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Pennaceous feathers on the wing, and elsewhere that stresses related to flight or other activities are high, are accordingly attached especially strongly. This strong attachment is accomplished by ligaments under the skin, which in some birds and other
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Zelenitsky, D. K.; Therrien, F.; Erickson, G. M.; Debuhr, C. L.; Kobayashi, Y.; Eberth, D. A.; Hadfield, F. (2012). "Feathered Non-Avian
Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins".
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113:, is embedded in the skin. The calamus is hollow and has pith formed from the dry remains of the feather pulp, and the calamus opens below by an
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166:). These bumps, called quill knobs (ulnar papillae), are often used as an indirect indication of strongly-attached forelimb feathers in
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The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened sides of the barbs. This forms a miniature
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species, and can also indirectly indicate the number of secondary remiges in a given specimen.
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71:. Its rudimentary rhachis with long flexible barbs and elongate barbules cannot form vanes.
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having an umbilical groove on its underside. Pennaceous feathers have a rachis with
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spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened
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154:-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes.
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Non-downy feather with vanes composed of many interlocking barbules
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A Kovalev, AE Filippov, SN Gorb (2014) Unzipping bird feathers.
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results in raised bumps or marks along the rear forelimb bone (
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Turner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. (2007).
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seen above are two examples of pennaceous feathers.
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109:has a stalk or quill. Its basal part, called a
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192:and often strongly asymmetric for improved
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308:"Feather quill knobs in the dinosaur
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67:down feather is an example of a
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90:and in some other species of
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382:10.1126/science.1225376
337:10.1126/science.1145076
86:present in most modern
295:10.1098/rsif.2013.0988
287:J. R. Soc. Interface
69:plumulaceous feather
423:This article about
374:2012Sci...338..510Z
328:2007Sci...317.1721T
258:"Feather evolution"
160:feathered dinosaurs
289:11 (92) 20130988.
119:superior umbilicus
115:inferior umbilicus
80:pennaceous feather
483:Ornithology stubs
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368:(6106): 510–514.
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425:ornithology
206:Pin feather
101:Description
472:Categories
272:2015-06-01
240:2015-06-01
212:References
18:Pennaceous
188:for high
182:rectrices
133:vaxillum
95:dinosaurs
478:Feathers
390:23112330
346:17885130
200:See also
190:loadings
144:barbules
398:2057698
370:Bibcode
362:Science
324:Bibcode
316:Science
186:adapted
178:remiges
111:calamus
107:feather
84:feather
65:ostrich
43:rectrix
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194:flight
168:fossil
152:velcro
124:rachis
427:is a
394:S2CID
138:barbs
129:vanes
88:birds
47:remex
429:stub
386:PMID
342:PMID
180:and
164:ulna
131:or
78:The
45:and
41:The
378:doi
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63:An
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