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621:) or sheltered areas in the vicinity of lakes or the sea. Breeding Australian pelicans will lay one to four (typically two) chalky-white eggs measuring 93 mm × 57 mm (3.7 in × 2.2 in), which often appear scratched and dirty. The eggs are incubated for 32 to 35 days. The chicks are naked when they hatch, though quickly grow grey down feathers. After they hatch, the larger one will be fed more, and the smaller one will eventually die of starvation or
207:
657:, pelicans may associate with humans and may even beg for hand-outs, but they are quite sensitive to human disturbances while nesting. They will readily adapt to artificial bodies of water such as reservoirs so long as there is no regular boating in them. Due to the popularity of open water sports, the habitat of the Australian pelican has suffered considerably less than more vegetated wetlands throughout Australia. The Australian pelican is evaluated as a
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86:
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61:
306:). The pale, pinkish bill is enormous, even by pelican standards, and is the largest bill in the avian world. The record-sized bill was 50 cm (20 in) long. Females are slightly smaller with a notably smaller bill, which can measure as small as 34.6 cm (13.6 in) at maturity. The total length is boosted by the bill to 152–188 cm (60–74 in), which makes it rank alongside the
314:
pink and scarlet. The non-breeding adult has its bill and eye-ring a pale yellow and the pouch is a pale pinkish. Juvenile birds are similar to the adults, but with black replaced with brown and the white patch on upper wing reduced. Overall, their appearance is somewhat similar to several other pelicans, though the species is
313:
Overall, the
Australian pelican is predominantly white in colour. There is a white panel on the upper-wing and a white-V on the rump set against black along the primaries. During courtship, the orbital skin and distal quarter of the bill are orange-coloured with the pouch variously turning dark blue,
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The
Australian pelican is medium-sized by pelican standards, with a wingspan of 2.3 to 2.6 m (7.5 to 8.5 ft). Weight can range from 4 to 13 kg (8.8 to 28.7 lb), although most of these pelicans weigh between 4.54 and 7.7 kg (10.0 and 17.0 lb). The average weight of four
606:
The
Australian pelican begins breeding at two or three years of age. The breeding season varies, occurring in winter in tropical areas (north of 26°S) and spring in parts of southern Australia. Breeding may occur any time after rainfall in inland areas. The nest is a shallow depression in earth or
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Australian pelicans feed by plunge-diving while swimming on the surface of the water. They work in groups to drive fish to shallower water, where they stick their sensitive bills in to snatch their prey. Some feeding grounds in large bodies of water have included up to 1,900 individual birds. They
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filled during 1974 to 1976, for example, only a handful of pelicans remained around the coastal cities: when the great inland lakes dried again, the population dispersed once more, flocks of thousands being seen on the northern coasts. On some occasions, they are simply blown by the wind to new
641:
The
Australian pelican is not globally threatened. They are usually fairly common in proper habitats. At the aforementioned temporary inundation of Lake Eyre in March 1990, over 200,000 adult birds were found to be breeding. The species is legally protected and does not seem to be showing any
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mudflats, an ornamental city park, or industrial wasteland, provided only that there is open water able to support a sufficient supply of food. However, they do seem to prefer areas where disturbance is relatively low while breeding. They may also roost on mudflats, sandbars, beaches, reefs,
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in New
Zealand. It is a predominantly white bird with black wings and a pink bill. It has been recorded as having the longest bill of any living bird. It mainly eats fish, but will also consume birds and scavenge for scraps if the opportunity arises.
419:(Scarlett, 1966: "New Zealand pelican") as they appeared to be larger, but Worthy (1998), reviewing new material, determined that they were not separable from the Australian population. These fossils were first found in 1930.
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Australian pelicans follow no particular schedule of regular movement, simply following the availability of food supplies. Drought frequently precedes movements. When the normally barren
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371:. Australian pelicans occur primarily in large expanses of open water without dense aquatic vegetation. The habitats that can support them include large lakes,
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unsexed
Australian pelicans was 5.5 kg (12 lb), making this the second heaviest Australian flying bird species on average, after the
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Worthy, Trevor H. (1998): A remarkable fossil and archaeological fauna from
Marfells Beach, Lake Grassmere, South Island, New Zealand.
