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66:
1190:. The first 'sighting' of him was in 1837, and he was described as having a terrifying and frightful appearance, with diabolical physiognomy, clawed hands and eyes that 'resembled red balls of fire'. He was mainly sighted in London but popped up elsewhere and seems to have been a source of frightened fascination for several decades. At the height of Spring-Heeled Jack hysteria, several women reported being attacked by a clawed monster of a man breathing blue flames. The last 'sighting' was in Liverpool in 1904.
1221:
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1295:'s price-cutting 'halfpenny dreadfuller'". In reality, the serial novels were overdramatic and sensational but generally harmless. If anything, the penny dreadfuls, although not the most enlightening or inspiring of literary selections, resulted in increasingly literate youth in the Industrial period. The wide circulation of this sensationalist literature, however, contributed to an ever-greater fear of crime in mid-Victorian Britain.
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The illustration which featured at the start of each issue was an integral part of the dreadfuls' appeal, often acting as a teaser for future installments. As one reader said, "You see's an engraving of a man hung up, burning over a fire, and some go mad if they couldn't learn… all about him." One
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It is almost a daily occurrence with magistrates to have before them boys who, having read a number of 'dreadfuls', followed the examples set forth in such publications, robbed their employers, bought revolvers with the proceeds, and finished by running away from home, and installing themselves in
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serials were published in 1836 to meet this demand. Between 1830 and 1850 there were up to 100 publishers of penny-fiction, in addition to many magazines which embraced the genre. The serials were priced to be affordable to working-class readers and were considerably cheaper than the serialised
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Working class boys who could not afford a penny each week often formed clubs that would share the cost, passing the flimsy booklets from reader to reader. Other enterprising youngsters would collect several consecutive parts then rent the volume out to friends. In 1866,
1332:, Harmsworth's story papers were cheaper and, at least initially, were more respectable than the competition. Harmsworth claimed to be motivated by a wish to challenge the pernicious influence of penny dreadfuls. According to an editorial in the first number of
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became "Sexton Blake's own paper", and he appeared in every issue thereafter, up until the paper's demise in 1933. In total, Blake appeared in roughly 4,000 adventures, right up into the 1970s. Harkaway was also popular in
America and had many imitators.
1059:, and England's more fully recognizing the singular concept of reading as a form of leisure; it was, of itself, a new industry. Other significant changes included an increased capacity for travel via the invention of tracks, engines, and the corresponding
1600:
Many people use the term "penny blood" interchangeably with "penny dreadful". Sally Powell distinguishes between these terms, however, and designates "penny bloods" as cheap sensational literature written largely for working-class adults. Powell, p.
1290:
The penny dreadfuls were influential since they were, in the words of one commentator, "the most alluring and low-priced form of escapist reading available to ordinary youth, until the advent in the early 1890s of future newspaper magnate
1356:. At first the stories were high-minded moral tales, reportedly based on true experiences, but it was not long before these papers started using the same kind of material as the publications they competed against. From 1896, the cover of
950:
called penny dreadfuls "a 19th-century
British publishing phenomenon". By the 1850s, there were up to a hundred publishers of penny-fiction, and in the 1860s and 1870s more than a million boys' periodicals were sold per week.
1004:
in the United
Kingdom in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were often produced by printers who specialised in them. They were typically illustrated by a crude picture of the crime, a portrait of the criminal, or a generic
927:. The subject matter of these stories was typically sensational, focusing on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities. First published in the 1830s, penny dreadfuls featured characters such as
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make frequent references to "the blood and thunders", but as time went on the mentions disappeared. Letters sent in by parents or teachers were frequently printed, praising the papers for putting the "trash" out of
1327:
The popularity of penny dreadfuls among
British children was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature. Leading the challenge were popular periodicals published by Alfred Harmsworth. Priced at one
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adds, their "very disposability (the booklets' bargain cover price meant they were printed on exceptionally flimsy paper) has made surviving examples a rarity, despite their immense popularity at the time."
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was introduced as a new type of publication, an eight-page magazine that featured serial stories as well as articles and shorts of interest. Numerous competitors quickly followed, including
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the back streets as 'highwaymen'. This and many other evils the 'penny dreadful' is responsible for. It makes thieves of the coming generation, and so helps fill our gaols.
