20:
400:. The foreign population in Beijing was never more than two to three thousand people (not counting foreign soldiers), compared to the 60,000 non-Chinese who lived in Shanghai in 1930. (The American civilians resident in Beijing in 1937 numbered about 700.) Rather the population that Beijing attracted included, in addition to the diplomats working in the Legations and the soldiers guarding them, a sizable number of scholars, artists, and aesthetes, especially in the early 1930s. They were attracted by the ancient Chinese culture preserved in Beijing and leisurely living for very little money.
217:
392:
diplomat in 1907. The ubiquitous
Protestant missionaries, mindful of the anti-missionary and anti-Christian fervor of the Boxers, began to turn away from proselytizing, and more toward education, health, and women's issues in attempting to accelerate a century of very slow progress in achieving their goal of making China into a Christian nation. A few foreign businessmen came to Beijing and many foreign enterprises were located in the Legation Quarter, but Beijing never became a mercantile center for foreign companies comparable to
557:. The Marco Polo Bridge was about 20 km (12 mi) west of the Legation Quarter. More fighting ensued and on August 8, the victorious Japanese army marched into Beijing. Foreigners observed the fighting outside Beijing from the roof of the Peking Hotel. The legations ordered all their citizens to take refuge in the Legation Quarter. A "polyglot assortment" of people showed up of "missionaries, Eurasians, Chinese and Russian wives of Americans" and dozens of White Russians at the American Legation, by then called an
367:
28:
330:
581:, 320 km (200 mi) south of Beijing. The group, ranging in age from six months to 85 years old and including many missionaries, doctors, scholars, and businessmen, were allowed to take only what they could carry and were marched past Chinese crowds assembled to see the humiliation of the foreigners. The foreign population of Beijing was interned in Weixian until the end of World War II.
205:
423:
with temporary passes from guards at every entrance to the
Legation Quarter. It was a leisurely life for diplomats, their guards, and other foreigners, who had legions of servants and for whom life consisted of a "perpetual merry-go round of parties....One hardly saw any Chinese guests among the crowd....Riding and horse racing", and a "delightful immorality" prevailed.
379:
561:. The refugees soon returned to their homes as the fighting ceased with the Japanese in firm control. The consequence of the Japanese conquest was that foreign residents of the Legation Quarter began to leave China, and the number of legation guards was drawn down. The final departure of American Marines from Beijing and northern China was to be December 10, 1941.
624:
is a tourist destination, is protected by municipal artifact preservation orders, and now features several fine dining restaurants, including one located in the former
American legation, and retail shops. Prominent buildings from this time still standing is the old main Beijing Railway Station building from 1903, today housing the
422:
For the
Europeans or Americans visiting or living in the Legation Quarter, it was a familiar environment of paved streets, western architecture, lawns, trees, social clubs, bars and restaurants. Chinese servants of foreigners were allowed to live in the Legation quarter, but others could only enter
341:
of 1901 officially ended the Boxer
Rebellion. China was forced to pay a large indemnity to the foreign powers. Article VII of the Protocol said that "the quarter occupied by the legations shall be considered as one specially reserved for their use and placed under their exclusive control, in which
623:
building, were demolished for road expansion. Some buildings are occupied by government institutions. A number of modern high-rise buildings have also been built, dramatically changing the area's appearance. Nevertheless, as
Beijing's most significant collection of Western-style buildings, the area
544:
in 1928 which reduced the political importance of
Beijing. Beijing (northern capital) became Beiping (northern peace). The diplomats in Beiping, enjoying the delights of the Legation Quarter, resisted moving their legations to Nanjing, commuting instead between the two cities, a trip that took days
391:
In the years after the Boxer
Rebellion, foreign influence increased in Beijing, a conservative bastion of China. Missionaries, tourists, artists, soldiers, and businessmen came in larger numbers to visit or reside in the Legation Quarter. The "place just crawls" with "globetrotters" said a British
297:
princes. However, in 1860, Beijing was "in a wretched state of dilapidation and ruin, and scarcely one of their palatial buildings is not falling into decay." Legation Street in 1900 was still "a straggling unpaved slum of a thoroughfare, along which one occasionally sees a
