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sense of smell, and degeneration of the teeth and jaws. The males also have defined reproductive organs. In a studied male, the testes occupied a majority of the space in the stomach cavity where the stomach had seemed to have shrunk. The females, on the other hand, remain relatively unchanged as they mature. The large olfactory organs in the sexually-mature males indicates that they may locate their mates through pheromones released by the females. Many researchers believe that the eels die shortly after reproduction. Reproducing later in life is thought to be a strategy that increases the likelihood of offspring survival for
275:
464:. Organisms, such as thraustochytrids and hydrozoan tissue, were consumed by these larva in a grouped manner such as they would be found in marine snow. Furthermore, the lesser number, larger size, and inwardly-pointing direction of leptocephali larval teeth point indicate that pelican eel larva rely on marine snow as a source of nutrients. As leptocephali develop into their mature form these distinct teeth were replaced by more, smaller teeth. This particular observation may explain a shift in the size of leptocephali heads, such as
387:, the pelican eel has an aglomerular kidney that is thought to have a role in maintaining the gelatinous substance filling the "lymphatic spaces" that are found around the vertebrae. It has been hypothesized that these gelatinous substance filled "lymphatic spaces" could function in a similar way to a swim bladder. Furthermore, the muscle segment shape of the pelican eel is different. Its muscle segments have a "V-shape", while other fish have "W-shaped" muscle segments. Pelican eels are also unusual because the ampullae of the
372:
mouth followed by stretching. When the pelican eel is in pursuit of prey and opens its mouth, the head and jaw structure unfold and spread horizontally, This un-spreading event is followed by the inflation of the mouth. The inflation is made possible given the highly stretchable skin of the head, an additional characteristic that enables the eel to partake in this mechanism and engage in lunge feeding to consume large amounts of prey. When it feeds on prey, water that is ingested is expelled via the gills.
437:. Despite the great size of the jaws, which occupy about a quarter of the animal's total length, it has only tiny teeth, which would not be consistent with a regular diet of large fish. The large mouth may be an adaptation to allow the eel to eat a wider variety of prey when food is scarce. The eel can swim into large groups of shrimp or other crustaceans with its mouth closed, opening wide as it closely approaches prey, scooping them up to be swallowed. The pelican eel is also known to feed on
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Because of the extreme depths at which it lives, most of what is known about the pelican eel comes from specimens that are inadvertently caught in deep sea fishing nets. Although once regarded as a purely deep-sea species, since 1970, hundreds of specimens have been caught by fishermen, mostly in the
419:
with the largest morphological difference in the structure of the nasal rosette. In female pelican eels, the nasal rosette is hardly noticeable whereas male pelican eels exhibit a larger nasal rosette. The male's nasal rosette is bulb-shaped and contains larger anterior and posterior nostrils. Sexual
480:
stage, meaning that they are extremely thin and transparent. Until they reach their juvenile stage, they interestingly have very small body organs and do not contain any red blood cells. As they mature, the males undergo a change that causes enlargement of the olfactory organs, responsible for the
411:
is especially dark because this species exhibits ultra-black camouflage. This special pigmentation, which reflects less than 0.5% of light, allows these eels to be cloaked in darkness in their low light environments. Ultra-black camouflage allows these bathypelagic eels to evade predators and hide
398:
The pelican eel also has a very long, whip-like tail that it uses for movement and for communication via bioluminescence. Specimens that have been brought to the surface in fishing nets have been known to have their long tails tied into several knots. The end of the tail bears a complex organ with
367:
The pelican eel's most notable feature is its large mouth, which is much larger than its body. The mouth is loosely hinged, and can be opened wide enough to swallow a fish much larger than the eel itself. The lower jaw is hinged at the base of the head, with no body mass behind it, making the head
403:
pink and gives off occasional bright-red flashes. The colors on its tail are displayed through its light-emitting photophores. This is presumably a lure to attract prey, although its presence at the far end of the body from the mouth suggests the eel may have to adopt an unusual posture to use it
371:
While typically in a folded state, the pelican eel's mouth has the capacity to change to an inflated shape when hunting, giving the mouth its notably massive appearance. This transformation is possible due to the dual-mode biological morphing mechanism that takes place: geometric unfolding of the
394:
Unlike many other deep sea creatures, the pelican eel has very small eyes. For reference, the horizontal eye size diameter of a male pelican eel specimen was measured to be 2.6 mm (0.10 in). It is believed that the eyes evolved to detect faint traces of light rather than form images.
