371:) ban was usually imposed for a period of seven days (in Israel thirty days). If inflicted on account of money matters, the offender was first publicly warned ("hatra'ah") three times, on Monday, Thursday, and Monday successively, at the regular service in the synagogue. During the period of niddui, no one except the members of his immediate household was permitted to associate with the offender, or to sit within four cubits of him, or to eat in his company. He was expected to go into mourning and to refrain from bathing, cutting his hair, and wearing shoes, and he had to observe all the laws that pertained to a mourner. He could not be counted in the
443:
pleasure, and manifest his regret and remorse. He was not required, however, to separate himself from society, nor was he obliged to apologize to the man whom he had insulted; for his conduct on the day of nezifah was sufficient apology. But when a scholar or prominent man actually pronounced the formal niddui on one who had slighted him, all the laws of niddui applied. This procedure was, however, much discouraged by the sages, so that it was a matter of proper pride for a rabbi to be able to say that he had never pronounced the ban of excommunication. Maimonides concludes with these words the chapter on the laws of excommunication:
452:). This was the custom of the early pious men, who would not answer when they heard themselves insulted, but would forgive the insolent … But this humility should be practised only when the insult occurs in private; when the scholar is publicly insulted, he dares not forgive; and if he forgive he should be punished, for then it is an insult to the Torah that he must revenge until the offender humbly apologizes.
424:
excommunicate showed no sign of penitence or remorse, the niddui might be renewed once and again, and finally the "herem," the most rigorous form of excommunication, might be pronounced. This extended for an indefinite period, and no one was permitted to teach the offender or work for him, or benefit him in any way, except when he was in need of the bare necessities of life.
53:
141:
and during the Middle Ages, became a rabbinic institution, the object of which was to preserve Jewish solidarity. A system of laws was gradually developed by rabbis, by means of which this power was limited, so that it became one of the modes of legal punishment by rabbinic courts. While it did not
382:
It was in the power of the court to lessen or increase the severity of the niddui. The court might even reduce or increase the number of days, forbid all intercourse with the offender, and exclude his children from the schools and his wife from the synagogue, until he became humbled and willing to
447:
Although the power is given to the scholar to excommunicate a man who has slighted him, it is not praiseworthy for him to employ this means too frequently. He should rather shut his ears to the words of the ignorant and pay no attention to them, as
Solomon, in his wisdom, said, 'Also take no heed
918:, the rabbis assembled in special council, and there these representatives of the rich Jews, officially, before the entire world, excommunicated from the Jewish community such Jews as Trotsky and me, your obedient servant, and others - no single hair of any of us has turned gray because of grief"
442:
generally means "a dressing-down" or "reading (someone) the riot act", i.e., a stern verbal rebuke.) This ban generally only lasted one day. During this time the offender dared not appear before him whom he had displeased. He had to retire to his house, speak little, refrain from business and
423:
If the offense was in reference to monetary matters, or if the punishment was inflicted by an individual, the laws were more lenient, the chief punishment being that men might not associate with the offender. At the expiration of the period the ban was raised by the court. If, however, the
142:
entirely lose its arbitrary character, since individuals were allowed to pronounce the ban of excommunication on particular occasions, it became chiefly a legal measure resorted to by a judicial court for certain prescribed offenses.
584:
283:
testifying against one's Jewish neighbor in a non-Jewish court, and thereby causing that neighbor to lose money which he would not have lost had the case been decided in a Jewish court;
1062:
974:
211:
and the early Hebrew monarchy, which was the practice of consecration by total annihilation at the command of God carried out against peoples such as the
959:
389:), the possibility that the offender might leave the Jewish community due to the severity of the excommunication did not prevent the court from adding
941:
1088:
992:
549:(a Jewish religious movement that seeks to divorce Judaism from belief in a personal deity), was formally excommunicated by the Haredi
495:, when local Jewish communities lost their political autonomy, and Jews were integrated into the gentile nations in which they lived.
