Brown pelican - Knowledge (XXG)

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pelicans have been predicted to decrease by up to 27%. A recent decline in brown pelican breeding success coincides with the population decline of the Pacific sardine. Between 2014 and 2016, brown pelicans experienced a continuous breeding failure. These breeding failures have been characterized by decreased numbers of pelicans arriving at nesting colonies, large scale abandonment and early migration due to an inability to feed hatchlings, and sub-optimal breeding by those who do attempt to breed. Breeding success is greatly reduced by oceanic anomalies, specifically warm-phase anomalies that increase the intensity of upwellings. Increased upwellings disrupt marine productivity and forage fish availability. These trends have important implications for the health and conservation of brown pelicans, as well as other seabirds.

1005: 1313:, often submerging completely below the surface momentarily as it snaps up prey. Besides its sister species, the Peruvian pelican, this is the only pelican to primarily forage via diving, all other extant pelican merely float on the waters' surface when foraging. Upon surfacing, it spills the water from its throat pouch before swallowing its catch. Only the Peruvian pelican shares this active foraging style (although that species never dives from such a great height), while other pelicans forage more inactively by scooping up corralled fish while swimming on the water surface. It is an occasional target of 1411: 1700: 1368:, although sometimes on cliffs, and less often in bushes or small trees. Nesting territories are clumped, as individual territories may be at a distance of just 1 m (3.3 ft) from each other. They are usually built by the female from reeds, leaves, pebbles, and sticks, and consist of feather-lined impressions protected with a 10 to 25 cm (3.9 to 9.8 in) rim of soil and debris. They are usually found 0.9 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) above the ground. Renesting may occur if eggs are lost from the nest early in the breeding season. 990: 830:

than the brown-plumaged pelicans and white-plumaged pelicans forming two reciprocally monophyletic groups, the American white pelican is sister to brown and Peruvian pelicans, the three together forming an exclusively New World pelican clade. (Among the other pelicans, pink-backed, Dalmatian, and spot-billed pelicans are close relatives, together sister to Australian pelican. Great white pelican has no particularly close relatives; while it may be sister to the previous four, this relationship had low statistical support.)

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populations have largely been attributed to bottom-up control, primarily including climate variability and ocean temperature. The significant decrease in pacific sardine population can be linked to the levels of nitrogen within their habitat, a limiting factor in plankton production. Pacific sardines in the California current system rely on wind driven upwelling to push cooler, nitrogen rich waters towards the surface, maintaining a sustainable, nutrient abundant environment. Continued environmental disruptions, such as

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feet black. It has a grayish white bill tinged with brown and intermixed with pale carmine spots. The crest is short and pale reddish-brown in color. The back, rump, and tail are streaked with gray and dark brown, sometimes with a rusty hue. The male and female are similar, but the female is slightly smaller. It is exceptionally buoyant due to the internal air sacks beneath its skin and in its bones. It is as graceful in the air as it is clumsy on land.

106: 839: 1223: 61: 1569: 1380:. After that, the juvenile leave the nest and gather into small groups known as pods. The newly hatched chicks are pink and weigh about 60 g (0.13 lb). Within 4 to 14 days, they turn gray or black. After that, they develop a coat of white, black or grayish down. Fledging success may be as high as 100% for the first hatched chick, 60% for the second chick, and just 6% for the third chick. 83: 42: 1207: 748:); brown and Peruvian pelicans are sister taxa, with American white pelican a more distant relative. The Peruvian pelican was previously considered a subspecies of the brown pelican, but is now considered a separate species on the basis of its much greater size (around double the weight of the brown pelican), differences in bill color and plumage, and a lack of evidence of 603: 314:, and the lower fore neck has a pale yellowish patch. The male and female are similar, but the female is slightly smaller. The nonbreeding adult has a white head and neck. The pink skin around the eyes becomes dull and gray in the nonbreeding season. It lacks any red hue, and the pouch is strongly olivaceous ochre-tinged and the legs are olivaceous gray to blackish-gray. 490: 1388:

to 10-month period during which they are cared for, the nestling pelicans are fed by regurgitated, partially digested food of around 70 kg (150 lb) of fish. The young reach sexual maturity (and full adult plumage) at anywhere from three to five years of age. A brown pelican has been recorded to have lived for over 31 years in captivity.

1785:, and northward along the Atlantic Coast, had recovered and the species was removed from the Endangered Species List. Its population has grown by about 68% per decade over a period of 40 years in North America, and this trend appears to be continuing. It is still listed as endangered in the Pacific Coast region of its range and in the 808:

hypothesized that the Americas were colonized relatively late in pelican evolution, with the family originating in Africa or South Asia; however, he later supported the prevailing view that brown (with Peruvian) was the most divergent pelican (and considered American white and great white pelicans to

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predigested food for the young to feed upon until they reach their fledging stage. After about 35 days, the young venture out of the nest by walking. The young start flying about 71 to 88 days after hatching. The adults remain with them until some time afterwards and continue to feed them. In the 8-

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has been showing signs of overfishing since the early 1990s. Sardine population and abundance, however, is difficult to monitor and obtain indicators for. Since lacking food availability has negative implications for breeding success in seabirds, seabird diet, and breeding success have been used to

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is known to prey on hatchlings. Like all pelicans, brown pelicans are highly sensitive to disturbances by humans (including tourists or fishermen) at their nests, and may even abandon their nests. Due to their size, non-nesting adults are rarely predated. Brown pelicans have several parasitic worms

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and covert feathers are dark, with a broad, silver–gray central area. The tail is dark gray with a variable silvery cast. The lower mandible is blackish, with a greenish-black gular pouch at the bottom for draining water when it scoops out prey. The breast and belly are dark, and the legs and

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of 2.03 to 2.28 m (6 ft 8 in to 7 ft 6 in). The weight of adults can range from 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb), about half the weight of the other pelicans found in the Americas, the Peruvian and American white pelicans. The average weight in Florida of 47 females was

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declines to a lesser extent. When eventually the sardine abundance has declined enough for brown pelicans to move away and begin feeding on other forage fish, commercial fishing still would be fishing in significant numbers. This indicates that even when fisheries are not seeing signs of declining

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The brown pelican has been predicted to have high vulnerability to declining sardine populations . At the lowest levels of sardine abundance, the brown pelican population has been predicted to decline up to 50%. Even with a more moderate decline in sardine abundance (50% relative abundance), brown

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The brown pelican is now a staple of crowded coastal regions and is at some risk by fishermen (monofilament fishing line and hooks) and boaters. In the early twentieth century, hunting was a major cause of its death, and people still hunt adults for their feathers and collect eggs on the Caribbean

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With better genetic data and more modern methods, a new phylogenetic hypothesis of pelican relationships has arisen, which contrasts with the traditional view of brown and Peruvian being the most divergent pelicans based on their distinctive plumage and behavior (and early molecular data). Rather