432:
Pelican eels have developed adaptations and feeding patterns to help them survive in their low biomass environment. Recent studies have shown that pelican eels are active participants in their pursuit of food, rather than passively waiting for prey to fall into their large mouths. They are
363:
The morphology of pelican eel specimens can be hard to describe because they are so fragile that they become damaged when they are recovered from the deep sea's immense pressure. However, certain observations about the physical characteristics have been noted from studied specimen.
531:
team also witnessed a juvenile gulper eel inflating its mouth in attempt to catch prey in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine
National Monument (PMNM). Until these recent explorations, not much had been analyzed by researchers of the behavior of gulper eels.
433:
hypothesized to exhibit lunge-feeding through the expansion of their mandible and upper jaw. Furthermore, their stomach can stretch and expand to accommodate large meals, although analysis of stomach contents suggests they primarily eat small
493:
The pelican eel has been found in the temperate and tropical areas of all oceans. In the North
Atlantic, it seems to have a range in depth from 500 to 3,000 m (1,600 to 9,800 ft). One Canadian-arctic specimen was found in
644:"Resolving deep-sea pelagic saccopharyngiform eel mysteries: Identification of Neocyema and Monognathidae leptocephali and establishment of a new fish family "Neocyematidae" based on larvae, adults and mitogenomic gene orders"
445:) and other small invertebrates. When the eel gulps its prey into its massive jaws, it also takes in a large amount of water, which is then slowly expelled through its gill slits. Pelican eels themselves are preyed upon by
920:
Ozaka, Chieko; Yamamoto, Naoyuki; Nielsen, Jørgen G.; Somiya, Hiroaki (1 November 2011). "The aglomerular kidney of the deep-sea gulper eel
Saccopharynx ampullaceus (Saccopharyngiformes: Saccopharyngidae)".
527:. The team witnessed the aggressive nature of the eel's hunting process, as it was constantly moving around in the water column to attempt to find prey. In September 2018, the E/V
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Pelican eels are smaller-sized eels. They grow to about 0.75 m (2.5 ft) in length, though lengths of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) are plausible. Like most eels,
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778:. By Møller, Peter Rask; Renaud, Claude B.; Alfonso, Noel; et al. Coad, Brian W.; Reist, James D. (eds.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 217–218.
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Miller, Michael J.; Marohn, Lasse; Wysujack, Klaus; Freese, Marko; Pohlmann, Jan-Dag; Westerberg, Håkan; Tsukamoto, Katsumi; Hanel, Reinhold (1 March 2019).
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Not much is known about the reproductive habits of the pelican eel. Similar to other eels, when pelican eels are first born, they start in the
1003:"Sexual Dimorphism in the Bathypelagic Gulper Eel Eurypharynx pelecanoides (Lyomeri: Eurypharyngidae), with Comments on Reproductive Strategy"
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976:
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Poulsen, Jan Y.; Miller, Michael J.; Sado, Tetsuya; Hanel, Reinhold; Tsukamoto, Katsumi; Miya, Masaki; Fugmann, Sebastian D. (25 July 2018).
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look disproportionately large. Its jaw is so large that it is estimated to be about a quarter of the total length of the eel itself.
816:
554:. After comparing the sequences from the specimens with other known sequences, specifically the non-coding regions, they found that
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Davis, Alexander L.; Thomas, Kate N.; Goetz, Freya E.; Robison, Bruce H.; Johnsen, Sönke; Osborn, Karen J. (7 September 2020).
84:
2187:
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329:, yet nobody has been able to demonstrate that more than one species of pelican eel exists. It is also referred to as the
1392:"Evolution of the Deep-Sea Gulper Eel Mitochondrial Genomes: Large-Scale Gene Rearrangements Originated Within the Eels"
2078:
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99:
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Motani, Ryosuke; Chen, Xiao-hong; Jiang, Da-yong; Cheng, Long; Tintori, Andrea; Rieppel, Olivier (10 March 2015).
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system project from the body, rather than being contained in a narrow groove; this may increase its sensitivity.
883:
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321:", members of which were historically placed in their own order, but are now considered true eels in the order
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and scales. Otherwise, the pelican eel is very different in appearance from typical eels. Instead of having a
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523:. In October 2018, the first direct observation of a gulper eel was made by a group of researchers near the
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Pelican eels are black or olive and some subspecies may have a thin lateral white stripe. The coloration of
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1461:"Gulper Eel – Pelican Eel, Frightening Deep Sea Jaws." Factzoo.com. CopyLeft, 2010. Web. 2 May 2015.
