2836:
154:
2544:
2587:
2563:
2630:
2777:
636:
2821:
130:
142:
2862:
2688:
2807:
2660:
2878:
2934:
2920:
1340:
2716:
2792:
2618:
2603:
2761:
119:
2645:
1347:
88:
2897:
1412:
1961:
2055:
1460:
1444:
1428:
1624:
2104:
2088:
2072:
2674:
1761:
1821:
1745:
1396:
1380:
1364:
2186:
2039:
1681:
2731:
1729:
1913:
1929:
1713:
1697:
3788:
38:
2702:
1526:
2848:
1656:
1608:
1501:
1492:
2746:
2136:
1993:
651:
1851:
1510:
1551:
2009:
1977:
2120:
1897:
1777:
2152:
2025:
1807:
1793:
1665:
1640:
1592:
1576:
1560:
1883:
1867:
1476:
2528:
region, being replaced by ancient
Anatolian and European alleles. Ancient Anatolian alleles are common in the genomes of modern peoples in Georgia and east Turkey (i.e. Georgians from Meskheti province, Laz and Armenians). But for peoples from north Caucasus, ancient Balkan alleles were common. Intensified immigration to the Caucasus during the early post-
1837:
2168:
1945:
1535:
2220:
Language
Speakers'. The linguistic nationalities that we now recognise are somewhat artificial. Two hundred years, ago a person's loyalty was to their friends, kin, village and chief and not primarily to their language group. The difference between steppe, mountain and plain was far more important
2527:
significantly contributed to the genetic makeup of modern
Caucasian populations but the proportion of CHG alleles are highest in modern peoples that live close to the archaeological sites in western Georgia, where the bones of CHG were discovered. The proportion gradually decreases away from this
2262:– NWCLS similar to the Circassians but with a different political organization. The term Lesser Kabardia refers to the eastern area. South of the eastern Circassian-Kabardians were three groups that seem to have been driven into the high mountains about 500 years previously. The
3219:
Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Rahmani, Manijeh; Alemohamad, Seyed Ali; Stoneking, Mark (April 2006). "Concomitant
Replacement of Language and mtDNA in South Caspian Populations of Iran". Curr. Biol. 16 (7): 668–73. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021.
2835:
2423:
South Slope proper: On the south side of the
Caucasus the mountains fall quickly to the plains and there is only a small transition zone. The inhabitants were either Georgians with mountain customs or northern mountaineers who had moved south. The
2562:
2378:) population, as it had for many centuries, until the late 19th century. On the coastal plain south of Derbent was a mixed population, mostly Azeri ("Transcaucasian Tatar"), and further south to Baku were the Iranian-speaking
2221:
than difference of language. Only the southern half (and the southernmost part of
Dagestan) had organized states, usually Persian or Turkish vassals and few, if any, of these states corresponded well to language groups.
818:†Although the group does not have any inhabitants physically living anywhere in the Caucasus, genetic tests have proven their affinity to Caucasian populations and shown that their ancestors originated from the Caucasus.
2543:
2239:
about 1618. In 1771 many returned to their original homeland and they contracted to their present location in the far northeast, Nogais temporarily taking their place. In the southeast were the isolated
2231:
nomads occupied almost all of the steppe north of the
Caucasus. In the nineteenth century they were pushed far southeast to their present location. Formerly part of the eastern steppe was occupied by
2432:
had moved south and were surrounded on three sides by
Georgians. East of the Ossets and south of the Ingush-Chechens were three groups of Georgian mountaineers on both sides of the mountain crest:
153:
2586:
1138:– the people with Arabian origin, but mostly assimilated by other Caucasian peoples. However, some people identify not just as Sayyid or Siddiqui with non-Arabian ethnicity, but as Arabs.
3329:
2629:
2258:– NWCLS divided into twelve or so tribes. They long resisted the Russians and in 1864 several hundred thousand of them were expelled to the Ottoman Empire. To their east were the
2861:
2478:– a group of Turkic-speaking Shiites under Persian influence. On the fringe of the Georgian area were Georgian speakers who had either adopted Islam or mountain customs.
2963:
2515:
2416:
Black Sea coast: In the northwest the mountains came down to the sea and the population was
Circassian. Southward the coastal plain broadened and the population was
2500:
were semi-nomadic shepherds with small groups in various places and concentrations in Kars province and
Nakhchivan. In the far southeast were the Iranian Talysh.
2776:
1339:
2406:
ethnic groups in northern Iran (near the Caspian Sea) have been proven to be genetically similar to Armenians, Georgians and Azeris. This indicates that the
2820:
3322:
3185:
Arthur Tsutsiev and Nora Seligman Favorov (translator) Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, 2014, Map 4 supplemented by Maps 12,18 and 31.
