339:, often the largest or one of the largest native birds in the southern stretches of its range, albeit it is fairly small for a pelican. It is 125–152 cm (49–60 in) long and a weight of 4.1–6 kg (9.0–13.2 lb). The wingspan can vary from 213 to 250 cm (7 ft 0 in to 8 ft 2 in) while the typically large beak measured from 285 to 355 mm (11.2 to 14.0 in). It is mainly white, with a grey crest, hindneck and a brownish tail. The feathers on the hind neck are curly and form a greyish nape crest. The pouch is pink to purplish and has large pale spots, and is also spotted on the sides of the upper mandible. The tip of the bill (or nail) is yellow to orange. In breeding plumage, the skin at the base of the beak is dark and the orbital patch is pink. In flight they look not unlike the Dalmatian pelican but the tertials and inner secondaries are darker and a pale band runs along the greater coverts. The tail is rounder.
472:
352:
364:
456:
324:
215:
94:
42:
69:
257:. It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters, especially large lakes. At a distance they are difficult to differentiate from other pelicans in the region although it is smaller but at close range the spots on the upper mandible, the lack of bright colours and the greyer plumage are distinctive. In some areas these birds nest in large colonies close to human habitations.
498:
The birds nest in colonies and the nest is a thick platform of twigs placed on a low tree. The breeding season varies from
October to May. In Tamil Nadu, the breeding season follows the onset of the northeast monsoon. The courtship display of the males involves a distention of the pouch with swinging
442:
Due to habitat loss and human disturbance, the spot-billed pelican's numbers have declined and many populations in
Southeast Asia (including parts of China) are now extinct. The specific name refers to the Philippines, where the species was abundant in the early 1900s but declined and become locally
359:
The species is found to breed only in peninsular India, Sri Lanka and in
Cambodia. A few birds from India are known to winter in the Gangetic plains but reports of its presence in many other parts of the region such as the Maldives, Pakistan and Bangladesh has been questioned. The main habitat is in
374:
This species is a colonial breeder, often breeding in the company of other waterbirds. The nests are on low trees near wetlands and sometimes near human habitations. Many large breeding colonies have been recorded and several have disappeared over time. In June 1906, C E Rhenius visited a colony in
494:
it does not form large feeding flocks and is usually found to fish singly or in small flocks. Groups may however sometimes line up and drive fish towards the shallows. When flying to their roosts or feeding areas, small groups fly in formation with steady flapping. During the hot part of the day,
405:
I was out that day till 3 p.m., continually moving, and must have walked at least twenty miles in various directions, but never from first to last was I out of sight of either a
Pelican's or Adjutant's nest. From what I saw, and from what the Burmans told me, I compute the breeding-place of these
503:. Three to four chalky white eggs is the usual clutch. The eggs become dirty with age. Eggs hatch in about 30–33 days. The young stay in or near the nest from three to five months. In captivity the young are able to breed after two years. Like other pelicans, they cool themselves using
443:
extinct in the 1960s. The populations in southern India are thought to be on the rise. Estimates suggest that increased protection has since enabled a recovery in their numbers and the status of the species was changed from vulnerable to near threatened in the 2007
499:
motions of the head up and down followed by sideways swings followed by the head being held back over the back. Bill claps may also be produced during the head swaying movements. The nests are usually built alongside other colonial waterbirds, particularly
402:
The whole forest consisted of very large trees, but a portion, about one in twenty, was made up of wood-oil trees, gigantic fellows, 150 feet high and more, and with a smooth branchless trunk of 80 to 100 feet. These are the trees selected by the
545:
I have visited on
Pelicanry in the Carnatic, where the Pelicans have (for ages I was told) built their rude nests, on rather low trees in the midst of a village, and seemed to care little for the close and constant proximity of human
556:
Several colonies have since been discovered and while many of these have vanished others have been protected and a few villages with nesting colonies have become popular tourist attractions. Well known villages with colonies include
486:
They are very silent although at their nests they can make hisses, grunts or snap their bills. Some early descriptions of nesting colonies have claimed them to be distinctive in their silence but most have noted colonies as noisy.
342:
The newly hatched young are covered in white down. They then moult into a greyish speckled plumage. The spots on the bill appear only after a year. The full adult breeding plumage appears in their third year.
471:
1013:
522:
This species was once used by fishermen in parts of eastern Bengal as decoys for certain fish. These fishermen believed that an oily secretion from the bird attracted certain fish such as
383:
where the villages considered the birds semi-sacred. The same colony was revisited in 1944, and was found to have about 10 nests of pelicans and nearly 200 nests of painted stork.
