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1230:. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respect the Open Door and not violate China's territorial integrity. In the French-Japanese Entente of 1907, Paris secured Japan's recognition of the special interests France possessed in “the regions of the Chinese Empire adjacent to the territories” where they had “the rights of sovereignty, protection or occupation,” which meant the French colonial possessions in southeast Asia as well as the French spheres of influence in three provinces in southern China—Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In return, the French recognized Japan's spheres of influence in Korea, South Manchuria, and Inner Mongolia.
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1402:. France eventually agreed to prohibit local companies from selling arms to Taiwan, and diplomatic relations resumed in 1994. Since then, the two countries have exchanged a number of state visits. Bilateral trade reached new high levels in 2000. Cultural ties between the two countries are less well represented, though France is making an effort to improve this disparity. France has expanded its research facilities dealing with Chinese history, culture, and current affairs. Organizations associated with the
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in 1954, France pulled out and turned North
Vietnam over to the Communists. By exiting Southeast Asia, France avoided confrontations with China. However, the Cultural Revolution sparked violence against French diplomats in China, and relationships cooled. The powerful French Communist Party generally
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Note that the meaning of both "China" and "France" as entities has changed throughout history; this article will discuss what was commonly considered 'France' and 'China' at the time of the relationships in question. There have been many political, cultural and economic relationships between the two
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of China. Both were said to be servants of God, and to control their respective areas: France being the strongest country of Europe, and China being the strongest power in East Asia. Other biographical factors lead commentators to proclaim that Louis XIV and the Kangxi
Emperor were protected by the
1044:
French
Catholic missionaries were active in China; they were funded by appeals in French churches for money. The Holy Childhood Association (L'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance) was a Catholic charity founded in 1843 to rescue Chinese children from infanticide. It was a target of Chinese anti-Christian
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announced a visit to Taiwan. The
Chinese embassy initially sent him letters requesting him to stop. After he refused to reconsider his trip, the Chinese embassy began Tweeting aggressive insults and threats against him and various other pro-Taiwan lawmakers and experts. The Chinese ambassador was
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The
Chinese, although fettered by outmoded techniques and shortages of supplies, had fought the French to a stalemate. China lost, it is true, its claim to sovereignty over Vietnam, and that country remained under French dominance until 1954. But the French had been denied an indemnity; railroad
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to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945. In 1947, China revised its
Handbook, and declaring that its southernmost territory was the Spratlys, resulting in territorial conflict with France and other claimants. In its revised 1947
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Under Louis XIV's reign, the work of these French researchers sent by the King had a notable influence on
Chinese sciences, but continued to be mere intellectual games, and not tools to improve the power of man over nature. Conversely, Chinese culture and style became fashionable in France,
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Relations between Qing China and France deteriorated in the
European rush for markets and as European opinion of China deteriorated, the once admired empire would become the subject of unequal treaties and colonisation. In 1844, China and France concluded its first modern treaty, the
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in 1704, where he was the "Chinese interpreter of the King" before he died in 1716. He started the first ever
Chinese-French dictionary, and a Chinese grammar to help French and European researchers to understand and study Chinese, but died before finishing his work.
1114:. The result was a conflict in 1884–85. The undeclared war was militarily a stalemate, but it recognize that France had control of Annam and Indochina was no longer a tributary of China. The main political result was that the war strengthened the control of
1312:. French diplomats in China remained accredited to the government in Chongqing. In 1943, China again reiterated through its government-published book, China Handbook (1937–1943), that its southernmost territory was the Paracels, specifically Triton Island.
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1265:, for the first time formally claiming them. In 1932, China sent a Note Verbale to France, declaring that China's southernmost territory was the Paracels. In 1933, when France occupied six features in the Spratlys, China did not protest.
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1570:, suggesting that Europe could become a "third superpower.” According to Macron, Europe should focus on boosting its own defence industries and reducing dependence on the US dollar. Macron also stated that he favors the "status quo" on
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and human rights repeatedly attempted to disrupt, hinder or halt the procession. The
Chinese government hinted that Sino-French friendship could be affected while Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain
1531:. Going well beyond aviation, the new trade agreement covered French exports of chicken, a French-built offshore wind farm in China, and a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, as well as billions of Euros of co-financing between
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For centuries China had claimed the Indo-China territory to its south as a tributary state, but France began a series of invasions, turning French Indochina into its own colony. France and China clashed over control of
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Paris-based geographers processed reports and cartographic material supplied by mostly French Jesuit teams traveling across the Qing Empire, and published a number of high-quality works, the most important of which was
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France played a minor role in the Korean War. In the 1950s, communist insurgents based in China repeatedly invaded and attacked French facilities in Indochina. After a major defeat by the Vietnamese communists at
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in the treaty port of Shanghai. Kwangchow Wan was leased by China to France for 99 years (or until 1997, as the British did in Hong Kong's New Territories), according to the Treaty of 12 April 1898, on 27 May as
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construction had been averted; and imperial control of the southern boundaries of the rich natural resources lying within those boundaries had not been broken. In short, China was not much changed by the war.
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over the Chinese government, giving her the chance to block modernization programs needed by the Chinese military. The war was unpopular in France and it brought down the government of Prime Minister
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There is also a bilingual Chinese-French school aimed at Chinese children, École expérimentale franco-chinoise de Pékin (北京中法实验学校), which is converted from the former Wenquan No. 2 Middle School, in
1249:. Li Shizeng and his friends organized the Société Franco-Chinoise d'Education (華法教育會 HuaFa jiaoyuhui) in 1916. Many worker-students who came to France after the war became high level members of the
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During an April 2023 visit to China, French President Emmanuel Macron called for Europe to reduce its dependence on the US and avoid being drawn into a confrontation between the US and China over
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in a failed attempt to forcibly repatriate Chinese dissident Ling Huazhan. French authorities subsequently asked the MSS officer and another Chinese intelligence official to leave the country.