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The mouth of the pelican eel can open wide enough to swallow prey much larger than the eel itself.
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1128:"First direct observation of hunting pelican eel reveals a bizarre fish with an inflatable head"
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1154:"Lunge feeding in early marine reptiles and fast evolution of marine tetrapod feeding guilds"
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1464:"Gulper Eel." – Deep Sea Creatures on Sea and Sky. See and Sky, 1998. Web. 2 May 2015.
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at a depth of 1,136–1,154 m (3,727–3,786 ft), and also across the coasts of
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1275:"Morphology and gut contents of anguillid and marine eel larvae in the Sargasso Sea"
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Coad, Brian W. (2018). "Family 15. Eurypharyngidae: Gulpers, Grandgousiers (1)".
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Gulper Eel – Pelican Eel, Frightening Deep Sea Jaws | Animal
Pictures and Facts
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In 2003, researchers from the
University of Tokyo sequenced mitochondrial DNA (
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and other deep sea predators. The pelican eel is not known to undergo
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1869:
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524:
121:
1976:
1361:"Watch a Gulper Eel Inflate and Deflate Itself, Shocking Scientists"
1018:
710:"The Biology of Eurypharynx pelecanoides (Pisces, Eurypharyngidae)"
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dimorphism is thought to aid with locating a potential mate in the
355:, as the fish's large mouth is reminiscent of that of the pelican.
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1916:
1844:
708:
Nielsen, Jørgen G.; E. Bertelsen; Åse
Jespersen (September 1989).
442:
2109:
502:. More recently, pelican eels have been spotted off the coast of
2275:
967:
McCosker, John E. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
456:
Observations of gut contents and teeth morphology indicate that
1980:
1491:
601:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eurypharynx pelecanoides"
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563:
304:
151:
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due to the high frequency of similarity on these regions.
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larva, categorized as a type of leptocephali, feed on
333:(which can also refer to members of the related genus
1221:"Species Distribution Modeling of Deep Pelagic Eels"
1989:
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1644:
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562:were closely related and genetically distinct from
468:in comparison to their food source as they mature.
834:"Bioinspired dual-morphing stretchable origami"
807:Paxton, John R.; Eschmeyer, William N. (1998).
1348:Gulper Eel – Deep Sea Creatures on Sea and Sky
1503:
1343:
1341:
879:
877:
811:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p. 90.
325:. The pelican eel has been described by many
8:
1076:"Ultra-black Camouflage in Deep-Sea Fishes"
307:. It is the only known member of the genus
283:Conventional and X-ray images of preserved
1977:
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536:Phylogenetic relationship to other species
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971:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 90.
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1448:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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1483:from the original on 13 December 2021.
1477:"Gulper Eel Balloons Its Massive Jaws"
1219:DeVaney, Shannon C. (1 October 2016).
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2338:393AA16B-B77E-4C97-8B2A-7DCEBC9FC5B0
2302:D8F9CE09-8C99-6178-A12D-DFAD9E592694
2250:6dd506e8-3e1d-4e14-985c-d58e5b139245
1961:
1126:Schembri, Frankie (4 October 2018).
886:. FactZoo.com. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
2361:IUCN Red List least concern species
1367:. 21 September 2018. Archived from
1350:. Seasky.org. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
1225:Integrative and Comparative Biology
832:Kim, Woongbae (27 November 2019).
726:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1989.tb01069.x
14:
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1396:Molecular Biology and Evolution
776:Marine Fishes of Arctic Canada
252:Leptocephalus pseudolatissimus
1:
1390:Inoue, J. G. (27 June 2003).
669:10.1371/journal.pone.0199982
851:10.1126/scirobotics.aay3493
472:Reproduction and life cycle
2397:
2366:NatureServe secure species
1444:"Eurypharynx pelecanoides"
615:"Eurypharynx pelecanoides"
451:vertical diurnal migration
399:numerous tentacles, which
240:Macropharynx longicaudatus
1946:
1828:
1817:
1525:
1291:10.1016/j.jcz.2019.01.008
1093:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.044
1001:Gartner, John V. (1983).
