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forms of print items, such as newspapers, journals and some of the latest books, they are to be considered within the public sphere of the
Enlightenment. Historian James Van Horn Melton offers another perspective and places English coffeehouses within a more political public sphere of the Enlightenment. According to Melton, English coffeehouses were "born in an age of revolution, restoration, and bitter party rivalries. (They) provided public space at a time when political action and debate had begun to spill beyond the institutions that had traditionally contained them." He uses the fact that Harrington's "arch republican" Rota club met within an early London coffeehouse to discuss political issues as evidence that English coffeehouses were depicted as centres of "religious and political dissent." He also offers evidence that different political groups used the popularity of coffeehouses for their own political ends: Puritans encouraged coffeehouse popularity because proprietors forbade the consumption of
772:, which drew their clientele from both sexes, began to grow in popularity. The growing popularity of tea is explained by the ease with which it is prepared. "To brew tea, all that is needed is to add boiling water; coffee, in contrast, required roasting, grinding and brewing." Ellis offers evidence that tea consumption rose in English society, from 800,000 lb (360,000 kg) per annum in 1710 to 100,000,000 lb (45,000,000 kg) per annum in 1721. In regards to the decline in coffee culture, Ellis concludes: "They had served their purpose and were no longer needed as meeting-places for political or literary criticism and debate. They had seen the nation pass through one of its greatest periods of trial and tribulation; had fought and won the battle age of profligacy; and had given us a standard of prose-writing and literary criticism unequalled before or since."
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the club and the government's colonial policy acted as the main contributors to the decline of the
English coffeehouse. Coffeehouse proprietors worked to gain monopoly over news culture and to establish a coffeehouse newspaper as the sole form of print news available. Met with incessant ridicule and criticism, the proposal discredited coffee-men's social standing. Ellis explains: "Ridicule and derision killed the coffee-men's proposal but it is significant that, from that date, their influence, status and authority began to wane. In short, coffee-men had made a tactical blunder and had overreached themselves."
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Students from the universities also frequented the coffeehouses, sometimes even spending more time at the shops than at school. Cowan states: "The coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial." Despite later coffeehouses being far more inclusive, early Oxford coffeehouses had an air of exclusivity, catering to the virtuosi. Early Oxford coffeehouse virtuosi included
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civility in coffeehouse conversation to the public was imperative for the survival of coffeehouse popularity throughout the period of restoration-era anxieties. Cowan applies the term "civility" to coffeehouses in the sense of "a peculiarly urban brand of social interaction which valued sober and reasoned debate on matters of great import, be they scientific, aesthetic, or political." He argues that the underlying rules and procedures which have enabled coffeehouses to "keep undesirable out". These include established rules and procedures as well as conventions outlined by
532:, as the price of admission covered their costs. Patrons perused reading material at their leisure. Coffeehouses became increasingly associated with news culture, as news became available in a variety of forms throughout coffeehouses. These forms include: "Print, both licensed and unlicensed; manuscripts; aloud, as gossip, hearsay, and word of mouth." Runners also went round to different coffeehouses, reporting the latest current events. Circulation of bulletins announcing sales, sailings, and auctions was also common in English coffeehouses.
89:. According to Markman Ellis, travellers accounted for how men would consume an intoxicating liquor, "black in colour and made by infusing the powdered berry of a plant that flourished in Arabia." Native men consumed this liquid "all day long and far into the night, with no apparent desire for sleep but with mind and body continuously alert, men talked and argued, finding in the hot black liquor a curious stimulus quite unlike that produced by fermented juice of grape."
202:. "The coffeehouse was a place for "virtuosi" and "wits", rather than for the plebes or roués who were commonly portrayed as typical patrons of the alcoholic drinking houses. Ellis concludes, "(Oxford's coffeehouses') power lay in the fact that they were in daily touch with the people. Their purpose was something more than to provide a meeting-place for social intercourse and gossip; there was serious and sober discussion on all matters of common interest."
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their special genius entitled them to protection from the common herd. Strangers were no longer welcome." For example, some coffeehouses began charging more than the customary penny to preserve frequent attendance of the higher standing clientele they served. Literary and political clubs rose in popularity, as "the frivolities of coffee-drinking were lost in more serious discussion."
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322:, and a voluble sailor." Some historians even claimed that these institutions acted as democratic bodies due to their inclusive nature: "Whether a man was dressed in a ragged coat and found himself seated between a belted earl and a gaitered bishop it made no difference; moreover he was able to engage them in conversation and know that he would be answered civilly."