2352:
Powell, Sally (2004). "Black
Markets and Cadaverous Pies: The Corpse, Urban Trade and Industrial Consumption in the Penny Blood". In Maunder, Andrew; Moore, Grace (eds.).
1407:
which he characterized as "penny delightfuls" intended to counter the pernicious effects of the penny dreadfuls, and such as the Penny
Popular Novels launched in 1896 by
1122:. The story continued over 60 issues, each eight pages of tightly-packed text with one half-page illustration. Some of the most famous of these penny part-stories were
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1180:, continued for 254 episodes and was well over 2,000 pages long. Turpin was not executed until page 2,207. Some lurid stories purported to be based on fact:
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1067:, opened in 1825). These changes created both a market for cheap popular literature and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale. The first
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of a hanging taking place. There would be a written account of the crime and of the trial and often the criminal's confession of guilt. A
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men. The popularity of penny dreadfuls was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature, especially the
1897:
1209:, for instance, published numerous hugely successful penny serials derived from the works of Charles Dickens, such as
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that began to emerge in the 1870s. Describing penny dreadfuls as "a 19th-century
British publishing phenomenon", the
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While the term "penny dreadful" was originally used in reference to a specific type of literature circulating in mid-
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verse warning others to not follow the executed person's example, to avoid their fate, was another common feature.
778:
763:
677:
2011:
Springhall, John (1994). "Disseminating Impure
Literature': The 'Penny Dreadful' Publishing Business Since 1860".
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1201:, which sparked the beginning of the mass circulation of Robin Hood stories. Other serials were thinly-disguised
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1972:. Nineteenth Century Collections Online: British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture. 1867
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Penny
Dreadfuls and comics : English periodicals for children from Victorian times to the present day
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923:. The term typically referred to a story published in weekly parts of 8 to 16 pages, each costing one
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Christopher Banham, "England and
America Against the World": Empire and the USE in Edwin J. Brett's
1806:
The Invention of Murder: How the Victorians Revelled in Death and Detection and Created Modern Crime
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2030:
Casey, Christopher (Winter 2011). "Common Misperceptions: The Press and Victorian Views of Crime".
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recognizable to modern audiences—it was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire.
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Two popular characters to come out of the penny dreadfuls were Jack Harkaway, introduced in the
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were edited and rewritten for a British audience. These appeared in booklet form, such as the
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Penny Popular Novels (The Masterpiece Library) ("Review of Reviews" Office) - Book Series List
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1752:"Dying Speeches and Bloody Murders: Crime Broadsides Collected by Harvard Law School Library"
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Casey, Christopher (2010). "Common Misperceptions: The Press and Victorian Views of Crime".
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papers began to improve throughout the early 20th century, however. By the time of the
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publisher's rallying cry to his illustrators was "more blood – much more blood!"
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1926:"Oliver Twiss and Martin Guzzlewit – the fan fiction that ripped off Dickens"
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Penny Dreadfuls and the Gothic: Investigations of Pernicious Tales of Terror
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Children's Literature and British Identity: Imagining a People and a Nation
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is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis Varney and introduced many of the
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was soon followed by other Harmsworth half-penny periodicals, such as
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described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced
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Black Bess or, The knight of the road. A tale of the good old times
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and booklet "libraries". The penny dreadfuls were printed on cheap
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The stories were reprints, or sometimes rewrites, of the earliest
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The penny dreadfuls were also challenged by book series such as
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Robin Hood and Little John: or, The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest
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117:
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1911:
Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York
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for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games".
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The Penny dreadful: or, Strange, horrid and sensational tales!
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1019:
Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased
947:
601:
1554: – Cheap novel published in Britain in the 19th century
907:
produced during the 19th century in the United Kingdom. The
1831:. The University of Santa Cruz. Retrieved 27 September 2017
1635:"Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games"
2415:(Bibliographic database of early Victorian penny fiction)
2385:
British Library collection of images from penny dreadfuls
1867:
Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert
1898:"Did Vampires Not Have Fangs in Movies Until the 1950s?"
1120:
Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads, &c
2169:
Jason Baumann, Susan and Douglas Dillon (22 May 2014).