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prevent brown pelicans from reaching their prey. Brown pelican diet will mostly indicate declines in sardine abundance for fisheries during the same season, as brown pelicans feed mostly on the same adult fish that are commercially fished. Although brown pelicans serve as an important indicator

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populations to experience regular fluctuations, however there has been a consistent decrease in the Pacific sardine population beginning as early as 2014. In 2019 these declines were found to have reached levels which were a mere 10% of the highest reported abundances. Fluctuations in sardine

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with a whitish band at the center. The irides are dark brown and the facial skin is bluish. It has a gray bill which is horn-yellow to orange near the tip, with a dark gray to pinkish-gray pouch. It acquires adult plumage at over 3 years of age, when the feathers on the neck become paler, the

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The nonbreeding adult has a white head and neck, and the pre-breeding adult has a creamy yellow head. The pink skin around the eyes becomes dull and gray in the non-breeding season. It lacks any red hue, and the pouch is strongly olivaceous ochre tinged and the legs are olivaceous gray to

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The brown pelican is readily distinguished from the American white pelican by its nonwhite plumage, smaller size, and habit of diving for fish from the air, as opposed to co-operative fishing from the surface. It and the Peruvian pelican are the only true marine pelican species.

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The juvenile is similar, but is grayish-brown overall and has paler underparts. The head, neck, and thighs are dusky-brown, and the abdomen is dull white. The plumage of the male is similar to a fully adult female, although the male's head feathers are rather rigid. The tail and

1850:, allowing for complex, long term trends in ecosystem health and resources to be easily realized and tracked. Brown pelicans have proven to be a useful indicator in determining the effects of the well-established fishing industry in Southern California. Sardine fishery in the 701: 1394: 1146:(species moving from its birth site to its breeding site, or its breeding site to another breeding site). Some migration is observed, especially in the northern parts of the species's range, but these movements are often erratic, depending on local conditions. 1769:' reintroduction program re-established the brown pelican, and its population numbers in California and Texas were restored due to improved reproduction and natural recolonization of the species. By 1985, its population in the eastern United States, including 1761:(USEPA) banned DDT usage in the United States and limited the use of other pesticides. There has been a decline in chemical contaminant levels in brown pelican eggs since then, and a corresponding increase in its nesting success. It became extinct in 1963 in 2981:

Region, United States Minerals Management Service Pacific OCS; Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz Institute of Marine; Observatory, Point Reyes Bird; Division, Science Applications International Corporation Applied Environmental Science (1987).

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The brown pelican is a very gregarious bird; it lives in flocks of both sexes throughout the year. In level flight, brown pelicans fly in groups, with their heads held back on their shoulders and their bills resting on their folded necks. They may fly in a

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There are usually two to three, or sometimes even four, oval eggs in a clutch, and only one brood is raised per year. The egg is chalky white, and can measure about 76 mm (3.0 in) in length and 51 mm (2.0 in) in width.

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Anderson, Daniel W.; Godínez-Reyes, Carlos R.; Velarde, Enriqueta; Avalos-Tellez, Rosalía; Ramírez-Delgado, David; Moreno-Prado, Hugo; Bowen, Thomas; Gress, Franklin; Trejo-Ventura, Jesus; Adrean, Lindsay; Meltzer, Lorayne (2017-03-31).

1345:. Nesting season peaks during March and April. The male chooses a nesting site and performs a display of head movements to attract a female. At the proposed nest site, major courtship displays such as head swaying, bowing, turning, and 941:

which become brown during the breeding season. During courtship, the bill becomes pinkish red to pale orange, redder at the tip, and the pouch is blackish. Later in the breeding season the bill becomes pale ash-gray over most of the

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The brown pelican is the smallest of the eight extant pelican species, but is often one of the larger seabirds in their range nonetheless. It measures 1 to 1.52 m (3 ft 3 in to 5 ft 0 in) in length and has a

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indirectly measure the population status of the fish they feed on. This model has been shown to work using brown pelicans as an indicator species. As the proportion of sardines in the brown pelican's diet decreases, the success of

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in 2005, considered the deepest division among pelicans to lie between brown (plus Peruvian) pelican on the one hand, and the white-plumaged pelicans on the other (among which the large ground-nesting American white,

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tree published in 1990 supported brown pelican as sister to a clade comprising all the white-plumaged pelicans analyzed, including American white pelican (although the relationships among the latter group differed).

1659:, a legal brief speculates that the assassins of two supreme court justices were motivated by a desire to drill for oil on a Louisiana marshland that was a habitat of the endangered brown pelican. In the same year, 2886:

Minding the Coast: It's Everybody's Business : Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference of the Coastal Society, Addendum Volume, 12–15 July, 1998, the College of William & Mary, Williamsburg,

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United States. Although the United States Gulf Coast populations in Louisiana and Texas are still listed as endangered, they were recently estimated in 2009 about 12,000 breeding pairs. Since that time the

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Predation is occasional at colonies, and predators of eggs and young (usually small nestlings are threatened but also occasionally up to fledgling size depending on the size of the predator) can include

920:), and greater coverts (feathers of the outermost, largest, row of upperwing coverts) are blackish, with the primaries having white shafts and the secondaries having variable silver-gray fringes. The 471:. The subspecies differ from one another in size, coloration of the throat pouch (among other bare parts) in breeding condition, and/or certain breeding plumage details, as well as geographic range. 1865:

species for fisheries, declining sardine abundance due to both climate changes and overfishing have huge implications on overall ecosystem health, within or outside the individual trophic cascade.

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sardine abundance, brown pelicans may have already been affected to the point of locating other food sources. This availability of sardines may decline even further during El Niño anomalies, when

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have been observed to prey on adult brown pelicans by seizing them from beneath while the birds are sitting on ocean waters. In California, adult brown pelicans have become a common prey item for

1718: of Endangered species based on its large range—greater than 20,000 km (7700 mi)—and an increasing population trend. The population size is also well beyond the threshold for 1153:

individuals across much of the interior of North America. The species also occasionally wanders along the coasts of the Americas outside its normal range, with vagrants reported as far north as

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in flocks further north along the coasts, returning to warmer waters for winter. In the non-breeding season, it is found as far north as Canada. It is a rare and irregular visitor south of

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takes 28 to 30 days with both sexes sharing duties, keeping the eggs warm by holding them on or under their webbed feet. It takes 28 to 30 days for the eggs to hatch, and about 63 days to

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between the forms where their ranges approach and overlap. (In captivity, the brown pelican is known to have hybridized with both the American white pelican and the more distantly related

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As the brown pelican flies at a maximum height of 18 to 21 m (60 to 70 ft) above the ocean, it can spot schools of fish while flying. When foraging, it dives bill-first like a

5567: 1410: 1198:, but usually in regular lines or single file, often low over the water's surface. To exclude water from the nasal passage, they have narrower internal regions of the nostrils. 1364:, or alteration in food supply, colonies frequently shift. It nests in secluded area, often on islands, vegetated spots among sand dunes, thickets of shrubs and trees, and in 4494:"Brown Pelicans, Pelecanus occidentalis californicus (Aves: Pelecanidae): Five decades with ENSO, dynamic nesting, and contemporary breeding status in the Gulf of California" 5562: 3056: 341:

takes 28 to 30 days with both sexes sharing duties. The newly hatched chicks are pink, turning gray or black within 4 to 14 days. About 63 days are needed for chicks to

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Kennedy, Martyn; Taylor, Scott A.; Nádvorník, Petr; Spencer, Hamish G. (2013). "The phylogenetic relationships of the extant pelicans inferred from DNA sequence data".