360:
shallow lowland freshwaters. The spot-billed pelican is not migratory but are known to make local movements and are more widely distributed in the non-breeding season.
1964:
732:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
2134:
2109:
2003:
1315:
Bartholomew, GA; Robert C. Lasiewski & Eugene C. Crawford Jr. (1968). "Patterns of
Panting and Gular Flutter in Cormorants, Pelicans, Owls, and Doves".
363:
351:
1014:"The Biology and Past Distribution of the Near-Threatened Spot-Billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) Based on Verified Historical Specimens in China"
1938:
1489:
1977:
1350:
Stunkard, Horace W. (1964). "Studies on the
Trematode Genus Renicola: Observations on the Life-History, Specificity, and Systematic Position".
2029:
640:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
299:. Gmelin based his description on "Le pélican des Philippines" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist
455:
2129:
2124:
2068:
323:
1114:"Status and distribution of population and potential breeding and foraging sites of spot-billed pelican in Tamil Nadu, India"
665:
The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that
Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
1982:
1385:
Wright, C. A. (1954). "Trematodes of the genus
Renicola from birds in British zoos, with descriptions of two new species".
439:
in 1946. Nearly 3000 pelicans nested in this colony at the time of discovery. This colony however disappeared around 1975.
431:, where these pelicans nested along with painted storks during the month of March. This colony was never traced again. The
1136:
2119:
1482:
460:
1873:
1296:
562:
376:
328:
1416:
660:
Ornithologie, ou, Méthode
Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés
2008:
1828:
695:
93:
50:
1087:
1462:
960:
654:
300:
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was described from the kidneys of a specimen of a Sri Lankan spot-billed pelican that died at the London zoo.
1475:
1457:
634:
270:
204:
490:
Like most other pelicans, it catches fish in its huge bill pouch while swimming at the surface. Unlike the
1860:
1790:
1584:
1878:
293:
188:
768:
612:
2073:
1925:
1842:
1212:
1060:
857:
387:
380:
1599:
1589:
830:
684:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 191.
491:
421:
412:
266:
58:
214:
2114:
2060:
1886:
1609:
1367:
1332:
834:
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The propensity of these birds to nest close to human habitations has been noted from the time of
88:
1969:
2042:
1995:
1899:
1594:
1033:
428:
1171:
643:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 571.
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2016:
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73:
663:(in French and Latin). Vol. 6. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 527–530, Plate.
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Another colony was discovered in 1902 at a village called Buchupalle in the
308:
288:
254:
105:
1088:"Surveys of wetlands and waterbirds in Cagayan valley, Luzon, Philippines"
2021:
1852:
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125:
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1943:
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1371:
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1279:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 29–30.
495:
they often soar on thermals. They may forage at night to some extent.
530:
524:
115:
1956:
1917:
1784:
1363:
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birds to extend over an area about twenty miles long and five broad.
1912:
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454:
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350:
322:
304:
284:
250:
1930:
728:
Elliott, A., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, and E. de Juana (2020).
2034:
1199:
Gokula, V (2011). "Breeding biology of the Spot-billed Pelican (
1172:"Nocturnal foraging by Spot-billed Pelican in Tamil Nadu, India"
809:"Notes on a few birds from the South of the Tinnevelly District"
246:
242:
135:
1788:
1708:
1630:
1513:
1471:
1051:
Crivelli, A; Schreiber, R (1984). "Status of the Pelecanidae".
583:
581:
394:
reported that they were still nesting in thousands along with
753:. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 49.
303:. Brisson's specimen had been collected on the island of
704:"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans"
1292:"Assam: the main breeding ground of Spotbilled Pelican"
424:
to have disappeared between the 1930s and the 1940s.
1203:) in Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India".
961:"The status and distribution of Spot-billed Pelican
1797:
1754:
1734:
1676:
1656:
1563:
1543:
862:"The breeding of the Grey or Spottedbilled Pelican
390:to have "millions" of pelicans in 1877 and in 1929
613:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22697604A117970266.en
1159:. BNHS & Oxford University Press. p. 66.
1086:Van Weerd, Merlijn & J van der Ploeg (2004).
1194:
1192:
773:. Bureau of Printing, Manila. pp. 208–210.
751:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
543:
400:
283:. He placed it with the other pelicans in the
1483:
8:
893:in the Cuddapah District, Madras Presidency"
836:The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 3
762:
760:
730:Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)
1277:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan
1138:Popular handbook of Indian birds. Edition 4
1785:
1731:
1705:
1653:
1627:
1540:
1510:
1490:
1476:
1468:
1421:. George Wyman & Co. pp. 858–860.
937:Guttikar, S. N. (1978). "Lost pelicanry".
335:The spot-billed pelican is a rather large
213:
67:
40:
31:
1259:
954:
952:
611:
749:Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005).
1434:"Discovery of a pelicanry in Karnataka"
1141:. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 489–491.
1012:Stidham, Thomas A.; Gang, Song (2020).
989:Nagulu, V & Ramana Rao, JV (1983).
577:
386:The Sittang River in Burma was said by
273:in his revised and expanded edition of
1410:
1408:
1150:
1148:
852:
850:
848:
846:
2135:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2110:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1240:"An ethogram of Spot-billed Pelican (
744:
742:
740:
738:
710:. International Ornithologists' Union
678:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
475:Nesting on an artificial platform at
7:
1157:The Book of Indian Birds. Edition 12
991:"Survey of south Indian pelicanries"
770:A manual of Philippine birds. Part 1
420:This colony was however reported by
959:Kannan V & R Manakadan (2005).
599:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
307:in the Philippines. The species is
1399:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1954.tb01477.x
25:
1275:Ali, S & Ripley, S D (1978).
269:in 1789 by the German naturalist
708:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
681:Check-List of Birds of the World
92:
1118:J. Sci. Trans. Environ. Technov
588:BirdLife International (2017).
241:family. It breeds in southern
1:
889:"Nesting of the Grey Pelican
1418:The Birds of India. Volume 3
1073:10.1016/0006-3207(84)90063-6
786:"Pelicans breeding in India"
505:gular fluttering and panting
461:Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
265:The spot-billed pelican was
1297:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
329:Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
2151:
1639:: Balaenicipitidae ·
916:"A South Indian pelicanry"
839:. R H Porter. p. 297.
51:Bannerghatta National Park
1730:
1704:
1652:
1626:
1539:
1509:
655:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
606:: e.T22697604A117970266.
435:colony was discovered by
212:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
1438:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1432:Neginhal, S. G. (1977).
1261:10.5122/cbirds.2011.0030
1225:10.5122/cbirds.2011.0013
995:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
939:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
920:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
914:Neelakantan, KK (1949).
897:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
870:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
813:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
807:Webb-Peploe, CG (1945).
790:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
635:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
347:Distribution and habitat
301:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
2130:Birds described in 1789
2125:Birds of Southeast Asia
1463:A pelican regurgitating
1135:Whistler, Hugh (1949).
1053:Biological Conservation
887:Campbell, W.H. (1902).
510:The trematode parasite
411:Oates (1877) quoted in
355:Flocks fly in formation
271:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2087:Pelecanus-philippensis
1829:Pelecanus philippensis
1799:Pelecanus philippensis
1585:American white pelican
1242:Pelecanus philippensis
1201:Pelecanus philippensis
963:Pelecanus philippensis
891:Pelecanus philippensis
864:Pelecanus philippensis
784:Rhenius, C.E. (1907).
767:McGregor, R C (1909).
702:, eds. (August 2022).
592:Pelecanus philippensis
554:
483:
468:
418:
371:
356:
332:
297:Pelecanus philippensis
230:Pelecanus philippensis
198:Pelecanus philippensis
18:Pelecanus philippensis
474:
458:
451:Behaviour and ecology
366:
354:
326:
1030:10.1675/063.042.0410
381:Tirunelveli district
180:P. philippensis
35:Spot-billed pelican
2120:Birds of South Asia
1605:Spot-billed pelican
1600:Pink-backed pelican
1590:Great white pelican
1415:Jerdon, TC (1864).
1352:Biological Bulletin
1304:(11&12): 12–13.
1217:2011AvRes...2..101G
1170:Gokula, V. (2011).
1155:Ali, Salim (1996).
1065:1984BCons..30..147C
492:great white pelican
367:Nesting along with
237:is a member of the
225:spot-billed pelican
59:Conservation status
1717:: Scopidae ·
1610:Australian pelican
1387:Journal of Zoology
1179:Marine Ornithology
1112:Gokula, V (2011).