2149:"A Century Of Comic Capers For Kids At Dewsbury Museum"
1686:. Harmondsworth: Penguin University Books. p. 20.
1529:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1467:, first appeared in an 1846/1847 penny dreadful titled
1536: – Fiction magazines made from 1896 to the 1950s
2111:, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
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3004:
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1287:were all popular with the penny dreadful audience.
2233:(3 - Winter 2011). Cambridge: MIT Press: 367–391.
1711:
1205:of popular contemporary literature. The publisher
2078:Editorials in early issues of papers such as the
1865:"Penny Dreadful: From True Crime to Fiction >
1548: – Comics or graphic novels created in Japan
1527: – Comics originating in the United Kingdom
2133:Prest, James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett.
1197:featured in a series of penny dreadfuls titled
2399:"Price One Penny: Cheap Literature, 1837–1860"
2053:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 22.
1900:. Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 September 2017
1542: – Type of magazine for young people (UK)
1459:, the subject of both a successful musical by
2434:
2278:Penny Bloods: Gothic Tales of Dangerous Women
2210:. London: Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood.
1839:
1837:
1705:
1703:
881:
8:
2295:Dittmer, Nicole C. and Sophie Raine (2023).
2099:, oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
1808:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 59.
1672:. British Library. Retrieved 6 February 2019
1423:Advertisement for an 1886 penny dreadful of
2189:Penny Dreadfuls and Other Victorian Horrors
50:– a popular subject in fiction. Circa 1860
2441:
2427:
2419:
1854:. British Library. Retrieved 11 March 2020
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2401:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
1616:"The shocking tale of the penny dreadful"
1370:Weary Willie and Tired Tim, with a young
27:Sensational Victorian weekly story papers
1718:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p.
1302:
1125:The String of Pearls: A Domestic Romance
1063:distribution (the first public railway,
1754:. Harvard University Law School Library
1714:Youth, Popular Culture and Moral Panics
1570:
1035:. Improvements in printing resulted in
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2299:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
2171:“The True Delights of Penny Dreadfuls”
2120:
1993:
1983:
1829:"Was Dickens Really Paid By The Word?"
1783:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 20.
44:Black Bess; or, The Knight of the Road
3075:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
2354:Victorian Crime Madness and Sensation
1879:from the original on 21 February 2003
911:term is roughly interchangeable with
7:
2227:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2032:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1684:Fiction for the Working Man, 1830–50
1174:Black Bess or the Knight of the Road
2335:Fiction for the working man 1830–50
1614:Anderson, Hephzibah (1 May 2016).
25:
1521: – Short inexpensive booklet
1484:The penny dreadfuls inspired the
1401:The Penny Library of Famous Books
1267:Appearing in the 1860s, American
3109:
3098:
3097:
1661:Flanders, Judith (15 May 2014).
1503:
1396:dominated the market in the UK.
1186:was what would now be called an
857:
64:
3143:19th-century British literature
1913:. Routledge. 2014. p. 191.
1470:The String of Pearls: A Romance
1273:Boy's First Rate Pocket Library
1142:(inspired by the French serial
1065:Stockton and Darlington Railway
32:Penny dreadful (disambiguation)
2173:. The New York Public Library.
2068:. Scarecrow Press. p. 65.
1924:Flood, Alison (25 June 2019).
976:paper and were aimed at young
1:
3148:Culture of the United Kingdom
2097:Penny Library of Famous Books
2268:A Defence of Penny Dreadfuls
1955:Victorian Periodicals Review
1525:History of the British comic
1260:(a short lived companion to
2356:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
2318:. London: Victor Gollancz.
2280:. London: British Library.
2276:Dittmer, Nicole C. (2023).
3174:
2337:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
2013:Economic Historical Review
1362:featured the long-running
1258:Young Men of Great Britain
1072:novels of authors such as
29:
3093:
2456:
2271:. London: The Daily News.
2206:Carpenter, Kevin (1983).
1804:Flanders, Judith (2011).
1710:Springhall, John (1998).
1580:"Horribles and terribles"
984:periodicals published by
46:. A romanticized tale of
1429:, "the terror of London"
1023:rates. With the rise of
2824:Fire-breathing monsters
2390:17 October 2014 at the
2314:Haining, Peter (1975).
