304:, he declared that, of the 492 original holdings in the Peel Estate, 227 had been completely abandoned while another 88 had been merged with others to improve their position. A significant amount of the land proposed for dairy farming in the estate was found to be completely unsuitable for such an activity and was deemed unlikely to ever become profitable. The minister admitted that attempted cultivation provided a lesser outcome then had the land been left in its original state. The failure of the drainage system was identified as one of the main reasons for the estate's failure, being unable to drain away sufficient amount of water as well as causing excessive salinity in the soil. At this point, £7,830,000 had been spend on the Western Australian Group Settlement scheme, of which £717,000 had been spend on drainage. Annual winter floods contributed to the problem; those of July 1928 had been especially bad, overwhelming the main drain and filling the fields, in the words of a visiting farmer, "with wild ducks and swans".
278:, at least in theory, was responsible for the construction activities for the Peel Estate, including the drainage of the land. Initially, the small sum of £500 was allocated to carry out the surveying for the Peel Main Drain, which was begun by the Water Department rather than Public Works. This proved completely inadequate and the surveying budget was eventually extended to £7,000. Construction of the drainage system was begun without any estimate of the cost as Anketell was forced to employ a large number of otherwise unemployed migrants who had arrived as part of the scheme.
252:
31:
282:
allow water to drain away from an early stage. Anketell overruled this and digging was started in the north as he considered this the faster method. The Royal
Commission was unable to determine in their report whether this was a key factor in the subsequent flooding and destruction of crops throughout the settlement. Despite the blow out of costs for the drainage system, the Royal Commission came to the conclusion that the increase of land value as a result of draining it would compensate for the cost.
459:
403:. The site, which takes its name from the distance of the Baldivis Tramway from its northern starting point, is an accumulation of sand dunes that are the result of extensive excavations for the drainage canal. White Bridge and Jolly's Bridge, where Anketell and Mandogalup Roads pass over the drain, are both heritage listed; both bridges have been replaced with newer structures.
307:
Of the 402 original settlers in the Peel Estate from the establishment in 1922 and 1923, only 177 were left by 1928 and most of those struggled to make a living from their holding. The low quality of the land and the failure of the drainage system were seen as the reason for the ultimate failure of
231:
24,230 in
February 1920. Of this land, approximately a quarter was swamp. The intention of this land was to be settled as part of the Group Settlement Scheme, with each settler to receive 120 acres (49 ha) of land, which was supposed to be a mixture of swamp, forest and scrub. The construction
281:
The construction of the drain took place without taking the value or quality of the land into account. Anketell was set no budget and his own estimates increased as more water than originally expected had to be drained. The Public Works
Department proposed digging the drain from south to north to
289:
million had been spend on the Peel Estate settlement scheme, of which £230,000 were expenses for the drainage system. In comparison, up to 31 December 1923, £57,579 had been spend on the 30 miles (48 km) of tramway and £90,000 spend on road construction for the Peel Estate.
383:
The catchment area of the drain is 120 square kilometres (30,000 acres), of which almost 40 percent is nature reserves and conservation areas. In 2014, an annual flow of 5 gigalitres was recorded for the drain; in 2018, 11,6 gigalitres of flow were recorded.
328:. The Peel Main Drain passes through Mandogalup Swamp and The Spectacles Wetlands, generally running north-south again from then on. It continues through Bollard Bullrush Swamp, after which it passes under Kwinana Freeway for a second time, in the north of
379:
The Peel Main Drain typically has a continuous flow during winter, from July to
October, while running dry in summer and autumn. Dry days vary considerably from year to year, with 175 dry days experienced in 2007 and 35 in 2014.
387:
Water quality monitoring of the drain commenced in July 2006 and is being carried out at a sample station at Karnup Road, approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) before it discharges into the
Serpentine River. A high degree of
232:
of houses, drainage and road and rail infrastructure were the responsibility of the state government of
Western Australia. Finance for the project was also obtained through the
332:. The Peel Main Drain runs parallel to the freeway, on the eastern side for the most part, passing through Folly Pool and Maramanup Pool. The mouth of the canal is at
460:"Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the operations of the government in connection with the purchase and development of the Peel and Bateman Estates"
348:
275:
207:
In regards to its purpose, the Peel Main Drain was a failure, as was the whole Peel Estate scheme, as it was never able to dewater the land sufficiently.
