49:
853:, which asserted that those with developmental disabilities in the care of the state have a constitutional right to appropriate care and education. Terri Lee Halderman had been a resident of Pennhurst, and following multiple episodes of abuse, she and her family filed suit in the federal district court. The suit started after Halderman had visited her parents at home and was found to have unexplained bruises. Although the case was not expected to reach the level it did, the courts later found that conditions at Pennhurst were unsanitary, inhumane and dangerous, violating the
909:
36:
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876:" movement, which sought to move mental patients from hospitals to halfway houses or reintegrate them into their families. The rulings also aligned with the increasing tendency of federal courts to take control of school districts, prisons and other state institutions in order to enforce citizens' rights. Ultimately, however, the U.S. Supreme Court vacated the judgment based on the
56:
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distributed on the 1,400-acre (570 ha) campus in the cottage plan formation. The buildings were designed to provide a large number of small rooms occupied by two to three beds, a few small dormitories with eight to ten beds, and a large day room for exercise. George Lovatt was the architect for several of the buildings constructed post-1937.
869:, as well as the Pennsylvania Mental Health and Retardation Act of 1966 (MH/MR). The District Court ruled that certain of the patients' rights had been violated. The District Court decision was the first time that any federal court ruled that an institution must be closed based on a constitutional right to community services.
668:'P' was used as a temporary administration building until the institution's opening in 1918 along with the opening of 'L' and 'M' in 1919. In 1921, Whitman and Wilson I and II were constructed along with Penn Hall for employee housing; in 1929, the assembly building was complete and functioned as the gymnasium and auditorium.
772:
In 1913, the legislature appointed a
Commission for the Care of the Feeble-Minded which stated that disabled people were unfit for citizenship and posed a menace to the peace, and thus recommended a program of custodial care. Furthermore, the Commission desired to prevent the intermixing of the genes
730:
The
Pennsylvania Railroad created a Pennhurst Station on its Schuylkill Division. Coal and other supplies were delivered by rail. Tracks are still visible under the pavement behind dietary and Devon Hall, which allowed boxcars to be brought directly onto the main campus. The railroad tracks have been
664:
From 1903 to 1908, the first buildings were constructed on 633.913 acres (256.535 ha) of Crab Hill in Spring City, Pennsylvania, Chester County on what was referred to as the lower campus. Of the first few buildings constructed, 'F' was the girl's dining room, 'G' was the kitchen and storeroom,
650:
The legislation stated that the buildings would be in two groups, one for the educational and industrial department, and one for the custodial or asylum department. The institution was required to accommodate no fewer than five hundred inmates or patients, with room for additions. Wesley White, the
721:
The central administration building had two side porte-cocheres, a front portico and a copper cupola in the center of the roof. The hospital building, Whitman, and Wilson I and II were not tunnel-connected, nor was Penn Hall and the power house. The remaining cottage buildings are L- and I-shaped
833:. The facility was ultimately closed in 1987. The 1,156 people who lived there on the date of the Court's order (March 17, 1978) moved into small community homes called Community Living Arrangements. These settings supported three or fewer people, with 24 hour staffing if needed. This process of
781:
Every feeble-minded person is a potential criminal. The general public, although more convinced today than ever before that it is a good thing to segregate the idiot or the distinct imbecile, they have not as yet been convinced as to the proper treatment of the defective delinquent, which is the
928:
In 2001, the state adopted the
Keystone Principles concerning the state's duties to maintain historic property and to consult with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission before transferring the property into private hands. Chester County officials approved a private development and
920:
acquired the upper campus and began work to renovate it as a veterans' home. In 1986, the upper campus cottage units reopened as the
Southeastern Veterans' Center. In 1990, renovations began on Horizon Hall, one of the newest buildings at Pennhurst, as part of a project to establish a nursing
717:
The older buildings, designed by
Phillip H. Johnson, were two-storied, and made of red brick, terra cotta, and granite trimmings. They were connected by fire-proof tunnels with walkways on top of the tunnels for the use of transporting residents, with a parallel steam piping system, and were
828:
ruled that the conditions at
Pennhurst State School violated patients' constitutional rights. The lawsuit that led to his ruling was filed May 30, 1974, by Philadelphia attorney David Ferleger representing the patients. The suit was later joined by the United States and by the Pennsylvania
936:
In partnership with the
Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, PMPA obtained a grant to complete a re-use design and feasibility study of the Pennhurst campus. By 2010, the administration building had been partially renovated and reopened as the Pennhurst Asylum seasonal
812:
magazine article described the place as having "a history of being understaffed, dirty and violent." In 1983, nine employees were indicted on charges ranging from slapping and beating patients (including some in wheelchairs) to arranging for patients to assault each other.