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625:. For the first two weeks the chicks will be fed regurgitated liquid, but for the remaining two months they will be fed fish and some
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will sometimes also forage solitarily. Their predominant prey is fish and they commonly feed on introduced species such as
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are also taken when available. Reportedly even small dogs have been swallowed. The
Australian pelican is an occasional
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and rivers, as well as estuaries, swamps, temporarily flooded areas in arid zones, drainage channels in farmland,
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in 1947, followed by records of other stray individuals. The bones were later described as a new (sub)species,
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275:, meaning 'to behold', and refers to the 'spectacled' appearance created by its conspicuous eye markings.
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Jobling, James A. (2010) Helm
Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names, 2nd ed., Christopher Helm, London.
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weighs a bit more at average and maximum weights (both birds are, of course, much smaller than the
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in South
Australia. Rarely, slightly more elaborate nests have also been observed on top of
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1047:"Monuments honouring Aunty Ruby Hunter and Uncle Archie Roach inspires next generation"
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Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic birds. Vol. 1, Ratites to ducks
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387:. The surrounding environment is unimportant: it can be forest, grassland, desert,
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The species became first known to occur in New Zealand from a specimen shot at
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Smith, A.C.M. & U. Munro (2008). "Cannibalism in the Australian Pelican (
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in taste than other pelicans. It regularly feeds on insects and many aquatic
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sand, sometimes with some grass lining. Grassy platforms are constructed at
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bushes. Nesting is communal, with colonies located on islands (such as the
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Australian pelican taking off in Blackwattle Bay, Sydney New South Wales
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locations. It is a fairly regular visitor to the southern coast of
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This species can occur in large expanses of mainland Australia and
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The Australian pelican was first described by Dutch naturalist
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in 1824. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin verb
959:
Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology
532:. However, the Australian pelican seems to be less of a
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774:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
1150:Scarlett, R. J. (1966): A Pelican in New Zealand.
721:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697608A93623945.en
236:, widespread on the inland and coastal waters of
509:Pelican showing length of beak and size of pouch
1223:Aussie Pelicans, Victor Harbor, South Australia
1001:"Pelecanus conspicillatus (Australian pelican)"
927:"Pelecanus conspicillatus (Australian pelican)"
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1127:Swimming pair, Claremont, Tasmania, Australia
1085:Some Australian pelicans at the mouth of the
8:
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866:del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J (1996).
817:Marchant, S., & Higgins, P. J. (1990).
715:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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642:immediate adverse effects from pollution.
598:of young pelicans has also been reported.
417:Pelecanus (conspicillatus) novaezealandiae
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1024:. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 187.
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645:In several areas, such as the beach at
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1022:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs
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232:) is a large waterbird in the family
1198:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
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1818:135a973f-53b8-4415-af46-85c1ec9fcaa6
467:, with Australian pelicans reaching
1945:IUCN Red List least concern species
1196:Explore Species: Australian Pelican
1055:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
663:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
869:Handbook of the Birds of the World
791:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
25:
1115:Three Australian pelicans resting
821:, P. AB. Oxford University Press.
794:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
772:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1165:Records of the Canterbury Museum
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711:BirdLife International. (2016).
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291:, although the male of the more
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1192:on the Internet Bird Collection
633:at around three months of age.
590:of other water birds, such as
495:A flock of Australian pelicans
1:
1102:The Entrance, New South Wales
1045:Landau, Sophie (3 May 2022).
953:) and Australian White Ibis (
655:The Entrance, New South Wales
407:in 1890 and small numbers of
1204:Australian Museum fact sheet
741:Australian Animals — Pelican
677:the pelican is known by its
439:. It occurs as a vagrant to
310:as the longest of pelicans.
797:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
1976:
1399:: Balaenicipitidae ·
971:10.1675/1524-4695-31.4.632
411:bones, the first found at
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81:Scientific classification
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1922:Pelecanus-conspicillatus
1603:Pelecanus_conspicillatus
1589:Pelecanus conspicillatus
1559:Pelecanus conspicillatus
1178:Australian Museum Online
951:Pelecanus conspicillatus
837:11 February 2014 at the
760:Species — Marine Biology
713:Pelecanus conspicillatus
614:Muehlenbeckia florulenta
363:Distribution and habitat
229:Pelecanus conspicillatus
216:green : year-round
190:Pelecanus conspicillatus
18:Pelecanus conspicillatus
1960:Birds described in 1824
746:8 November 2015 at the
529:Leiopotherapon unicolor
267:Coenraad Jacob Temminck
214:blue : nonbreeding
1345:American white pelican
1214:The Birds of Australia
1100:Artificial feeding at
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463:occurred in 1978 into
381:salt evaporation ponds
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172:P. conspicillatus
1865:Paleobiology Database
1020:Beruldsen, G (2003).