935:10.1007/s10228-011-0227-1
910:, accessed 7 October 2014
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95:Scientific classification
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2061:eurypharynx-pelecanoides
2048:Eurypharynx_pelecanoides
2035:Eurypharynx_pelecanoides
1991:Eurypharynx pelecanoides
900:Eurypharynx pelecanoides
895:Bray, Dianne J. (2011),
756:. February 2015 version.
746:Eurypharynx pelecanoides
742:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
546:Eurypharynx pelicanoides
514:Interactions with humans
489:Distribution and habitat
458:Eurypharynx pelecanoides
298:Eurypharynx pelecanoides
285:Eurypharynx pelecanoides
215:Eurypharynx pelecanoides
923:Ichthyological Research
551:Saccopharynx lavenbergi
428:Feeding habits and diet
347:. The specific epithet
2381:Fish described in 1882
969:Encyclopedia of Fishes
809:Encyclopedia of Fishes
236:Gastrostomus pacificus
1409:10.1093/molbev/msg206
1279:Zoologischer Anzeiger
415:Pelican eels display
345:umbrella-mouth gulper
317:. It belongs to the "
1769:(Bobtail snipe eels)
1565:Families by suborder
1371:on 22 September 2018
1086:(17): 3470–3476.e3.
1053:Our Breathing Planet
794:10.3138/j.ctt1x76h0b
544:) from specimens of
248:Eurypharynx richardi
244:Gastrostomus bairdii
197:E. pelecanoides
1170:2015NatSR...5E8900M
908:Fishes of Australia
660:2018PLoSO..1399982P
576:Saccopharyngiformes
45:Conservation status
1596:Synaphobranchidae
1589:Synaphobranchoidei
1238:10.1093/icb/icw032
1158:Scientific Reports
506:, as well as near
319:saccopharyngiforms
2348:
2347:
2284:Open Tree of Life
1983:Taxon identifiers
1974:
1973:
1942:
1941:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1799:
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1790:(Freshwater eels)
1770:
1762:
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1751:Saccopharyngidae
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1736:Saccopharyngoidei
1727:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1655:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1617:Heterenchelyidae
1599:
1402:(11): 1917–1924.
1179:10.1038/srep08900
1055:. 6 December 2016
978:978-0-12-547665-2
785:978-1-4426-4710-7
453:like other eels.
422:bathypelagic zone
417:sexual dimorphism
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1886:Eel life history
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1743:Eurypharyngidae
1726:(Spaghetti eels)
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1706:
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1697:Nettastomatidae
1690:
1682:
1674:
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1626:
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1598:(Cutthroat eels)
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1573:Protanguilloidei
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1325:bioweb.uwlax.edu
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838:Science Robotics
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466:E. pelecanoides,
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2021:Eurypharyngidae
2019:
2018:
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2004:
2003:
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1811:
1806:(Sawtooth eels)
1804:Serrivomeridae
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1731:
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1699:(Duckbill eels)
1689:Muraenesocidae
1683:(Longneck eels)
1659:
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1580:Protanguillidae
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1437:Further reading
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1080:Current Biology
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654:(7): e0199982.
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377:E. pelecanoides
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315:Eurypharyngidae
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1321:"Reproduction"
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1132:Science | AAAS
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714:Acta Zoologica
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898:"Gulper Eel,
892:
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603:. 9 May 2014.
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560:S. lavenbergi
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60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1990:
1926:
1922:Eel cuddling
1855:Jellied eels
1798:(Snipe eels)
1788:Anguillidae
1780:Anguilloidei
1742:
1724:Moringuidae
1717:Moringuoidei
1707:(Snake eels)
1635:(Moray eels)
1553:Superorder:
1475:EVNautilus.
1451:. Retrieved
1399:
1395:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1364:
1355:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1282:
1278:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1052:
1049:"Gulper Eel"
1043:
1010:
1006:
968:
926:
922:
915:
907:
899:
891:
841:
837:
827:
808:
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734:
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651:
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637:
625:. Retrieved
618:
609:
595:
559:
555:
549:
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539:
528:
517:
496:Davis Strait
492:
482:
475:
465:
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431:
414:
408:
406:
397:
393:
389:lateral line
385:swim bladder
376:
374:
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349:pelecanoides
348:
344:
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336:Saccopharynx
334:
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24:Pelican eel
18:
2209:NatureServe
2157:iNaturalist
2015:Wikispecies
1896:Ely Eel Day
1865:Eel noodles
1767:Cyematidae
1652:Chlopsidae
1645:Chlopsoidei
1633:Muraenidae
1627:(Thin eels)
1609:Muraenoidei
1555:Elopomorpha
1541:Subphylum:
1479:. YouTube.