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In 2017, bookings for daytime history tours, photography tours, and overnight paranormal investigations became available through the haunted attraction's website. Proceeds from the tours go towards the upkeep of the grounds and restoration of the remaining buildings.
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principle that federal courts cannot order state officials to comply with state laws. As noted below, the institution was eventually closed pursuant to a settlement agreement that required that community-based services be offered to all of its residents.
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Pennhurst was added to
Pennsylvania's list of the most at-risk Pennsylvania properties as well as the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience, a worldwide network of historic sites specifically dedicated to remembering struggles for justice.
665:'H', 'I' and 'K' were cottages for girls, 'N' was the boys' dining room, 'P' was the teacher's home, 'Q', T', 'U' and 'V' were cottages for boys, 'R' was a school, 'W' was laundry and sewing, and 'X' was the power house.
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In 1903, the
Pennsylvania Legislature authorized the creation of the Eastern State Institution for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic and a commission was organized to take into consideration the number and status of the
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Administration, Philadelphia, Quaker, Rockwell, Franklin, Nobel, Union, Vincennes, Tinicum, Industry, Penn, Devon, Mayflower, Limerick, Assembly, Storeroom, Laundry, Whitman, Wilson I, Wilson II, Hershey
951:
In 2015, the
Pennhurst Memorial and Preservation Alliance began working with the Southeastern Veterans' Center to obtain the superintendent's residence for a future museum and interpretive center.
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1556:
When Congress seeks the States' cooperation to implement Federal legislation enacted under the Spending Clause, the States are entitled to clear notice about the conditions that will be imposed.
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On November 23, 1908, "Patient number 1" was admitted to the hospital. Within four years of operation, Pennhurst was overcrowded and under pressure to admit immigrants, orphans, and criminals.
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Pennhurst was sold to a developer, Pennhurst Associates, for two million dollars. The Pennhurst Memorial and Preservation Alliance (PMPA) was formed to advocate for certain uses of the site.
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Residents were classified into mental categories of imbecile or insane, into physical categories of epileptic or healthy, and into dental categories of good, poor, or treated when admitted.
671:
The buildings on lower campus are currently labeled with letters such as 'F', 'I', 'K', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'N', 'U', 'V', 'T', 'W' and 'X' with names later assigned in the 1960s (see below).
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In 1930, the first buildings on the upper campus, otherwise known as the female colony, were completed and named Pershing, Buchanan, Audubon and Keystone. Capitol Hall was erected after
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persons in the state and determine a placement for construction to care for these residents. This commission discovered 1,146 feeble-minded persons in insane hospitals and 2,627 in
48:
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Residents were assigned to mattress-making, shoemaking and repair, grading, farming, laundry, domestic duties, sewing, baking, butchering, painting, and working in the store.
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By 2020, Hershey, Rockwell, and Dietary halls were all deemed unsafe for reuse. That March, demolition began and by November, all three buildings had been demolished.
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services. The Department of Environmental Protection permitted the composting operation at Pennhurst to maintain no more than 25 tons. It is no longer in operation.
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of those imprisoned with the general population. In the Biennial Report to the Legislature submitted by the Board of Trustees, Pennhurst's Chief Physician quoted
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1949:
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In 1916, the Board of Trustees initiated a plan to construct cottages specifically for women to segregate them from the men, in part to prevent pregnancies.
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The Pennhurst Memorial and Preservation Alliance traveling exhibit on display in the Russell Senate Office Building rotunda, Washington, D.C., June 27, 2016
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1944:
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facility at the veterans' center. It reopened in 1993 as Coates Hall. After many years of determining what to do with Pennhurst, Congressman
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1934:
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Scott, P.M.; Ferleger, D. (1983). "Rights and dignity: Congress, the Supreme Court, and people with disabilities after Pennhurst".
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941:. The attraction has been successful, though controversial among locals and those previously affiliated with Pennhurst.
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former president of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists, was appointed superintendent of the facility.
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U.S. District Court, e.D., Pennsylvania. (1977). "Halderman v. Pennhurst State School and Hospital. 23 Dec 1977".