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omitted France in his tour of Europe in response, his assistant foreign minister saying of the rift "The one who tied the knot should be the one who unties it." French Prime Minister
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signed a series of large-scale trade agreements in late March 2019 which covered many sectors over a period of years. The centerpiece was a €30 billion purchase of airplanes from
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1331:. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to
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Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
1438:. Hundreds of people also joined anti-French rallies in those cities and Beijing. Both governments attempted to calm relations after the demonstrations. French President
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In March 2021, European Union leaders imposed sanctions on various Chinese Communist Party officials. China responded by sanctioning various French politicians such as
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The Armies of Asia and Europe: Embracing Official Reports on the Armies of Japan, China, India, Persia, Italy, Russia, Austria, Germany, France, and England
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supported the Soviet Union in the Sino-Soviet split and China had therefore a very weak base of support inside France, apart from some militant students.
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built in Chinese style in 1670. France became the European center for Chinese porcelains, silks and lacquers and European imitations of these goods.
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1382:'s official recognition of the PRC. De Gaulle's view was that maintaining diplomatic contact with the PRC could be a moderating influence.
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2560:"La porte-parole du ministère des AE appelle aux efforts conjoints de la Chine et de la France pour promouvoir les relations bilatérales"
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The opening of Sino-French trade in Yunnan after the signing of the bilateral commercial agreement in 1887. (A modern artist's rendering)
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of 1870. Rioting sparked by false rumors of the killing of babies led to the death of a French consul and provoked a diplomatic crisis.
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Seung-young Kim, "Open Door or Sphere of Influence?: The Diplomacy of the Japanese–French Entente and Fukien Question, 1905–1907."
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This state of relations would not last, however. During the 1990s, France and the PRC repeatedly clashed as a result of the PRC's
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Becker, Bert. "France and the Gulf of Tonkin region: Shipping markets and political interventions in south China in the 1890s."
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1025:. He was official translator of Western languages for the emperor, and the spiritual leader of the French mission in Peking.
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1378:. However, by 1964 France and the PRC had re-established ambassadorial level diplomatic relations. This was precipitated by
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1261:. The Institut Franco Chinoise de Lyon (1921–1951) promoted cultural exchanges. In 1909, China sent an expedition to the
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maintain links with French parliamentarians. The PRC operates over 70 talent recruitment "work stations" in France for
1394:. France sold weapons to Taiwan, angering the Beijing government. This resulted in the temporary closure of the French
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was sacked by Anglo-French troops and many precious artifacts found their way into French museums following the sack.
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Rym Momtaz, "Macron steals Trump's thunder with Chinese Airbus order: France lands €30B aviation deal with Beijing,"
1539:. Other plans included billions of euros to be spent on modernizing Chinese factories, as well as new ship building.
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2002:
Henrietta Harrison, "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951."
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French Jesuits pressured the French king to send them to China with the aims of counterbalancing the influence of
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same angel. (In childhood, they overcame the same illness; both reigned for a long time, with many conquests.)
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in Shenzhen formerly was AEFE-partnered, with a section for primary school students using the French system.
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2007:
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took place via sea route. Numerous French Jesuits were active in China during the 17th and 18th centuries:
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Martin, Garret. "Playing the China Card? Revisiting France's Recognition of Communist China, 1963–1964."
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A 2014 poll indicated that Chinese tourists considered France to be the most welcoming nation in Europe.
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government did not recognize the PRC. Instead, France maintained relations with the Republic of China on
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900:(1656–1737). Returning to France, they noticed the similarity between Louis XIV of France and the
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Pieragastini, Steven. "State and Smuggling in Modern China: The Case of Guangzhouwan/Zhanjiang."
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Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French controversy, 1880-1885
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Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French controversy, 1880-1885
30:
This article is about relations with the People's Republic of China. For relations between the
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Handbook, China stated that the Spratlys is claimed as well by the Philippines and Indochina.
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528:
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Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. "Relations between France and China: towards a Paris-Beijing axis?."
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2014:
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1021:(1718–1793) also won the confidence of the emperor and spent the remainder of his life in
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In 2018, China made accusations against France after a French naval vessel transited the
1222:
In 1905-1907 Japan made overtures on China to enlarge its sphere of influence to include
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3306:
2193:
TøNnesson, Stein (February 2006). "The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline".
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and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the
4601:
3180:
Bonin, Hubert. French banks in Hong Kong (1860s-1950s): Challengers to British banks?"
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2357:
Bastid-Bruguière, Marianne (June 2008). "Current trends in Chinese studies in France".
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901:
893:
885:
873:
862:
260:
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Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate,
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Wellons, Patricia. "Sino-French relations: Historical alliance vs. economic reality."
3343:
Skocpol, Theda. "France, Russia, China: A structural analysis of social revolutions."
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2559:
2517:
2428:"CCP-linked professional associations in France and their role in technology transfer"
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Chemillier-Gendreau, Monique; Sutcliffe, H.L.; McDonald, M. (2000-01-01). "Annex 10".
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1976:
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511:
455:
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Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate
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French international schools in mainland China, all partnered in some way with the
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International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Subjection: 1894-1911
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International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Submission: 1861–1893
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China and Her Neighbours: France in Indo-China, Russia and China, India and Thibet
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and was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in
3272:
2630:"France asks two Chinese spies to leave after attempt to forcibly repatriate man"
1156:, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.
3388:
3293:
International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Conflict: 1834-1860
3156:
Adresse No.2, Huanshan Cun, Wenquan Zhen, District Haidian, 100095, Pékin, Chine
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was an ally of Germany, it continued to recognize the Kuomintang government of
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2602:"'Encore du travail' pour des retrouvailles entre Pékin et Paris (Raffarin)"
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encountered the French silversmith Guillaume Bouchier in the Mongol city of
3231:
The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830-1975
2537:"«Chère mademoiselle Jin Jing, je voudrais vous dire toute mon émotion...»"
932:
3217:
2818:"Europe must resist pressure to become 'America's followers,' says Macron"
2398:"The tea leaf prince: Chinese Communist Party networks in French politics"
2108:
Ge Fuping, "Some Problems Concerning Institut Franco-Chinoise de Lyon ."
2092:"Arrangement between France and Japan Concerning their Policies in China"
1899:
Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity: Clocks of Late Imperial China
1507:
At a time when China–U.S. economic relations were deeply troubled, with a
1453:
subsequently sent a special envoy to France to help strengthen relations.
959:, who crossed France in 1702, spent some time in Rome (as a result of the
2634:
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as saying that France had no intention of "encourag Tibetan separatism".
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October 1913. After the outbreak of war, the French government recruited
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503:
461:
450:
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3035:[Embassy of the People's Republic of China in French Republic].