2187:Anglo, Michael (1977).
2137:– via Wikisource.
2064:Knuth, Rebecca (2012).
1957:, 40:2, 2007, pp.151-71
1447:in 1893. In 1904, the
1139:The Mysteries of London
1132:, "the Demon Barber of
2135:"The String of Pearls"
2049:Murray, Chris (2017).
1463:and a feature film by
1430:
1345:
1324:
1315:in 1896. Published by
1234:
1227:murdering a victim in
1145:The Mysteries of Paris
1099:
1000:were commonly sold at
51:
2727:Organ transplantation
2397:Marie LĂ©ger-St-Jean.
2333:James, Louis (1963).
2051:The British Superhero
1682:James, Louis (1974).
1445:the Half-penny Marvel
1422:
1348:The Half-penny Marvel
1340:
1335:The Half-penny Marvel
1306:
1223:
1172:were popular heroes;
1109:The Castle of Otranto
1091:
864:Literature portal
42:
2239:10.1162/JINH_a_00106
1850:18 June 2020 at the
1668:18 June 2020 at the
1479:Thomas Peckett Prest
1403:launched in 1896 by
1230:The String of Pearls
638:Groups and movements
30:For other uses, see
2509:Television programs
2461:Speculative fiction
2191:. London: Jupiter.
1560:- Russian variation
1475:James Malcolm Rymer
1374:among its readers.
1215:Nickelas Nicklebery
903:were cheap popular
257:Short prose fiction
160:Major written forms
2626:Zombie pornography
1843:Flanders, Judith.
1431:
1426:Spring-heeled Jack
1325:
1250:Boys' Leisure Hour
1235:
1183:Spring-Heeled Jack
1151:Varney the Vampire
1106:thrillers such as
1100:
1098:publication (1845)
1095:Varney the Vampire
941:Spring-heeled Jack
937:Varney the Vampire
751:Lists and outlines
227:Long prose fiction
52:
3125:
3124:
3080:Bram Stoker Award
2819:Extraterrestrials
2779:Zombie apocalypse
2737:Postmodern horror
2344:978-0-14-060037-7
2263:Chesterton, G. K.
1845:“Penny dreadfuls”
1815:978-1-250-04853-0
1781:Boys Will be Boys
1729:978-0-312-21394-7
1663:“Penny dreadfuls”
1392:, papers such as
1386:Amalgamated Press
1359:Illustrated Chips
1319:, it cost just a
1317:Alfred Harmsworth
1309:Illustrated Chips
1293:Alfred Harmsworth
1029:industrialisation
1002:public executions
986:Alfred Harmsworth
966:Victorian Britain
905:serial literature
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16:(Redirected from
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2722:Occult detective
2663:Southern Ontario
2589:Dark Romanticism
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2981:Supernatural
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2604:Splatterpunk
2584:Dark fantasy
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
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2155:10 September
2153:. Retrieved
2151:. Culture 24
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2084:Boys' Friend
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1639:The Guardian
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423:Encyclopedic
401:supernatural
317:Prose genres
173:closet drama
43:
36:
3044:Horror host
3027:LGBT themes
3022:Conventions
2951:Fantastique
2866:Sea monster
2814:Evil clowns
2574:Creepypasta
2514:Video games
2080:Union Jack
1994:|work=
1976:20 December
1953:, 1866-99,
1644:22 November
1552:Yellow-back
1540:Story paper
1409:W. T. Stead
1376:A. A. Milne
1364:comic strip
1277:Frank Reade
1269:dime novels
1203:plagiarisms
1178:Dick Turpin
1162:present in
1154:(1845–47).
1092:Cover of a
933:Dick Turpin
921:penny blood
917:penny awful
828:Composition
705:Tragicomedy
544:Verse novel
432:Non-fiction
336:Speculative
275:Short story
145:spoken word
135:Performance
108:heroic epic
48:Dick Turpin
3132:Categories
3049:Horrorcore
3032:characters
2966:Paranormal
2886:Werewolves
2851:Killer toy
2772:Weird West
2181:References
1883:9 November
1465:Tim Burton
1449:Union Jack
1394:Union Jack
1330:half-penny
1321:half-penny
1195:Robin Hood
1188:urban myth
1170:Highwaymen
1080:per part.