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be close relatives, implying two independent dispersals of pelicans into the Americas, with that of the ancestor of brown and Peruvian pelicans occurring early on).

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have been documented eating both the offspring and injured adults. Predation on adult brown pelicans is rarely reported, but cases where they have fallen prey to

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Kaplan, IC; Francis, TB; Punt, AE; Koehn, LE; Curchitser, E; Hurtado-Ferro, F; Johnson, KF; Lluch-Cota, SE; Sydeman, WJ; Essington, TE; Taylor, N (2019-05-16).

1758: 1741:, the brown pelican population had drastically declined due to a lack of breeding success. By the 1960s, it had almost disappeared along the Gulf Coast and, in 5502: 1282:

as a major food source which can compose up to 26% of their diet, making them one of the top three predators of sardines in the area. Non-fish prey includes

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Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

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The brown pelican abundance has steadily recovered from the drastic population decreases in the 1940s, however bottom up control threatens the

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are browner than those of the adult. It has short, brown upperwing coverts, which are often darker on greater coverts, and dull brownish-gray

5383: 4251: 4198: 4171: 4144: 4035: 4008: 3981: 3938: 3899: 3872: 3581: 3554: 3480: 3427: 3278: 3248: 2923: 2811: 2786: 2682: 2652: 2625: 2583: 2557: 2526: 2409: 2371: 2068: 5582: 904:(feathers above the tail) are silvery white at the center, forming pale streaks. The median (between the greater and the lesser coverts), 2852:

Imperial Irrigation District Water Conservation and Transfer Project and Draft Habitat Conservation Plan: Environmental Impact Statement

875:, and the lower foreneck has a pale yellowish patch. The feathers at the center of the nape are elongated, forming short, deep chestnut 611: 4268: 2884: 5266: 4051: 2160:"Genetic distinctiveness of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) from the Galápagos Islands compared to continental North America" 5517: 4117: 3843: 1557: 1745:, it had suffered almost total reproductive failure, due to DDT usage in the United States. The brown pelican was listed under the 5512: 5448: 2301: 2257: 2235: 2213: 3710:

Anderson, Daniel W.; Keith, James O. (1980-06-01). "The human influence on seabird nesting success: Conservation implications".

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The brown pelican lives on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts in the Americas. On the Atlantic Coast, it is found from the

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Durant, Jm; Hjermann, Dø; Frederiksen, M; Charrassin, Jb; Le Maho, Y; Sabarros, Ps; Crawford, Rjm; Stenseth, Nc (2009-07-14).

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Construction, Maintenance and Operation of Tactical Infrastructure, Rio Grande Valley Sector: Environmental Impact Statement

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supply is particularly important to the brown pelican's nesting success. Other fish preyed on with some regularity includes

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in Peru, where generally it is replaced by the Peruvian pelican, and can occur as a non-breeding visitor south at least to

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3.17 kg (7.0 lb), while that of 56 males was 3.7 kg (8.2 lb). Like all pelicans, it has a very long

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upperparts become striped, the greater upperwing and median coverts become grayer, and the belly acquires dark spots.

5522: 5089: 2940: 1846:. Environmental changes tend to have fast acting impacts on marine bird populations due to the simplicity of their 397: 105: 5349: 5527: 4083: 3328: 1757:, and found that DDT caused the pelican eggshells to be too thin to support the embryo to maturity. In 1972, the 1384: 1149:

While usually restricted to coastal regions, brown pelicans occasionally wander inland, and there are records of

924:(feathers arising in the brachial region) are silver-gray with a brownish tinge. The underwing has grayish-brown 1349:(standing on its legs without any support) are performed by both the sexes. They may also be accompanied by low 408:, followed by the rest of the United States. Since then, the brown pelican's population has increased. In 1903, 5532: 5357: 5271: 3031: 1647: 1623: 1607: 1255: 413: 377: 369: 365: 949: 664: 5479: 4707: 4219: 4736: 1492: 553: 542: 278:

found in the Americas and one of two that feed by diving into water. It is found on the Atlantic Coast from

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Once a pair forms a bond, overt communication between them is minimal. It is a colonial species, with some

1329:. They are capable of drinking saline water due to the high capacity of their salt glands to excrete salt. 345:. Six to 9 weeks after hatching, the juveniles leave the nest, and gather into small groups known as pods. 5362: 5145: 5051: 4845: 1786: 1746: 1734:, now known as Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, to solely protect the brown pelican from hunters. 1591: 1430: 1401: 989: 888: 881: 864: 741: 385: 349: 303: 4493: 2715: 2447:

Bartholomew, G. A.; Dawson, W. R. (1954). "Temperature regulation in young pelicans, herons, and gulls".

2426: 1169:. Rare inland vagrants, generally caused by hurricanes or El Niño phenomena, have been reported from the 871:

and neck are dark maroon–brown. The upper sides of the neck have white lines along the base of the

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and neck are dark maroon–brown. The upper sides of the neck have white lines along the base of the

5409: 5163: 3097:"A multi-model approach to understanding the role of Pacific sardine in the California Current food web" 1790: 1603: 1303: 1214: 1170: 818: 561: 361: 333:

in secluded areas, often on islands, vegetated land among sand dunes, thickets of shrubs and trees, and

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Port of the Americas, Municipalities of Guayanilla-Penuelas and Ponce: Environmental Impact Statement

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Patterns of GPS tracks suggest nocturnal foraging by incubating Peruvian pelicans (Pelecanus thagus)

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Turner, Angela (2020). Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A.; Jutglar, F.; de Juana, E.; Kirwan, G.M. (eds.).

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population is thought to number at least 290,000 in the West Indies, and 650,000 globally. In 1903,

4865: 4860: 4850: 4646:"SEABIRD ECOLOGY, EL NIÑO ANOMALIES, AND PREDICTION OF SARDINE FISHERIES IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA" 1991: 1807: 1750: 1742: 1338: 1165:(well into the range of the closely related Peruvian pelican), and as far east in South America as 860: 801: 797: 784: 753: 655: 429: 299: 50: 5336: 2121: 5572: 5427: 5235: 4870: 4322: 3770: 3692: 3664: 3446: 3373: 3198: 3159: 2993: 2963: 2850: 2472: 1882: 1851: 1842:. They are often used in order to indirectly track changes in fish stocks, ecosystem health, and 1727: 1719: 1456: 1174: 1150: 913: 789: 409: 100: 5414: 4644:

Velarde, Enriqueta; Ezcurra, Exequiel; Cisneros-Mata, Miguel A.; LavÍn, Miguel F. (April 2004).