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built of stone), to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects.
3367:
Weske, Simone. "The role of France and Germany in EU-China relations."
3196:
Les Relations Franco-Chinoises au Vingtieme Siecle et Leurs Antecedents
3033:"Ambassade de la Republique Populaire de Chine en Republique Francaise"
2853:
1968:
1941:
Lach, Donald F. (June 1942). "China and the Era of the Enlightenment".
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1427:
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1022:
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1191:. In the early 20th century Chinese students began to come to France.
947:
At the same time, the first ever known Chinese people came to France.
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1223:
1215:. Zhang started a gallery which imported Chinese art, and the dealer
1149:
1038:
357:
335:
225:
90:
35:
31:
2948:"France summons Chinese envoy over insults to pro-Taiwan researcher"
2720:"China accuses France of illegally sailing warship in Taiwan Strait"
2494:"National flag of France with swastikas added by Chinese protesters"
3187:
Bunkar, Bhagwan Sahai. "Sino-French Diplomatic Relations: 1964-81"
2978:"Unfavorable Views of China Reach Historic Highs in Many Countries"
2849:"Macron: France favours 'status quo' on Taiwan, position unchanged"
2280:
Bhagwan Sahai Bunkar, "Sino-French Diplomatic Relations: 1964-81."
1960:
1921:
Shapely Bodies: The Image of Porcelain in Eighteenth-Century France
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Chinese Tourists Think France Is The Friendliest Country In Europe
1758:
1748:
1699:
1648:
1496:
1435:
1431:
1413:
In 2008, Sino-French relations took a downturn in the wake of the
1367:
1174:
1067:
1032:
964:
931:
907:
821:
429:
411:
326:
221:
79:
2042:(Harvard University Press, 1967) pp 102-3, 189, quoting page 202.
3241:
Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 - 1999
3140:
3119:
2253:
China Handbook (1937-1943). The Chinese Ministry of Information.
1652:
1456:
However, relations again soured after President Sarkozy met the
794:
264:
5514:
5463:
4737:
4692:
4517:
4424:
3442:
3397:
3032:
1559:
summoned to underscore the unacceptable nature of the threats.
1417:. As torchbearers passed through Paris, activists fighting for
1404:
International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party
255:
Present-day relations are marked by both countries' respective
2397:
2329:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
268:
3057:
1226:. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the
3201:
Chesneaux, Jean, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergere.
2881:"The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong"
1630:
found that 70% of French had an unfavourable view of China.
1491:
In May 2024, several French lawmakers, all belonging to the
2662:"French Lawmakers Sound Alarm Over Alleged Chinese Hacking"
2271:
China Handbook (1947). The Chinese Ministry of Information.
1599:
In December 2020, France said it would oppose the proposed
1446:, a Chinese athlete who had carried the Olympic torch. CCP
2782:"France summons Chinese envoy over 'unacceptable' insults"
1809:
There is also a French international school in Hong Kong:
1219:
developed his Paris gallery into an international center.
955:
in 1684 before continuing on to England. More notable was
3222:
Christiansen, Thomas, Emil Kirchner, and Uwe Wissenbach.
1881:
A journal of the first French embassy to China, 1698-1700
1495:, revealed that they had been targeted by Chinese spies (
2751:"French senator to visit Taiwan despite China's warning"
2127:"China's Claim to the Spratly Islands is Just a Mistake"
1778:
Lycée Français International Charles de Gaulle de Pékin
1754:
Lycée Français International Charles de Gaulle de Pékin
1527:, saw its entire fleet of new 737 MAX passenger planes
1480:
In March 2024, the head of the Paris office of China's
3133:"École expérimentale franco-chinoise de Pékin , Chine"
5559:
3335:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
3172:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
939:
visited France in 1684. "The Chinese Convert" by Sir
168:
1523:. It came at a time when the leading American firm,
1323:
following the surrender, a French diplomat from the
5430:
5389:
5213:
5013:
4907:
4751:
4391:
4320:
4129:
3875:
3729:
3453:
3083:"École française internationale de Shenzhen (EFIS)"
2327:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
185:
180:
162:
155:
150:
132:
118:
113:
104:
62:
3325:The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire
2913:"France to oppose EU-China deal over Uighur abuse"
1727:Consulate-General of China in Saint-Denis, Réunion
975:Description de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise
18:People's Republic of China – France relations
3226:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 2019).
2816:Anderlini, Jamil; Caulcutt, Clea (9 April 2023).
1484:(MSS) and other Chinese officials were filmed in
3279:China at the center: 300 years of foreign policy
3203:China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution
3182:Groupement de Recherches Economiques et Sociales
2718:Hille, Kathrin; Mallet, Victor (25 April 2019).
2583:"China ready to mend ties if France moves first"
2496:(in French). Reuters. 2008-04-19. Archived from
2162:Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
1037:A boundary marker from the French concession in
277:internationally recognized nuclear-weapon states
1183:In 1900, France was a major participant in the
657:11,691,000 km (4,514,000 sq mi)
1857:Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship
639:9,596,961 km (3,705,407 sq mi)
279:. Key differences include questions of trade,
267:for China), as well as their shared status as
4704:
3409:
2483:, Radio France Internationale, April 15, 2008
2234:, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–251,
2155:
2153:
2120:
2118:
1363:(1927–1950) and the establishment of the new
1144:, to counter the growing commercial power of
1122:. Historian Lloyd Eastman concluded in 1967:
138:
124:
27:Interstate relations between China and France
8:
2474:"Raidissement des relations sino-françaises"
1764:École expérimentale franco-chinoise de Pékin
838:
273:permanent members of the UN Security Council
240:from China visited France and met with King
191:
48:
4624:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
1304:in 1937—rather than the Japanese-sponsored
1247:Chinese workers to work in French factories
5511:
5460:
4748:
4734:
4711:
4697:
4689:
4514:
4421:
3450:
3439:
3416:
3402:
3394:
3345:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3229:Clyde, Paul Hibbert, and Burton F. Beers.
2455:"China condemns Olympic torch disruptions"
2132:Center for International Maritime Security
1799:École Française Internationale de Shenzhen
1442:wrote a letter of support and sympathy to
1319:, while the Japanese were still occupying
1017:became a painter to the Qianlong Emperor.