878:
853:
324:, before passing through Banjup Lake. It runs north-south before turning west and then south-west just south of Rowley Road, passing under the
297:
551:
655:
529:
428:
337:
219:, for which the Peel Main Drain was constructed, was a 60,000-acre (24,000 ha) area of land, predominantly located in what is now the
201:
492:
816:
790:
674:
360:
184:, Western Australia. Construction of the canal commenced in 1920 to drain the wetlands in the area as part of the post-World War I
139:
99:
267:, for the Peel Estate. The works were supervised by the experienced chief engineer Richard John Anketell, after whom the suburb of
883:
647:
617:
587:
768:
739:
710:
500:
470:
356:
256:
177:
521:
420:
351:, the Cities of Cockburn, Kwinana and Rockingham. After starting in the suburb of Banjup, it continues in the suburbs of
858:
132:
92:
873:
329:
268:
251:
36:
609:
579:
392:
and a very high degree of phosphorus pollution in the water of the drain have been recorded between 2008 and 2016.
368:
364:
30:
742:: Department of Water and Environmental Regulation & Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development
863:
333:
321:
197:
193:
868:
848:
352:
732:
396:
243:, which was appointed in December 1923 and presented its report in March 1924, making five recommendations.
185:
761:
703:
293:
All up, by the end of 1923, 220 miles (350 km) of drains had been constructed for the Peel Estate.
239:
The management and cost of the Peel Estate Group
Settlement Scheme were eventually the subject of a
389:
224:
651:
58:
317:
264:
240:
228:
325:
220:
263:
Construction of the canal was started in
October 1920, alongside the construction of the
842:
216:
189:
341:
301:
154:
141:
114:
101:
285:
By the time the Royal
Commission presented its report in March 1924, £1.25
204:. The drain has a catchment area of 120 square kilometres (30,000 acres).
555:
233:
762:
Peel-Harvey catchment
Nutrient report 2015: Peel Main Drain 2017 Update
181:
54:
227:, which was purchased by the Western Australian government for
371:
and Baldivis before reaching the Serpentine River at Karnup.
395:
The area around the Peel Main Drain east of the current-day
733:
Peel-Harvey catchment Nutrient report 2018: Peel Main Drain
704:
Peel-Harvey catchment Nutrient report 2015: Peel Main Drain
646:(2016 ed.). 1:19,000. St Leonards, New South Wales:
316:
The canal originates just north of Coffey Road, in the
130:
90:
85:
77:
72:
64:
50:
23:
196:, where it starts just north of Banjup Lake, to
644:UBD Street Directory 2016 Perth & Surrounds
493:"Royal Commissions held in Western Australia"
8:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
276:Public Works Department of Western Australia
698:
696:
669:
667:
20:
637:
635:
574:
572:
347:The drain passes through three different
298:Minister responsible for Group Settlement
250:
823:. Heritage Council of Western Australia
797:. Heritage Council of Western Australia
681:. Heritage Council of Western Australia
412:
642:UBD Gregory's (2016). "Perth" (Map).
234:Agricultural Bank of Western Australia
7:
713:: Department of Water. November 2016
296:In an August 1928 statement by the
16:Drainage canal in Western Australia
552:"Perth and surrounds suburb names"
14:
879:Watercourses of Western Australia
854:1920 establishments in Australia
771:: Department of Water. June 2017
399:has been heritage-listed as the
29:
821:inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au
795:inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au
769:Government of Western Australia
740:Government of Western Australia
711:Government of Western Australia
679:inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au
501:Parliament of Western Australia
471:Parliament of Western Australia
336:, where it discharges into the
200:, where it discharges into the
1:
421:"Migration within the Empire"
648:Universal Publishers Pty Ltd
45:Route of the Peel Main Drain
192:. The canal stretches from
180:in the southern suburbs of
900:
580:"Group Settlement Finance"
43:
28:
884:Group Settlement Scheme
397:Kwinana railway station
340:, which flows into the
186:Group Settlement Scheme
35:The Peel Main Drain at
349:local government areas
260:
255:Historical plaque at
254:
650:. pp. 389–497.
610:"Peel Estate Floods"
497:parliament.wa.gov.au
467:parliament.wa.gov.au
155:32.4002°N 115.8310°E
115:32.1627°S 115.8818°E
859:Canals in Australia
675:"9 Mile Dumps site"
151: /
111: /
874:City of Rockingham
532:. 5 September 1921
390:nitrogen pollution
271:was later named.