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Penn Organic Recycling LLC operated on 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) of Pennhurst, offering topping, composting and
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The Halderman Case, which resulted in the closure of the institution, also detailed widespread patient abuse.
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The allegations of abuse led to the first lawsuit of its kind in the United States, a federal class action,
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sought to establish a Federal veteran's cemetery at Pennhurst in 2003 but the VA rejected the proposal.
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In 1968, conditions at Pennhurst were exposed in a five-part television news report anchored by local
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required nine years, and included discussion of treatment plans with each person and family.
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for mentally and physically disabled individuals of Southeastern Pennsylvania located in
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By the end of 2016, demolition had begun on some of the buildings on the upper campus.
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with the exception of dietary, which was Y-shaped, and Devon Hall, which was H-shaped.
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Italics indicates facilities no longer in operation as state psychiatric hospitals.
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U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pennhurst State School
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The Pennhurst Longitudinal Study: A Report of Five Years of Research and Analysis
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along with Devon constructed on lower campus. Horizon Hall opened later in 1971.
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concert on the grounds in front of the main building entrance. The concert was
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Anti-Institutionalization and the Supreme Court, 14 Rutgers L.Rev. 595 (1983).
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History, present day photos, and video of Pennhurst State School and Hospital
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http://www.elpeecho.com/pennhurst/PDF/CourtDocs/A2-Docket-MR-PA-0002-9001.pdf
647:, and prisons, who were in immediate need of specialized institutional care.
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filmed at the location for the fifth episode of their first season in 2019
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Eastern Pennsylvania State Institution for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic
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1626:"Another scary year at Pennhurst causes new concerns with neighbors"
690:(Rockwell, Nobel, Franklin and Hershey were all demolished in 2020)
260:
1709:, a documentary about former residents and the closure of Pennhurst
471:
Administration Building â 29,128 sq ft (2,706.1 m)
1652:"Destination Fear" Pennhurst State School (TV Episode 2019) - IMDb
907:
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525:
Superintendent's Residence â 3,460 sq ft (321 m)
617:. After 79 years of controversy, it closed on December 9, 1987.
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701:(Buchanan, Audubon, Keystone, Capital were demolished in 2018)
1227:"Pennsylvania Settles Key Suit on Facilities for the Retarded"
1207:(22 ed.). E. Thompson Company. November 1918. p. 149
495:
Laundry Facilities â 42,872 sq ft (3,982.9 m)
892:, which has been cited by state attorneys general as binding
507:
Philadelphia Hall â 14,448 sq ft (1,342.3 m)
474:
Assembly Building â 27,102 sq ft (2,517.9 m)
296:
Eastern State Institution for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic
55:
1372:. Temple University Institute on Disabilities. p. 85.
492:
Industry Halls â 23,182 sq ft (2,153.7 m)
1443:"Pennsylvania Mental Health and Retardation Act of 1966"
698:
Pershing, Buchanan, Audubon, Keystone, Capitol, Horizon
522:
Vincennes Hall â 36,600 sq ft (3,400 m)
516:
Tinicum Hall â 32,628 sq ft (3,031.2 m)
501:
Mayflower Hall â 45,740 sq ft (4,249 m)
486:
Hershey Hall â 29,128 sq ft (2,706.1 m)
872:
The rulings collectively lent credence to the nascent "
513:
Rockwell Hall â 25,200 sq ft (2,340 m)
498:
Limerick Hall â 43,270 sq ft (4,020 m)
1293:. Vol. 117, no. 18. May 4, 1981. p. 60.
519:
Union Hall â 31,708 sq ft (2,945.8 m)
510:
Quaker Hall â 27,440 sq ft (2,549 m)
504:
Penn Hall â 34,208 sq ft (3,178.0 m)
477:
Devon Hall â 103,840 sq ft (9,647 m)
1600:"Mental health pros boo haunted house at Pa. asylum"
489:Hospital â 86,632 sq ft (8,048.4 m)
1684:
Ultimate Pennhurst Photo Collection by Wayne Benner
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528:Haunted House - 4,640 sq ft (431 m)
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1398:Halderman v. Pennhurst State School & Hospital
1162:Shafter, Albert J. (October 1971). "In The News".
1516:Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
850:Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
842:Halderman v. Pennhurst State School and Hospital
1452:. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Archived from
1087:. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Archived from
358:Pennhurst Memorial & Preservation Alliance
29:Pennhurst Memorial & Preservation Alliance
1728:
1085:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
1000:Pennhurst figures significantly in the novel
8:
1700:Pennhurst Memorial and Preservation Alliance
1382:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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918:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
1624:Ellingsworth Jr., Phil (October 24, 2011).