654:877,019 km (338,619 sq mi)
642:640,679 km (247,368 sq mi)
147:
3194:Césari, Laurent, & Denis Varaschin.
2296:"A Return to De Gaulle's 'Eternal China'"
1241:and established diplomatic relations on 7
1811:French International School of Hong Kong
1794:École Française Internationale de Canton
1306:Reorganized National Government of China
294:
5566:
1931:- p. 44-52 by Christine A. Jones (2013)
1872:
1705:
1280:of Germany, Italy and Japan. After the
1131:In 1897, France seized Kwangchow Wan, (
3269:France/China: intercultural imaginings
1152:(itself under the Governor General of
101:
47:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2730:from the original on 17 December 2021
2623:
2621:
2352:
2350:
2094:American Journal of International Law
2075:Review by Noriko Kawamura in H-DIPLO.
1601:Comprehensive Agreement on Investment
1493:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China
7:
2927:from the original on 16 October 2021
1901:- p. 182 by Catherine Pagani (2001)
1237:recognized the establishment of the
1187:which invaded China to put down the
1845:Foreign relations of imperial China
1284:in 1940, although the newly formed
1213:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
1059:same privileges extended to Britain
1005:build a European-style area in the
984:Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville
829:(1577–1629) in Chinese costume, by
4529:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
3087:Agency for French Education Abroad
2958:from the original on 23 March 2021
2946:Cheng, Ching-Tse (23 March 2021).
2792:from the original on 23 March 2021
2761:from the original on 23 March 2021
2749:Cheng, Ching-tse (18 March 2021).
2518:"Anti-French rallies across China"
1879:Translated by S. Bannister, 1859,
1771:Agency for French Education Abroad
1626:A survey published in 2020 by the
1426:in major Chinese cities including
1296:in the Chinese interior after the
25:
4654:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3516:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
2988:from the original on 15 June 2021
2828:from the original on 9 April 2023
2359:Journal of Modern Chinese History
1835:History of Chinese foreign policy
1789:Wuhan French International School
1587:In June 2020, France opposed the
1075:leading French forces during the
5593:
5581:
5569:
4720:
3425:
3253:(Harvard University Press, 1967)
2893:from the original on 4 July 2020
2847:Rose, Michael (April 12, 2023).
2660:Maignan, Antoine (May 3, 2024).
2628:Follorou, Jacques (2024-07-03).
2294:Gosset, David (8 January 2009).
1732:
1720:
1708:
1566:. Macron emphasised his view of
1415:2008 Summer Olympics torch relay
1077:Anglo-French expedition to China
1057:, which demanded for France the
989:In the 18th century, the French
426:– 24,870,895 (26,917,322 Metro)
371:March of the Volunteers (义勇军进行曲)
356:
349:
334:
325:
84:
73:
54:
4674:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
4582:Dates of diplomatic recognition
3214:China: an international journal
3147:from the original on 2022-03-05
3093:from the original on 2024-03-14
3064:from the original on 2017-01-04
3039:from the original on 2002-10-02
2861:from the original on 2023-09-23
2678:from the original on 2024-05-06
2642:from the original on 2024-07-04
2408:from the original on 2022-03-02
2139:from the original on 2024-06-18
2073:41#1 (2019): 105-129; see also
1589:Hong Kong national security law
1211:which became the basis for the
1142:Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
925:fashion, and Louis XIV had the
876:in Europe. The Jesuits sent by
432:– 2,175,601 (12,628,266 Metro)
4597:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
3112:École internationale de Shekou
2110:Modern Chinese History Studies
1830:China–European Union relations
169:
139:
125:
1:
5626:Bilateral relations of France
5536:Diplomatic missions of France
5526:French entry into World War I
2780:Irish, John (23 March 2021).
1944:The Journal of Modern History
1370:(PRC) on 1 October 1949, the
1135:) as a treaty port, and took
839:first French embassy to China
5621:Bilateral relations of China
4789:Democratic Republic of Congo
4553:Diplomatic missions of China
3224:The European Union and China
3122:. Retrieved on May 14, 2016.
2879:Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020).
2071:International History Review
2051:A. Choveaux, 1925, pp. 74–77
1739:Embassy of France in Beijing
1642:Resident diplomatic missions
5531:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4950:Dominica, (Commonwealth of)
4727:Foreign relations of France
4541:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3286:Journal of Cold War Studies
3060:[France in China].
2125:Hayton, Bill (2018-05-16).
1991:Images de l'Empire Immobile
1953:University of Chicago Press
1804:Shekou International School
1511:underway, French President
5642:
4612:Political status of Taiwan
3432:Foreign relations of China
3260:(1893), magazine articles
2464:, France 24, April 8, 2008
2426:Bigey, René (2024-07-14).
2004:American Historical Review
1862:Chinese diaspora in France
1840:Foreign relations of China
1784:Lycée Français de Shanghai
1678:and consulates-general in
1607:and China over the use of
1515:and CCP general secretary
1482:Ministry of State Security
1368:People's Republic of China
1352:
1163:
1098:
1095:Sino-French war, 1884-1885
1087:
815:
524:National People's Congress
305:People's Republic of China
193:Relations franco-chinoises
29:
5521:
5510:
5473:
5459:
4747:
4733:
4524:
4513:
4431:
4420:
3449:
3438:
2371:10.1080/17535650802048215
2209:10.1017/S0026749X06001727
2170:10.1163/9789004479425_008
1818:Haidian District, Beijing
1715:Embassy of China in Paris
1674:France has an embassy in
1486:Charles de Gaulle Airport
961:Chinese Rites controversy
616:Official name of Military
199:
146:
109:
96:
83:
72:
53:
4774:Central African Republic
4638:Major historical splits
4562:Belt and Road Initiative
3501:Central African Republic
3243:(2009) popular history;
3191:(Feb 1984) 20#1 pp 41–52
1651:, consulates-general in
1647:China has an embassy in
1609:forced labour of Uyghurs
1554:In 2021, French senator
1045:protests notably in the
724:GDP (nominal) per capita
621:People's Liberation Army
210:Franco-Chinese relations
120:Traditional Chinese
5493:Commonwealth of Nations
4587:Foreign policy of China
4501:China and the Antarctic
4466:China–Japan–South Korea
3256:Gundry, Richard S. ed.