906:The Australian Museum
659:least-concern species
568:Australian white ibis
508:
1006:Animal Diversity Web
955:Threskiornis molucca
932:Animal Diversity Web
902:"Australian Pelican"
1365:Spot-billed pelican
1360:Pink-backed pelican
1350:Great white pelican
831:Australian Pelicans
51:Conservation status
35:Australian pelican
1955:Birds of Australia
1808:australian-pelican
1642:australian-pelican
1637:BirdLife-Australia
1477:: Scopidae ·
1370:Australian pelican
1174:Australian Pelican
619:North Peron Island
511:
475:and possibly also
296:Australian bustard
293:sexually dimorphic
224:Australian pelican
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1355:Dalmatian pelican
804:978-1-4200-6444-5
780:978-0-8493-4258-5
651:Western Australia
544:, especially the
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308:Dalmatian pelican
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673:In parts of
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564:silver gulls
557:
546:common yabby
527:
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383:and coastal
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29:
1878:SeaLifeBase
1728:iNaturalist
1583:Wikispecies
1439:Balaeniceps
1405:Balaeniceps
1284:Pelecanidae
691:Ruby Hunter
669:Local names
596:Cannibalism
542:crustaceans
457:New Zealand
282:Description
248:, parts of
234:Pelecanidae
148:Pelecanidae
1939:Categories
1917:Xeno-canto
697:References
689:of singer
647:Monkey Mia
592:cormorants
582:and small
580:amphibians
429:New Guinea
377:billabongs
373:reservoirs
316:allopatric
272:conspicere
244:, also in
242:New Guinea
1950:Pelecanus
1326:Pelecanus
1292:Pelecanus
1170:: 79–176.
874:Barcelona
623:siblicide
572:grey teal
536:and more
534:piscivore
465:Indonesia
461:irruption
424:Lake Eyre
409:subfossil
405:Jerusalem
389:estuarine
300:cassowary
252:and as a
250:Indonesia
238:Australia
166:Species:
159:Pelecanus
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1772:22697608
1746:11160614
1629:22697608
1624:BirdLife
1568:Wikidata
1526:Hamerkop
1471:Hamerkop
1448:Shoebill
1393:Shoebill
1276:Pelicans
1152:Notornis
1051:ABC News
987:86677876
979:40212119
911:21 April
835:Archived
744:Archived
602:Breeding
576:Reptiles
552:and the
538:catholic
516:goldfish
469:Sulawesi
369:Tasmania
261:Taxonomy
197:Temminck
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1720:5229156
1707:1048600
1694:auspel1
1668:auspel1
1611:Avibase
1505:Species
1427:Species
1314:Species
1286:·
1072:Gallery
841:(2011).
762:(2010).
750:(2010).
661:on the
653:and at
584:mammals
554:shrimps
501:Feeding
477:Sumatra
445:Vanuatu
398:pilings
394:jetties
385:lagoons
254:vagrant
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1909:343934
1870:372498
1857:986358
1844:343934
1815:NZOR:
1805:NZBO:
1798:317791
1759:174691
1574:Q26063
1517:Scopus
1483:Scopus
1475:family
1397:family
1280:family
1060:22 May
1028:
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681:name,
637:Status
631:fledge
550:prawns
289:brolga
199:, 1824
1904:WoRMS
1896:13044
1883:73584
1831:73531
1741:IRMNG
1689:eBird
1681:75YWF
1655:53113
1496:Genus
1479:genus
1418:Genus
1401:genus
1305:Genus
1288:genus
1259:Order
1218:plate
1209:Gould
983:S2CID
975:JSTOR
687:totem
453:Palau
1839:OBIS
1793:NCBI
1767:IUCN
1754:ITIS
1733:4326
1715:GBIF
1650:BOLD
1062:2022
1026:ISBN
957:)".
913:2024
882:ISBN
799:ISBN
776:ISBN
683:nori
570:and
522:and
473:Java
455:and
449:Fiji
435:and
396:and
302:and
246:Fiji
240:and
222:The
128:Aves
1891:TSA
1780:NBN
1702:EoL
1676:CoL
1663:BOW
1598:AFD
1211:'s
967:doi
717:doi
304:emu
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