3831:. Vol. v. 56 1920. Washington, D.C. : United States National Museum. pp. 449–511. 3499: 3014: 1691:

in an Australian accent) was illustrated as a friendly, virtuous talking character named Nigel.

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The brown pelican produces a wide variety of harsh, grunting sounds, such as a low-pitched

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Pinson, D.; Drummond, H. (1993-02-01). "Brown pelican siblicide and the prey-size hypothesis".

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New Orleans to Venice Hurricane Protection and Barrier Features: Environmental Impact Statement

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Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides on BLM Lands in Oregon: Environmental Impact Statement

2828: 2776: 2672: 2543: 2516: 2361: 5401: 4975: 4897: 4840: 4780: 4665: 4611: 4601: 4554: 4505: 4458: 4442: 4370: 4279: 4241: 4025: 3998: 3801: 3762: 3727: 3365: 3188: 3112: 3096: 2955: 2891: 2464: 2134: 2031: 1935: 1361: 1357: 1314: 1154: 1032: 876: 749: 733: 624: 589: 525: 330: 291: 226: 5435: 5150: 4423:"Seabird diets provide early warning of sardine fishery declines in the Gulf of California" 981:, during displays. The adult also rarely emits a low croak, while young frequently squeal. 767:

into three subgenera, placing brown pelican (including Peruvian pelican) in a monospecific

5370: 4759: 4055: 3032:"Brown Pelicans as Anchovy Stock Indicators and their Relationships to Commercial Fishing" 2433: 2388:

Sea-level rise: destruction of threatened and endangered species habitat in South Carolina

1847: 1346: 1119: 929: 909: 905: 838: 814: 760: 628: 517: 438: 5258: 4375: 4350: 3789: 2177: 1917: 5466: 4661: 4597: 4550: 4438: 4366: 3758: 3723: 3108: 2460: 2027: 1222: 4763: 4581: 4463: 4422: 4109: 1843: 1820: 1819:, rising ocean temperatures, and increased commercial fishing, have drastic effects on 1778: 1130:. It roosts on rocks, water, rocky cliffs, piers, jetties, sand beaches, and mudflats. 1068: 1064: 1040: 962: 938: 901: 897: 893: 810: 805: 569: 501: 334: 157: 1798:

has adversely affected populations, and current population figures are not available.

17: 5496: 5318: 4535:"A review of the use of seabirds as indicators in fisheries and ecosystem management" 3731: 3217: 3161:

Casotte Landing LNG Project, Bayou Casotte Energy LLC: Environmental Impact Statement

2753: 2159: 1926: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1688: 1666: 1553: 1263: 1243: 1127: 1123: 1028: 954: 616: 509: 433: 287: 216: 70: 65: 3844:"River Otters With a New Taste for Pelican Are Changing a California Park's Ecology" 3774: 900:

have dark bases, which gives the leading edge of the wing a streaky appearance. The

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Assessment of the Pacific sardine resource in 2015 for U.S.A. management in 2015-16

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Schreiber, Ralph W.; Risebrough, Robert W. (1972). "Studies of the Brown Pelican".

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showed a pod of brown pelicans at the end of the film. In 1998, American conductor

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Schreiber, R. W., Schreiber, E. A., Anderson, D. W., & Bradley, D. W. (1989).

2339: 2178:"Listed Distinct Population Segment of the Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)" 1483:. Predation is likely reduced if the colony is on an island. Although it is rare, 1177:, where they remained for at least 161 days. There are four records far inland in 5173: 4243:

The Endangered Species Act: History, Implementation, Successes, and Controversies

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Starting in the 1940s with the invention and extensive use of pesticides such as

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Schulenberg, T.S.; D.S. Stotz; D.F. Lane; J.P. P'Neill; T.A. Parker III (2007).

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East Harrison County Connector, Harrison County: Environmental Impact Statement

3218:"Brown Pelicans: A new disturbance source to breeding Common Murres in Oregon?" 3030:

Anderson, Daniel W.; Gress, Franklin; Mais, Kenneth F.; Kelly, Paul R. (1980).

2437:. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions to Science, (402). 1827:

current system, leading to lasting impacts on Pacific sardine productivity and

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performed a requiem for a California brown pelican on the seaward limit of the

1556:, and occasionally in the United States, even though it is protected under the 376:, appearing on the flag, seal, or coat of arms of each. It has been rated as a 41: 5461: 1824: 1816: 1488: 1448: 1310: 1283: 1275: 1226:

Flock of California brown pelicans feeding in waters off San Diego, California

1052: 1048: 1020: 998: 994: 780: 581: 513: 460: 401: 322: 279: 5074: 4677: 4625: 4566: 4519: 4454: 4384: 4314: 3126: 896:(feathers on the upper side of the wings), with a brownish tinge. The lesser 4421:

Velarde, Enriqueta; Ezcurra, Exequiel; Anderson, Daniel W. (December 2013).

2941:"Functional Aspects of the Pneumatic System of the California Brown Pelican" 1762: 1754: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1342: 1291: 1279: 1278:. Brown pelicans residing in Southern California rely especially heavily on 1231: 1206: 1111: 1106:

The brown pelican is a strictly marine species, primarily inhabiting marine

1100: 651: 639: 602: 593: 529: 468: 452: 447: 373: 318: 117: 4472: 4392: 3933:. American Bibliographical Center-Clio Press. pp. 669, 741, 751, 761. 2043: 463:

of the brown pelican are recognized. At least some of these subspecies are

4510: 2138: 489: 5375: 5137: 5068: 5026: 5017: 4971: 4948: 4893: 4723: 4349:

Checkley, David M.; Asch, Rebecca G.; Rykaczewski, Ryan R. (2017-01-03).

1599: 1365: 1235: 1107: 921: 848: 684: 647: 631: 577: 565: 464: 389: 357: 326: 137: 4728: 5474: 5248: 5122: 5005: 4927: 4826: 4814: 4776: 4616: 3766: 3696: 3377: 3202: 2967: 2575:

The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia : Knowledge in depth

2549: 2521:. Vol. 8 (E-Book ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 96. 2476: 1856: 1782: 1770: 1472: 1460: 1267: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1166: 1115: 1092: 1084: 943: 925: 688: 521: 405: 275: 267: 177: 4446: 4027:

The University of the West Indies: A Quinquagenary Calendar, 1948–1998

3930:

The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]

3117: 4711: 4645: 4304: 4105: 2988:. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California. p. 98. 1674: 1484: 1480: 1377: 1271: 1076: 1013: 585: 342: 127: 5284: 5045: 4669: 4606: 3805: 3369: 3193: 3176: 2959: 2468: 796:

pelicans were thought to form a clade, and the smaller tree-nesting

5199: 4693: 4054:. National Basketball Association. January 24, 2013. Archived from 3243:(Hardcover ed.). Northern State University Press. p. 11. 1996:. Vol. v. 87 1941. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 180. 5194: 4996: 4979: 4918: 4901: 4805: 4788: 3973:

State Profiles 2013: The Population and Economy of Each U.S. State

3666:

San Diego Harbor Deepening Project: Environmental Impact Statement

3306:

Zavalaga, C. B., Dell'Omo, G., Becciu, P., & Yoda, K. (2011).