European picking his way
106:
of 1900. After the Boxer
Rebellion, the Legation Quarter was under the jurisdiction of foreign countries with diplomatic legations (later most commonly called "embassies") in the quarter. The foreign residents were exempt from Chinese law. The Legation Quarter attracted many diplomats, soldiers,
262:
In 1861, the British legation was established in the residence of Prince Chun, the French legation was established in the residence of Prince An, and the Russian legation was established in the existing Russian quarters of the Orthodox Church. In 1862, the American legation was established in the
439:
after 1905. At the end of World War I in 1918, the U.S. guard contingent consisted of 222 men. The Japanese had 180 men and the British 102. Other countries had smaller numbers of soldiers. Those numbers for the U.S. gradually increased to reach a total of 567 Marines on December 31, 1937, the
519:
to "have scrambled eggs and dance with the Russian girls." An Italian diplomat condemned the White Russians: "The prestige of the white race fell precipitously when Chinese could possess a white woman for a dollar or less, and Russian officers in tattered uniforms begged at the doors of Chinese
479:
and treaty ports such as Shanghai, but a few ended up in Beijing. In 1924, the Chinese government recognized the government of the Soviet Union and the majority of White Russians in China who refused to become Soviet citizens were rendered stateless, thus subject to Chinese law unlike other
358:
gate, just across the inner city walls from the Legation Quarter. Foreign soldiers patrolled the streets of the Legation Quarter, and Chinese houses and property had been expropriated or purchased. A wall had been constructed around the Legation Quarter and outside the wall a grassy area, a
267:, an American who was appointed to head the U.S. legation. Other countries also soon followed suit. By 1900 there were 11 legations in the Legation Quarter: the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Italy, Spain, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, and the United States.
345:
Most of the buildings, Chinese and foreign-owned, in the Legation Quarter were damaged or destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion. The area was quickly rebuilt and became more European. In 1902, legations had been rebuilt and expanded, Legation Street had been paved, and the
426:
However, in the opinion of many, the "latent hatred of the foreigner" by the Chinese was in no way diminished. Relationships between foreigners and Chinese were mostly superficial, with few successful efforts to "bridge the gap which separates white & yellow."
487:
Although some of the White Russians arrived with their fortunes intact, most were penniless and due to ethnic prejudices and their inability to speak English were unable to find jobs. To support themselves and their families, many of the younger women became
604:(1949), a number of foreign legations were still situated in the legation area. The missions of East Germany, Hungary, Burma and the United Kingdom were all located in the Legation Quarter in the 1950s, but after 1959 foreign missions were relocated to
576:
for the remainder of World War II. The civilian foreigners remaining in Beijing were relatively undisturbed until February 1943 when they received a letter ordering them to assemble in the (former) American legation to be transported by railroad to
447:
A departing Marine in the late 1920s described the leisurely life of the legation guards. You "get the afternoons off....You don't make your own bed; you don't shine your own shoes; you don't fill your own canteen; you don't shave yourself; the
440:
increase being due to increased political instability in north China. The legation guards had the task of defending the Legation Quarter from a repetition of the Boxer Rebellion, and also securing the roads and railroad from Beijing to
552:
in 1931, engaged in a brief war with Chinese forces near Shanghai in 1932, and steadily encroached on the area around Beijing. World War II in East Asia properly began on July 7, 1937, when Japanese and Chinese soldiers clashed in the
298:
between the ruts and puddles with the donkeys and camels." A number of foreign enterprises in addition to the legations had been established in the quarter, including two large stores catering to Europeans, two foreign banks, the
274:, which the foreign residents commonly called the "Tartar Wall". The inner city walls were massive, 13 metres (43 ft) high and 13 metres (43 ft) thick on top. The northern boundary was near the wall around the
646:
23:
Looking north, the British Legation is the large building on the left side of the Imperial Canal. About 1900. Many Chinese people lived in the Legation Quarter in addition to the foreign diplomats and businessmen.