2496:
but were mostly spread out as a minority all over Asia Minor. There were groups of Azeris west of their main area who tended to blend with the Turks. The
3118:
3014:
Kovalevskaia, V. B "Central Ciscaucasia in Antiquity and Early Middle Ages: Caucasian Substratum and Migrations of the Iranic-Speaking Tribes." (1988).
4226:
3315:
535:
The largest peoples speaking languages which belong to the Caucasian language families and who are currently resident in the Caucasus are the
2290:
against the Russians. For the small groups south of the Ingush-Chechens see South Slope below. To the east along the coast were the Turkic
904:
2715:
635:
2877:
4186:
2806:
579:
with about 3,000,000-5,000,000 speakers. Georgians are the only Caucasian people who have their own undisputedly independent state—
2687:
4252:
2978:
2199:
4221:
4176:
2896:
2791:
2659:
4181:
2602:
2617:
3694:
3448:
2948:
2217:
2213:
470:
240:
185:
181:
129:
3032:
2760:
176:
Caucasians who speak languages which have long been indigenous to the region are generally classified into three groups:
4216:
141:
3253:"Landscape genetics and the genetic legacy of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the modern Caucasus"
1082:
3091:"The Yezidi Kurds and Assyrians of Georgia : The Problem of Diasporas and Integration into Contemporary Society"
1074:
and are indigenous to what is today Iraq, Northeastern Syria, Northwestern Iran, and Southeastern Turkey. They are
2953:
2644:
1086:
77:
3459:
2410:
and Mazanderani ethnic groups are people that immigrated from the Caucasus region to what is now northern Iran.
868:
247:
3275:
2524:
3796:
3126:
2973:
2730:
665:
848:
4231:
3877:
2452:
were Chechens south of the mountains. Near the Georgian-Azeri linguistic border there were some Avars and
2275:
1516:
3951:
2883:
2673:
2379:
2337:
2301:
1873:
1103:
956:
773:
639:
41:
3003:
1100:. There are about 15,000–30,000 Caucasus Jews (as 140,000 immigrated to Israel, and 40,000 to the US).
4164:
4159:
3886:
3362:
2529:
2509:
1075:
809:
192:
177:
3251:
Gavashelishvili, Alexander; Yanchukov, Alexey; Tarkhnishvili, David; Murtskhvaladze, Marine (2021).
4017:
3988:
2958:
2847:
1305:
834:
596:
3062:
2919:
2701:
3939:
3847:
2403:
2394:, Turkic-speaking Shiites. On both sides of the current Iranian border were the Iranian-speaking
1313:
1148:
900:
739:
705:
604:
2745:
3995:
3909:
3807:
3221:
3148:
1269:
1055:
1043:
1028:
988:
924:
920:
844:
830:
727:
580:
4134:
4033:
3983:
3970:
3620:
3560:
3517:
3477:
3161:
2553:
2371:
2313:
1687:
1234:
1201:
1123:
795:
694:
544:
435:
383:
342:
315:
263:
3293:
2278:
and had a growing Christian minority. East of the future highway was a north-south band of
118:
4154:
3899:
3855:
3680:
3675:
3644:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3252:
2325:
2062:
1919:
1735:
1035:
711:
456:
337:
332:
325:
320:
305:
283:
278:
268:
4129:
3237:
O.Balanovsky et al., "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region",
3004:"The morphological specificity of Caucasian peoples according to craniological materials"
87:
4047:
3565:
3487:
3472:
3395:
2853:
2736:
2453:
2382:. When Baku became a boom town the Tats retained a majority only in the mountains. The
2351:
2241:
1935:
1418:
1127:
992:
980:
976:
972:
952:
948:
860:
658:
654:
388:
273:
258:
209:
31:
17:
4246:
4196:
4191:
4119:
3978:
3946:
3867:
3731:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3610:
3535:
3502:
2939:
2797:
2679:
2492:, which gave the plateau its namesake, were somewhat concentrated in the present-day
2429:
2395:
2383:
2329:
2279:
1903:
1541:
1097:
1093:
944:
916:
908:
872:
768:
720:
608:
572:
451:
446:
441:
428:
358:
288:
112:
3195:
4097:
3922:
3830:
3771:
3580:
3555:
3545:
3530:
3525:
3507:
3390:
2968:
2593:
2475:
2391:
1967:
1857:
1289:
1261:
1247:
1012:
928:
750:
687:
527:
400:
378:
368:
353:
348:
293:
61:
3787:
3040:
555:(600,000), while outside the Caucasus, the largest people of Caucasian origin, in