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peak in popularity. These different coffeehouse characters are evident when evaluating specific coffeehouses in detail during the period. After the
Restoration, coffeehouses known as penny universities catered to a range of gentlemanly arts and acted as an alternate centre of academic learning. These included lessons in
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and civil conversation was considered to be essential to the conduct of coffeehouse debate and conversation. There is dispute among historians as to the main role that civility played in polite conversation in coffeehouse conversation and debate. Klein argues the importance of the portrayal of utmost
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within the
English coffeehouse. Bramah states that women were forbidden from partaking in coffeehouse activity as customers. Cowan, on the other hand, explains that while coffeehouses were free and open to all subjects despite class, gender, or merit, conversation revolved around male-centred issues
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This environment attracted an eclectic group of people who met and mingled with each other. In a society that placed such a high importance on class and economic status, the coffeehouses were unique because the patrons were people from all levels of society. Anyone who had a penny could come inside.
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also contributed to the decline in popularity of
English coffeehouses. Bramah explains how the coffeehouse rules that had made coffeehouses once accessible meeting places for all sections of society, fell into disuse. "Snobbery reared its head, particularly amongst the intelligentsia, who felt that
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Frequent consumption of alcohol was common up until the mid-seventeenth century in
England. Most people favored watered-down ale or beer instead of London's river water. The arrival of coffee triggered a dawn of sobriety that laid the foundations for truly spectacular economic growth in the decades
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According to the first posted "Rules and Orders of the Coffee House" illustrated and printed in 1674 as a coffee broadside, equality was supposed to have prevailed amongst all men in these establishments, and "no man of any station need give his place to a finer man". Historians confirm that social
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that followed in 1666, the coffeehouse popularity did not wane. Ellis explains: "Londoners could not be entirely subdued and there were still some who climbed the narrow stairs to their favourite coffeehouses although no longer prepared to converse freely with strangers. Before entering they looked
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English coffeehouses had a particular character during their height in popularity, spanning from 1660, after the
Restoration of the monarchy, until their decline towards the end of the 18th century. Coffeehouses soon became the "town's latest novelty." A relaxed atmosphere, their relative cheapness
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Towards the end of the 18th century, coffeehouses had almost completely disappeared from the popular social scene in
England. Historians offer a wide range of reasons for the decline of English coffeehouses. Ellis argues that coffeehouse patrons' folly through business endeavours, the evolution of
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were held within coffeehouses, as a woman acted in the service of her household. Historians have accounted for female involvement in the male public sphere of the coffeehouse by evaluating female news hawkers who enter temporarily within a male-dominated coffeehouse. Paula McDowell has argued that
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for the discussion and transformations of opinions. According to
Habermas, this 'public realm' "is a space where men could escape from their roles as subjects, and gain autonomy in the exercise and exchange of their own opinions and ideas." Consequently, there is also no simple and uniform 'public
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within coffeehouses throughout the early half of the 18th century. Addison and Steele explicitly worked to reform the manners and morals of
English society, accomplished through a veiled anecdotal critique of English society. As these anecdotal stories held underlying, rather than explicit, social
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could be exposed to the same ideas." She also argues that enlightened ideas were transfused through print culture, a culture that became open to larger number of individuals after the 'reading revolution' at the end of the 18th century. According to Outram, as English coffeehouses offered various
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Various coffeehouses catered to diverse groups of individuals who focused on specific topics of discussion. The variety of topics and groups to which the coffeehouses catered to offers insight into the non-homogeneous nature of English society during the period in which coffeehouses rose to their
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was an important English virtuoso whose vision was to advance human knowledge through the collection and classification of the natural world in order to understand its properties. His work with coffee inspired further research into its medicinal properties. Experiments with coffee led to supposed
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prevented them from fully participating within the sphere. The presence of women within coffeehouses in general did not mean that they participated equally in the public sphere of coffeehouses. Cowan points to female proprietors of coffeehouses, known as "coffee-women", as a pertinent example of
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the passive distributors of other people's political ideas." In addition, as McDowell's study shows, female hawkers "shap the modes and forms of political discourse through their understanding of their customer's desires for news and print ephemera." Nonetheless, McDowell and Cowan agree that
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A Albion Revisitada - By Luiz Carlos Soares - Page 226 - Google Books (Soares, Luiz Carlos. The Albion revisited: science, religion, illustration and commercialization of leisure in eighteenth-century England) (SOARES, Luiz Carlos. A Albion revisitada : ciência, religião, ilustração e
419:. Other coffeehouses acted as a centre for social gathering for less learned men. Helen Berry evaluates one coffeehouse, known as Moll King's coffeehouse, which is depicted to be frequented by lowlifes and drunkards as well as "an unusual wide social mix of male customers, from courtiers to