290:, described as "noxious" ran through the center of the quarter from north to south, exiting the legation quarter through a watergate beneath the inner city wall. The quarter had its own postal system and taxes.
326:. Of the 900 foreign nationals, including 400 soldiers, who took refuge in the Legation Quarter, 55 soldiers and 13 civilians were killed. Beijing was occupied for more than one year by the foreign armies.
1680:
411:
subsequently acquired the premises and established its office there in 1908. In 1917, the bank completed a new office building on the same location. To its immediate west is the former office of the
1370:
318:
During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, the Legation Quarter was besieged by Boxers and the Qing army for 55 days. The Siege of the Legations was lifted on August 14 by a multi-national army, the
593:. Beijing was occupied by American soldiers in late 1945 and 1946, but there was a steady outflow of foreign residents from Beijing afterwards as the civil war between Nationalists and the
270:
The Legation Quarter was rectangular in shape, approximately 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) east to west and 700 metres (2,300 ft) north to south. The southern boundary was the
1120:
1616:
507:
The White Russian women mostly worked in the "Badlands" area adjoining the Legation Quarter on the east, centered on Chuanban Hutong (alley). The American explorer
252:
1665:
435:
The Boxer Protocol gave the legations the right to station soldiers in the Legation Quarter. The United States usually had the largest contingent, consisting of
1157:
181:, a number of ministries relocated into the area, including the Ministry of Rites, which was in charge of diplomatic matters. Several hostels were built for
227:
The Chinese government had long denied the European countries and the United States a diplomatic presence in the imperial capital of Beijing. However, the
342:
Chinese shall not have the right to reside and which may be made defensible." The Protocol also established the exact boundaries of the Legation Quarter.
844:
286:(Chien) gate. Legation Street, now called Dongjiaomin Xiang (East Foreign Residents Alley), bisected the Legation Quarter from east to west. The
568:
on December 8, 1941 (Asian time) foiled the planned evacuation. The 203 American Marine guards remaining in the Legation Quarter, Tianjin, and
1685:
1375:
333:
Beijing RR station, 1901. The inner city walls are on the left side of the station and the Legation Quarter is on the other side of the wall.
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1463:
1318:
99:
589:
After World War II, some of the internees at Weixian returned to Beijing and attempted to re-establish pre-war institutions such as the
455:
do it for you. You get waited on hand and foot." He added however, that he was leaving because China was not a "white man's country."
19:
1345:
537:
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In the late 19th century the eleven foreign delegations were scattered among modest Chinese houses and opulent palaces inhabited by
863:"Qing-Joseon Relations as Viewed from Joseon's Legation in the Qing Dynasty －from 'Hoidonggwan(會同館)' to Korean Legation in Beijing"
1474:
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629:
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army consolidated its rule over China and the growing influence of an increasingly aggressive Japan. The capital was moved to
1568:
161:), or "East River-Rice Lane". It was the location of the tax office and customs authorities, because of its proximity to the
144:
64:
723:
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to some extent. The percentage in Beijing may have been higher than Shanghai as economic opportunities were more limited.
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and other events in postwar Chinese history most of the European-style buildings of the Legation Quarter were destroyed.
1355:
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363:, gave the soldiers a field of visibility to warn them of advancing trouble—and also isolating them from the Chinese.
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Chia Chen Chu (1944), "Diplomatic Quarter in Peiping," A Dissertation submitted to the University of Ottawa, pp. 5-8
216:
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963:
619:. More damage was inflicted since the 1980s due to Beijing's redevelopment. Several buildings, such as the former
528:
The people of the Legation Quarter suffered a series of political shocks: the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 to
1222:
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879:
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322:, which marched to Beijing from the coast and defeated the Chinese army in a series of battles, including the
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survey in Shanghai in 1935 found that 22% of Russian women between 16 and 45 years of age were engaging in
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moved ever closer. On January 23, 1949, the Nationalist forces in Beijing surrendered to the Communists.