965:in southern India"
698:; Donsker, David;
484:
469:
372:
357:
333:
327:Breeding plumage,
267:formally described
2097:
2096:
2043:Open Tree of Life
1791:Taxon identifiers
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1622:
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1618:
1617:
1595:Dalmatian pelican
1458:Photos and videos
1238:Gokula V (2011).
700:Rasmussen, Pamela
512:Renicola pelecani
429:Cudappah district
221:
220:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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1290:Das, RK (1991).
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392:E C Stuart Baker
315:are recognised.
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292:and coined the
280:Systema Naturae
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74:Near Threatened
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27:Species of bird
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1503:Pelecaniformes
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235:gray pelican
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2056:SeaLifeBase
1952:iNaturalist
1823:Wikispecies
1679:Balaeniceps
1645:Balaeniceps
1524:Pelecanidae
1124:(2): 59–69.
696:Gill, Frank
676:Mayr, Ernst
619:12 November
559:Kokrebellur
319:Description
156:Pelecanidae
2104:Categories
2082:Xeno-canto
1444:: 169–170.
1317:The Condor
1185:: 267–268.
1059:(2): 147.
1024:(4): 446.
1018:Waterbirds
945:: 482–484.
714:2 December
573:References
567:Uppalapadu
539:T C Jerdon
518:In culture
477:Uppalapadu
377:Kundakulam
337:water bird
313:subspecies
2115:Pelecanus
1566:Pelecanus
1532:Pelecanus
1393:: 51–61.
1038:1524-4695
903:(2): 401.
866:(Gmelin)"
465:Karnataka
403:pelicans.
388:E W Oates
309:monotypic
289:Pelecanus
255:Indonesia
174:Species:
167:Pelecanus
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
1996:22697604
1970:11234386
1931:45515781
1866:22697604
1861:BirdLife
1850:BioLib:
1808:Wikidata
1766:Hamerkop
1711:Hamerkop
1688:Shoebill
1633:Shoebill
1516:Pelicans
1101:: 33–39.
1095:Forktail
972:Forktail
860:(1960).
833:(1890).
831:Hume, AO
657:(1760).
637:(1789).
549:—
409:—
398:storks:
261:Taxonomy
253:east to
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
1944:5229163
1918:spbpel1
1892:spbpel1
1838:Avibase
1814:Q180360
1745:Species
1667:Species
1554:Species
1526:·
1372:1539314
1337:1366506
1213:Bibcode
1061:Bibcode
978:: 9–14.
858:Gee, EP
546:beings.
467:, India
331:, India
249:across
239:pelican
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2074:343936
2048:438402
2035:343936
2009:459765
1983:174694
1879:112721
1757:Scopus
1723:Scopus
1715:family
1637:family
1520:family
1370:
1335:
1036:
531:Anabas
525:Colisa
415:(1890)
207:, 1789
205:Gmelin
2069:WoRMS
2061:73587
2022:73530
1965:IRMNG
1913:eBird
1905:75Z8G
1853:80682
1736:Genus
1719:genus
1658:Genus
1641:genus
1545:Genus
1528:genus
1499:Order
1368:JSTOR
1333:JSTOR
1175:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
968:(PDF)
311:: no
305:Luzon
285:genus
251:India
233:) or
2030:OBIS
2004:NCBI
1991:IUCN
1978:ITIS
1957:4336
1939:GBIF
1874:BOLD
1034:ISSN
716:2022
621:2021
604:2017
565:and
528:and
413:Hume
247:Iran
243:Asia
223:The
136:Aves
1926:EoL
1900:CoL
1887:BOW
1395:doi
1391:124
1360:doi
1356:126
1325:doi
1256:doi
1221:doi
1069:doi
1026:doi
608:doi
379:in
277:'s
49:At
2106::
2084::
2071::
2058::
2045::
2032::
2019::
2006::
1993::
1980::
1967::
1954::
1941::
1928::
1915::
1902::
1889::
1876::
1863::
1840::
1825::
1810::
1721::
1643::
1530::
1522::
1501::
1442:74
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1407:^
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1366:.
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1120:.
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1099:20
1097:.
1093:.
1067:.
1057:30
1055:.
1032:.
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999:80
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993:.
976:21
974:.
970:.
951:^
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924:48
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901:14
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895:.
874:57
872:.
868:.
845:^
817:45
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794:17
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788:.
759:^
737:^
706:.
602:.
596:.
580:^
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1071::
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1028::
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623:.
610::
594:"
590:"
227:(
81:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