1037:newspapers
1025:capitalism
998:broadsides
982:half-penny
909:pejorative
743:Postmodern
678:historical
617:Villanelle
498:Travelogue
493:Persuasive
473:Journalism
451:philosophy
418:Historical
386:paranormal
346:Children's
219:Electronic
93:fairy tale
58:Literature
2991:Tokusatsu
2913:Skeletons
2841:Gargoyles
2762:New weird
2673:Tasmanian
2557:Christmas
2499:Magazines
2087:business.
1996:ignored (
1986:cite book
1338:in 1893:
1233:(1846–47)
1193:In 1838,
974:wood pulp
838:Narrative
823:Magazines
818:Sociology
809:criticism
779:Movements
738:Modernist
728:Classical
520:Narrative
356:adventure
300:Religious
270:Novelette
235:Anthology
190:narrative
140:audiobook
98:folk play
3104:Category
2986:Thriller
2918:Vampires
2881:Werecats
2789:Monsters
2747:Survival
2715:Werewolf
2705:Jiangshi
2700:Monsters
2685:Japanese
2668:Suburban
2658:Southern
2653:American
2599:Grimdark
2594:Faustian
2552:Cannibal
2504:Podcasts
2388:Archived
2265:(1901).
2255:20046373
2247:21141651
1877:Archived
1848:Archived
1779:(1975).
1738:38206817
1666:Archived
1519:Chapbook
1497:See also
1115:The Monk
1078:shilling
1039:such as
1021:literacy
1011:doggerel
833:Language
764:Glossary
733:Medieval
668:Libretto
597:Limerick
549:National
539:Dramatic
529:Children
458:Anecdote
441:Academic
381:military
202:Nonsense
103:folksong
83:Folklore
3063:Related
3039:Macabre
3017:Writers
2961:Mystery
2930:Witches
2923:Zombies
2908:Mummies
2871:Piranha
2856:Mutants
2834:Dragons
2829:Chimera
2710:Vampire
2492:History
1873:KQED-TV
1758:8 March
1366:of the
1299:Decline
1148:), and
1061:railway
1007:woodcut
992:Origins
774:Writers
759:Outline
723:Ancient
714:History
700:Tragedy
577:Epigram
463:Epistle
446:history
406:western
391:romance
376:fantasy
341:Realist
327:Fiction
295:Parable
280:Drabble
265:Novella
249:romance
214:Ergodic
130:Oration
123:proverb
3116:Portal
2976:Shenmo
2903:Ghosts
2893:Undead
2807:Ghouls
2802:Devils
2797:Demons
2752:Techno
2690:Korean
2648:Gothic
2643:Giallo
2611:Erotic
2579:Cosmic
2567:Zombie
2562:Comedy
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1415:Legacy
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1160:tropes
1156:Varney
1104:Gothic
1056:Tatler
996:Crime
939:, and
919:, and
848:Estate
805:Theory
794:poetry
784:Cycles
695:Script
690:Satire
663:Comedy
612:Sonnet
607:Qasida
582:Ghazal
567:Ballad
488:Nature
478:Letter
411:horror
371:erotic
305:Wisdom
285:Sketch
240:Serial
180:Poetry
152:Saying
113:legend
3005:Other
2898:Death
2861:Ogres
2846:Kaiju
2678:Urban
2638:Ghost
2542:Black
2530:Types
2487:Films
2477:Anime
2470:Media
2251:S2CID
1565:Notes
1558:Lubok
1546:Manga
1069:penny
1033:novel
925:penny
769:Books
683:moral
643:Poets
625:Lists
587:Haiku
572:Elegy
558:Lyric
468:Essay
366:crime
351:Genre
245:Novel
207:verse
197:Prose
185:lyric
168:Drama
88:fable
2633:Folk
2616:Guro
2547:Body
2519:list
2411:2014
2358:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2243:PMID
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2193:ISBN
2157:2020
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2019:(3).
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1978:2015
1937:2020
1885:2015
1810:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1760:2013
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