37:
2488:
or Georgian Muslims. In Kars province there were Turks, Kurds and Armenians. The
2386:, who had a number of villages inland from the coast, spoke a form of Tat called
4124:
4089:
3927:
3825:
3820:
3721:
3649:
3598:
3588:
3467:
3431:
3410:
3307:
2925:
2782:
2635:
2456:(Lezgians) who had crossed the mountains. Associated with the Tsakhurs were the
2445:
2309:
2305:
2255:
1719:
1703:
1466:
1450:
1434:
1252:
1241:
1185:
1115:
1111:
1071:
996:
761:
755:
702:†, including Roman Latin Italian-Greeks Latin Europeans/European Latin Americans
682:
677:
576:
487:
461:
411:
253:
224:
162:
104:
4107:
4005:
3894:
3837:
3756:
3746:
3709:
3570:
3540:
3426:
3405:
3400:
2915:
2721:
2693:
2485:
2461:
2441:
2437:
2417:
2274:– Iranian speakers descended from the ancient Alans who controlled the future
2259:
2244:. Their settlements later grew into the North Caucasus Line. There were a few
2212:
This gives ethnic locations about 1775 before the Russians came. NECLS means '
2158:
2142:
1951:
1630:
1598:
1566:
1265:
1119:
1078:
1067:
1047:
1008:
1007:, although their numbers have become depleted as a result of deportations (to
896:
790:
612:
600:
552:
512:
507:
482:
393:
363:
219:
166:
100:
4112:
4069:
3917:
3815:
3761:
3417:
3375:
3370:
3119:"Персонажи традиционных религиозных представлений азербайджанцев Табасарана"
2826:
2707:
2665:
2569:
2549:
2520:
Language groups in the Caucasus are closely correlated to genetic ancestry.
2489:
2474:– an ancient Christian people with a unique language. The eastern third was
2471:
2387:
2287:
2271:
2263:
2236:
2110:
2094:
2078:
2015:
1999:
1983:
1646:
1482:
1301:
1224:
1177:
864:
822:
745:
672:
650:
536:
517:
199:
158:
92:
3225:
3090:
4056:
4010:
4000:
3766:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3593:
3341:
2983:
2650:
2608:
2317:
2283:
2245:
1767:
1325:
1277:
1208:
1189:
1181:
1135:
1000:
968:
940:
877:
856:
839:
805:
801:
643:
624:
620:
616:
584:
556:
540:
522:
502:
497:
416:
406:
170:
146:
134:
96:
65:
45:
829:, though approximately 8 million live outside the republic, forming the
4203:
4064:
3956:
3726:
3704:
3669:
3665:
3550:
3294:"Orden F. Azerbaijani woman from Baku in national costume, circa 1890s"
2988:
2868:
2767:
2573:
2493:
2457:
2355:
2347:
2333:
2321:
2267:
2232:
2126:
1827:
1751:
1671:
1354:
1309:
1285:
1219:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1059:
1039:
1016:
1004:
912:
892:
888:
883:
852:
826:
783:
548:
492:
477:
373:
310:
300:
123:
4102:
4079:
4074:
2903:
2812:
2407:
2399:
2359:
2291:
2228:
1783:
1402:
1386:
1370:
1321:
1317:
1297:
1281:
1273:
1229:
1214:
1173:
1165:
1131:
1063:
1051:
984:
964:
936:
932:
733:
699:
592:
588:
587:'s status is disputed. Other Caucasian peoples have republics within
564:
560:
108:
1296:). Other Turkic speakers live in their autonomous republics within
3932:
3860:
3603:
3438:
3385:
3380:
2752:
2497:
2460:
or Georgian-speaking Muslims. In the north Azeri area were a few
2449:
2433:
2425:
2363:
2045:
1614:
1582:
1180:
in 1607. Today they form a majority in the autonomous republic of
1107:
778:
715:
634:
568:
421:
231:
204:
152:
140:
128:
117:
86:
36:
3349:
4171:
3714:
3421:
2887:
2577:
2367:
2175:
1293:
1038:
in the Caucasus number approximately 35,000 people, and live in
960:
214:
3311:
1260:
The largest of the Turkic-speaking peoples in the Caucasus are
1110:
was reported in 1728 as having rented winter pastures near the
2312:), similar to the Avars. To their southeast were the numerous
843:
independent republic, though not recognised internationally),
3276:"An Armenian girl from New Julfa, Isfahan, Late 19th Century"
2484:
Further South, the land becomes higher. In the west were the
2270:
spoke similar Turkic languages. East of the Balkars were the
714:, including Turkish-speaking Christian Greeks of Georgia or
2420:– similar to the Circassians but under Georgian influence.