2726:. The Financial Times.
2705:March 26, 2019, at the
2592:, AFP, January 22, 2009
2460:April 12, 2008, at the
2325:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
1355:France–Taiwan relations
1251:Chinese Communist Party
1009:(often associated with
890:Jean-François Gerbillon
812:17th and 18th centuries
462:constitutional republic
134:Simplified Chinese
40:France–Taiwan relations
5616:China–France relations
4669:Wolf warrior diplomacy
4496:Arctic policy of China
4436:BCIM Economic Corridor
4426:Multilateral relations
3521:Congo, Republic of the
3137:Label France Education
2284:20#1 (Feb 1984) pp 41-
2230:Young, Ernest (2013),
1852:China Policy Institute
1766:
1756:
1572:cross-strait relations
1372:French Fourth Republic
1325:Provisional Government
1292:—which had to flee to
1253:(CCP). These included
1180:
1166:Yunnan–Vietnam Railway
1080:
1041:
1011:European-style palaces
980:Jean-Baptiste Du Halde
944:
917:
849:(1591–1660, active in
834:
206:China–France relations
192:
105:China–France relations
49:China-France relations
4784:Republic of the Congo
4592:Foreign Relations Law
4567:China's peaceful rise
3656:São Tomé and Príncipe
3347:18.2 (1976): 175–210.
3337:7.1 (2018): 118–152.
3323:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3311:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3301:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3291:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3216:4.2 (2006): 327–340.
3174:4.2 (2015): 560–600.
2527:, BBC, April 19, 2008
2006:113.1 (2008): 72-92.
1762:
1752:
1667:, and a consulate in
1578:Human rights in China
1315:On 18 August 1945 in
1268:During World War II,
1235:French Third Republic
1185:Eight-Nation Alliance
1178:
1071:
1036:
982:(1736), with maps by
935:
927:Trianon de Porcelaine
911:
825:
818:Jesuit China missions
562:Chinese Folk Religion
474:CCP General Secretary
214:Sino-French relations
5200:United Arab Emirates
4099:United Arab Emirates
3386:List of sources from
3364:7.3 (1994): 341–348.
3058:"La France en Chine"
2923:. 23 December 2020.
2672:Agence France-Presse
2196:Modern Asian Studies
2096:, (1910) Volume 4.
2027:Rise of modern China
1469:Jean-Pierre Raffarin
1419:Tibetan independence
1272:and China fought as
1160:Railway construction
1116:Empress Dowager Cixi
999:Giuseppe Castiglione
754:GDP (PPP) per capita
599:Current Constitution
232:countries since the
228:(Kingdom or later).
218:interstate relations
4980:Trinidad and Tobago
4617:Chinese unification
4577:Confucius Institute
4114:Northern Domination
3852:Trinidad and Tobago
3737:Antigua and Barbuda
3444:Bilateral relations
3288:10.1 (2008): 52–80.
3239:Cotterell, Arthur.
3184:No. 2007-15. 2007.
2615:, February 10, 2009
2331:Bloomsbury Academic
2164:. Brill | Nijhoff.
1628:Pew Research Center
1460:in Poland in 2009.
1408:technology transfer
963:), and returned to
921:exemplified by the
855:Jean-Baptiste Régis
847:Alexander de Rhodes
626:French Armed Forces
242:Philip IV of France
50:
45:Bilateral relations
3792:Dominican Republic
3249:Eastman, Lloyd E.
3012:2020-11-11 at the
2984:. 6 October 2020.
2607:2009-05-05 at the
2588:2012-03-21 at the
2571:The People's Daily
2565:2016-03-03 at the
2542:2008-09-02 at the
2523:2018-02-18 at the
2479:2019-12-22 at the
2436:Charles University
2306:on 19 January 2009
2262:Matot, p. 214-217.
2080:2022-01-24 at the
2038:Lloyd E. Eastman,
2013:2019-12-20 at the
1989:Alain Peyrefitte,
1926:2023-04-13 at the
1907:2023-04-13 at the
1886:2023-05-02 at the
1767:
1757:
1616:Raphael Glucksmann
1568:strategic autonomy
1529:grounded worldwide
1349:Cold War relations
1282:invasion of France
1181:
1137:its own concession
1081:
1042:
1019:Joseph-Marie Amiot
1015:Jean Denis Attiret
945:
918:
898:Claude de Visdelou
867:Joseph-Marie Amiot
859:Jean Denis Attiret
835:
744:$ 30.177 trillion
714:$ 19.911 trillion
694:Population density
496:Head of Government
451:socialist republic
291:Country comparison
246:William of Rubruck
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5506:
5505:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4664:Theater diplomacy
4629:Stadium diplomacy
4549:
4537:
4534:General Secretary
4509:
4508:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
3536:Equatorial Guinea
3382:(Oxford UP, 2013)
3369:CAP Working Paper
2340:978-1-350-23394-2
2298:. Greater China.
2179:978-90-411-1381-8
2029:(1975) pp 389-94.
2025:Immanuel C. Hsu,
1773:(AEFE), include:
1448:general secretary
1396:Consulate-General
1380:Charles de Gaulle
1361:Chinese Civil War
1239:Republic of China
1146:British Hong Kong
1055:Treaty of Whampoa
1007:Old Summer Palace
912:European couple,
831:Peter Paul Rubens
804:
803:
747:$ 3.677 trillion
717:$ 2.936 trillion
536:Official language
529:French Parliament
459:semi-presidential
203:
202:
176:
175:
157:Standard Mandarin
100:
99:
32:Republic of China
16:(Redirected from
5633:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5574:
5573:
5565:
5512:
5461:
5417:Papua New Guinea
5088:Kurdistan Region
4993:
4749:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4690:
4634:String of Pearls
4546:Foreign Minister
4543:
4531:
4515:
4422:
4363:Papua New Guinea
3451:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3129:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3029:
3023:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2715:
2709:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2625:
2616:
2599:
2593:
2580:
2574:
2573:, April 23, 2008
2557:
2551:
2550:, April 28, 2008
2534:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2302:. Archived from
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2084:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1938:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1877:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1392:One China Policy
1244:
1228:Open Door Policy
1154:French Indochina
1105:French Indochina
1090:Second Opium War
1084:Second Opium war
1073:Cousin-Montauban
1047:Tianjin Massacre
1003:Qianlong Emperor
997:, together with
896:(1655–1728) and
882:Jean de Fontaney
843:Nicolas Trigault
837:In 1698-1700 CE
827:Nicolas Trigault
360:
353:
339:
338:
330:
329:
295:
259:stature (in the
238:Rabban Bar Sauma
208:, also known as
195:
172:
171:
148:
142:
141:
128:
127:
102:
88:
87:
77:
76:
58:
51:
21:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5568:
5560:
5558:
5549:
5517:
5502:
5469:
5447:
5426:
5385:
5209:
5009:
4991:
4903:
4743:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4687:
4678:
4607:Panda diplomacy
4572:Chinese Century
4520:
4505:
4427:
4408:
4387:
4373:Solomon Islands
4316:
4125:
3871:
3725:
3445:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3378:Young, Ernest.