1527:
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729:
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who flooded into China after World War I and into the early 1920s after their defeat in the
299:
232:
92:
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1532:
1522:
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533:
220:
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An exception to the privileged status of the foreigners in the Legation Quarter were the
27:
1438:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1293:
958:
Shen Yuanfang and Edwards, Penny (2002), "The Harbin Connection: Russians from China",
516:
338:
16:
Former place in Beijing where many foreign diplomatic missions were located (1861-1959)
1110:(Asia and Australia: Penguin Specials, 2012; London, New York: Penguin Specials, 2013)
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on the left and the Grand Hotel des Wagons-Lits on the right. Probably 1920s or 1930s.
1649:
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government to permit diplomatic representatives to live in Beijing. The area around
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472:
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were located between 1861 and 1959. In the Chinese language, the area is known as
685:
https://www.tour-beijing.com/blog/beijing-travel/how-to-visit-dong-jiao-min-xiang
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Europeans, Americans, and Japanese living in China who enjoyed the principles of
1268:
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said he frequented the "cafes of somewhat dubious reputation" with the explorer
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Cranmer-Byng, J. L. (1962), "The Old British Legation at Peking, 1860-1959,"
1125:
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476:
256:
108:
444:, the line of escape from China for the foreigners if worse came to worst.
378:
212:). The Legation Quarter adjoined the southeast corner of the Imperial city.
115:
effectively ended the special status of the Legation Quarter, and with the
1383:
937:
796:"Settlement of Matters relating to the Boxer Rebellion (Boxer Protocol)",
605:
484:. Nor were White Russians born in China eligible to be Chinese citizens.
393:
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174:
48:
558:
541:
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40:
842:
http://www.talesofoldchina.com/shanghai/business/census-and-population
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152:
83:
72:
862:
798:
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000001-0302.pdf
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Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty
208:
Beijing in 1900 was surrounded by high walls broken by many gates (
753:
449:
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365:
328:
215:
203:
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44:
26:
18:
840:
Letcher, pp. 17-20; "Tales of Old China: Census and Population",
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established since the 1870s in various countries that China had
166:
1139:
976:
Port of last resort : the diaspora communities of Shanghai
407:
had a short-lived legation in the area, from 1903 to 1905. The
382:
Dongjiaomin Catholic Church, also known as St. Michael's Church
87:(lane or small street) through the area. It is located in the
1371:
Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing
278:. On the east the Legation Quarter was bordered near the
243:
was opened for the establishment of foreign legations. The
223:
marines at Beijing to protect the Legation Quarter, c. 1910
532:, the warlord era from his death in 1916 until 1928 when
962:, Canberrra: Australian National University, pp. 75-87,
1681:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing
978:, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2001, page 94]
709:
Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing Co., pp. 30, 36-38
615:
However, the area suffered much vandalism during the
1092:
Foreigners within the Gates: The Legations at Peking
98:
The Legation Quarter was the location of the 55-day
1588:
1437:
1418:
1261:
1215:
1189:
1173:
1096:
Hong Kong, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
936:Letcher, pp. 3-4, 20; "The China Marines: Peking",
696:Calculated from File:Peking legation quarter.jpg.
1108:The Badlands: Decadent Playground of Old Peking
1151:
1089:Moser, Michael J., and Yeone Wei-chih Moser.