1066:
978:
855:
873:
838:
811:
280:
selling one's real estate to a non-Jew without assuming the responsibility for any injury that the non-Jew may cause his neighbors;
1093:
911:
Zinoviev cynically referred to this in his eulogy of
Uritsky (the chief of the Petrograd Cheka, assassinated on August 30, 1918):
277:
keeping in one's possession an animal or an object that may prove injurious to others, such as a savage dog or a broken ladder;
406:
727:
561:
892:
546:
1083:
588:
550:
774:
744:
605:
393:
to its punishments so as to maintain its dignity and authority. This opinion is vehemently contested by the
291:
155:
42:
409:) and presents proof of his position from the Talmud. Additionally, the Taz notes that his edition of the
376:
375:. If he died, a stone was placed on his hearse, and the relatives were not obliged to observe traditional
163:
46:
342:
engaging in business with one's divorced wife that will lead them to come into contact with each other;
936:
512:
664:
17:
689:
1051:
915:
897:
748:
504:
402:
394:
385:
1056:
316:
making calculations for the calendar, and establishing festivals accordingly, outside of Israel;
1098:
996:
834:
828:
807:
801:
701:
620:
1030:
1011:
531:
516:
508:
319:
putting a stumbling-block in the way of the blind, that is to say, tempting another to sin (
268:
859:
713:
542:
364:
171:
104:
100:
77:
60:
877:
383:
repent and obey the court's mandates. According to one opinion (recorded in the name of
243:
The Talmud speaks of twenty-four offenses that, in theory, were punishable by a form of
771:
767:
763:
484:
462:
189:
960:"Prof. Mordecai M. Kaplan "excommunicated" by Orthodox Rabbis, His Prayer Book Burned"
1077:
786:
580:
398:
117:"forbidden, taboo, off-limits, or immoral" and haram "set apart, sanctuary", and the
635:
565:
527:
301:
violating the second day of a holiday, even though its observance is only a custom;
175:
91:. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish community. It is a form of
923:
Zinoviev, Sochineniia, 16:224, quoted in
Bezbozhnik , no. 20 (12 September 1938).
587:
was declared by numerous Haredi religious leaders, including the leaders of the
477:
320:
535:
469:
449:
248:
64:
178:
630:
573:
492:
473:
287:
118:
92:
476:
groups in 1777 and then again in 1781, under the charge of believing in
52:
569:
500:
330:
295:
220:
182:
1012:"Rabbi Metzger: Boycott Neturei Karta participants of Iran conference"
251:(as well as later authorities) enumerates the twenty-four as follows:
625:
615:
592:
585:
International
Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust
523:
372:
228:
216:
212:
208:
159:
138:
108:
336:
failure by a shochet to show his knife to the rabbi for examination;
1063:"South African High Court upholds Jewish right to pronounce herem"
645:
640:
610:
519:
390:
232:
167:
134:
113:
51:
35:
31:
224:
88:
304:
performing work on the afternoon of the day preceding
Passover;
41:
For the same Hebrew word that means to devote or destroy, see
326:
preventing the community from performing some religious act;
345:
being made the subject of scandal (in the case of a rabbi);
203:
for excommunication can be distinguished from the usage of
893:"American Jews Face a Choice: Create Meaning or Fade Away"
264:
refusing to appear before the court at the appointed time;
137:
ban, excommunication, as employed by the rabbis during
107:. Cognate terms in other Semitic languages include the
568:
businessman because he refused to pay his former wife
192:
of the Tanakh, that has no etymological connection to
27:
Highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community
947:
in 1918 the Odessa rabbis excommunicated Leon
Trotsky
313:
causing others to eat holy meat outside of
Jerusalem;
461:
Arguably the most famous case of a herem is that of
856:"Rare Anti-Hassidic Excommunication Edict Revealed"
397:
who cites earlier authorities of the same opinion (
188:"fisherman's net", which appears nine times in the
434:A milder form than either niddui or herem was the
174:of the same Hebrew noun. This noun comes from the
830:The Essential Agus: The Writings of Jacob B. Agus
912:
445:
87:) is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the
993:"South African Court Upholds Beis Din Cheirem"
800:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005).