3281:(1984). passim.
3277:Mancall, Mark.
3267:Hughes, Alex.
3167:
3165:Further reading
3162:
3150:
3148:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3019:Huffington Post
3014:Wayback Machine
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2815:
2814:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2724:Financial Times
2717:
2716:
2712:
2707:Wayback Machine
2694:
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1462:Chinese Premier
1440:Nicolas Sarkozy
1388:
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1290:Chiang Kai-shek
1263:Paracel Islands
1242:
1209:anarchist group
1189:Boxer Rebellion
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1099:Main articles:
1097:
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1061:. In 1860, the
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941:Godfrey Kneller
820:
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604:4 December 1982
489:Emmanuel Macron
376:La Marseillaise
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312:French Republic
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170:Zhōng-Fǎ guānxì
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3198:(2003) 290 pp.
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2700:March 25, 2019
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2396:(2022-03-02).
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2365:(1): 115–132.
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1164:Main article:
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1088:Main article:
1085:
1082:
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995:Michel Benoist
902:Kangxi Emperor
894:Louis Le Comte
886:Joachim Bouvet
874:Ottoman Empire
863:Michel Benoist
816:Main article:
813:
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3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:United States
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Guinea-Bissau
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2500:on 2011-05-25
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:Bigey, René;
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1574:with Taiwan.
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1556:Alain Richard
1552:
1550:
1549:Taiwan Strait
1543:Taiwan issues
1542:
1540:
1538:
1537:Bank of China
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:Post-Cold War
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:communist-led
1362:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:Dien Bien Phu
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Kwangchow Wan
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:allied powers
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:Deng Xiaoping
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1063:Summer Palace
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:, helped the
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:
969:
966:
962:
958:
957:Arcadio Huang
954:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
928:
924:
915:
914:Kangxi period
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:(1654–1707),
891:
888:(1656–1730),
887:
884:(1643–1710),
883:
879:
875:
870:
869:(1718–1793).
868:
865:(1715–1774),
864:
861:(1702–1768),
860:
857:(1663–1738),
856:
852:
848:
845:(1577–1629),
844:
840:
832:
828:
824:
819:
811:
806:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
785:
781:
780:
776:
773:
771:
770:
766:
765:
761:
758:
756:
755:
751:
750:
746:
743:
741:
740:
736:
735:
731:
728:
726:
725:
721:
720:
716:
713:
711:
710:
709:GDP (nominal)
706:
705:
701:
698:
696:
695:
691:
690:
686:
683:
681:
680:
676:
675:
671:
668:
666:
665:
661:
660:
656:
653:
651:
650:
646:
645:
641:
638:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:
590:
589:
584:
583:
578:
574:
572:
571:10.57% Other
569:
568:
563:
559:
557:
556:
551:
550:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:Gabriel Attal
510:
507:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
475:
472:
470:
469:Head of State
467:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
446:
443:
441:
440:
436:
435:
431:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
346:
343:
342:
337:
332:
328:
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
309:
307:
306:
302:
300:
299:Official name
297:
296:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:G20 economies
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
179:
167:
165:
161:
158:
154:
149:
145:
137:
135:
131:
123:
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
95:
92:
81:
71:
68:
66:
65:
61:
57:
52:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5466:Multilateral
5438:Soviet Union
5195:Turkmenistan
5160:Saudi Arabia
5050:
4884:South Africa
4399:Soviet Union
4312:Vatican City
4186:
4094:Turkmenistan
4042:Saudi Arabia
3681:South Africa
3671:Sierra Leone
3481:Burkina Faso
3379:
3368:
3361:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3324:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3268:
3257:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3202:
3195:
3189:China Report
3188:
3181:
3171:
3155:
3149:. Retrieved
3136:
3127:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3077:
3066:. Retrieved
3052:
3041:. Retrieved
3027:
3022:, 07/18/2014
3017:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2982:Pew Research
2981:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2951:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2916:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2884:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2852:
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2824:. POLITICO.
2821:
2794:. Retrieved
2785:
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2754:
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2723:
2713:
2697:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2665:
2655:
2644:. Retrieved
2633:
2612:
2597:
2578:
2570:
2555:
2547:
2532:
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2488:
2469:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2431:
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2401:
2387:
2362:
2358:
2326:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:the original
2299:
2289:
2282:China Report
2281:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2231:
2225:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2161:
2141:. Retrieved
2130:
2109:
2104:
2093:
2088:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1898:
1894:
1875:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1768:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1603:between the
1598:
1586:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1506:
1490:
1479:
1472:
1455:
1412:
1389:
1358:
1338:
1328:
1314:
1310:Wang Jingwei
1286:Vichy France
1276:against the
1267:
1232:
1221:
1197:Zhang Renjie
1182:
1171:20th century
1141:
1133:Guangzhouwan
1130:
1108:
1051:
1043:
1029:19th century
988:
973:
970:
946:
919:
871:
836:
782:
767:
752:
737:
722:
707:
692:
677:
662:
647:
632:
615:
598:
591:
585:
579:
577:Christianity
570:
564:
552:
535:
518:
495:
468:
437:
419:Largest city
418:
401:Capital city
399:
383:National day
382:
365:
345:Coat of Arms
344:
319:
310:
303:
298:
285:human rights
254:
230:
213:
209:
205:
204:
164:Hanyu Pinyin
114:Chinese name
5412:New Zealand
5371:Switzerland
5326:Netherlands
5170:South Korea
5150:Philippines
5135:North Korea
5021:Afghanistan
4955:El Salvador
4814:Ivory Coast
4486:Third World
4451:Arab League
4353:New Zealand
4297:Switzerland
4247:Netherlands
4052:South Korea
4032:Philippines
4010:North Korea
3883:Afghanistan
3802:El Salvador
3686:South Sudan
3576:Ivory Coast
3389:Sciences-Po
2952:Taiwan News
2822:politico.eu
2755:Taiwan News
2734:17 December
2394:Joske, Alex
2203:(1): 1–57.