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who wished to preserve her respectability. As such, complaints against the coffeehouse were commonly vocalised by women. Women used subtle arguments against coffeehouse frequenting, as well as coffee consumption, outlined in "The Women's Petition Against Coffee." They protested against the
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In regard to English coffeehouses, there is contention among historians as to the extent to which coffeehouses should be considered within the public sphere of the Enlightenment. Dorinda Outram places English coffeehouses within an intellectual public sphere, focusing on the transfusion of
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and excessive drunkenness. Adversely, there were those who were cautious of the properties of coffee, fearing they had more unfavourable effects than positive ones. Experimentalists put forth speculations surrounding coffee's consumption. These experimentalists feared that excessive coffee
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throughout the 1650s. The first coffeehouses established in Oxford were known as penny universities, as they offered an alternative form of learning to structural academic learning, while still being frequented by the English virtuosi who actively pursued advances in human knowledge. The
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of the monarchy, the discursive framework they established while meeting in coffeehouses set the tone for coffeehouse conversation throughout the rest of the 17th century. By early eighteenth century, London boasted more coffeehouses than any other city in the western world, except for
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as "places where people gathered to drink coffee, learn the news of the day, and perhaps to meet with other local residents and discuss matters of mutual concern." The absence of alcohol created an atmosphere in which it was possible to engage in more serious conversation than in an
431:. Moll King's coffeehouse was used as a case study for Berry to prove that polite conversation was not always used within a coffeehouse setting. Other groups frequented other coffeehouses for various reasons. For example, Child's coffeehouse, "near the Physician's Warwick Lane and
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There is contention among historians as to the extent to which English coffeehouses contributed to the public sphere of the age of Enlightenment. There is no simple and uniform way to describe the Age of Enlightenment; however, historians generally agree that during this period,
698:, coffee made men "as unfruitful as the sandy deserts, from where that unhappy berry is said to be brought." Women also raised protest against the coffeehouse itself as it "provided in times of domestic crisis when a husband should have been attending to his duties at home."
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women's presence in, while not necessarily participating in, the public realm of coffeehouses. They acted as proprietors of the establishment as well as coffee servers, while not necessarily taking part in coffeehouse conversation. Famous female coffeehouse proprietors are
354:, infused politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, as their explicit purpose lay in the reformation of English manners and morals. Others still contest the holistic presence of polite civility within coffeehouse conversation. Helen Berry uses the example of
452:. If a quarrel broke out, the instigator would have to purchase the offended a cup of coffee. The topic of "sacred things" was barred from coffeehouses, and rules existed against speaking poorly of the state as well as religious scriptures. The rules forbade
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and admission. Travellers introduced coffee as a beverage to England during the mid-17th century; previously it had been consumed mainly for its supposed medicinal properties. Coffeehouses also served tea and hot chocolate as well as a light meal.
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English coffeehouses acted as public houses in which all were welcome, having paid the price of a penny for a cup of coffee. Ellis accounts for the wide demographic of men present in a typical coffeehouse in the post-restoration period: "Like
756:, at the time, had a greater interest in the tea trade than in the coffee trade, as competition for coffee had heightened internationally with the expansion of coffeehouses throughout the rest of Europe. Government policy fostered trade with
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During the mid-17th century, coffee was no longer viewed solely as a medicinal plant and this change in perception created a novel opportunity for the serving of coffee to patrons. A ripe location for just such an enterprise was the city of
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provide evidence of the nature of early Oxford coffeehouses. The early Oxford coffeehouses also helped establish the tone for future coffeehouses in England, as they would differ from other English social institutions such as alehouses and
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You have all Manner of News there: You have a good Fire, which you may sit by as long as you please: You have a Dish of Coffee; you meet your Friends for the Transaction of Business, and all for a Penny, if you don't care to spend more.
568:, and then spread their news culture back into the coffeehouses as they relied on coffeehouses for their distribution. According to Bramah, the good standing of the press during the days in which Addison and Steele distributed
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enlightened ideas. She justifies her placement of English coffeehouses within an 'intellectual public sphere' by naming them "commercial operations, open to all who could pay and thus provided ways in which many different
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critiques, "readers were persuaded, not coerced, into freely electing these standards of taste and behaviour as their own." Addison and Steele relied on coffeehouses for their source of news and gossip as well as their
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Cowan explains how European perceptions of the initial foreign consumption of coffee was internalised and transformed to mirror European traditions through their acquisition of coffee and its transfusion into
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Initially, there was little evidence to suggest that London coffeehouses were popular and largely frequented, due to the nature of the unwelcome competition felt by other London businesses. When
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and cultural criticism, which were not supposed to concern women and thus their participation within coffeehouses was unwelcomed. Historians depict coffeehouses as a gentlemanly sphere where
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coffeehouses would charge a penny admission, which would include access to newspapers and conversation. Reporters called "runners" went around to the coffeehouses announcing the latest news.