1698: 1678: 1578: 1496: 1429: 1295: 1287: 1221: 1213: 1205: 1162: 1088: 1060: 1056: 1003: 988: 948: 837: 822: 524:. Its non-breeding range extends north along the Pacific coast to 5212: 4078: 856:, measuring 280 to 348 mm (11.0 to 13.7 in) in length. 5388: 3959:. Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Department. 1969. p. 92. 3295:

Brown pelican foraging success related to age and height of dive

1810:

populations as food sources become diminished. It is common for

1670: 1440: 1322: 1318: 917: 868: 853: 692: 307: 263: 147: 5049: 4969: 4891: 4774: 4732: 4276:

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington

1630:, present on its seal, and is also present on the crest of the 1055:

years. Small numbers of brown pelicans have been recorded from

2644:

Wings in the Desert: A Folk Ornithology of the Northern Pimans

1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1738: 1622:

is "The Pelican State", and the brown pelican is the official

1075:, the West Indies, and many Caribbean islands as far south as 393: 317:

The brown pelican mainly feeds on fish, but occasionally eats

3239:

Dan A. Tallman; David L. Swanson; Jeffrey S. Palmer (2002).

2386:

Daniels, R. C., White, T. W., & Chapman, K. K. (1993).

4582:"Pros and cons of using seabirds as ecological indicators" 1360:

maintained for many years. Probably owing to disturbance,

3177:"Predation by a Brown Pelican at a Mixed Species Heronry" 1614:

and, in 1912, a pelican and her young became part of the

867:

has a white head with a yellowish wash on the crown. The

804:

pelicans were likewise considered sister taxa). In 1993,

783:

and Raoul J. Mougin in 1979. Andrew Elliott in 1992, and

306:

has a white head with a yellowish wash on the crown. The

3828:

Habits and economic relations of the guano birds of Peru

3861:

Todd, David A.; Ogren, Jonathan; Crosby, Clare (2016).

3642:. Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Archived from 732:

The brown pelican is part of a clade that includes the

3597: 3595: 3593: 3351:"The function of the salt gland in the Brown Pelican" 2060:

Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 8: Birds I

1434:

A brown pelican visits the Huntington Beach, CA pier.

1063:. It is fairly common along the coast of California, 928:

with white shafts to the outer primary feathers. The

4269:"Draft periodic status review for the Brown Pelican" 3794:), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.)" 2833:. United States Army Corps of Engineers. p. 38. 1673:

of a beach where the animal had fallen. In the 2003

1218:

California brown pelican half-submerged after a dive

337:. Females lay two or three oval, chalky white eggs. 5058: 5015: 4995: 4937: 4917: 4824: 4804: 1885:

is the only pelican known to occur in that country.