1114:"About Pennhurst State School and Hospital"
1780:Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute
1735:
1721:
1713:
1334:Halderman v. Pennhurst State Sch. Hospital
1137:"Closing Pennhurst sets rights precedence"
462:636,454 sq ft (59,128.5 m)
381:Brick, steel, and concrete (all buildings)
20:
1135:Yakutchik, Maryalice (January 24, 1988).
1050:. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. p. 3
782:brighter and more dangerous individual.
317:Partially operational â private property
1598:Walters, Patrick (September 22, 2010).
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18:Hospital in Pennsylvania, United States
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1166:. Vol. 9, no. 5. p. 29.
1363:Conroy, J. & Bradley, V. (1985).
961:The Travel Channel's television show
7:
1930:Hospital buildings completed in 1908
1534:Raphael, Stuart (November 3, 2014).
1003:The Heaven & Earth Grocery Store
777:, a leading eugenicist, as follows:
1950:1908 establishments in Pennsylvania
1305:"Workers Indicted in Patient Abuse"
603:Pennhurst State School and Hospital
559:Pennhurst State School and Hospital
24:Pennhurst State School and Hospital
14:
1940:Defunct hospitals in Pennsylvania
1882:South Mountain Restoration Center
831:Association for Retarded Citizens
1143:. Reading, PA. pp. A-1, A-3
1081:"PHMC Historical Markers Search"
898:United States constitutional law
731:removed and are now part of the
54:
47:
34:
1945:Haunted attractions (simulated)
1630:The Delaware County Daily Times
1569:"Southeastern Veterans' Center"
986:Deadstream 2: Live at Pennhurst
448:Superintendent's Residence â 3
332:Museum & tourist attraction
1480:Western New England Law Review
713:Birds Eye View of Campus, 1934
567:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
1:
884:The case became an important
824:In 1977, U.S. District Judge
397:Administration Building â 4
1744:Pennsylvania State Hospitals
1253:"Suffer The Little Children"
859:cruel and unusual punishment
803:correspondent Bill Baldini.
367:Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
406:Kitchens/Dining Halls â 4
224:November 23, 1908
1966:
857:, and that Pennhurst used
605:, originally known as the
239:December 9, 1987
1935:Education in Pennsylvania
1750:
1405: (E.D. Pa. 1978).
1403:446 F. Supp. 1295
1182:www.preservepennhurst.com
643:, county-care hospitals,
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554:1,400 acres (570 ha)
288:
281:
276:Hospitals in Pennsylvania
42:
33:
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1341: (3d Cir. 1979).
1041:"Pennhurst State School"
768:Segregation and eugenics
581:April 10, 2010
480:Kitchens/Dining Halls â
418:Laundry Facilities â 4
1690:History and Photographs
1524: (U.S. 1 1981).
1350:Original Court Docket,
655:Construction and design
550:112 acres (45 ha)
430:Philadelphia Hall â 4
400:Assembly Building â 4
112:40.193717°N 75.560162°W
1573:www.portal.state.pa.us
1262:. Š NBC10 Philadelphia
1039:W.A. Phillips (1954).
1008:James McBride (writer)
913:
874:deinstitutionalization
835:deinstitutionalization
784:
733:Schuylkill River Trail
714:
694:Upper campus buildings
682:Lower campus buildings
466:List of buildings area
392:List of building count
1579:on September 22, 2010
1092:(Searchable database)
911:
867:Fourteenth Amendments
779:
712:
611:state-run institution
117:40.193717; -75.560162
1544:(D.C. Cir. 14-5018)"
1536:"Brief on Behalf of
1459:on November 27, 2014
1178:"Pennhurst Timeline"
1116:. Preserve Pennhurst
861:in violation of the
855:Fourteenth Amendment
826:Raymond J. Broderick
660:Building designation
445:Vincennes Hall â 5
424:Mayflower Hall â 5
415:Industry Halls â 4
350:233 feet (71 m)
176:Psychiatric hospital
1339:612 F.2d 84
992:the following day.