261:
120:-32.1627; 115.8818
78:Construction began
657:978 0 7319 3006 7
522:"The Peel Estate"
431:. 30 January 1923
401:9 Mile Dumps site
221:Cities of Kwinana
170:
169:
160:32.4002; 115.8310
59:Western Australia
891:
864:City of Cockburn
833:
832:
830:
828:
817:"Jolly's Bridge"
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
766:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
737:
729:
723:
722:
720:
718:
708:
700:
691:
690:
688:
686:
671:
662:
661:
639:
630:
629:
627:
625:
614:trove.nla.gov.au
606:
600:
599:
597:
595:
590:. 23 August 1928
584:trove.nla.gov.au
576:
567:
566:
564:
562:
548:
542:
541:
539:
537:
526:trove.nla.gov.au
518:
512:
511:
509:
507:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
464:
456:
441:
440:
438:
436:
425:trove.nla.gov.au
417:
338:Serpentine River
318:City of Cockburn
288:
265:Baldivis Tramway
241:Royal Commission
202:Serpentine River
166:
165:
163:
162:
161:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
33:
21:
899:
898:
894:
893:
892:
890:
889:
888:
869:City of Kwinana
849:Drainage canals
839:
838:
837:
836:
826:
824:
815:
814:
810:
800:
798:
789:
788:
784:
774:
772:
764:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
735:
731:
730:
726:
716:
714:
706:
702:
701:
694:
684:
682:
673:
672:
665:
658:
641:
640:
633:
623:
621:
608:
607:
603:
593:
591:
578:
577:
570:
560:
558:
550:
549:
545:
535:
533:
520:
519:
515:
505:
503:
491:
490:
486:
476:
474:
462:
458:
457:
444:
434:
432:
419:
418:
414:
409:
377:
326:Kwinana Freeway
314:
286:
259:Pioneer Reserve
249:
213:
174:Peel Main Drain
159:
157:
153:
150:
145:
142:
140:
138:
137:
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
102:
100:
98:
97:
46:
39:
24:Peel Main Drain
17:
12:
11:
5:
897:
895:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
841:
840:
835:
834:
808:
791:"White Bridge"
782:
753:
724:
692:
663:
656:
631:
620:. 26 July 1928
601:
568:
543:
530:The Daily News
513:
484:
442:
429:The Daily News
411:
410:
408:
405:
376:
373:
361:The Spectacles
313:
310:
248:
245:
212:
209:
178:drainage canal
168:
167:
135:
128:
127:
95:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
896:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
822:
818:
812:
809:
796:
792:
786:
783:
770:
763:
757:
754:
741:
734:
728:
725:
712:
705:
699:
697:
693:
680:
676:
670:
668:
664:
659:
653:
649:
645:
638:
636:
632:
619:
615:
611:
605:
602:
589:
585:
581:
575:
573:
569:
557:
553:
547:
544:
531:
527:
523:
517:
514:
502:
498:
494:
488:
485:
472:
468:
461:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
443:
430:
426:
422:
416:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
393:
391:
385:
381:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
305:
303:
299:
294:
291:
283:
279:
277:
272:
270:
266:
258:
253:
246:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
208:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
164:
136:
134:
129:
124:
96:
94:
89:
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
825:. Retrieved
820:
811:
799:. Retrieved
794:
785:
773:. Retrieved
756:
744:. Retrieved
727:
715:. Retrieved
683:. Retrieved
678:
643:
622:. Retrieved
618:Western Mail
613:
604:
592:. Retrieved
588:Western Mail
583:
559:. Retrieved
546:
534:. Retrieved
525:
516:
504:. Retrieved
496:
487:
475:. Retrieved
466:
433:. Retrieved
424:
415:
400:
394:
386:
382:
378:
346:
315:
308:the scheme.
306:
295:
292:
284:
280:
273:
262:
238:
214:
206:
173:
171:
18:
320:-suburb of
217:Peel Estate
190:Peel Estate
158: /
146:115°49′52″E
133:coordinates
118: /
106:115°52′54″E
93:coordinates
843:Categories
767:(Report).
738:(Report).
709:(Report).
407:References
357:Mandogalup
342:Peel Inlet
302:Frank Troy
257:Mandogalup
225:Rockingham
211:Background
143:32°24′01″N
103:32°09′46″S
91:Beginning
86:Geography
68:Australia
556:Landgate
330:Baldivis
269:Anketell
51:Location
37:Baldivis
827:29 June
801:29 June
775:28 June
746:28 June
717:28 June
685:28 June
624:28 June
594:28 June
561:28 June
536:28 June
506:28 June
477:28 June
435:28 June
369:Wellard
365:Bertram
247:History
188:at the
131:Ending
73:History
65:Country
654:
473:. 1924
375:Status
334:Karnup
322:Banjup
287:
198:Karnup
194:Banjup
765:(PDF)
736:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
463:(PDF)
353:Wandi
312:Route
182:Perth
176:is a
55:Perth
829:2021
803:2021
777:2021
748:2021
719:2021
687:2021
652:ISBN
626:2021
596:2021
563:2021
538:2021
508:2021
479:2021
437:2021
274:The
223:and
215:The
172:The
81:1920
845::
819:.
793:.
695:^
677:.
666:^
634:^
616:.
612:.
586:.
582:.
571:^
554:.
528:.
524:.
499:.
495:.
469:.
465:.
445:^
427:.
423:.
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
344:.
300:,
236:.
57:,
831:.
805:.
779:.
750:.
721:.
689:.
660:.
628:.
598:.
565:.
540:.
510:.
481:.
439:.
229:£
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