1285:: 138–151.
1164:(1): 8900.
1137:10 February
620:NatureServe
462:marine snow
439:cephalopods
435:crustaceans
412:from prey.
381:pelvic fins
359:Description
310:Eurypharynx
294:pelican eel
177:Eurypharynx
85:NatureServe
2355:Categories
1906:Glass eels
1891:Eel ladder
1840:Eel (food)
1673:Congridae
1665:Congroidei
1619:(Mud eels)
1543:Vertebrata
1453:24 January
587:References
447:lancetfish
331:gulper eel
166:Gill, 1883
1761:(Onejaws)
1675:(Congers)
1529:Kingdom:
1418:0737-4038
1299:0044-5231
1247:1540-7063
1188:2045-2322
1102:0960-9822
1027:0045-8511
943:1616-3915
868:208607295
500:Greenland
191:Species:
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
2214:2.931496
2201:18227119
2175:11354543
2131:FishBase
2110:46562336
2068:BioLib:
2006:Q1332088
2000:Wikidata
1956:Category
1913:(larvae)
1860:Kabayaki
1537:Chordata
1535:Phylum:
1531:Animalia
1481:Archived
1426:12949142
1375:10 March
1330:10 March
1307:91322691
1255:27252208
1206:25754468
1110:32679102
1059:10 March
951:24744228
860:33137780
753:FishBase
688:30044814
648:PLOS ONE
627:19 April
622:Explorer
581:Neocyema
570:See also
529:Nautilus
504:Portugal
327:synonyms
302:deep-sea
228:Synonyms
183:Vaillant
158:Family:
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2333:ZooBank
2149:2415381
1966:Commons
1934:Sniggle
1901:Eel pot
1850:Eel pie
1833:As food
1547:Class:
1365:Animals
1197:4354009
1166:Bibcode
1035:1444413
679:6059418
656:Bibcode
353:pelican
300:) is a
172:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
81:Secure
63: (
2325:127165
2312:126937
2309:uBio:
2289:284974
2276:127165
2263:598483
2247:NZOR:
2188:161653
2162:317098
2123:125088
2071:140697
2056:ARKive
1870:Unadon
1424:
1416:
1305:
1297:
1253:
1245:
1204:
1194:
1186:
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1100:
1033:
1025:
1007:Copeia
975:
949:
941:
866:
858:
844:(36).
815:
792:
782:
686:
676:
525:Azores
379:lacks
343:, and
185:, 1882
2320:WoRMS
2297:Plazi
2240:55117
2170:IRMNG
2118:EUNIS
2097:3D5WF
2084:27311
1917:Abaia
1845:Anago
1303:S2CID
1031:JSTOR
947:S2CID
864:S2CID
790:JSTOR
542:mtDNA
443:squid
401:glows
2271:OBIS
2235:NCBI
2196:IUCN
2183:ITIS
2144:GBIF
2136:4526
2079:BOLD
1519:Eels
1455:2006
1422:PMID
1414:ISSN
1377:2020
1332:2020
1295:ISSN
1251:PMID
1243:ISSN
1202:PMID
1184:ISSN
1139:2020
1106:PMID
1098:ISSN
1061:2020
1023:ISSN
1011:1983
973:ISBN
939:ISSN
856:PMID
813:ISBN
780:ISBN
684:PMID
629:2024
558:and
548:and
292:The
2222:NBN
2105:EoL
2092:CoL
2043:AFD
2030:ADW
1404:doi
1287:doi
1283:279
1233:doi
1192:PMC
1174:doi
1088:doi
1015:doi
931:doi
846:doi
722:doi
674:PMC
664:doi
339:),
305:eel
2357::
2335::
2322::
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2017::
2002::
1446:.
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1400:20
1398:.
1394:.
1363:.
1340:^
1323:.
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1263:^
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1104:.
1096:.
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1021:.
1009:.
1005:.
987:^
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925:.
906:.
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862:.
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840:.
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750:.
718:70
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712:.
696:^
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652:13
650:.
646:.
617:.
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485:.
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1176::
1168::
1162:5
1141:.
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1017::
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933::
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821:.
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744:"
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724::
690:.
666::
658::
631:.
441:(
296:(
87:)
67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