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and frequency contributed to coffeehouse sociability and their rise in demand. Despite two major setbacks faced by the coffeehouses during their height in popularity, the outbreak of the
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influenced English coffeehouse behaviorisms, intoxicants were forbidden, allowing for respectable sober conversation. He offers an example of one coffeehouse patron who, upon seeking
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publications, as they were important venues for the reading and distribution of such materials, as well as the gathering of important news information. Most coffeehouses provided
559:, were considered the most influential venue of print news that circulated in English coffeehouses. These journals were likely the most widely distributed sources of news and
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quite around the room, and would not approach even close acquaintances without first inquiring the health of the family at home and receiving assurances of their well-being."
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that followed as people thought clearly for the first time. The stock exchange, insurance industry, and auctioneering: all burst into life in 17th-century coffeehouses — in
156:, with its unique combination of exotic scholarship interests and energetic experimental community. Thus the first English coffeehouse was established in 1650 at the Angel
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status was somewhat ignored, as one could participate in conversation regardless of class, rank, or political leaning. If one should swear, they would have to forfeit a
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Berry, Helen. 2001. "Rethinking Politeness in Eighteenth-Century England: Moll King's Coffee House and the significance of 'Flash Talk': The Alexander Prize Lecture."
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358:, better known as Moll King, using coffeehouse slang known as "flash" - to counter the axiom of polite culture within coffeehouse culture. Ellis explains that because
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when frequenting coffeehouses, such as Harrington's Rota Club. Cowan argues that these "rules" have had a great impact on coffeehouse sociability. Mackie argues that
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318:, every kind of creature in every walk of life (frequented coffeehouses). They included a town wit, a grave citizen, a worthy lawyer, a worship justice, a reverend
255:, to debate "matters of politics and philosophy", English coffeehouse popularity began to rise. This club was also a "free and open academy unto all comers" whose
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41:, coffeehouses served as public social places where men would meet for conversation and commerce. For the price of a penny, customers purchased a cup of
482:— spawning the credit, security, and markets that facilitated the dramatic expansion of Britain's network of global trade in Asia, Africa and America.
1121:"The Vertue of the COFFEE Drink" - 1652 handbill, advertising St. Michael's Alley, the first coffee shop in London. It is held in the British Museum.
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In the 17th century, stockbrokers also gathered and traded in coffee houses, notably Jonathan's Coffee-House, because they were not allowed in the
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Cessford, C., Hall, A., Herring, V., & Newman, R. 2017. “'To Clapham's I go': a mid to late 18th-century Cambridge coffeehouse assemblage.”
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in Oxford by a Jewish entrepreneur named Jacob. According to Cowan, Oxford was seen as an important fixture for the creation of a distinctive
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Topics discussed included politics and political scandals, daily gossip, fashion, current events, and debates surrounding philosophy and the
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Cowan, Brian William. 2001. "What Was Masculine about the Public Sphere? Gender and the Coffeehouse Milieu in Post-Restoration England."
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The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug By Bennett Alan Weinberg, Bonnie K. Bealer - Google Books
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With increased demand for tea, the government also had a hand in the decline of the English coffeehouse in the 18th century. The British
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Cowan cites a handful of instances in which women were allowed to frequent English coffeehouses: When partaking in business ventures, in
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In reality, there were no regulations or rules governing the coffee-houses. satire ironises the very idea of regulating their behaviour.
65:. Historians often associate English coffeehouses, during the 17th and 18th centuries, with the intellectual and cultural history of the
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sphere', as it can encompass different spheres within, such as an intellectual of political public sphere of the age of Enlightenment.
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The Oxford-style coffeehouses, which acted as a centre for social intercourse, gossip, and scholastic interest, spread quickly to
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101:'s utilitarian project for the advancement of learning involving experiments with coffee, this phenomenon is well explained. Sir
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The early history of coffee houses in England; with some account of the first use of coffee and a bibliography of the subject
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Jamaica Wine House, in the alley just off Cornhill, at the church of St Michael, occupies the Pasqua Rosée Coffee House site
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merchant named Daniel Edwards, established the first London coffeehouse in 1652. London's second coffeehouse was named the
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could partake in conversation without associating with women; coffeehouses were consequently not considered a place for a
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first learned about coffee consumption and practice through accounts of exotic travels to "oriental" empires of
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London Coffeehouses. A Reference Book of Coffee Houses of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.
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Klein, Lawrence. E. 1996. "Coffeehouse Civility, 1660–1714: An Aspect of Post-Courtly Culture in England."
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although female workers may have been physically within the male public sphere of the coffeehouse, their
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The Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730.
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comercialização do lazer na Inglaterra do século XVIII. Rio de Janeiro : 7Letras, 2007. 275 p.)
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became a substitute for other forms of authority that had previously governed human action, such as
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critics associated coffeehouses with incessant and unwarranted political talk by common subjects.
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in English coffeehouses can be directly attributed to the popularity of the coffeehouse.
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Coffee House Tokens - Robert Thompson, London Numismatic Club, 3 October 2006
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Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World
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Modern History Sourcebook: The First English Coffee-Houses, c. 1670-1675
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began to meet in another established London coffeehouse known as the
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The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse.