1753:, headed by Ralph Schreiber, conducted research in 937:blackish-gray. It has pale blue to yellowish white 4030:. University of the West Indies Press. p. 1. 2120: 1941:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22733989A132663224.en 1838:Seabirds have become increasingly important as an 3891:Common Coastal Birds of Florida and the Caribbean 3419:Common Coastal Birds of Florida and the Caribbean 1400:An adult brown pelican with a chick on a nest on 2747: 2745: 2743: 2617:Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland and Washington 1993:Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1710:Since 1988, the brown pelican has been rated as 3867:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 475. 3519:"Brown Pelican | The Common Pelican of America" 1341:breeder within a breeding season, but does not 1173:. They were first recorded in July 2009 in the 5568:Native birds of the Southeastern United States 3864:The Texas Landscape Project: Nature and People 2985:Final report, California seabird ecology study 2578:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. p. 26. 1767:Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries 1610:. In 1902, it was made a part of the official 382:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4744: 3273:. University of Texas Press. pp. 28–29. 2890:. Coastal Society. p. 21. Archived from 2872:. Illinois Audubon Society. pp. 208–209. 2849:Bureau of Reclamation, United States (2002). 2542:Maehr, David S.; II, Herbert W. Kale (2005). 2366:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 23–24. 2363:A Field Guide to the Birds of the West Indies 1759:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1749:from 1970 to 2009. A research group from the 1642:are named in the honor of the brown pelican. 8: 4327:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4246:. Chemical Rubber Company Press. p. 4. 4216:"Brown pelicans off endangered species list" 2998:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2647:. University of Arizona Press. p. 108. 2545:Florida's Birds: A Field Guide and Reference 691:, and is a non-breeding visitor to northern 3570:Gage, Laurie J.; Duerr, Rebecca S. (2008). 2515:Miller, R. Eric; Fowler, Murray E. (2014). 2390:. Environmental management, 17(3), 373-385. 1881:The film is set in Australia, although the 771:, American white pelican in a monospecific 5046: 4992: 4966: 4914: 4888: 4801: 4771: 4751: 4737: 4729: 4193:. Princeton University Press. p. 80. 4052:"Hornets announce name change to Pelicans" 2855:. Northwestern University. pp. 25–26. 2057:Grzimek, Bernhard; Schlager, Neil (2003). 1626:of Louisiana. It is one of the mascots of 588:. Its non-breeding range is from southern 442:, where it was given the binomial name of 225: 81: 59: 40: 31: 4615: 4605: 4509: 4462: 4374: 4166:. Channel View Publications. p. 65. 4139:. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 316. 3469:Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth (2013). 3192: 3116: 2781:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 40. 1939: 1238:may account for 90% of its diet, and the 779:, a treatment which was also followed by 388:from 1970 to 2009, as pesticides such as 5563:Least concern biota of the United States 3917:. Smithsonian's National Zoological Park 3604:"Pelecanus occidentalis (brown pelican)" 3057:"Pelecanus occidentalis (Brown Pelican)" 3013:Michot, T. C.; Bettinger, K. M. (1975). 2131:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 1575:prominently displaying the brown pelican 1567: 955:Bodega Harbor, California, United States 473: 404:. In 1972, the use of DDT was banned in 4003:. Somerset Publishers, Inc. p. 4. 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 1990:Museum, United States National (1941). 1897: 1874: 1705:Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge 1390: 420:, to protect the species from hunters. 4639: 4637: 4635: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4320: 3678: 3676: 3626: 3624: 3513: 3511: 3475:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 443. 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3349:Schmidt-Nelsen, K.; Fange, R. (1958). 3325:Smithsonian's National Zoological Park 3262: 3260: 3138: 3136: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 2991: 2754:"Humboldt Current seabirding in Chile" 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 1039:. After nesting, North American birds 683:This subspecies is found from western 5508:NatureServe apparently secure species 4696:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 4214:Cappiello, Dina (November 12, 2009). 3842:Dietrich, Daniel (15 December 2023). 3576:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 92. 3494: 3492: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3441: 3439: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2666: 2664: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2518:Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2250:"Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis" 2228:"Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis" 2206:"Pelecanus occidentalis californicus" 2016:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1294:and the eggs and nestlings of birds ( 946:and the basal third of the mandible. 7: 5558:Least concern biota of North America 5480:AD58E327-5AD1-4FD2-9530-24CEF34EC55A 5272:brown-pelican-pelecanus-occidentalis 4376:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033819 3894:. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 118. 2915:Encyclopedia of North American Birds 2806:. Christopher Helm. pp. 54–55. 2427:Plumages and molts of Brown Pelicans 1747:United States Endangered Species Act 386:United States Endangered Species Act 329:and nestlings of birds. It nests in 5503:IUCN Red List least concern species 4187:Campbell, Iain; Woods, Sam (2013). 4136:TV Guide film & video companion 3747:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3549:. David & Charles. p. 32. 3422:. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 99. 2552:: Pineapple Press Inc. p. 36. 1927:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1583:The brown pelican appears atop the 1317:by other fish-eating birds such as 1138:Most brown pelican populations are 775:, and all the rest in the subgenus 4218:. Associated Press. Archived from 3216:Horton, C.A.; R.M. Suryan (2012). 2400:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 1416:Juvenile brown pelican in flight, 842:Brown pelican showing throat pouch 25: 4079:"Pelican's Goodbye is a Sad Song" 3798:The Birds of North America Online 2918:. Thunder Bay Press. p. 21. 2402:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 2294:"Pelecanus occidentalis urinator" 1558:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 1035:to northern Peru, including the 3669:. Vol. 3. 2003. p. 21. 2620:. Stackpole Books. p. 130. 2272:"Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi" 1409: 1393: 722:This subspecies is found on the 700: 663: 601: 541: 488: 436:in the 1766 12th edition of his 104: 5553:Galápagos Islands coastal fauna 5543:Birds of the Dominican Republic 4355:Annual Review of Marine Science 4351:"Climate, Anchovy, and Sardine" 1916:BirdLife International (2018). 1636:National Basketball Association 1525:Mesostephanus appendiculatoides 1404:, Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA 1290:, and it occasionally feeds on 4694:Explore Species: Brown Pelican 4077:Manzer, T. (October 2, 1998). 3101:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2726:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1234:, primarily feeding on fish. 623:This subspecies breeds in the 560:This subspecies breeds in the 508:This subspecies breeds on the 1: 4559:10.1016/j.fishres.2008.09.024 4533:Einoder, L. D. (2009-01-01). 3976:. Bernan Press. p. 195. 3297:. The Condor, 94(2), 521-522. 2778:Lives of North American Birds 1765:. Between 1968 and 1980, the 1687:, a brown pelican (voiced by 1632:University of the West Indies 396:threatened its future in the 4704:at VIREO (Drexel University) 3825:Coker, Robert Ervin (1919). 3732:10.1016/0006-3207(80)90067-1 2133:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 1618:as well. One of Louisiana's 1585:coat of arms of Sint Maarten 1529:Contracaecum multipapillatum 1118:waters. It is also found in 5583:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4702:Brown Pelican photo gallery 3270:The Behavior of Texas Birds 2404:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 2036:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.034 1796:Deepwater Horizon oil spill 1501:North American river otters 5599: 4900:: Balaenicipitidae · 3970:Ryan, Mary Meghan (2013). 2883:Lynch, Maurice P. (1998). 2326:Sweat, L.H. (2010-09-28). 1543:, and other fish species. 1491:have been reported. Also, 1161:, as far south as central 1023:coast to the mouth of the 398:Southeastern United States 384:. It was listed under the 4991: 4965: 4913: 4887: 4800: 4770: 4717:Interactive range map of 4303:Hill, Kevin T., creator. 