1796:(Guangzhou)
1661:Saint-Denis
1533:BNP Paribas
1333:Fort-Bayard
1278:Axis powers
1270:Free France
1205:Cai Yuanpei
1120:Jules Ferry
951:arrived in
923:Chinoiserie
687:67,918,000
582:No religion
519:Legislature
234:Middle Ages
181:French name
5610:Categories
5443:Yugoslavia
5316:Luxembourg
5105:Kazakhstan
5036:Bangladesh
5031:Azerbaijan
4992:(historic)
4859:Mozambique
4844:Mauritania
4834:Madagascar
4769:Cape Verde
4404:Yugoslavia
4343:Micronesia
4277:San Marino
4242:Montenegro
4232:Luxembourg
4104:Uzbekistan
4079:Tajikistan
3970:Kyrgyzstan
3965:Kazakhstan
3918:East Timor
3898:Bangladesh
3893:Azerbaijan
3782:Costa Rica
3666:Seychelles
3631:Mozambique
3616:Mauritania
3601:Madagascar
3496:Cape Verde
3151:2022-03-05
3097:2024-03-15
3068:2021-10-09
3043:2021-10-09
2931:16 October
2865:2023-12-19
2682:2024-05-06
2646:2024-07-04
2548:Libération
2504:2008-04-19
2441:2024-07-14
2412:2022-03-02
2310:14 January
2300:Asia Times
2143:2024-06-19
1868:References
1665:Strasbourg
1517:Xi Jinping
1465:Wen Jiabao
1458:Dalai Lama
1410:purposes.
1359:After the
1353:See also:
1255:Zhou Enlai
1207:formed an
1193:Li Shizeng
978:edited by
953:Versailles
949:Michel Sin
937:Michel Sin
679:Population
664:Time zones
481:Xi Jinping
439:Government
216:, are the
5540:in France
5516:Diplomacy
5468:relations
5397:Australia
5165:Singapore
5145:Palestine
5073:Indonesia
5056:Hong Kong
5005:Venezuela
4915:Argentina
4849:Mauritius
4742:relations
4740:Bilateral
4519:Diplomacy
4461:Caribbean
4328:Australia
4227:Lithuania
4064:Sri Lanka
4047:Singapore
4027:Palestine
3933:Indonesia
3867:Venezuela
3832:Nicaragua
3742:Argentina
3621:Mauritius
3305:. (1918)
3295:. (1910)
2992:6 October
2917:Aa.com.tr
2379:1753-5654
2217:0026-749X
2112:5 (2000).
1977:144224740
1780:(Beijing)
1745:Education
1688:Hong Kong
1684:Guangzhou
1657:Marseille
1583:Hong Kong
1509:trade war
1451:Hu Jintao
1424:Carrefour
1400:Guangzhou
1317:Chongqing
1294:Chongqing
1201:Wu Zhihui
878:Louis XIV
799:CFP franc
762:$ 56,036
759:$ 21,364
739:GDP (PPP)
732:$ 44,747
729:$ 14,096
592:8% Other
555:religions
486:President
478:President
448:one-party
388:1 October
281:democracy
250:Karakorum
5576:Politics
5488:Americas
5407:Kiribati
5341:Portugal
5281:Holy See
5241:Bulgaria
5185:Thailand
5140:Pakistan
5120:Malaysia
5046:Cambodia
4975:Suriname
4940:Colombia
4920:Barbados
4908:Americas
4889:Tanzania
4804:Ethiopia
4794:Djibouti
4659:Treaties
4557:in China
4338:Kiribati
4262:Portugal
4157:Bulgaria
4084:Thailand
4022:Pakistan
3995:Mongolia
3990:Maldives
3985:Malaysia
3913:Cambodia
3847:Suriname
3817:Honduras
3777:Colombia
3752:Barbados
3730:Americas
3721:Zimbabwe
3696:Tanzania
3546:Ethiopia
3526:Djibouti
3491:Cameroon
3476:Botswana
3354:(1878).
3233:(1975).
3145:Archived
3091:Archived
3062:Archived
3037:Archived
3010:Archived
2986:Archived
2962:23 March
2956:Archived
2925:Archived
2891:Archived
2859:Archived
2832:10 April
2826:Archived
2796:23 March
2790:Archived
2765:23 March
2759:Archived
2728:Archived
2703:Archived
2698:POLITICO
2676:Archived
2667:Barron's
2640:Archived
2635:Le Monde
2613:Le Monde
2605:Archived
2586:Archived
2563:Archived
2540:Archived
2521:Archived
2477:Archived
2458:Archived
2432:Sinopsis
2406:Archived
2402:Sinopsis
2137:Archived
2078:Archived
2011:Archived
1993:, p. 113
1924:Archived
1905:Archived
1884:Archived
1824:See also
1696:Shenyang
1692:Shanghai
1595:Xinjiang
1535:and the
1474:Le Monde
1444:Jin Jing
1217:C.T. Loo
790:Renminbi
784:Currency
567:Buddhism
504:Li Qiang
424:Shanghai
220:between
5562:Portals
5422:Vanuatu
5390:Oceania
5376:Ukraine
5346:Romania
5296:Ireland
5291:Iceland
5286:Hungary
5271:Germany
5266:Finland
5261:Denmark
5246:Croatia
5236:Belgium
5231:Austria
5226:Andorra
5221:Albania
5205:Vietnam
5125:Myanmar
5115:Lebanon
5063:Georgia
5026:Armenia
5000:Uruguay
4899:Tunisia
4879:Somalia
4874:Senegal
4854:Morocco
4824:Liberia
4759:Algeria
4647:Albania
4481:Oceania
4441:BIMSTEC
4383:Vanuatu
4321:Oceania
4302:Ukraine
4267:Romania
4237:Moldova
4212:Ireland
4207:Iceland
4202:Hungary
4192:Germany
4182:Finland
4177:Denmark
4162:Croatia
4152:Belgium
4147:Belarus
4142:Austria
4137:Albania
4109:Vietnam
4057:History
4015:History
4000:Myanmar
3980:Lebanon
3958:history
3923:Georgia
3888:Armenia
3862:Uruguay
3822:Jamaica
3807:Grenada
3797:Ecuador
3757:Bolivia
3747:Bahamas
3706:Tunisia
3676:Somalia
3661:Senegal
3646:Nigeria
3636:Namibia
3626:Morocco
3591:Liberia
3586:Lesotho
3541:Eritrea
3511:Comoros
3486:Burundi
3461:Algeria
3371:(2007)
3327:(1908)
3315:(1918)
3271:(2007)
3245:excerpt
3205:(1976)
3116:Archive
2854:Reuters
2786:Reuters
1969:1871252
1955:: 211.