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within a coffeehouse, was asked to leave and visit a nearby tavern.
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The Englishman's food: a history of five centuries of English diet
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market traders and pimps." It was also frequently associated with
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This source cites Misson; citation needed for original statement.
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argues that the age of Enlightenment had seen the creation of a
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was supposed to conform to a particular manner. The language of
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Cowan, Brian. 2004. "The Rise of the Coffeehouse Reconsidered"
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267:." According to Cowan, despite the Rota's banishment after the
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The Penny Universities; A History of the Coffee-houses.
1507:"Penny Universities: History's Colourful Coffee Houses"
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and stated that it contributed to the nation's failing
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Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's news publications,
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The English Coffee Houses (web.archive.org 2003-02-13)
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Pasqua Rosée - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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The Penny Universities; A History of the Coffee-houses
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The Mens Answer to the Womens Petition Against Coffee,
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Coffeehouse Culture in the Atlantic World, 1650-1789.
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1362:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1283:
1281:
1207:
1205:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1042:
1040:
1038:
3056:
3030:
2980:
2912:
2831:
2805:
2497:
2336:
2295:
2171:
2113:
2072:
1911:A Modern View of Three Hundred Years of Tradition.
1157:British Muslim Heritage - The London Coffee House
78:Europeans learn about coffee from Empires of Asia
131:Early Oxford coffeehouses ("penny universities")
106:"cures" for ailments such as "Head-Melancholy",
2022:The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe.
1465:
1463:
1133:"The Printer's Devil Project: The Coffee House"
682:consumption of coffee arguing that it made men
373:Hogarth's depiction of a fight breaking out in
135:
1019:. London: Ballantyne, Hanson & Co., 1901.
3170:
2050:
1904:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society.
8:
3418:Coffeehouses and cafés in the United Kingdom
920:(Rev. ed.). London: Cape. p. 116.
456:, such as cards and dice, as well. However,
49:The historian Brian Cowan describes English
3177:
3163:
3155:
2057:
2043:
2035:
1913:Tip tree, Essex: Hutchinson & Co, Ltd.
1429:"The Lost World of the London Coffeehouse"
1232:"The Lost World of the London Coffeehouse"
233:, a native of Smyrna, western Turkey of a
972:. Library of Alexandria. pp. 69–70.
3089:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
916:Drummond, J.C.; Wilbraham, Anne (1957).
648:
601:. In his analysis of the Enlightenment,
28:
2859:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1618:"Coffee in Seventeenth Century England"
818:
485:At Lloyd's Coffee House, frequented by
33:The rules and orders of the coffeehouse
2143:List of countries by coffee production
2024:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1032:. London, Secker & Warburg, 1956.
2031:London: George Allen and Unwind, Ltd.
1963:The coffee-house: a cultural history.
289:A cartoon from 1787 depicting lawyer
241:, established by James Farr in 1656.
7:
955:. Yale University Press. p. 90.
626:within their establishment, whereas
435:church yard", was frequented by the
1543:"The East India Company and Coffee"
999:Waes Hael Poetry & Tobacco Club
3038:United States Barista Championship
25:
1970:The Huntington Library Quarterly.
3378:
3137:
3136:
3123:
2010:Robinson, Edward Forbes. 1893.
1909:Brahma, Edward. Tea and Coffee.
782:
346:'s popularised periodicals, The
189:, to name a few. The memoirs of
2020:Van Horne Melton, James. 2001.
966:William Harrison Ukers (1935).
643:Women's Petition Against Coffee
1958:London: Decker & War-burg.
993:J. Pelzer. (1 December 2003).
1:
2489:Single-serve coffee container
2007:London: Bloomsbury Academic.
1923:Cowan, Brian William. 2005.
1722:Van Horn Melton, 2001. p 242
1710:Van Horn Melton, 2001. p 241
1593:"The Coffeehouses of London"
1017:The Amusements of Old London
119:consumption could result in
2003:Reynolds, E. Wesley. 2022.
1938:47#1 (2004) pp. 21–46
1395:Lillywhite, 1963. p 156-157
995:"The English Coffee Houses"
710:these women "were anything
504:due to their rude manners.
3444:
3043:World Barista Championship
2469:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
2027:Lillywhite, Bryant. 1963.
1991:Cambridge University Press
1965:Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1918:Post-Medieval Archaeology.
744:The rise of the exclusive
597:, or customs of arbitrary
37:In 17th- and 18th-century
3373:
3193:
3117:
1946:History Workshop Journal.
1906:6th Set., Vol. 11: 65–81.
1236:The Publish Domain Review
949:The Social Life of Coffee
206:Early London coffeehouses
2095:International Coffee Day
1982:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1433:The Public Domain Review
1404:Ellis, 1956. Front Cover
3428:18th century in England
3423:17th century in England
2889:Historical coffeehouses
1985:Outram, Dorinda. 1995.