4084:Long Beach Press-Telegram 4000:Encyclopedia of Louisiana 3956:Louisiana Conservationist 3888:Nellis, David W. (2001). 3416:Nellis, David W. (2001). 3310:. PloS one, 6(5), e19966. 2674:The Encyclopedia of Birds 1934:: e.T22733989A132663224. 1590:The brown pelican is the 467:distinct despite similar 348:The brown pelican is the 233: 224: 206: 199: 101:Scientific classification 99: 79: 57: 48: 39: 34: 5518:Birds of Central America 4240:Doub, J. Peyton (2016). 3848:National Audubon Society 2677:. Parragon. p. 26. 2614:Fergus, Charles (2003). 1963:"Pelecanus occidentalis" 1608:Turks and Caicos Islands 1547:Relationship with humans 1535:, from its prey diet of 1493:South American sea lions 985:Distribution and habitat 879:. It has a silvery gray 580:and its Pacific coasts, 532:. It is rarely found in 414:National Wildlife Refuge 378:species of least concern 366:Turks and Caicos Islands 5513:Birds described in 1766 4650:Ecological Applications 4267:Stinson, D. W. (2014). 3927:Minahan, James (2009). 3712:Biological Conservation 3267:Rylander, Kent (2010). 2939:Richardson, F. (1939). 2641:Rea, Amadeo M. (2007). 1695:Status and conservation 1495:and unidentified large 1426:Predators and parasites 1337:The brown pelican is a 1230:The brown pelican is a 609:P. o. occidentalis 549:P. o. carolinensis 496:P. o. californicus 444:Pelecanus occidentalis. 294:to Peru, including the 5538:Birds of the Caribbean 5467:Pelecanus-occidentalis 5115:Pelecanus_occidentalis 5090:Pelecanus occidentalis 5060:Pelecanus occidentalis 4846:American white pelican 4719:Pelecanus occidentalis 4024:Hall, Douglas (1998). 3997:Capace, Nancy (1999). 3792:Pelecanus occidentalis 3788:Shields, Mark (2014). 3634:Pelecanus occidentalis 3521:. 2017. Archived from 3451:. 2003. pp. 4–67. 3164:. 2006. pp. 4–66. 2775:Kaufman, Kenn (2001). 2752:Jaramillo, A. (2009). 2718:Pelecanus occidentalis 2330:Pelecanus occidentalis 2124:Pelecanus occidentalis 1920:Pelecanus occidentalis 1707: 1653:novel of the same name 1587: 1576: 1435: 1227: 1219: 1211: 1016: 1001: 957: 843: 742:American white pelican 428:The brown pelican was 259:Pelecanus occidentalis 210:Pelecanus occidentalis 18:Pelecanus occidentalis 5410:Paleobiology Database 4511:10.7773/cm.v43i1.2710 4190:Wildlife of Australia 3504:. 2007. pp. A–1. 3472:A Dictionary of Birds 3293:Arnqvist, G. (1992). 3241:Birds of South Dakota 2139:10.2173/bow.brnpel.01 2063:. Gale. p. 231. 1702: 1604:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1582: 1571: 1564:Depictions in culture 1508:red imported fire ant 1433: 1225: 1217: 1209: 1185:and its tributaries. 1007: 992: 952: 841: 819:DNA-DNA hybridization 562:eastern United States 432:by Swedish zoologist 362:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5578:Symbols of Louisiana 4163:Film-induced Tourism 4160:Beeton, Sue (2005). 4112:. pp. 152–153. 3543:Soper, Tony (1989). 3148:. 2010. p. 486. 3103:. 617–618: 307–321. 2912:Hall, Derek (2004). 2869:The Audubon Bulletin 2504:. 1860. p. 266. 2360:Bond, James (1999). 1829:reproductive success 1640:New Orleans Pelicans 1533:Contracaecum bioccai 1453:spiny-tailed iguanas 412:set aside the first 282:to the mouth of the 192:P. occidentalis 4866:Spot-billed pelican 4861:Pink-backed pelican 4851:Great white pelican 4662:2004EcoAp..14..607V 4598:2009ClRes..39..115D 4551:2009FishR..95....6E 4439:2013NatSR...3E1332V 4367:2017ARMS....9..469C 3759:1993BEcoS..32..111P 3724:1980BCons..18...65A 3685:The Wilson Bulletin 3608:Animaldiversity.org 3175:Mora, M.A. (1989). 3109:2019MEPS..617..307K 2758:Neotropical Birding 2461:1954Ecol...35..466B 2028:2013MolPE..66..215K 1808:Southern California 1751:University of Tampa 1743:southern California 1703:Aerial view of the 1142:(nonmigratory) and 1031:, it is found from 861:nominate subspecies 792:, great white, and 754:great white pelican 708:P. o. urinator 656:Trinidad and Tobago 450:clade of the genus 368:, and the official 300:nominate subspecies 51:Conservation status 5548:Birds of Venezuela 4978:: Scopidae · 4871:Australian pelican 4724:IUCN Red List maps 4539:Fisheries Research 4427:Scientific Reports 4133:Anonymous (2004). 4098:Allen, B. (2019). 3767:10.1007/BF00164043 3573:Hand-Rearing Birds 2866:Anonymous (1958). 2827:Anonymous (2004). 2671:Anonymous (2005). 2432:2016-10-20 at the 1883:Australian pelican 1852:Gulf of California 1728:Theodore Roosevelt 1720:vulnerable species 1714: on the 1708: 1588: 1577: 1436: 1228: 1220: 1212: 1175:Interandean Valley 1017: 1010:P. o. carolinensis 1002: 958: 916:(connected to the 908:(connected to the 844: 746:P. erythrorhynchos 671:P. o. murphyi 446:It belongs to the 410:Theodore Roosevelt 87:Apparently Secure 5523:Birds of Colombia 5490: 5489: 5397:Open Tree of Life 5052:Taxon identifiers 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5034: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4856:Dalmatian pelican 4447:10.1038/srep01332 4253:978-1-4665-0739-5 4200:978-1-4008-4682-5 4173:978-1-84541-014-8 4146:978-0-7607-6104-5 4037:978-976-640-073-6 4010:978-0-403-09816-3 3983:978-1-59888-641-2 3940:978-0-313-34497-8 3901:978-1-56164-191-8 3874:978-1-62349-372-1 3602:Scott, Victoria. 3583:978-0-470-37630-0 3556:978-0-7153-9199-0 3482:978-1-4081-3839-7 3429:978-1-56164-191-8 3280:978-0-292-77472-8 3250:978-0-929918-06-8 3118:10.3354/meps12504 2925:978-1-59223-190-4 2813:978-0-7136-8673-9 2788:978-0-618-15988-8 2684:978-1-4054-9851-7 2654:978-0-8165-2459-4 2627:978-0-8117-2821-8 2585:978-0-85229-961-6 2559:978-1-56164-335-6 2528:978-1-4557-7399-2 2411:978-1-4200-6444-5 2373:978-0-618-00210-8 2070:978-0-7876-5784-0 1869:Explanatory notes 1840:indicator species 1802:Indicator species 1648:The Pelican Brief 1645:In the 1993 film 1628:Tulane University 1616:Flag of Louisiana 1573:Flag of Louisiana 1037:Galapagos Islands 993:Adult in flight, 967:underwing coverts 902:uppertail coverts 894:upperwing coverts 730: 729: 724:Galapagos Islands 719: 680: 620: 557: 505: 296:Galapagos Islands 250: 249: 239: Nonbreeding 94: 74: 16:(Redirected from 5590: 5528:Birds of Ecuador 5483: 5482: 5470: 5469: 5457: 5456: 5444: 5443: 5431: 5430: 5418: 5417: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5391: 5379: 5378: 5366: 5365: 5353: 5352: 5340: 5339: 5327: 5326: 5314: 5313: 5301: 5300: 5288: 5287: 5275: 5274: 5262: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5239: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5216: 5215: 5203: 5202: 5190: 5189: 5177: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5154: 5153: 5141: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5128:F59AB6B357BF97D8 5118: 5117: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5047: 4993: 4967: 4915: 4889: 4841:Peruvian pelican 4802: 4772: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4708:Field Guide Page 4682: 4681: 4641: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4609: 4586:Climate Research 4577: 4571: 4570: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4498:Ciencias Marinas 4488: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4418: 4397: 4396: 4378: 4346: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4318: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4278:. Archived from 4273: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3790:"Brown Pelican ( 3785: 3779: 3778: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3588: 3587: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3466: 3453: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3413: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3380:. Archived from 3355: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3327:. Archived from 3317: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3092: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2749: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2723: 2712: 2689: 2688: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2611: 2590: 2589: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2481: 2480: 2444: 2438: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2338:. Archived from 2323: 2306: 2305: 2300:. Archived from 2290: 2284: 2283: 2278:. Archived from 2268: 2262: 2261: 2256:. Archived from 2246: 2240: 2239: 2234:. Archived from 2224: 2218: 2217: 2212:. Archived from 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2128: 2122:"Brown Pelican ( 2116: 2075: 2074: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1913: 1886: 1879: 1821:nutrient cycling 1521:Phagicola longus 1413: 1397: 1362:tick infestation 1315:kleptoparasitism 1155:Southeast Alaska 1059:in far northern 1033:British Columbia 865:breeding plumage 785:Joseph B. Nelson 734:Peruvian pelican 713: 704: 674: 667: 638:, and along the 614: 605: 574:Caribbean coasts 568:south along the 551: 545: 526:British Columbia 499: 492: 474: 304:breeding plumage 292:British Columbia 286:, and along the 245: Year-round 244: 238: 229: 212: 109: 108: 88: 85: 84: 68: 63: 62: 44: 32: 21: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5533:Birds of Mexico 