8:
707:William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion,
165:, 30 kilometres (19 mi) east, by which
31:Detailed map of the Legation Quarter in 1912
247:was established as a foreign office of the
1158:
1144:
1136:
1121:Map of former Legation Quarter + Legations
1047:"North China Marines - Prisoners of War"
902:"Banque de L'Indochine et Suez, Beijing"
548:Japan took over the Chinese province of
251:to deal with the foreigners, as well as
1319:Drum (Gulou) and Bell (Zhonglou) Towers
750:Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch,
658:
572:surrendered to the Japanese and became
1126:Photographs of former Legation Quarter
940:, accessed 19 Jan 2018; Letcher, p, 20
938:http://www.chinamarine.com/Peking.aspx
717:
715:
282:(Hata) gate, and on the west near the
1666:Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
1376:Peking Union Medical College Hospital
7:
1067:, New York: Harper & Row, pp 1-4
887:La Cote de la Bourse et de la banque
851:, accessed 13 Jan 2018; Boyd, p. 181
683:"How to visit Dong Jiao Min Xiang",
310:, and the Swiss-run Hotel de Pekin.
100:siege of the International Legations
306:offices, managed by an Englishman,
974:Ristaino, Marcia Reynders (2001),
600:At the time of the victory of the
14:
1596:2008 Beijing Drum Tower stabbings
787:Thompson, pp. 83-85, 173, 183-184
413:International Banking Corporation
107:scholars, artists, tourists, and
991:, New York: Viking Press, p.164
778:, New York: Berkley Books, p. 10
722:Lewis, Simon (31 October 2013).
705:Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009),
626:Beijing Planning Exhibition Hall
579:Weixian Civilian Assembly Center
475:. Most of the Russians went to
1346:Monument to the People's Heroes
1029:"The China Marines > Peking"
900:Jamie Barras (31 August 2008).
157:
148:
140:
131:, the street was known as the
102:, which took place during the
77:
68:
60:
1:
987:Andrews, Roy Chapman (1943),
822:, London: I. B. Tauris, p. 39
253:permanent diplomatic missions
91:, immediately to the east of
1686:1861 establishments in China
1356:National Art Museum of China
1253:Peking Union Medical College
1238:Beijing Huiwen Middle School
591:Peking Union Medical College
231:after China's defeat in the
81:), which is the name of the
1661:Dongcheng District, Beijing
1394:The Malls at Oriental Plaza
1299:Beijing Temple of Confucius
1233:Beijing No. 166 High School
752:pp. 63-64. Downloaded from
1702:
1228:Beijing No. 55 High School
725:The Rough Guide to Beijing
602:People's Republic of China
555:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
272:inner city wall of Beijing
47:where a number of foreign
1604:
1223:Beijing No. 5 High School
1051:www.northchinamarines.com
354:had been extended to the
304:Imperial Maritime Customs
235:of 1856–60, required the
1606:This list is incomplete.
1361:National Museum of China
1284:Beijing Legation Quarter
1274:Beijing Department Store
1248:Central Academy of Drama
1131:Legation Quarter Website
1063:Gilkey, Langdon (1966),
918:Boyd, pp. xviii, 65, 125
880:"Banque de l'Indo-Chine"
584:
1459:Beijing railway station
1429:Beijing railway station
1341:Mausoleum of Mao Zedong
1243:Beijing Jingshan School
820:A Dance with the Dragon
774:Preston, Diana (2000),
564:The Japanese attack on
123:Origins and description
37:Peking Legation Quarter
1632:39.90306°N 116.40167°E
1569:Yonghegong Lama Temple
1366:New Beijing Poly Plaza
965:, accessed 14 Jan 2018
800:, accessed 12 Jan 2018
383:
375:
334:
224:
213:
169:and grains arrived in
32:
24:
861:Sungwook Son (2016),
687:, accessed 5 Jan 2018
585:The People's Republic
545:of difficult travel.
417:Beijing Police Museum
409:Banque de l'Indochine
381:
369:
348:Peking-Mukden Railway
332:
320:Eight-Nation Alliance
265:Samuel Wells Williams
219:
207:
30:
22:
1676:Concessions in China
1656:Diplomatic districts
1197:Hepingli Subdistrict
818:Boyd, Julia (2012),
630:St. Michael's Church
372:Yokohama Specie Bank
257:diplomatic relations
229:Convention of Peking
1637:39.90306; 116.40167
1628: /
776:The Boxer Rebellion
765:Thompson, pp. 36-37
728:. Rough Guides UK.