982:Motionless in White
436:Rockwell Hall â 4
421:Limerick Hall â 5
337:Architectural style
309:General information
149:Government hospital
108: /
1417:Federal Supplement
1311:. November 4, 1983
1309:The New York Times
1287:"Patients' Rights"
1260:Preserve Pennhurst
1231:The New York Times
1164:Mental Retardation
1048:Preserve Pennhurst
996:In Popular Culture
939:haunted attraction
914:
890:Pennhurst Doctrine
878:Eleventh Amendment
795:Conditions exposed
787:Treatment of women
715:
439:Tinicum Hall â 4
409:Hershey Hall â 5
263:.preservepennhurst
1917:
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1696:Pennhurst Gallery
1542:Halbig v. Burwell
1450:Temple University
1094:on March 21, 2016
739:General operation
600:
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433:Quaker Hall â 4
373:Technical details
301:Alternative names
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1694:Soul-Imagery.com
1676:Antiquity Echoes
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1575:. Archived from
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1546:. pp. 11â12
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976:On June 8, 2021
964:Destination Fear
775:Henry H. Goddard
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442:Union Hall â 5
403:Devon Hall â 5
341:Jacobean Revival
304:Pennhurst School
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1233:. July 15, 1984
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645:reformatories
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633:feeble-minded
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93:
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32:
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22:
16:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1897:Wernersville
1874:
1867:
1860:
1855:Philadelphia
1853:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
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1778:
1771:
1754:
1704:
1682:Wayne Benner
1656:, retrieved
1651:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1572:
1563:
1555:
1548:. Retrieved
1541:
1537:
1529:
1522:451 2101
1514:
1509:
1500:
1483:
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1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1449:
1437:
1423:: 1295â329.
1420:
1416:
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1397:
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1259:
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1230:
1221:
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1203:
1197:
1187:November 10,
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1181:
1172:
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1140:
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1108:
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1089:the original
1084:
1075:
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676:World War II
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551:
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539:1 (Hospital)
481:
459:
329:
325:
293:Former names
193:Care of the
185:3,350 (1950)
128:Organization
82:Pennsylvania
15:
1787:Embreeville
1658:October 26,
1635:January 17,
1609:January 17,
1583:January 15,
1550:December 4,
1463:January 17,
1315:January 17,
1266:January 17,
1237:January 17,
1211:January 17,
1147:January 17,
1120:January 17,
1098:January 25,
1054:January 17,
1006:(2023), by
978:heavy metal
923:Jim Gerlach
886:rule of law
806:In 1981, a
615:Spring City
460:Total area:
386:Floor count
134:Care system
115: /
90:Coordinates
78:Spring City
1924:Categories
1842:Norristown
1801:Harrisburg
1604:Boston.com
1026:References
946:food waste
904:Modern day
760:Industries
705:Appearance
641:almshouses
585:2010-04-10
456:Floor area
243:1987-12-09
228:1908-11-23
195:physically
190:Speciality
161:Specialist
103:75°33â˛37âłW
100:40°11â˛37âłN
1903:Woodville
1848:Pennhurst
1808:Haverford
1756:Allentown
1706:i go home
1688:Photadyta
1378:cite book
1204:Law Notes
894:precedent
637:epileptic
578:dedicated
552:At close:
347:Elevation
328:Hospital
326:Previous:
172:Standards
69:Geography
1887:Torrance
1876:Somerset
1869:Scranton
1767:Danville
1492:11658602
1429:11646079
1014:See also
990:streamed
726:Railroad
626:Overview
548:At open:
378:Material
330:Current:
201:disabled
199:mentally
167:Services
74:Location
1862:Retreat
1836:Mayview
1794:Farview
1773:Dixmont
1256:(video)
820:Closure
801:WCAU-TV
744:Opening
621:History
583: (
544:Grounds
482:unknown
256:Website
241: (
226: (
216:History
207:Helipad
144:Funding
138:Private
1892:Warren
1520:,
1490:
1427:
1401:,
1337:,
896:under
863:Eighth
609:was a
314:Status
236:Closed
221:Opened
1829:Marcy
1538:Amici
1457:(PDF)
1446:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1044:(PDF)
980:band
363:Owner
272:Lists
251:Links
1660:2021
1637:2016
1611:2016
1585:2022
1552:2014
1488:PMID
1465:2016
1425:PMID
1384:link
1317:2016
1291:TIME
1268:2016
1239:2016
1213:2016
1189:2023
1149:2016
1122:2016
1100:2014
1056:2016
916:The
865:and
809:Time
635:and
576:PHMC
322:Type
265:.org
197:and
182:Beds
156:Type
1540:in
1421:446
261:www
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587:)
245:)
230:)
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