255:insulting a learned man, even after his death;
274:refusing to abide by a decision of the court;
8:
975:"Judge upholds Jewish excommunication right"
227:to carry out such a command as delivered by
690:"Is The Bible More Violent Than The Quran?"
751:responsa 7 (mossad horav kook vol. 2 p. 11
688:Jenkins, Philip; Wars', author of 'Jesus.
310:causing others to profane the name of God;
348:declaring an unjustified excommunication.
759:
757:
657:
468:Another renowned case is the herem the
465:, the seventeenth-century philosopher.
339:purposely bringing oneself to erection;
207:described in the Tanakh in the time of
709:
699:
413:does not contain the cited position.
333:") meat as permitted meat ("kosher");
7:
914:When we read that in Odessa, under
891:Gal Beckerman (November 12, 2018).
368:
258:insulting a messenger of the court;
156:devotion of enemies by annihilation
81:
18:People excommunicated by synagogues
1052:Jewish Encyclopedia 1901: Anathema
1031:"Satmar court slams Neturei Karta"
827:Agus, Jacob Bernard (March 1997).
290:(butcher) who refuses to give the
25:
937:"Letter: A time to excommunicate"
448:unto all words that are spoken' (
876:. 2 January 2013. Archived from
267:dealing lightly with any of the
307:taking the name of God in vain;
261:calling a fellow Jew a "slave";
219:, and the entire population of
154:, "censure, excommunication", "
247:or temporary excommunication.
1:
1057:Jewish Encyclopedia 1901: Ban
854:Ari Yashar (2 January 2014).
526:pronounced the herem against
231:resulted in the selection of
728:"Talmud Torah - Chapter Six"
483:Except in rare cases in the
133:Although developed from the
45:. For the Kohanic gift, see
1089:Jewish courts and civil law
579:A herem against members of
491:stopped existing after the
298:livestock to another kohen;
146:Etymology and cognate terms
1115:
1010:Cohen, Dudi (2006-12-13).
562:High Court of South Africa
377:Jewish mourning ceremonies
40:
29:
1029:Sela, Neta (2006-12-15).
564:upheld a herem against a
547:Reconstructionist Judaism
487:and Hasidic communities,
551:Union of Orthodox Rabbis
472:ruled against the early
438:ban. (In modern Hebrew,
30:Not to be confused with
1094:Punishments in religion
803:Encyclopedia of Judaism
747:to Chullin chap. 1225,
606:Banishment in the Torah
292:foreleg, cheeks and maw
43:Herem (war or property)
926:
499:In August 1918, while
454:
199:The Talmudic usage of
68:
55:
47:Herem (priestly gift)
999:on 26 February 2006.
790:, Talmud Torah, 7:13
513:Imperial German Army
329:selling forbidden ("
235:as his replacement.
164:devotion of property
981:on 15 January 2006.
874:"Is Chabad Heresy?"
665:Brown Driver Briggs
534:, and other Jewish
271:or Mosaic precepts;
170:", are all English
1069:on March 14, 2013.
942:The Jewish Journal
898:The New York Times
749:Meir of Rothenburg
712:has generic name (
505:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
296:kosher-slaughtered
181:. There is also a
95:and is similar to
69:
945:. April 4, 2019.
880:on 8 August 2013.
621:Heresy in Judaism
583:who attended the
555:Agudath HaRabonim
545:, the founder of
223:. The neglect of
16:(Redirected from
1106:
1070:
1065:. Archived from
1039:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:. Archived from
989:
983:
982:
977:. Archived from
970:
964:
963:
962:. June 14, 1945.