1978:McDowell, Paula. 1998.
1445:Lillywhite, 1963. p 330
1417:, Hatchette, UK, Ch. 3.
377:, in his 1736 painting
375:Tom King's Coffee House
215:Garraway's Coffee House
3099:Coffee vending machine
2323:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1961:Ellis, Markman. 2004.
657:
646:
544:
462:
383:
297:
222:
140:
34:
3367:Viennese coffee house
2904:Viennese coffee house
2435:Karlsbad coffee maker
1954:Ellis, Aytoun. 1956.
1929:Yale University Press
652:
641:
539:Addison and Steele's
538:
458:
380:Four Times of the Day
372:
288:
213:
32:
3064:Coffee and doughnuts
2667:Indian filter coffee
2100:Single-origin coffee
1798:McDowell, 1998. p.17
1015:Boulton, William B.
946:Brian Cowan (2005).
861:Cowan, 2005. p 18-19
442:
307:Great Fire of London
295:Nando's Coffee House
67:Age of Enlightenment
3334:Ottoman coffeehouse
3104:Used coffee grounds
1996:Pendergrast, Mark.
1482:"History of Coffee"
798:Ottoman coffeehouse
694:. According to the
162:coffeehouse culture
3243:Cosplay restaurant
3218:Café Philosophique
3109:Sustainable coffee
2806:Organization lists
2767:RĂĽdesheimer Kaffee
2547:Café com cheirinho
2136:Sustainable coffee
2131:Shade-grown coffee
1987:The Enlightenment.
1936:Historical Journal
1920:No.51(2): 372–426.
1890:Ellis, 1956. p 239
1881:Bramah, 1972. p 50
1872:Ellis, 1956. p 238
1856:Bramah, 1972. p 49
1844:Ellis, 1956. p 226
1835:Ellis, 1956. p 225
1823:Cowan, 2001. p 128
1814:Cowan, 2005. p 251
1789:Cowan, 2005. p 249
1780:Cowan, 2005. p 248
1768:Bramah, 1972. p 46
1752:Cowan, 2005. p 246
1743:Cowan, 2001. p 141
1734:Bramah, 1972. p 47
1701:Outram, 1995. p 20
1692:Outram, 1995. p 19
1683:Outram, 1995. p 15
1674:Outram, 1995. p 11
1653:Bramah, 1972. p 48
1323:Cowan, 2005. p 256
1314:Cowan, 2005. p 101
1266:Cowan, 2005. p 104
1248:Ellis, 1956. p 223
754:East India Company
658:
647:
545:
508:Print news culture
384:
298:
223:
35:
3408:History of coffee
3395:
3394:
3152:
3151:
3130:Coffee portal
3048:World Brewers Cup
2672:Ipoh white coffee
2153:Coffee wastewater
2121:Coffee production
2105:Third-wave coffee
1948:No. 51: 127–157.
1662:Outram, 1995. p 3
1641:Mackie, 1998. p 5
1457:Cowan, 2005. p 87
1415:The Coffee-House
1386:Berry, 2001. p 76
1377:Berry, 2001. p 72
1368:Cowan, 2005. p 99
1356:Ellis, 1956. p 49
1347:Berry, 2001. p 69
1335:Mackie, 1998. p 1
1296:Ellis, 1956. p 46
1287:Ellis, 1956. p 45
1275:Ellis, 1956. p 53
1220:Ellis, 1956. p 42
1211:Cowan, 2005. p 97
1199:Ellis, 1956. p 37
1190:Ellis, 1956. p 33
1078:Ellis, 1956. p 29
1069:Cowan, 2005. p 94
1055:Cowan, 2005. p 90
1046:Cowan, 2005. p 91
1005:on June 19, 2006.
906:Ellis, 1956. p 16
897:Ellis, 1956. p 15
888:Ellis, 1956. p 13
879:Ellis, 1956. p 10
870:Cowan, 2005. p 20
834:Cowan, 2005. p 17
825:Cowan, 2005. p 79
580:The Enlightenment
495:Lloyd's of London
465:Financial markets
439:and by doctors."
179:Thomas Millington
144:Maximilien Misson
16:(Redirected from
3435:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3344:Penny university
3224:Café con piernas
3179:
3172:
3165:
3156:
3143:Category: Coffee
3140:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3079:Coffee leaf rust
2952:Dandelion coffee
2818:Coffee companies
2657:Gassosa al caffè
2425:Espresso machine
2059:
2052:
2045:
2036:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1857:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1620:. Archived from
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1595:. Archived from
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1545:. Archived from
1539:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1509:. Archived from
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1484:. Archived from
1478:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1427:Green, Matthew.
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:Klein, 1996 p 34
1303:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1257:Ellis, 1956. p43
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1230:Green, Matthew.