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5478: 5473: 5465: 5460: 5452: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5413: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5374: 5371:Observation.org 5369: 5361: 5356: 5348: 5343: 5335: 5330: 5322: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5242: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5219: 5211: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5185: 5180: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5149: 5144: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5054: 5044: 5031: 5011: 4987: 4953: 4933: 4909: 4875: 4820: 4796: 4766: 4757: 4690: 4685: 4670:10.1890/02-5320 4643: 4642: 4633: 4607:10.3354/cr00798 4579: 4578: 4574: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4490: 4489: 4480: 4420: 4419: 4400: 4348: 4347: 4336: 4319: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3806:10.2173/bna.609 3787: 3786: 3782: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3591: 3584: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3546:Oceans of Birds 3542: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3468: 3467: 3456: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3415: 3414: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3370:10.2307/4081974 3353: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3334: 3332: 3321:"Brown pelican" 3319: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3194:10.2307/1368134 3174: 3173: 3169: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3094: 3093: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3039:CalCOFI Reports 3034: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2990: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2960:10.2307/1364267 2943: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2848: 2847: 2838: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2751: 2750: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2713: 2692: 2685: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2613: 2612: 2593: 2586: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2498: 2497: 2484: 2469:10.2307/1931037 2446: 2445: 2441: 2434:Wayback Machine 2423: 2419: 2412: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2325: 2324: 2309: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2118: 2117: 2078: 2071: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2013: 2012: 2001: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1915: 1914: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1848:trophic cascade 1804: 1697: 1651:, based on the 1620:state nicknames 1566: 1549: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1405: 1398: 1335: 1304:its own species 1280:pacific sardine 1204: 1191: 1171:Colombian Andes 1136: 1120:mangrove swamps 987: 963:flight feathers 910:distal forelimb 891: 885: 836: 761:James L. Peters 528:, and south to 520:, and south to 518:Baja California 439:Systema Naturae 426: 274:, one of three 246: 242: 240: 236: 220: 214: 208: 195: 103: 95: 86: 82: 75: 64: 60: 53: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5596: 5594: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5471: 5458: 5445: 5432: 5419: 5406: 5393: 5380: 5367: 5354: 5341: 5328: 5315: 5302: 5289: 5276: 5263: 5253: 5240: 5230: 5217: 5204: 5191: 5178: 5168: 5155: 5142: 5132: 5119: 5106: 5095: 5080: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4999: 4989: 4988: 4970: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4921: 4911: 4910: 4892: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4810: 4808: 4798: 4797: 4775: 4768: 4767: 4764:Pelecaniformes 4758: 4756: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4714: 4705: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4688:External links 4686: 4684: 4683: 4656:(2): 607–615. 4631: 4592:(2): 115–129. 4572: 4525: 4478: 4398: 4361:(1): 469–493. 4334: 4295: 4259: 4252: 4232: 4206: 4199: 4179: 4172: 4152: 4145: 4125: 4118: 4110:Reaktion Books 4090: 4069: 4043: 4036: 4016: 4009: 3989: 3982: 3962: 3946: 3939: 3919: 3907: 3900: 3880: 3873: 3853: 3834: 3817: 3780: 3753:(2): 111–118. 3737: 3702: 3691:(2): 119–135. 3672: 3656: 3640:www.sms.si.edu 3620: 3589: 3582: 3562: 3555: 3535: 3507: 3488: 3481: 3454: 3435: 3428: 3397: 3364:(3): 282–289. 3341: 3312: 3299: 3286: 3279: 3256: 3249: 3231: 3208: 3187:(3): 742–743. 3167: 3151: 3132: 3076: 3048: 3022: 3005: 2973: 2931: 2924: 2904: 2875: 2858: 2836: 2819: 2812: 2794: 2787: 2767: 2739: 2716:Brown Pelican 2690: 2683: 2660: 2653: 2633: 2626: 2591: 2584: 2565: 2558: 2534: 2527: 2507: 2482: 2455:(4): 466–472. 2439: 2417: 2410: 2392: 2379: 2372: 2352: 2336:www.sms.si.edu 2307: 2304:on 2011-10-16. 2285: 2282:on 2011-10-16. 2263: 2260:on 2011-10-16. 2241: 2238:on 2011-10-16. 2219: 2216:on 2011-10-16. 2197: 2169: 2151: 2076: 2069: 2049: 2022:(1): 215–222. 1999: 1982: 1954: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1844:climate change 1803: 1800: 1779:South Carolina 1732:Pelican Island 1696: 1693: 1612:Louisiana seal 1565: 1562: 1548: 1545: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1334: 1331: 1203: 1200: 1190: 1187: 1179:Amazônia Legal 1135: 1132: 1103:, and Mexico. 1083:, it inhabits 1069:North Carolina 1065:South Carolina 986: 983: 887: 880: 877:crest feathers 835: 832: 806:Paul Johnsgard 773:Cyrtopelicanus 769:Leptopelicanus 728: 727: 720: 705: 697: 696: 681: 668: 660: 659: 621: 606: 598: 597: 558: 546: 538: 537: 506: 493: 485: 484: 481: 478: 425: 422: 418:Pelican Island 248: 247: 241: 235: 231: 230: 222: 221: 215: 204: 203: 197: 196: 189: 187: 183: 182: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 158:Pelecaniformes 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 97: 96: 80: 77: 76: 58: 55: 54: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 35:Brown pelican 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5595: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5259:brown-pelican 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233:Featherbase: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:Brown pelican 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4299: 4296: 4285:on 2017-02-09 4281: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4236: 4233: 4222:on 2017-06-30 4221: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4119:9781789141177 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4058:on 2017-08-01 4057: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3915:Brown Pelican 3911: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3646:on 2017-06-14 3645: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3536: 3525:on 2017-07-06 3524: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3387:on 2017-10-23 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3331:on 2008-03-03 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2987: 2986: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2905: 2894:on 2017-09-26 2893: 2889: 2888: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2804:Birds of Peru 2798: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2353: 2342:on 2017-03-28 2341: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1983: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:nominate race 1721: 1717: 1716:IUCN Red List 1713: 1712:least concern 1706: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1689:Geoffrey Rush 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:David Woodard 1664: 1663: 1662:Jurassic Park 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592:national bird 1586: 1581: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554:Latin America 1546: 1544: 1542: 1541:white mullets 1538: 1537:black mullets 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:Echinochasmus 1514: 1509: 1506:The invasive 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:pair for life 1340: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1300:common murres 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286:, especially 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1224: 1216: 1208: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1128:South America 1125: 1124:Pacific coast 1121: 1117: 1114:, and marine 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:Pacific Coast 1026: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1000: 996: 991: 984: 982: 980: 975: 971: 968: 964: 956: 951: 947: 945: 940: 934: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 883: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 850: 840: 833: 831: 827: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 750:hybridization 747: 743: 739: 735: 725: 721: 717: 712: 709: 706: 703: 699: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 672: 669: 666: 662: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 642:coast of the 641: 637: 633: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 610: 607: 604: 600: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576:and south to 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 547: 544: 540: 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