956:
950:
949:
933:
927:
924:
909:
903:
902:
888:
882:
881:
870:
864:
863:
858:. Archived from
851:
845:
844:
824:
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817:
797:
791:
783:
777:
761:
752:
742:
736:
735:
724:
718:
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711:
707:
705:
697:
685:
679:
662:
595:Hassidic groups.
572:as ordered by a
532:Grigory Zinoviev
515:occupation, the
509:Second Hetmanate
370:
172:transliterations
150:The three terms
89:Jewish community
83:
21:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1084:Excommunication
1074:
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973:Estelle Ellis.
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862:on 7 July 2017.
853:
852:
848:
841:
833:. p. 252.
826:
825:
821:
814:
806:. p. 205.
799:
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762:
755:
743:
739:
726:
725:
721:
708:
698:
687:
686:
682:
668:Hebrew Lexicon,
663:
659:
654:
602:
543:Mordecai Kaplan
541:In 1945, rabbi
517:Orthodox Jewish
459:
432:
421:
357:
241:
148:
131:
105:Catholic Church
101:excommunication
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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1046:External links
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581:Neturei Karta
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560:In 2004, the
559:
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1067:the original
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997:the original
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979:the original
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878:the original
868:
860:the original
849:
829:
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802:
795:
785:
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740:
731:
722:
693:
683:
675:
671:
667:
660:
636:Pulsa diNura
566:Johannesburg
554:
528:Leon Trotsky
511:while under
488:
482:
467:
460:
446:
439:
435:
433:
428:
422:
417:
411:Sefer Agudah
410:
407:Mahari Mintz
386:Sefer Agudah
384:
381:
360:
358:
353:
244:
242:
204:
200:
198:
193:
185:
176:semitic root
151:
149:
132:
125:"accursed".
122:
112:
96:
84:
72:
71:
70:
56:
916:Skoropadsky
768:Yoreh De'ah
478:panentheism
321:Lifnei iver
1078:Categories
652:References
536:Bolsheviks
470:Vilna Gaon
249:Maimonides
217:Amalekites
213:Midianites
65:Vilna Gaon
631:Ostracism
450:Eccl 7:21
399:Maharshal
158:" in the
103:" in the
1099:Shunning
1035:Ynetnews
1016:Ynetnews
921:—
702:cite web
670:entries
600:See also
574:beth din
493:Haskalah
474:Hassidic
286:a kohen
269:rabbinic
239:Offenses
135:biblical
97:vitandus
93:shunning
770:334:1,
745:Raaviah
694:NPR.org
570:alimony
501:Ukraine
440:nezifah
436:nezifah
429:Nezifah
403:Maharam
331:terefah
288:shochet
221:Jericho
183:homonym
162:, and "
129:Summary
67:in 1781
63:by the
61:Hasidim
837:
810:
772:Rama's
626:Kareth
616:Heresy
593:Chabad
589:Satmar
524:Odessa
520:rabbis
485:Haredi
373:minyan
365:Hebrew
361:niddui
354:Niddui
245:niddui
229:Samuel
215:, the
209:Joshua
160:Tanakh
111:terms
109:Arabic
78:Hebrew
775:gloss
676:herem
672:herem
646:Taboo
641:Siruv
611:Exile
489:herem
457:Cases
418:Herem
391:rigor
369:נידוי
233:David
205:herem
201:herem
194:herem
186:herem
179:Ḥ-R-M
168:kohen
166:to a
152:herem
121:word
119:Ge'ez
114:ḥarām
85:ḥērem
82:חֵרֶם
73:Herem
57:Herem
36:harem
32:Haram
835:ISBN
808:ISBN
714:help
591:and
359:The
225:Saul
123:ʿirm
674:1,
522:of
507:'s
395:Taz
294:of
34:or
1080::
1033:.
1014:.
939:.
895:.
766:,
756:^
730:.
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704:}}
700:{{
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