2304:. In the northwest were a number of small language groups (
2300:
All the peoples of mountain Dagestan were NECLS except the
1122:). In 1888, an unknown number of Arabs still lived in the
2346:
From Astrakhan to the Terek River there were the Buddhist
623:), while other Northeast Caucasian peoples mostly live in
2428:
were Georgian mountaineers. In the center the Iranian
3298:
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
30:
For Caucasian in pseudoscientific racial studies, see
1655:
1550:
1525:
1500:
1491:
3033:"ECMI - European Centre For Minority Issues Georgia"
4147:
4088:
4055:
4046:
4026:
3969:
3908:
3885:
3876:
3846:
3806:
3795:
3693:
3658:
3619:
3579:
3516:
3458:
3447:
3361:
3348:
999:
was also home to a significant minority of ethnic (
27:
Diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups
2464:or southern Lezgians and Lakhij or southern Tats.
2336:with many subgroups and then the Iranian-speaking
3149:Atlas of languages of intercultural communication
2448:were NECLS entangled with the Tushetians and the
2328:who held the Kumukh Khanate. Southeast along the
1200:Caucasians that speak languages belonging to the
1027:Caucasians that speak languages belonging to the
664:Caucasians that speak languages belonging to the
2964:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
2516:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
2320:who fought in the Murid War. Southeast were the
1019:, and assimilation into indigenous communities.
947:had also made up a significant component of the
2532:period explains the presence of these alleles.
2282:– NECLS similar to the Chechens. The numerous
899:marz, and in the eastern areas of Georgia. An
871:(an autonomous republic within Russia) and in
157:North Caucasian peoples (from left to right):
60:, are a diverse group comprising more than 50
3323:
8:
2366:. The town of Derbent itself had a majority
83:Language families indigenous to the Caucasus
2510:Prehistoric Caucasus § Genetic history
1346:
4052:
3882:
3803:
3455:
3358:
3330:
3316:
3308:
3280:The Nelson Collection of Qajar Photography
3085:
3083:
2390:. The lowlands south of Baku were held by
2350:nomads. Along the Terek were the isolated
833:. Elsewhere in the region, they reside in
3162:"Europe - Peace and Harmony in Kalmykia"
2525:Caucasian hunter-gatherer ancestry (CHG)
2470:The western two thirds were occupied by
2286:to the east were later to wage the long
1264:who number 8,700,000 in the Republic of
649:
3024:
2841:Russian settlers in Azerbaijan, c. 1910
2539:
2254:The western two thirds was occupied by
1268:. In the Caucasus region, they live in
1192:has Europe's only Buddhist government.
1092:Caucasus Jews of two sub-ethnic groups
1411:
975:and their largest concentration is in
2235:– Buddhist Mongols who migrated from
1896:
7:
2216:Language Speakers' and NWCLS means '
1960:
1850:
1292:is around 35 million (15 million in
1066:regions of the Caucasus and 1400 in
2204:Homeland of peoples of the Caucasus
2054:
1459:
1443:
1427:
1288:(before 1990). The total number of
1085:, and speak and write Mesopotamian
559:in more than 40 countries (such as
3241:(2011), doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126.
2135:
1623:
25:
3151:. Walter de Gruyter, 1996; p. 966
2207:Abbreviations: mouseover for name
2103:
2087:
2071:
1992:
1836:
907:but was later abolished in 1929.
825:number 3,215,800 in their native
122:The medieval Georgian village of
3786:
2979:List of dishes from the Caucasus
2932:
2918:
2895:
2876:
2860:
2846:
2834:
2819:
2805:
2790:
2775:
2759:
2744:
2729:
2714:
2700:
2686:
2672:
2658:
2643:
2628:
2616:
2601:
2585:
2561:
2542:
2184:
2166:
2150:
2134:
2118:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2053:
2037:
2023:
2007:
1991:
1975:
1959:
1943:
1927:
1911:
1895:
1881:
1865:
1849:
1835:
1819:
1805:
1791:
1775:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1727:
1711:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1654:
1638:
1622:
1606:
1590:
1574:
1558:
1549:
1533:
1524:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1426:
1410:
1394:
1378:
1362:
1345:
1338:
1176:, whose ancestors migrated from
1070:. They descend from the ancient
4222:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan
2959:Peoples of the Caucasus in Iraq
2398:. Based on genetic studies the
2119:
1820:
1744:
891:reside in the western areas of
2167:
1776:
1395:
1379:
1363:
959:) that centred on the town of
1:
3010:. Journal of Human Evolution.