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1135:. Archived from
1129:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1001:. Archived from
990:
984:
983:
969:All about Coffee
963:
957:
956:
954:
943:
937:
931:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
853:
852:Ellis, 1956. p 2
850:
844:
843:Ellis, 1956. p 1
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
792:
787:
786:
746:gentlemen's club
356:Elizabeth Adkins
305:of 1665 and the
272:Constantinople.
171:Christopher Wren
147:
63:natural sciences
21:
18:Penny university
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3189:
3183:
3153:
3148:
3122:
3113:
3052:
3026:
2981:Serving vessels
2976:
2908:
2827:
2801:
2707:Latte macchiato
2577:Caffè macchiato
2493:
2332:
2291:
2176:
2167:
2148:Coffee roasting
2109:
2068:
2063:
1972:59#1 pp 30–51.
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1568:"Coffee-Houses"
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1028:Ellis, Aytoun.
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
992:
991:
987:
980:
965:
964:
960:
952:
945:
944:
940:
928:
915:
914:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
788:
781:
778:
738:
636:
603:JĂĽrgen Habermas
582:
510:
467:
454:games of chance
445:
283:
278:
259:was the art of
208:
183:Timothy Baldwin
149:
142:
133:
95:popular culture
80:
75:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3441:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Coffee culture
3410:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3321:Meikyoku kissa
3317:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3133:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Coffee service
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2874:Coffee cupping
2871:
2869:Coffee culture
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Bikini barista
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2792:Wiener Melange
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Turkish coffee
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Liqueur coffee
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Kurdish coffee
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:Dalgona coffee
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Coffee cabinet
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Caffè corretto
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Café con leche
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Turkish coffee
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2447:Instant coffee
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:Decaffeination
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Organic coffee
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1858:
1846:
1837:
1825:
1816:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1770:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1664:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1609:
1584:
1559:
1534:
1523:
1498:
1473:
1459:
1447:
1438:
1419:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1358:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1222:
1213:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1171:
1160:
1149:
1124:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1080:
1071:
1057:
1048:
1034:
1021:
1008:
985:
978:
958:
938:
936:
935:
927:978-0224601689
926:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
794:
793:
777:
774:
737:
734:
635:
632:
581:
578:
509:
506:
502:Royal Exchange
466:
463:
444:
441:
429:criminal speak
291:Edward Thurlow
282:
279:
277:
276:Popular period
274:
235:Levant Company
219:Exchange Alley
207:
204:
134:
132:
129:
79:
76:
74:
71:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3440:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3387:
3386:Coffee portal
3381:
3376:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:Sidewalk cafe
3352:
3350:
3349:Socrates Cafe
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Parisian café
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3271:
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3239:(Netherlands)
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2879:Coffee palace
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2849:Caffè sospeso
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2637:Frappé coffee
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2537:Cà phê sữa đá
2535:
2533:
2532:Black Russian
2530:
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2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Beaten coffee
2515:
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2500:
2499:Coffee drinks
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2198:Blue Mountain
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2163:Home roasting
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1624:on 2002-10-09
1623:
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1599:on 2005-04-04
1598:
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1574:on 2003-08-30
1573:
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1549:on 2002-02-01
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1513:on 2002-02-05
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1139:on 2013-08-01
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803:Stuart period
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619:social strata
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579:
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574:The Spectator
571:
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550:The Spectator