1680:Chengdu
1676:Beijing
1669:Papeete
1634:Tourism
1428:Kunming
1302:Nanjing
1079:in 1860
1023:Beijing
993:priest
943:, 1687.
851:Vietnam
807:History
702:118/km
699:149/km
565:15.87%
560:73.56%
541:Chinese
501:Premier
456:Unitary
445:Unitary
407:Beijing
393:14 July
5588:France
5478:Africa
5431:Former
5366:Sweden
5356:Serbia
5351:Russia
5336:Poland
5331:Norway
5321:Monaco
5306:Kosovo
5276:Greece
5251:Cyprus
5214:Europe
5190:Turkey
5180:Taiwan
5095:Israel
5041:Brunei
4990:Texas
4965:Mexico
4930:Canada
4925:Brazil
4869:Rwanda
4764:Angola
4752:Africa
4642:Soviet
4446:Africa
4292:Sweden
4282:Serbia
4272:Russia
4257:Poland
4252:Norway
4222:Kosovo
4197:Greece
4187:France
4167:Cyprus
4130:Europe
4089:Turkey
4074:Taiwan
3948:Israel
3908:Brunei
3903:Bhutan
3837:Panama
3827:Mexico
3767:Canada
3762:Brazil
3716:Zambia
3711:Uganda
3651:Rwanda
3606:Malawi
3566:Guinea
3556:Gambia
3466:Angola
3454:Africa
3373:online
3356:Online
3339:online
3329:online
3317:online
3307:online
3297:online
3273:online
3262:online
3235:online
3218:online
3207:Online
3176:online
2897:3 July
2377:
2337:
2238:
2215:
2176:
2098:online
2008:online
1975:
1967:
1564:Taiwan
1525:Boeing
1521:Airbus
1376:Taiwan
1308:under
1243:
1224:Fujian
1203:, and
1150:Tonkin
1039:Hankou
991:Jesuit
880:were:
777:0.903
774:0.768
546:French
366:Anthem
283:, and
275:, and
226:France
187:French
91:France
38:, see
36:France
5600:China
5544:Paris
5361:Spain
5301:Italy
5175:Syria
5155:Qatar
5130:Nepal
5100:Japan
5068:India
5051:China
4960:Haiti
4935:Chile
4864:Niger
4829:Libya
4819:Kenya
4809:Gabon
4799:Egypt
4456:BRICS
4378:Tonga
4368:Samoa
4348:Nauru
4287:Spain
4217:Italy
4121:Yemen
4069:Syria
4037:Qatar
4005:Nepal
3953:Japan
3928:India
3812:Haiti
3772:Chile
3691:Sudan
3641:Niger
3596:Libya
3581:Kenya
3561:Ghana
3551:Gabon
3531:Egypt
3471:Benin
2886:Axios
1973:S2CID
1965:JSTOR
1951:(2).
1700:Wuhan
1649:Paris
1497:APT31
1436:Wuhan
1432:Hefei
1112:Annam
965:Paris
588:Islam
553:Main
430:Paris
412:Paris
222:China
80:China
5483:Asia
5402:Fiji
5110:Laos
5083:Iraq
5078:Iran
5014:Asia
4970:Peru
4945:Cuba
4894:Togo
4839:Mali
4779:Chad
4358:Niue
4333:Fiji
3975:Laos
3943:Iraq
3938:Iran
3876:Asia
3842:Peru
3787:Cuba
3701:Togo
3611:Mali
3506:Chad
3141:AEFE
3120:AEFE
2994:2020
2964:2021
2933:2021
2899:2020
2834:2023
2798:2021
2767:2021
2736:2021
2375:ISSN
2335:ISBN
2312:2016
2236:ISBN
2213:ISSN
2174:ISBN
1698:and
1663:and
1653:Lyon
1434:and
1298:fall
1257:and
1233:The
1103:and
797:and
795:Euro
634:Area
580:40%
575:47%
476:and
320:Flag
265:Asia
224:and
140:中法关系
126:中法關係
34:and
3118:).
3114:" (
2367:doi
2205:doi
2166:doi
1957:doi
1499:).
1398:in
1300:of
853:),
769:HDI
672:12
649:EEZ
586:5%
212:or
5612::
5538:/
4555:/
3154:.
3143:.
3139:.
3135:.
3089:.
3085:.
3016:,
2980:.
2954:.
2950:.
2919:.
2915:.
2889:.
2883:.
2857:.
2851:.
2820:.
2806:^
2788:.
2784:.
2757:.
2753:.
2722:.
2674:.
2670:.
2664:.
2638:.
2632:.
2620:^
2611:,
2569:,
2546:,
2434:.
2430:.
2404:.
2400:.
2373:.
2361:.
2349:^
2333:.
2211:.
2201:40
2199:.
2172:.
2152:^
2135:.
2129:.
2117:^
1971:.
1963:.
1949:14
1947:.
1820:.
1813:.
1694:,
1690:,
1686:,
1682:,
1659:,
1655:,
1618:.
1611:.
1591:.
1551:.
1430:,
1199:,
1195:,
986:.
669:5
287:.
271:,
261:EU
252:.
244:.
236:.
5564::
5546:)
5542:(
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2685:.
2649:.
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2381:.
2369::
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2219:.
2207::
2182:.
2168::
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1979:.
1959::
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20:)
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