2991:- enthnic caucasian backsword
2949:Abkhazians of African descent
2248:in the center of the steppe.
2185:
2038:
1680:
1607:
471:Northwest Caucasian languages
241:Northeast Caucasian languages
133:Ethnic groups inhabiting the
4227:Ethnic minorities in Georgia
4217:Ethnic minorities in Armenia
3147:Stephen Adolphe Wurm et al.
2867:Groom wearing a chokha at a
2724:clansmen in Georgia, c. 1910
2576:, or Azerbaijani woman from
1882:
1866:
1728:
1475:
1184:on the western shore of the
1130:. As well as descendants of
1054:. There are up to 15,000 in
4232:Ethnic minorities in Russia
3263:(17985) – via Nature.
2902:Mullahs at the Mosque near
2523:According to a 2021 study,
2151:
2008:
1976:
1944:
1912:
1509:
1083:Assyrian Church of the East
1062:, up to 15,000 in southern
971:mostly live in the Russian
567:, the countries of Europe,
186:Northwest Caucasian peoples
182:Northeast Caucasian peoples
4269:
2513:
2507:
2024:
1928:
1806:
1792:
1712:
1696:
1664:
1639:
1591:
1575:
1559:
1534:
1146:
1106:: a population of nomadic
1081:, mainly followers of the
551:(about 1,000,000) and the
75:
29:
4212:
3784:
3228:. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
2954:Languages of the Caucasus
2375:
2358:were the Turkic-speaking
1164:is the name given to the
951:region acquired from the
901:autonomous Kurdish region
145:The village of Tindi, in
78:North Caucasian languages
2623:Chechen family from 1920
4253:Peoples of the Caucasus
2974:Ethnic groups in Europe
991:and the former Russian
903:was created in 1923 in
436:Tsezic (Didoic) peoples
54:peoples of the Caucasus
2969:Homo erectus georgicus
2568:An Armenian girl from
2276:Georgian Military Road
661:
647:
640:Ethnolinguistic groups
173:
150:
138:
126:
115:
49:
42:Ethnolinguistic groups
18:People of the Caucasus
3200:Ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru
3196:"население дагестана"
2611:warrior, 19th century
2514:Further information:
2324:and west of them the
1104:Arabs in the Caucasus
957:Treaty of San Stefano
887:part of Georgia. The
653:
638:
156:
144:
132:
121:
90:
76:Further information:
40:
3339:Ethnic groups in the
2556:, early 20th century
2530:Last Glacial Maximum
2354:. From the Terek to
2227:The Turkic-speaking
2200:class=notpageimage|
955:(following the 1878
881:independent, but is
869:North Ossetia–Alania
810:Spiritual Christians
193:Kartvelian languages
3274:Sevruguin, Antoin.
3129:on 16 December 2008
3063:"Caucasian peoples"
3043:on 4 September 2014
2580:, late 19th century
2482:Armenian Highlands:
2218:Northwest Caucasian
2214:Northeast Caucasian
1306:Karachay-Cherkessia
859:), and the Russian
597:Karachay-Cherkessia
149:, in the late 1890s
91:Caucasian peoples:
3940:Trialeti Ossetians
3257:Scientific Reports
3166:Buddhistchannel.tv
2468:Southern Lowlands:
2316:with a khanate at
2298:Mountain Dagestan:
2225:Northern Lowlands:
1314:Kabardino-Balkaria
1284:and previously in
1149:Mongolic languages
1015:), immigration to
849:Samtskhe–Javakheti
662:
648:
605:Kabardino-Balkaria
248:Avar–Andic peoples
178:Kartvelian peoples
174:
151:
139:
127:
116:
50:
4240:
4239:
4143:
4142:
4042:
4041:
3965:
3964:
3782:
3781:
3689:
3688:
1204:language family:
1031:language family:
905:Soviet Azerbaijan
831:Armenian diaspora
819:
668:language family:
547:(1,200,000), the
543:(2,000,000), the
539:(3,200,000), the
72:By language group
16:(Redirected from
4260:
4187:Azerbaijani Jews
4135:Meskhetian Turks
4053:
3883:
3804:
3790:
3456:
3359:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3125:. Archived from
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3039:. Archived from
3037:Ecmicaucasus.org
3029:
3011:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2899:
2880:
2864:
2850:
2838:
2823:
2809:
2794:
2779:
2763:
2748:
2733:
2718:
2704:
2690:
2676:
2662:
2647:
2632:
2620:
2605:
2589:
2565:
2554:Nagorno-Karabakh
2546:
2377:
2362:with a state at
2188:
2187:
2170:
2169:
2154:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2106:
2105:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1899:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1869:
1868:
1853:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1779:
1778:
1763:
1762:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1699:
1698:
1683:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1578:
1577:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1477:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1382:
1381:
1366:
1365:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1235:Meskhetian Turks
1124:Baku Governorate
1118:(in present-day
919:, especially in
895:, mostly in the
817:
21:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4208:
4139:
4084:
4038:
4022:
3961:
3904:
3872:
3856:Caucasus Greeks
3842:
3798:
3791:
3778:
3697:
3685:
3654:
3615:
3575:
3512:
3451:
3443:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3306:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3239:Mol Biol Evol00
3236:
3232:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3002:
2999:
2997:Further reading
2994:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2881:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2682:
2677:
2668:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2590:
2581:
2566:
2557:
2547:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2504:Genetic history
2210:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1334:
1198:
1151:
1145:
1087:Eastern Aramaic
1025:
963:(ceded back to
712:Caucasus Greeks
633:
85:
80:
74:
64:throughout the
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3285:
3266:
3243:
3230:
3212:
3187:
3178:
3153:
3140:
3110:
3079:
3067:Britannica.com
3054:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2929:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2854:Terek Cossacks
2852:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2737:Kuban Cossacks
2735:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2508:Main article:
2505:
2502:
2352:Terek Cossacks
2344:Caspian Coast:
2340:down to Baku.
2242:Terek Cossacks
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1419:Terek Cossacks
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1197:
1194:
1158:
1157:
1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1128:Russian Empire
1114:shores of the
1101:
1090:
1024:
1021:
993:South Caucasus
981:Krasnodar Krai
977:Stavropol Krai
973:North Caucasus
953:Ottoman Empire
949:South Caucasus
861:North Caucasus
815:
814:
813:
812:
793:
788:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
765:
764:
759:
753:
743:
737:
725:
724:
723:
718:
706:Hellenic group
703:
697:
692:
691:
690:
685:
680:
659:North Caucasus
655:Terek Cossacks
646:region in 1887
632:
629:
533:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
485:
480:
467:
466:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
433:
432:
431:
426:
425:
424:
414:
409:
398:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
343:Lezgic peoples
340:
335:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
228:
227:
222:
212:
207:
84:
81:
73:
70:
32:Caucasian race
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4265:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4197:Mountain Jews
4195:
4193:
4192:Georgian Jews
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Armenian Jews
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3989:in Azerbaijan
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3868:Pontic Greeks
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3789:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
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3123:Tabasaran.com
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2799:
2798:Mountain Jews
2793:
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2680:Ingush people
2675:
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2646:
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2637:
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2397:
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2389:
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2384:Mountain Jews
2381:
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2177:
2160:
2144:
2128:
2112:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2047:
2017:
2001:
1985:
1969:
1953:
1937:
1921:
1905:
1904:Talysh people
1875:
1859:
1829:
1785:
1769:
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1737:
1721:
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1129:
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1121:
1117:
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1109:
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1098:Georgian Jews
1095:
1094:Mountain Jews
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:Mesopotamians
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:and southern
1049:
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917:Lori Province
914:
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906:
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728:Iranian group
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721:Pontic Greeks
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660:
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631:Indo-European
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
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595:), Cherkess (
594:
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573:United States
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63:
62:ethnic groups
59:
55:
48:region (2007)
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4098:Azerbaijanis
3878:Indo-Iranian
3391:Imerkhevians
3353:
3338:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3246:
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3233:
3215:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:
3190:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3165:
3156:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:the original
3122:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:the original
3036:
3027:
3008:V.P.Alekseev
3007:
2522:
2519:
2481:
2480:
2476:Azerbaijanis
2467:
2466:
2422:
2414:South Slope:
2413:
2412:
2392:Azerbaijanis
2343:
2342:
2297:
2296:
2252:North Slope:
2251:
2250:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2203:
1968:Azerbaijanis
1858:Azerbaijanis
1353:<<<
1290:Azerbaijanis
1262:Azerbaijanis
1259:
1248:Azerbaijanis
1199:
1159:
1076:Eastern Rite
1026:
1013:World War II
995:province of
929:Kvemo Kartli
882:
876:
838:
837:(which is a
821:
816:
804:, including
796:Slavic group
740:Mazanderanis
663:
534:
469:
468:
401:Nakh peoples
239:
238:
191:
190:
175:
57:
53:
51:
4177:Abkhaz Jews
4125:Karapapakhs
4090:Oghuz Turks
3826:Cherkesogai
3821:Armeno-Tats
3722:Circassians
3432:Mingrelians
3411:Meskhetians
2926:Asia portal
2783:Mingrelians
2596:from Shusha
2594:Azerbaijani
2404:Mazanderani
2310:Andi people
2308:(Dido) and
2306:Tsez people
2256:Circassians
1467:Circassians
1451:Circassians
1435:Circassians
1332:By location
1253:Karapapakhs
1242:Oghuz Turks
1186:Caspian Sea
1116:Mugan plain
997:Kars Oblast
875:, which is
847:(primarily
683:Cherkesogai
678:Armeno-Tats
577:Circassians
488:Circassians
225:Mingrelians
163:Circassians
105:Circassians
4165:in Georgia
4160:in Armenia
4108:Karadaghis
4018:Ukrainians
4006:Doukhobors
3984:in Armenia
3887:Indo-Aryan
3757:Kabardians
3747:Chemirgoys
3710:Abkhazians
3561:Tabasarans
3460:Avar–Andic
3406:Kakhetians
3401:Javakhians
3363:Kartvelian
3205:11 January
3171:11 January
3133:11 January
3103:11 January
3072:11 January
3047:11 January
3019:References
2751:A raid by
2694:Jek people
2636:Circassian
2486:Laz people
2442:Tushetians
2418:Abkhazians
2260:Kabardians
2143:Abkhazians
1631:Kabardians
1266:Azerbaijan
1168:, western
1120:Azerbaijan
1079:Christians
1068:Azerbaijan
1058:, 5000 in
1048:Azerbaijan
1011:following
1009:Kazakhstan
967:in 1916).
911:reside in
897:Aragatsotn
613:Ingushetia
601:Kabardians
591:: Adyghe (
575:) are the
571:, and the
553:Kabardians
513:Kabardians
508:Chemirgoys
483:Abkhazians
384:Tabasarans
167:Kabardians
101:Azerbaijan
58:Caucasians
4155:Assyrians
4130:Küresünni
4113:Shahsevan
4070:Karachays
3918:Ossetians
3816:Armenians
3762:Natukhajs
3737:Besleneys
3695:Northwest
3676:Khinalugs
3645:Khwarshis
3498:Godoberis
3493:Chamalals
3483:Bagvalals
3452:(Caspian)
3449:Northeast
3418:Colchians
3376:Adjarians
3371:Georgians
3350:Caucasian
2906:, c. 1910
2886:men from
2869:Tushetian
2800:, c. 1898
2770:men, 1880
2766:Group of
2708:Karachays