542:
541:The Spectator
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320:nonconformist
317:
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187:John Lamphire
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27:
19:
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3328:No-pan kissa
3326:
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3297:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3234:
3222:
3187:coffeehouses
3135:
3121:
3031:Competitions
3017:Tasse à café
2888:
2854:Coffee break
2823:Coffeehouses
2813:Bakery cafés
2782:White coffee
2772:Tenom coffee
2677:Irish coffee
2557:Café de olla
2542:Café au lait
2484:Vacuum maker
2452:Coffee syrup
2442:French press
2308:Caffeic acid
2277:
2270:
2256:
2251:Charrieriana
2249:
2185:
2028:
2021:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1986:
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1962:
1955:
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1935:
1924:
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1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1658:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1537:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1476:
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1163:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1127:
1116:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1074:
1051:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1003:the original
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917:
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751:
743:
739:
711:
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642:
615:
595:superstition
583:
573:
569:
554:
548:
546:
540:
511:
499:
484:
468:
459:
450:twelve-pence
446:
425:prostitution
385:
378:
327:conversation
325:Coffeehouse
324:
312:
299:
246:Harrington's
243:
231:Pasqua Rosée
224:
191:Anthony Wood
167:
158:Coaching Inn
150:
141:
136:
91:
81:
60:
51:coffeehouses
48:
36:
26:
3362:coffeehouse
3258:Crisis cafe
3252:Butler café
3213:Cafe church
3084:Coffee wars
2914:Substitutes
2884:Coffeehouse
2697:Kopi tubruk
2662:Iced coffee
2642:Frappuccino
2612:Café Cubano
2602:Coffee milk
2582:Caffè mocha
2572:Caffè crema
2430:French drip
2398:Drip coffee
2381:Coffeemaker
2338:Preparation
2318:Coffee bean
2223:Maracaturra
1989:Cambridge:
1927:New Haven:
1413:Ellis, M.,
413:mathematics
269:Restoration
253:Turk's Head
195:John Evelyn
3402:Categories
3299:Konditorei
3236:Coffeeshop
3207:Manga cafe
3069:Coffee bag
2988:Coffee cup
2927:Barley tea
2752:Raf coffee
2732:Marocchino
2722:Long black
2692:Kopi luwak
2632:Flat white
2622:Egg coffee
2587:Cappuccino
2562:Café Touba
2474:Percolator
2376:Chorreador
2296:Components
2228:Maragogipe
2114:Production
2085:Fair trade
1897:References
1628:2013-08-01
1603:2013-08-01
1578:2013-08-01
1553:2013-08-01
1517:2013-08-01
1492:2013-08-01
1143:2013-08-01
770:tea houses
692:birth rate
570:The Tatler
530:newspapers
480:Garraway's
472:Jonathan's
433:St. Paul's
360:Puritanism
316:Noah's ark
239:Temple Bar
175:Peter Pett
3306:Kopi tiam
3247:Maid café
3203:Book café
3185:Types of
3005:Demitasse
2932:Barleycup
2899:Latte art
2894:Kopi tiam
2864:CoffeeCon
2832:Lifestyle
2797:Yuenyeung
2762:Ristretto
2592:Carajillo
2512:Americano
2418:ristretto
2386:Cold brew
2346:AeroPress
2203:Bonifieur
2178:varieties
2080:Economics
730:Moll King
607:bourgeois
599:authority
566:clientele
526:pamphlets
487:merchants
417:astronomy
281:Character
249:Rota Club
125:paralysis
83:Europeans
3292:Kissaten
3230:Cat café
2962:Maya nut
2737:Mazagran
2627:Espresso
2507:Affogato
2464:Moka pot
2459:Knockbox
2403:Espresso
2313:Caffeine
2303:Cafestol
2272:Racemosa
2258:Liberica
776:See also
707:auctions
696:petition
688:impotent
671:business
667:politics
665:such as
628:royalist
591:religion
553:and the
265:didactic
221:, London
116:smallpox
99:virtuosi
56:alehouse
3280:(Korea)
2947:Chicory
2839:Barista
2757:Red eye
2742:Moretta
2607:Cortado
2527:Bicerin
2328:Kahweol
2279:Robusta
2233:Molokai
2208:Bourbon
2193:Benguet
2187:Arabica
2173:Species
2090:History
2014:(1893)
2000:(1999).
736:Decline
684:sterile
645:, 1674.
624:alcohol
522:scribal
491:sailors
476:Lloyd's
443:'Rules'
405:fencing
401:dancing
393:Italian
340:Addison
200:taverns
121:languor
73:Origins
39:England
3360:Utagoe
3285:Kafana
3277:Dabang
3141:
2993:sleeve
2967:Postum
2747:Oliang
2652:Garoto
2408:doppio
2366:Chemex
2356:Jebena
2264:Barako
2243:Sagada
2213:Geisha
2073:Topics
2066:Coffee
2016:online
1974:online
1950:online
1940:online
976:
924:
808:Tavern
768:, and
721:gender
587:reason
561:gossip
556:Tatler
478:, and
437:clergy
409:poetry
389:French
348:Tatler
344:Steele
331:polite
303:plague
261:debate
227:London
185:, and
154:Oxford
112:scurvy
43:coffee
3315:stall
3313:Mamak
3057:Misc.
3010:spoon
3000:Cezve
2972:Qishr
2727:Lungo
2712:Latte
2682:Karsk
2647:GalĂŁo
2413:lungo
2391:nitro
2371:Cezve
953:(PDF)
814:Notes
766:court
762:China
758:India
662:women
634:Women
518:print
397:Latin
336:clubs
3269:bang
3198:Café
3022:Zarf
2957:Inka
2937:Caro
2687:Kopi
2522:Bica
2285:Sulu
2238:S795
2218:Kona
2175:and
974:ISBN
922:ISBN
760:and
728:and
719:and
717:rank
703:Bath
686:and
679:lady
656:1674
572:and
528:and
520:and
514:news
489:and
415:and
350:and
342:and
193:and
108:gout
87:Asia
3267:PC
712:but
675:men
395:or
364:ale
293:at
217:in
3404::
1861:^
1849:^
1828:^
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1773:^
1757:^
1727:^
1715:^
1667:^
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1060:^
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
