Brown, D.,
1843:2 September
1487:Punch, 1892
1291:1538 Pedlar
1192:Korobeiniki
1055:Sellers of
966:Haberdasher
208:(English),
150:laukkuryssä
130:Orientalist
65:Peddler in
2366:Categories
2249:Backstage,
1637:References
1623:colporteur
1419:Pedlar by
1214:Robin Hood
1203:S.Y. Agnon
1162:Cheap Jack
827:Ironmonger
821:Fishmonger
277:performers
268:travellers
170:pes, pedis
1679:: 28–45.
1627:solicitor
1603:cheapjack
1570:Joan Dant
1565:Charlatan
1355:, c. 1869
1305:Rembrandt
1108:, c. 1500
1084:billboard
1065:stationer
1057:chapbooks
1039:New World
1035:Old World
942:(barrels)
895:Warmonger
841:stitching
823:(seafood)
655:Maracaibo
641:, Morocco
610:, c. 1920
509:Amsterdam
337:, c. 1928
321:trifells.
257:Apocrypha
1931:49414898
1685:27502012
1615:huckster
1575:Quackery
1559:See also
1177:Russian
1080:ходебщик
1037:and the
986:Merchant
976:Huckster
924:Milliner
912:Chandler
817:(apples)
811:(cheese)
782:Nishapur
772:, China.
747:and the
623:Mandalay
168:, Latin
154:Kestenga
2342:Peddler
1732::
1599:packman
1595:chapman
1244:Tin Men
1115:Li Song
1076:Russian
1061:chapmen
1051:badgers
1043:Gypsies
951:Arabber
918:Collier
837:fabrics
415:Belgian
383:In the
349:in the
308:elixirs
304:potions
281:healers
272:Yeniche
264:gypsies
250:In the
218:pedlars
210:chapman
198:Arabber
180:History
115:hawking
78:peddler
71:Vietnam
18:Pedlars
2287:
1929:
1919:
1834:
1785:
1726:
1683:
1611:higler
1607:hawker
1553:, 1906
1423:, 1875
1371:, 1740
1323:, 1737
991:Seller
981:Pusher
971:Hawker
940:Cooper
930:Lanier
926:(hats)
920:(coal)
770:Fujian
568:Sydney
537:Breton
375:(e.g.
202:hawker
192:, 1884
144:Three
94:vendor
86:pedlar
1681:JSTOR
1675:(1).
1581:Notes
1523:lubok
1521:, a "
1187:lubki
1183:lubok
1179:lubok
1059:were
707:Paris
296:wagon
283:, or
270:, or
252:Bible
229:fairs
158:Lohja
98:goods
84:) or
2285:ISBN
2255:>
2222:>
2098:>
1990:>
1927:OCLC
1917:ISBN
1899:>
1882:>
1865:>
1845:2017
1832:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1503:1900
1255:and
1241:The
1160:The
996:Tout
934:wool
839:and
306:and
292:cart
166:pied
1741:".
1625:or
1128:by
1104:by
639:Fez
359:of
294:or
238:At
106:by
96:of
2368::
1925:.
1673:15
1671:.
1665:.
1621:,
1617:,
1613:,
1609:,
1605:,
1601:,
1597:,
1238:.
1226:.
1222:,
1078::
1045:.
768:,
391:.
287:.
279:,
266:,
242::
204:,
200:,
121:.
110:.
76:A
69:,
2332:.
2325:.
2318:.
2311:.
1933:.
1847:.
1687:.
1074:(
936:)
843:)
784:.
148:"
88:(
80:(
49:.
42:.
35:.
20:)
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