2666:Georgians
2651:Dagestani
2570:New Julfa
2490:Armenians
2472:Georgians
2388:Judeo-Tat
2332:were the
2288:Murid War
2272:Ossetians
2264:Karachays
2237:Dzungaria
2111:Georgians
2095:Georgians
2079:Georgians
2063:Assyrians
2000:Armenians
1843:(Derbent)
1316:), while
1302:Karachays
1225:Karachays
1178:Dzungaria
1089:dialects.
1036:Assyrians
865:Ossetians
823:Armenians
746:Ossetians
673:Armenians
537:Georgians
518:Natukhajs
498:Besleneys
457:Khwarshis
333:Khinalugs
316:Kubachins
284:Godoberis
279:Chamalals
269:Bagvalals
200:Georgians
159:Ossetians
93:Georgians
4247:Category
4057:Kipchaks
4011:Molokans
4001:Cossacks
3996:Russians
3848:Hellenic
3808:Armenian
3799:European
3767:Shapsugs
3752:Cherkess
3742:Bzhedugs
3732:Adygeans
3698:(Pontic)
3623:(Didoic)
3594:Chechens
3566:Tsakhurs
3488:Botlikhs
3473:Akhvakhs
3396:Ingiloys
3342:Caucasus
3226:16581511
3098:Aina.org
2984:Caspians
2912:See also
2827:Ossetian
2550:Armenian
2454:Tsakhurs
2438:Khevsurs
2318:Khunzakh
2284:Chechens
2246:Turkmens
1768:Chechens
1326:Dagestan
1324:live in
1278:Dagestan
1209:Kipchaks
1190:Kalmykia
1182:Kalmykia
1143:Mongolic
1136:Siddiqui
969:Russians
941:Abkhazia
921:Alaverdi
878:de facto
867:live in
857:Abkhazia
840:de facto
806:Cossacks
802:Russians
644:Caucasus
625:Dagestan
621:Chechnya
617:Chechens
585:Abkhazia
557:diaspora
541:Chechens
523:Shapsugs
503:Bzhedugs
417:Chechens
407:Arshtins
389:Tsakhurs
274:Botlikhs
259:Akhvakhs
210:Ingiloys
169:, and a
147:Dagestan
135:Caucasus
97:Persians
66:Caucasus
46:Caucasus
4204:Kalmyks
4065:Balkars
4034:Germans
3957:Yazidis
3910:Iranian
3727:Abzakhs
3705:Abazins
3670:Kaitags
3666:Dargins
3640:Hunzibs
3635:Hinukhs
3630:Bezhtas
3551:Lezgins
3536:Budukhs
3503:Karatas
3386:Gurians
3354:(areal)
2989:Shashka
2871:wedding
2829:warrior
2722:Khevsur
2638:warrior
2609:Chechen
2574:Isfahan
2536:Gallery
2494:Armenia
2458:Ingiloy
2444:. The
2372:Russian
2368:Persian
2356:Derbent
2334:Lezgins
2322:Dargins
2268:Balkars
2233:Kalmyks
2127:Svaneti
1828:Lezgins
1752:Dargins
1355:Kalmyks
1310:Balkars
1286:Armenia
1270:Georgia
1220:Balkars
1170:Mongols
1162:Kalmyks
1155:Kalmyks
1126:of the
1112:Caspian
1064:Russian
1060:Armenia
1056:Georgia
1044:Georgia
1040:Armenia
1029:Semitic
1023:Semitic
1017:Germany
1005:Germans
1001:Swabian
989:Georgia
925:Georgia
913:Armenia
893:Armenia
889:Yazidis
884:de jure
853:Tbilisi
845:Georgia
835:Artsakh
827:Armenia
784:Yazidis
695:Germans
657:of the
642:in the
581:Georgia
549:Lezgins
493:Abzakhs
478:Abazins
452:Hunzibs
447:Hinukhs
442:Bezhtas
374:Lezgins
359:Budukhs
311:Kaitags
301:Dargins
289:Karatas
171:Chechen
124:Shatili
44:in the
4148:Others
4120:Bayats
4103:Ayrums
4080:Nogais
4075:Kumyks
4048:Turkic
4027:Others
3971:Slavic
3947:Talysh
3923:Digors
3772:Ubykhs
3659:Others
3621:Tsezic
3611:Ingush
3556:Rutuls
3531:Archin
3518:Lezgic
3508:Tindis
3224:
2904:Batumi
2890:, 1880
2785:, 1865
2768:Lezgin
2739:, 1915
2653:(1904)
2592:Young
2440:, and
2430:Ossets
2408:Gilaki
2400:Gilaki
2396:Talysh
2360:Kumyks
2348:Kalmyk
2292:Kumyks
2280:Ingush
1784:Kumyks
1403:Nogais
1387:Nogais
1371:Nogais
1322:Nogais
1318:Kumyks
1298:Russia
1282:Turkey
1274:Russia
1230:Nogais
1215:Kumyks
1202:Turkic
1196:Turkic
1174:Russia
1166:Oirats
1132:Sayyid
1052:Russia
985:Adygea
983:, and
965:Turkey
939:, and
937:Tsalka
935:, the
933:Adjara
923:) and
863:. The
855:, and
769:Talysh
751:Digors
734:Gilaks
700:Latins
609:Ingush
593:Adygea
589:Russia
565:Turkey
561:Jordan
528:Ubykhs
429:Ingush
379:Rutuls
354:Archin
326:Chirag
321:Itsari
306:Dargwa
294:Tindis
137:region
113:Ingush
111:, and
109:Tatars
3979:Poles
3933:Kudar
3928:Irons
3861:Urums
3797:Indo-
3604:Aukhs
3599:Kists
3546:Kryts
3526:Aguls
3478:Avars
3468:Andis
3439:Svans
3381:Dvals
3094:(PDF)
2813:Nogai
2753:Kurds
2498:Kurds
2450:Kists
2434:Khevi
2426:Svans
2376:персы
2364:Tarki
2330:Samur
2314:Avars
2229:Nogai
2192:Turks
2046:Kurds
1688:Avars
1615:Kists
1108:Arabs
779:Kurds
762:Irons
716:Urums
569:Syria
545:Avars
422:Kists
369:Kryts
349:Aguls
264:Avars
254:Andis
232:Svans
205:Dvals
56:, or
4172:Jews
3952:Tats
3900:Roma
3895:Loms
3831:Zoks
3715:Sadz
3681:Laks
3650:Tsez
3589:Bats
3581:Nakh
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