674:Chia Chen Chu, p. 8
617:Cultural Revolution
509:Roy Chapman Andrews
482:extraterritoriality
431:The Legation Guards
314:The Boxer Rebellion
302:trading house, the
145:traditional Chinese
65:traditional Chinese
1167:Dongcheng, Beijing
1065:Shangtung Compound
989:Under a Lucky Star
847:2018-01-14 at the
642:History of Beijing
595:Chinese Communists
384:
376:
335:
241:Dong Jiangmi Xiang
225:
214:
183:tributary missions
158:Dōng Jiāngmǐ Xiàng
137:simplified Chinese
133:Dong Jiangmi Xiang
117:Great Leap Forward
89:Dongcheng District
78:Dōng Jiāomín Xiàng
57:simplified Chinese
53:Dong Jiaomin Xiang
33:
25:
1611:
1610:
1380:
1181:Chongwen District
1076:Boyd, pp. 210-219
1009:Boyd, pp. 150-152
927:Boyd, pp. 67, 107
538:Republic of China
498:League of Nations
469:Russian Civil War
370:Legation Street.
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1389:Temple of Heaven
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1174:Former districts
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809:Thompson, p. 215
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608:outside the old
574:prisoners of war
465:"White Russians"
387:The "golden era"
324:Battle of Peking
300:Jardine Matheson
233:Second Opium War
221:Austro-Hungarian
159:
150:
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93:Tiananmen Square
79:
70:
62:
39:was the area in
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1671:Boxer Rebellion
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1101:Further reading
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849:Wayback Machine
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1336:Longtan Park
1289:Beijing Mall
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129:Yuan dynasty
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113:World War II
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1635: /
1623:116°24′06″E
1470:Chongwenmen
1464:Chaoyangmen
1269:Beijing apm
632:from 1904.
570:Qinhuangdao
530:Yuan Shikai
520:theaters."
490:prostitutes
308:Robert Hart
288:Grand Canal
280:Chongwenmen
163:Grand Canal
127:During the
1650:Categories
1620:39°54′11″N
1559:Wangfujing
1517:Jianguomen
1511:Guloudajie
1495:Dongzhimen
1480:Dengshikou
1304:Bianyifang
1207:Wangfujing
1202:Jianguomen
653:References
628:, and the
610:city walls
513:Sven Hedin
415:, now the
396:and other
109:Sinophiles
43:(Peking),
1579:Zhushikou
1543:Shichahai
1454:Andingmen
1262:Landmarks
1216:Education
1000:Boyd, 138
550:Manchuria
477:Manchuria
175:the south
49:legations
1442:stations
1422:stations
1384:Quanjude
1329:template
845:Archived
636:See also
606:Sanlitun
536:and the
394:Shanghai
191:Mongolia
1589:History
1538:Qiaowan
1533:Qianmen
1523:Jingtai
1485:Dongdan
1475:Ciqikou
1084:Sources
559:embassy
542:Nanjing
471:in the
453:coolies
442:Tianjin
437:marines
356:Qianmen
352:Tianjin
284:Qianmen
187:Vietnam
171:Beijing
41:Beijing
1581:(part)
1545:(part)
1519:(part)
1513:(part)
1507:(part)
1466:(part)
906:Flickr
732:
361:glacis
295:Manchu
259:with.
155::
153:pinyin
147::
139::
84:hutong
75::
73:pinyin
67::
59::
1190:Areas
883:(PDF)
754:JSTOR
450:Chink
350:from
199:Burma
195:Korea
185:from
173:from
45:China
867:동국사학
730:ISBN
621:HSBC
403:The
337:The
197:and
167:rice
149:東江米巷
141:东江米巷
69:東交民巷
61:东交民巷
35:The
492:or
210:men
1652::
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135:(
55:(
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